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To utilize the full potential of semiconductor materials in device applications including solar cells, LEDs, and lasers, the ability to precisely and controllably tune the charge carrier concentration and hence the doping density is crucial. The conventional methods such as impurity doping with thermal diffusion or ion implantation, have been successfully implemented for doping bulk semiconductors for decades. In spite of the maturity of doping with traditional methods, it has remained a long-standing challenge to introduce impurity doping successfully into organic and new generation of semiconductors, such as conducting polymers and quantum dots. Additionally, the prospect of new technologies and the shrinkage in the device dimensions to nanoscale have stimulated researchers to search for alternative methods for achieving doping of such semiconductor materials reliably. Electrochemical doping is arguably the most powerful and versatile method for doping porous semiconductor materials, in which the charge carrier concentration can be precisely and controllably modulated as a function of applied potential by an external voltage source. Unfortunately, when the doped semiconductor film is disconnected from the voltage source, the electrochemically injected charges leave the film spontaneously in a matter of seconds to few minutes.In that regard, the stability of injected charges as well as the immobilization of external dopant ions need to fixed for achieving stable electrochemical doping of such semiconductor films to be used in device applications. The research carried out in this thesis is aimed to enhance the stability of injected charges and the fixation of dopant ions with photopolymerization treatment at room temperature in electrochemically doped quantum dots and conducting polymers. This was attempted by understanding the underlying mechanism of electrochemical doping in such porous films and eliminating or minimizing possible causes for instability with the final goal of producing stable doped of semiconductor films.

Objective: To investigate the effect of obturator nerve blockade on oncological outcomes of patients with a diagnosis of lateral wall localized non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: One hundred six patients diagnosed with lateral wall localized non-invasive bladder cancer were evaluated between January 2015 and March 2020 in this retrospective, cross-sectional observational study. The patients were divided into two groups: patients receiving only spinal anaesthesia and those receiving spinal anaesthesia combined with ultrasound-guided obturator nerve blockade. Oncological outcomes of the groups were compared statistically. Results: We observed recurrent tumours in 25 patients (45.5%) in Group 1 and 11 patients (21.6%) in Group 2. In addition, we observed tumour progression in eight patients (14.5%) in Group 1 and two patients (3.9%) in Group 2. We observed statistical significance in differences between groups regarding tumour size, recurrence rate, adequate muscle tissue sampling, the ability for complete resection and persistent obturator reflex. The efficacy rate of obturator blockade was 92.1% in Group 2. One-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 98.0% and five-year RFS was 23.5% for Group 1, while they were, respectively, 97.4% and 57.2% for Group 2. Conclusion: The obturator reflex is a common and challenging reflex that may cause major complications and result in unintended consequences such as incomplete resection or tumour recurrence with transurethral resection of bladder tumours. In this study, we demonstrated that combining spinal anaesthesia with obturator nerve blockade for lateral wall localized non-muscle invasive bladder cancer may prevent tumour recurrence and reduce perioperative complications.

Anxiety disorders are the most common of all psychiatric illnesses and result in significant functional impairment and distress. In DSM 5, anxiety disorders are divided into eleven subgroups. Anxiety, which we consider normal (mild and moderate anxiety), plays an important role in the development of the individual. However, if the level of anxiety increases, it may lead to mental problems. A high level of anxiety, long duration, and intensification of anxiety symptoms may cause anxiety disorders. These are; separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, other unspecified anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder related to another medical condition, anxiety disorder caused by substance or medication, anxiety disorders caused by substances and medication are unspecified anxiety disorders. Treatment methods used in anxiety disorders are individual psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy, systematic sensitization, exposure, and psychopharmacology.

Leishmaniasis is an arthropod-borne disease that affects approximately 2 million people worldwide annually. The aims of this study were to detect the presence of Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) DNA and the feeding preferences of probable vector species in an endemic focus of Leishmania infantum in Turkey. Entomological sampling was performed in August and October 2015 in Aydn province, where cases of human and canine leishmaniasis have been reported previously. A total of 1059 sandfly specimens comprising nine species belonging to two genera, Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia (both: Diptera: Psychodidae), and five subgenera of the Phlebotomus genus (Phlebotomus, Paraphlebotomus, Larroussius, Adlerius and Transphlebotomus) were collected in five villages. Among all Phlebotomus specimens, Phlebotomus neglectus (39%) was noted as the most abundant species, followed by Phlebotomus tobbi (18%). LeishmaniaDNA was detected in pools from P.neglectus, P.tobbi and Sergentomyia dentata by kDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). LeishmaniaDNA from Phlebotomus specimens was identified as L.infantum, but LeishmaniaDNA from Sergentomyia spp. could not be identified to species level by ITS-1 real-time PCR. The detection of LeishmaniaDNA in wild-caught P.neglectus and the high percentage (24.2%) of human DNA in engorged specimens suggests that P.neglectus is probably an important vector species for L.infantum in Aydn province.

© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimHere peptide amphiphile (PA) nanofiber network is exploited as a three-dimensional soft template to construct anatase TiO2 and wurtzite ZnO nanonetworks. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique is used to coat the organic nanonetwork template with TiO2 and ZnO. ALD method enables uniform and conformal coatings with precisely controlled TiO2 and ZnO thickness. The resulting semiconducting metal oxide nanonetworks are utilized as anodic materials in dye-sensitized solar cells. Effect of metal oxide layer thickness on device performance is studied. The devices based on thin TiO2 coatings (17 nm) ZnO-based devices do not show an explicit correlation.

Here peptide amphiphile (PA) nanofiber network is exploited as a three-dimensional soft template to construct anatase TiO2 and wurtzite ZnO nanonetworks. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique is used to coat the organic nanonetwork template with TiO2 and ZnO. ALD method enables uniform and conformal coatings with precisely controlled TiO2 and ZnO thickness. The resulting semiconducting metal oxide nanonetworks are utilized as anodic materials in dye-sensitized solar cells. Effect of metal oxide layer thickness on device performance is studied. The devices based on thin TiO2 coatings (< 10 nm) demonstrate considerable dependence on material thickness, whereas thicker (> 17 nm) ZnO-based devices do not show an explicit correlation. (C) 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

OBJECTIVE: To compare our laparoscopic simple nephrectomy results in non-functioning inflammatory kidneys with or without renal stones.

WOS: 000254610200036, …

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery on macula by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: A total of 110 eyes of 102 patients who underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lens implantation at Beyoglu Eye Research and Training Hospital between February and March 2005 and who were without any systemic disease, fundus or other ocular pathology were included. Postoperatively, topical prednisolone acetate (6 x 1) and ofloxacine (5 x 1) was started, and by decreasing the dosage progressively, treatment was continued for 6 weeks. Full ophthalmologic and OCT examinations were done preoperatively and at the postoperative 1st day, 1st week, 1st, 3rd, and 6th months. Mean retinal thicknesses, volumetric analyses at central fovea, superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal macular quadrants, and thinnest foveal retinal thicknesses were recorded. Preoperative and postoperative measurements were analyzed statistically by using ANOVA test, paired samples t-test with Bonferroni correction, and Pearson's correlation test. Results: The mean central foveal retinal thickness was preoperatively 202.4 ± 25.9 µm, postoperatively 200.4 ± 26.1 µm at 1st day (p = 0.29), 208.4 ± 27.6 µm at 1st week (p = 0.29), 226.2 ± 54.9 µm at 1st month, 215.2 ± 24.0 µm at 3rd month, 213.5 ± 29.4 µm at 6th month (p < 0.001). Perifoveal macular thicknesses at superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal quadrants were 264.9 ± 28.8 µm, 266.1 ± 29.5 µm, 255.0 ± 31.3 µm, 260.3 ± 34.0 µm, respectively, preoperatively; 287.9 ± 28.4 µm, 288.0 ± 26.3 µm, 286.8 ± 33.1 µm, 272.0 ± 32.4 µm, respectively, at postoperative 1st month (p < 0.001). The change in mean central foveal thickness, foveal thinnest retinal thickness, mean perifoveal retinal thickness and volumetric analyses was insignificant at postoperative 1st day (p > 0.05), and significant at 1st week, 1st, 3rd, and 6th months (p < 0.05 for all measurements). Conclusions: Statistically significant increase in macular thickness was detected at postoperative early periods, after the 1st week after uncomplicated cataract operation. The increase in macular thickness starts from parafoveal regions. Longer follow-up of patients is required for the macular consequences, and different treatment protocols should be studied in a randomized controlled fashion. Copyright © Informa Healthcare.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare Three Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3D-CRT) as the standard technique in Glioblastoma Multiform (GBM) treatment with Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) Techniques in terms of target coverage and dose to critical organs. Material and Methods: 3D-CRT treatment plans of 14 GBM patients were replanned using the IMRT technique and same tumor and critical organ volumes. Three fields in the 3D-CRT technique and 5 fields in the IMRT technique were used. Dose limits were determined as 54Gy for the brain stem, optic chiasm, and optic nerves and 2.5Gy for the lens. The prescribed dose was 50Gy for the planned target volume [PTV](50Gy), 10Gy for the PTV(60Gy), with a total cumulative dose of 60Gy for the (PTV 60Gy) both at 2,0Gy daily fractions. Dosimetric measurements were made for quality assurance for IMRT plans. Results: In IMRT and 3D-CRT plans, maximum (Dmax) and mean (Dmean) median doses were respectively 51.7Gy and 59.0Gy, and 13.8Gy and 15.3Gy for the brain stem; 43.4Gy and 53.2Gy, and 20.5Gy and 44.4Gy for the optic chiasm; 19.3Gy and 27.2Gy, and 2.9Gy and 9.7Gy for the right optic nerve; 10.7Gy and 25.6Gy, and 3.4Gy and 4.5Gy for the left optic nerve; 1.5Gy and 1.8Gy, and 1.4Gy and 1.7Gy for the right lens; 1.4Gy and 1.7Gy, and 1.4Gy and 1.5Gy for the left lens. Furthermore, the median dose respectively was 27.4Gy and 20.0Gy for IMRT plans and 32.3Gy and 25.0Gy for 3D-CRT for Brain-Gross Target Volume (GTV) and Brain-PTV. The difference between the doses for critical organs excluding the right and left lenses and the normal brain tissue outside the tumor was significant. For PTV(50Gy) and PTV(60Gy), inhomogeneity coefficient (IC) was 0.39 and 0.09 in IMRT, 0.31 and 0.11 in 3D-CRT, respectively and the conformity index (CI) was 0.99 and 1.00 in IMRT and 1.00 in 3D-CRT, respectively for all PTVs. Conclusion: This study suggested that there was no significant difference between 3D-CRT and IMRT for PTV(60Gy) in terms of IC and IMRT had less homogenity compared to 3-D-CRT and the IMRT plans were better for both PTVs in terms of CI and spared critical organs and normal brain tissue. © 2013 by Türkiye Klinikleri.

In this study, the corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steel with 1 wt. % V was determined by AC impedance technique and mass-loss method. The samples were cast, then shaped by forging. 0.1 M H2SO4 and 0.3 M HCI acid solutions were used as corrosive environments. The samples were classified into three groups. In the first group, samples were unhomogenized, remaining in production condition. The second and third group samples were exposed to homogenization at 1100°C for 30 min or 180 min, respectively, and then quenched. SEM investigations were performed for samples exposed to corrosion for 30 min and 360 min. Subsequently, it was determined that adding vanadium increased corrosion resistance in chloric acid solution but has no helpful effect in sulphuric acid solution, according to AC impedance test results. The mass-loss results showed that vanadium increased corrosion resistance of ferritic stainless steel in both solutions. © Carl Hanser Verlag.