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An ecofriendly and efficient procedure for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was performed using aqueous extract of Enteromorpha intestinalis as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. AgNPs were characterized by UV spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), and EDX. Moreover, the optimum conditions for the green synthesis were studied and the antimicrobial activity were estimated by agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods. UV vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of AgNPs due to their surface plasmon resonance. The optimum conditions for the biosynthesis of AgNPs were using 2.5 g or 5 g/100 ml (w/v) of algal biomasses for extraction, and 1 mM of silver ions within 72 h. Transmission electron micrographs showed that AgNPs were spherical in shape and with a mean average size of 9.17 ± 3.2 nm. FTIR revealed the that protein and polysaccharides are responsible for AgNPs synthesis. Additionally, AgNPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. The minimum Inhibitory concentration for all bacteria and Candida albicans ATCC26555 was 6.25 µg/ml except Klebsiella Pneumoniae ATCC70603 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC4330 was 12.5 µg/ml. Further studies will be recommended to estimate the cytotoxicity of these AgNPs on the human cell line. The future use of algae as green nanofactory will be important in medical applications.

Gida ve icecek sektoru yogun rekabete sahip dinamik bir sektordur. Cesitli faktorlerin etkisiyle zaman icerisinde gida tuketim aliskanliklari degismis ve ortaya cikan yeni trendler sektoru, gida ve icecek tuketimini etkilemeye baslamistir. Bu calismanin amaci, gida ve icecek tuketimindeki yeni trendleri ortaya koymak ve bu trendlerin Turkiye gida ve icecek sektorundeki kullanim sekillerini belirlemektir. Calismanin sonucunda saglik, kolaylik, keyif, surdurulebilirlik, otantiklik yaklasimlari, gida ve icecek tuketiminde onemli yere sahip olan ve gelecekte de hem tuketimi hem de sektoru etkileyecek olan bes ana trend olarak belirlenmistir.

This chapter starts with a global overview of the growth in production of GM crops, their governing regulations, related promises and concerns, and culminates with the examination of the state of these crops and related policies and public perceptions in Turkey. GMO regulations in Turkey date back to 1998, evolving in scope to include biosecurity in 2004, import, processing, export, control and inspection in 2009, and expanding with the implementation of Biosafety Law in 2010. The stated purpose of this highly restrictive law is to prevent risks arising from GMOs and products in order to protect human, animal, phytosanitary, environmental, and biological diversity. It bans inclusion of genetically engineered (GE) ingredients in baby food and supplementary foods for young children, bans cultivation/production of GE plants and animals, and planting of GE seeds. Meanwhile, discussions on the benefits and risks of GMOs have continued intensively in Turkey, similar to many other countries, concerning how GM plants will reduce the use of herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers or result in emergence of resistant weeds and insects, cause environmental pollution or adversely affect human health in the long term. Data on sales, consumption and inspections of GM products is very limited. As of 2017, only 36 GE varieties of soybean and corn were approved for animal feed and none for human food use or cultivation. Imported products are subject to strict examination, as Turkey does not accept point of origin testing.

Laparoscopic artificial insemination technique (LAI) is described to overcome reduced fertility problems in sheep artificial insemination (AI) programmes with frozen semen. Later on, this technology was modified for endangered non-domestic cats to deposit low quality or reduced number of sperm cells hardly obtained by electro-ejaculation into the oviduct. This technique by passes the complex structure of cervix and efficiently transfers the sperm cells to the point of fertilization. In recent years, rabbits are becoming popular transgenic animal models producing various therapeutic and commercial products, as well as being experimental animals for disease models. The worldwide transportation of frozen semen and re-establishment of transgenic lines using AI technology has become a common practice. Therefore, this study was designed to describe a laparoscopic intrauterine insemination technique, which might assist in conceiving the animals with limited number of sperm cells. The female rabbits were laparoscopically (n = 22) or vaginally (n = 13) inseminated with frozen-thawed semen samples containing approximately 10 x 10(6) motile sperm. The laparoscopic insemination technique provided higher pregnancy rate (45.5%) than vaginal insemination technique (7.7%) (p < .05). In conclusion, the described laparoscopic AI might be a new alternative technique, thus enabling limited or low-quality frozen sperm samples to establish pregnancy in rabbits.

WOS: 000459615300007, Anthraquinones (AQ) are the most common group of naturally occurring quinones. Both natural and synthetic AQs have been used as colorants in food, drugs and cosmetic industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mutagenic/antimutagenic potentials of some AQs (Alizarin, quinizarin, purpurin, and 1,8-dihydroxy anthraquinone) with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains by Ames test and antimicrobial activity by broth microdilution method. So, AQs were tested for their toxicity and nontoxic doses of the chemicals were used. The results manifested that none of the chemicals were mutagenic for TA98 and TA100 strains both with and without metabolic activation enzymes (S9 mix). Purpurin and alizarin exhibited strong antimutagenic effects against 4-nitrophenylendiameine and 2-aminoflourene at all test doses (1000, 500 and 250 mu g/plate) for TA98; and against sodium azide and 2-aminoanthracene for TA100. Alizarin showed the highest inhibition rate (93%) against sodium azide at a concentration of 1000 mu g/plate. While 1,8-dihydroxy anthraquinone and quinizarin revealed strong antimutagenicity at 10000 mu g/plate without S9 mix, they exhibited excellent antimutagenic action after addition of S9 enzymes for TA98 strain at all test doses. Similarly, 1,8-dihydroxy anthraquinone and quinizarin were moderate antimutagenic against sodium azide at all test doses without S9 mix, their antimutagenicity increased and they ameliorated the mutagenic action of 2-aminoanthracene by the addition of S9 for TA100. These two chemicals were strong antimutagenic against promutagens activated by S9 mix. Also it was defined that purpurin and alizarin have antimicrobial capacity against MRSA strains.

The study was designed to elucidate the impacts of salinity on biochemical and physiological properties of two Escherichia coli strains (6E and S39) isolated from different sites. The strains were exposed to 600 and 1200 mM NaCl and were harvested after 12th and 24th h of incubation. The lipid peroxidation levels, osmolyte accumulation, H2O2 content and antioxidant system [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase(GR)] of the bacteria were investigated. While thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and H2O2 content of S39 has increased steadily with salinity, however, it has not changed at 600 mM NaCl concentration in strain 6E. Accumulation of the osmolytes in 6E increased depending on salinity and application time. In S39 except for glycine-betaine, contents of other osmolytes were either unchanged or decreased. Activities of SOD, CAT, POX, APX, GR and NOX have increased as compared to the control group in 6E exposed to 600 and 1200 mM salt for 12h. In S39, CAT, POX, and GR activities decreased exposed to salinity. Consequently, it can be argued that (i) the different antioxidant responses of 6E in salinity plays a key role which tend to make 6E the more tolerant (ii) this tolerance is closely related to the increased antioxidant capacity against reactive oxygen species and is related to the increased accumulation of osmolytes.

The inhibitory action of F. halophila extracts (acetone, chloroform, and methanol) against key enzymes linked to diabetes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase), cognitive functions (acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), butyryl cholinesterase (BChE)), and hyperpigmentation (tyrosinase) was assessed. The mutagenic/antimutagenic activities were assessed and the phytochemical profile established by HPLC-MS/MS. The acetone extract showed the highest phenolic (55.22 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid (34.52 mg RE/g extract) contents. The chloroform extract was a potent inhibitor of cholinesterases (4.86 and 6.13 mg GALAE/g extract, against AChE and BChE, respectively). Cinnamic acid derivatives (methyl cinnamate, ferulic acid, methoxycinnamic acid isomer) were identified in the chloroform extract. Methanol extract showed potent inhibitory action against tyrosinase (137.63 mg KAE/g extract) and glucosidase (43.02 mmol ACAE/g extract). The chloroform extract (32.07 mg EDTAE/g extract) showed potent metal chelating potential. The neuroprotective action of the chloroform extract might be attributed to the metal chelating action coupled by the cholinesterase inhibitory potential. F. halophila showed no mutagenic capacity. When combined with 2-aminoflouren and 2-aminoanthracene, the acetone and chloroform extracts revealed excellent antimutagenicity in the presence of metabolic activation enzymes for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. The observed inhibitory effects of F. halophila against the studied enzyme suggest that this plant could be a promising source of bioactive phytochemicals for the management of clinical conditions.

This study gathers information about the effects of different extracts (methanol and water) from rhizomes and aerial parts of Iris schachtii on selected enzymes (cholinesterases, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, tyrosinase and lipase) as well as of their antioxidant capacities and antimutagenic properties in relation with their phenolic composition. The chemical composition was assessed by determining total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as individual phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD. Moreover, antioxidant abilities of the investigated extracts were tested by using different assays including free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS), reducing power (CUPRAC and FRAP), phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating, overall rhizomes being indicated as a superior source of antioxidant compounds. HPLC analysis revealed the abundance of some phenolics including apigenin (2584 μg/g extract) and luteolin (2510 μg/g extract) in aerial parts extracts while rhizomes were rich in apigenin (4734 μg/g extract) and kaempferol (4214 μg/g extract). The methanolic extracts exhibited a high anti-lipase activity while all extracts presented a relatively high inhibition on α-glucosidase. Furthermore, interactions between dominant compounds from extracts and selected enzymes were investigated by molecular modeling studies in order to explain at a molecular level the interactions between selected compounds and active sites of the enzyme/s.

Traditional drinks can be quite valuable in terms of their health benefits, their contribution to food security, the benefits they bring to rural tourism, their place in social and religious life, and their role in the preservation and passing on of cultural heritage. The social and cultural richness of traditional drinks, as well as their diverse uses, can be clearly understood in the example of Turkey. The geographical position of Turkey as a bridge between Europe and Asia, the Turkish presence over a wide geographical area throughout history, the nomadic lifestyle of the Turks, the historical presence of prominent civilizations such as the Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans on Turkish lands, and the contributions of various cuisines, such as those of the Balkans, Central Asia, the Middle East, the Aegean, the Mediterranean, the Jews and Armenia, have rendered Turkey rather noteworthy country in terms of the importance and richness of its traditional drinks. This study investigates the historical development of traditional Turkish drinks, which hold an important place in Turkish culture and in Turkish history in many respects, as well as their place and importance in the economic, social and cultural life of the Turks. The findings of the study will serve as guidelines for future researches into the relations between culture and food economics, and intercultural interactions, and for the determination of marketing strategies for traditional drinks.

In this study, it is tried to determine the efficiencies of agricultural enterprises in the use of capital and credit in Turkey by DEA. In the scope of the study, 550 farmers in enterprises in Antalya, Konya, Karaman, Ankara, and Eskişehir were interviewed. According to the results of the data envelopment analysis, 95 farmers according to CRS, 134 according to under VRS, and 95 according to under SE were found to be effective. The higher average of the overall technical efficiency is Antalya (0.87) and Konya (0.72). This result shows that even if the agricultural enterprises reduce input use by 13% in Antalya and 28% in Konya, they will achieve the same agricultural income. According to the research results, it is determined that agricultural enterprises in Turkey do not use effectively the capitals, and they can achieve the same agricultural income with a low level of capital. Keeping the accounting records of agricultural enterprises in Turkey is important in terms of making a proper production plan.

Background The Cotoneaster species are widely used as traditional purposes in different countries including Turkey. Purpose The study was performed to evaluate the biological and chemical profile of two extracts (methanol (T-Me; F-Me) and water (T-W; F-W)) from two parts (twigs and fruits) of Cotoneaster integerrimus. Materials and methods Antioxidant (free radical scavenging (DPPH), reducing power (CUPRAC and FRAP), phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating), enzyme inhibitory (cholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase), antimicrobial (standard microorganisms and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates (MRSA)) and mutagenic/antimutagenic effects (by Ames assay) were tested for biological profile. For chemical profile, total and individual phenolic components were detected for each extract. Results Generally, T-Me reflected the strongest biological effects with the highest level of phenolics (115. 15 mgGAEs/g extract). Also, twig extracts had more potent biological effects as compared to flower extracts. Eight-teen phenolics were identified in the extracts. (-)- epicatechin was the major constituent in all extracts and is mainly responsible for biological activities observed. Its amount present in F-W and T-W were 9.27 and 32.89 mg/g extract, respectively. Also, molecular docking was used to understand enzyme-epicatechin interactions. Conclusion From these results, this plant has a great potential as a health promoter for developing novel functional food ingredients and pharmaceutical preparations.

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Bu çalışmada; Ankara ilinde faaliyet gösteren un fabrikalarının buğday satın alımına etki eden kriterlerin, un üretim ve pazarlama yapılarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Ankara ilinde faaliyet gösteren 30 un fabrikası ile tam sayım yöntemine göre gerçekleştirilen anket verileri değerlendirilmiştir. Anket çalışmaları 2015 yılında tamamlanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda; un fabrikalarının buğday alış fiyatını belirlemede en önemli kriter buğdayın süne emgi oranı olmuş, fiyata etki eden diğer kriterler sırasıyla; buğdayın çeşidi, enerji değeri, gluten değeri, protein değeri ve hektolitresi olarak tespit edilmiştir. Un fabrikalarının %23,3’ünün süne emgi oranı %1’e kadar, %16,7’sinin süne emgi oranı %2’ye kadar olan buğdayları satın aldığı, %16,6’sının ise süne emgi oranını dikkate almadan tüm buğdayları satın aldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ankara’daki un fabrikalarında işlenen 39 farklı buğday çeşidi kaydedilmiş olup, un fabrikalarının %63,3’ünde piyasada kalite kriterleri birbirine benzeyen çok sayıda buğday çeşidi mevcut olduğundan - yeni bir çeşidi denemek yerine, uzun yıllardır kullandıkları ve kalite kriterlerini bildikleri çeşitleri kullanmayı tercih ettikleri belirlenmiştir. Buğdaydaki süne emgi oranının; un fabrikaları için buğday satın almada fiyata etki eden en önemli kriter olarak ön plana çıktığı için, bu durumun buğdayın protein kalitesine ve daha çok buğday çeşidinin genetik yapısına bağlı olduğundan, protein kalitesi yüksek çeşitlerin un sanayi tarafından öncelikle tercih edildiği ve daha yüksek fiyatla işlem gördüğü belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuca bağlı olarak, süne mücadelesi ile ilgili çiftçi eğitimlerinin ve saha çalışmalarının artarak devam ettirilmesinin, buğday üreticileri ve fabrikalar açısından daha da önem kazandığı ortaya konulmuştur.

Celtis glabrata is used in Turkey for the treatment of various health disorders.The acetone, chloroform, ethanol, and methanol extracts of C. glabrata leaf, fruit, and seed were investigated to evaluate their antimutagenic activities.The antimutagenicity of these extracts was determined by Ames test against mutagens (4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine, 2-aminofluorene (2-AF), and sodium azide (SA)). The extracts were used at concentrations between 5 and 0.005 mg/plate.The ethanol extracts of leaves exhibited strong antimutagenicity (70%) against 2-AF with S9 at 5 mg/plate on TA98. But methanol (61%, 53%) and acetone (53%, 52%) also revealed strong inhibition rates at concentrations of ≥ 0.5 mg/plate. Among the extracts, the highest activity (96%) was obtained from acetone extract against SA without S9, followed by chloroform extract (91%) at a dose of 5 mg/plate on TA100 with S9. Ethanol (without S9) and chloroform (with S9) extracts showed strong antimutagenicity at all doses. Exception of chloroform and acetone (without S9), all fruit extracts (with/without S9) manifested strong antimutagenicity at doses of ≥ 0.5 mg/plate on TA98 strain. Ethanol extracts revealed 68% inhibition against 2-AF on TA98. Acetone and ethanol extracts manifested 84% and 82% inhibition against SA on TA100, respectively. All the extracts of seeds revealed strong inhibition against 2-AF at ≥ 0.5 mg/plate doses on TA98, but acetone extract showed excellent antimutagenicity (94%). Moreover, the chloroform (74, 73, 63, 54%), acetone (74, 72, 70, 65%) and methanol (74, 67, 63, 61%) extracts of seeds revealed strong antimutagenic activity on TA100 against SA with S9.This plant may be natural source of antimutagenic agents.

This work reports the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and inhibitory effects of methanol and water extracts from Ganoderma applanatum (GAM: methanol extract and GAW: water extract) and G. resinaceum (GRM: methanol extract and GRW: water extract) against cholinesterase, tyrosinase, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. The total phenolics, flavonoids contents, and HPLC profile of phenolic components present in the extracts, were also determined. Antioxidant activities were investigated by using different assays, including DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating assays. Antimicrobial activity of the tested Ganoderma extracts was also studied by the broth microdilution method. Generally, the highest antioxidant (59.24 mg TEs per g extract for DPPH, 41.32 mg TEs per g extract for ABTS, 41.35 mg TEs per g extract for CUPRAC, 49.68 mg TEs per g extract for FRAP, 130.57 mg AAEs per g extract for phosphomolybdenum and 26.92 mg EDTAEs per g extract) and enzyme inhibitory effects (1.47 mg GALAEs per g extract for AChE, 1.51 mg GALAEs per g extract for BChE, 13.40 mg KAEs per g extract for tyrosinase, 1.13 mmol ACEs per g extract for alpha-amylase and 2.20 mmol ACEs per g extract for alpha-glucosidase) were observed in GRM, which had the highest concentrations of phenolics (37.32 mg GAEs g(-1) extract). Again, Ganoderma extracts possess weak antibacterial and antifungal activities. Apigenin and protocatechuic acid were determined as the main components in GRM (1761 mu g per g extract) and GAM (165 mu g per g extract), respectively. The results suggest that the Ganoderma species may be considered as a candidate for preparing new food supplements and can represent a good model for the development of new drug formulations.

Aim: Plants are permanent sources of biologically active compounds, used by about 80% of the world population as manufactured drugs. The aims of this paper are to determine the mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of methanol, ethyl acetate and water extracts from Phlomis nissoli (PNM, PNE, PNW) Phlomis pungens var. pungens (PPM, PPE, PPW) and Phlomis armeniaca (PAM, PAE, PAW) against well-known mutagens. Methodology: Mutagenic/antimutagenic activities were determined by Ames test. Results: Extracts of P. nissoli, P. pungens and P. armeniaca were not mutagenic against TA98 and TA100 in the condition both with and without S9 mix. The strongest antimutagenic action was revealed by PNE extract at a dose of 5000 µg/plate against 2-amino-flourene with 96% inhibition for TA98 with S9 mix. PNM extract alleviated the mutagenic action of 2-amino-anthracene and exhibited strong inhibition rates (93%, 78%, 57%, respectively) with S9 mix at all doses for TA100 strain. While PAE extract manifested 95%, 91% and 84% inhibition against 2-amino-flourene for TA98, it revealed 90%, 84%, and 87% inhibition ratios, respectively, making them as strongly antimutagenic against 2-amino-anthracene for TA100 with S9 mix. Conclusion: P. nissoli, P. pungens and P. armeniaca extracts have significant antimutagenic capacities and they can represent a good model for the development of new drug formulations in pharmaceutical industry and they could be used in food industry as chemoprevention agent.

Bu calisma; Ankara ilinde tuketicilerin ekmek tercihlerine etki eden faktorlerin belirlenmesi amaciyla gerceklestirilmistir. Calismada ankete katilacak ekmek tuketici sayisi basit tesadufi ornekleme yoluyla belirlenmis ve anketler 2015 yilinda gerceklestirilmistir. Arastirma sonucunda, Ankara ilinde hane basina gunluk 2.4 adet (600 g), kisi basina 1.4 adet (350 g) ekmek tuketildigi belirlenmistir. Kisi basina geleneksel beyaz ekmek 2.3 adet (575 g), tam bugday ekmegi 1.3 adet (325 g) olarak tuketilmektedir. Tuketicilerin %59.9’u aldiklari ekmegi ayni gun tuketmediklerini ve bu ekmeklerin %10.1’ini hayvan beslemede kullanmak icin bayat ekmek toplayan kisilere verildiklerini ifade etmislerdir. Kalan ekmeklerin %2.2’sinin ise cope atildigi belirlenmistir. Yapilan korelasyon analizi sonuclarina gore; ekmek fiyatlari satin alma gucu acisindan farkli gelir duzeyindeki tuketicilere gore farklilik gostermektedir. Gelir duzeyi yuksek olan tuketiciler ekmek fiyatlarini dusuk, geliri dusuk olan tuketiciler ise ekmek fiyatlarini yuksek bulmuslardir (p

Sirin, Murat/0000-0001-6864-752X WOS: 000343763700041 Nine concrete samples with or without mineral admixtures have been analyzed for their naturally occurring radionuclide of Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 using HPGe gamma spectrometry. Also, concrete raw materials such as aggregate, cement, fly ash and blast furnace slag have been measured. the radioactivity values of Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 in fly ash and those of Ra-226 in blast furnace slag are higher than the corresponding world mean specific activities values which are 50, 50 and 500 Bq kg(-1) for Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40, respectively. the concretes activity concentrations have been found to change with supplementary cementitious materials of the concrete samples. This may be attributed to containing different proportions of different mineral additives such as fly ash and blast furnace slag which were found to contain high natural radionuclide concentrations according to the rest of raw material samples. in addition, radium equivalent activities (Ra-eq), gamma-index (I-gamma), alpha-index (I alpha), absorbed dose rate in air (D) and annual effective dose associated with the natural radionuclide were calculated to assess the radiation hazard of the natural radioactivity in the concrete mixture samples. the concentration of the natural radionuclides and the radium equivalent activity obtained in the present study are compared with the previous results. From these results, it can be seen that these building materials do not pose significant radiation hazards.

The agricultural sector has been a key economic force in all countries, developed and developing alike. To assist farmers with their financing needs, countries have established different agricultural credit systems and organizations depending on their overall needs, goals, and historical contextual background. Such structural considerations as the aggregate size of farm lands, diversity in production systems, and farmers’ needs and wants have played an important role in shaping the evolution of agricultural credit organizations around the world. In this study, the agricultural credit systems in select developed and developing countries which offer a mix of very advanced, intermediate, and evolving systems are compared. This research aims to identify key difference of agricultural credit systems with regards to the main actors involved (governmental/private banks, credit cooperative, etc.), application processes, terms and conditions, types, and priorities. The study identifies several agricultural credit systems which reflect countries’ political, economic and structural properties.

Plant or plant products have gained increasing importance in recent years due to their lower toxicity and side effects in pharmacology and food industries. The genus Taraxacum have been used as traditional medicine since ancient times. In this study, antioxidant, mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of two Taraxacum species namely T. mirabile and T. farinosum were investigated. Antioxidant properties were determined by different test systems including DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power (CUPRAC and FRAP assays) and phosphomolybdenum assays. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also reported. Mutagenic and anti-mutagenic activities were tested by Ames assay. It was seen that Taraxacum species have moderate antioxidant and antimutagenic activities ranging between moderate to strong. However, the species were found to be non-mutagenic. It was determined that total phenolic and flavonoid contents in T. mirabile (23.43 mgGAE/g extract and 4.58 mgRE/g extract) was higher than T. farinosum (17.54 mgGAE/g extract and 3.37 mgRE/g extract). According to our results, the Taraxacum species could be considered as a source of natural agents in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical areas.

The latest developments and modulations in Turkish economy, adaptation process to European Union and entering into international markets, risks and uncertainties in these markets and some opportunities may affect SMEs in positive and negative aspects. In fact, new areas may open and some business sectors may slowly disappear. As part of the adaptation process with EU, SMEs deserve important order on the agenda while trying to enter international markets but are left to their fate in Turkey. In this article, the existing situations, problems and contributions of SMEs in industrial and agricultural sector to Turkish economy will be analysed, then policies that must be put in practice for more contribution to Turkish economy will be dwelt upon. Finally, solutions to these situations will be proposed.

WOS: 000329261400010, PubMed: 24730135, In this study, a hundred Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from urinary tract infections were evaluated in terms of genotyping, susceptibility to certain antibiotics and detection of extended spectrum of beta lactamase (ESBL) production. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) method was used to identify the genetic differentiation of K. pneumoniae isolates. A total of 26 different DNA bands ranging between 334 bp and 28033 bp were detected among the strains. It was found that 100 K pneumoniae strains revealed 11 different RAPD profiles. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted using a disc diffusion method against 16 antibiotics. Fifty-five different resistance profiles were determined among the strains. ESBL-productions of the strains were determined by the double disc synergy test (DDST) and ESBL E-test methods. ESBL production rates among the strains were found to be 55% by E-test method and 45% by DDST method. While ESBL-producing K pneumoniae strains showed the greatest resistance to penicillin G (100%), followed by piperacillin (92.7%) and erythromycin (85.4%),the resistance rates of non ESBL producing strains to those antibiotics were determined as 97.8%, 88.8% and 88.8%, respectively. Both groups of strains showed the highest sensitivity to meropenem. Based on the results obtained from the study, it was concluded that the detection of ESBL-producing strains by the E-test method was more sensitive than by the DDST method. Phenotypic and genotypic identification methods should be used together to detect ESBL presence. The RAPD-PCR method alone will not be adequate in the genotyping of the strains and alternative DNA-based methods should be used., Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects Coordinating Office (BAP)Selcuk University [10401050], We would like to thank Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects Coordinating Office (BAP) for supporting this project financially (Project No: 10401050).