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Visualization is an effective method for students to internalize concepts and to establish correlations between concepts. Visualization method is especially more important in mathematics which is perceived as the combination of abstract concepts. In this study, whether 6th grade students can solve questions about "Fractions" by using visual model and whether they can utilize visualization or not was searched. A literature scan about the visualization in teaching mathematics and an achievement test involving 10 questions were implemented for this study. The participants are 50 6th grade students who are studying at public and private schools in various parts of Istanbul. They were asked to solve questions by using visual model method. In accordance with the findings, it can be said that 6th grade students have difficulties in using visual model while studying on fractions and they prefer calculation by considering rules without using.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Summer Environmental Education Program (SEEP) on elementary school students' environmental knowledge, affect, skills and behavior which are the main components of environmental literacy. The sample consisted of 45 students (25 males, 20 females) studying in 4th through 8th grades and living in Orphanage in Antalya. Various data collection instruments (e.g. Environmental Knowledge Test, Affective Disposition toward Environment Scale, Children's Responsible Environmental Behavior Scale and Scientific Process Skill for the Environmental Test) were used for assessing students' different outcomes prior to and after SEEP. The open-ended responses were subjected to content analysis whilst the remaining data were subjected to statistical analysis (e.g. repeated t-test). The results revealed that students' environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, intention, environmental attitudes and responsible environmental behaviors significantly increased after intervention. Even though students' "cognitive skills" and "saving behavior" increased from pre-test to post-test, these increases were not statistically significant.

The main purpose of the present study is twofold: (a) to investigate the awareness and attitudes of prospective teachers from different departments and class levels regarding current educational reforms in Turkey and the reasons why they do or do not adhere to these reform activities, and (b) to gain thorough knowledge about information resources that they use and the problems that they encounter while learning about and sharing current educational reforms. The study was conducted with 23 prospective teachers drawn from the Education Faculty of Akdeniz University, and it used a two-stage sampling method. A semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was employed as the data collection instrument. The interview form included four demographic and 12 open-ended questions. The tape-recorded interviews were transcribed and verbatim transcriptions were analyzed via quantitative data analysis. The results indicated that freshman and sophomore prospective teachers adhered to the education reform developments less frequently than their juniors and seniors. Most of the prospective teachers who rarely followed educational reforms indicated that they did not have enough time to do so due to their heavy schedule, but they concentrated on educational reforms in their own field of study since they had concerns for the future. Prospective teachers often had insufficient and false information about educational reforms; they indicated interest in obtaining more reliable information through conferences featuring presentations by experts. Further studies conducted with prospective teachers enrolled in additional departments or pedagogical formation courses would provide a more complete understanding of attitudes toward educational reforms.

Aim: QT interval is generally related to the increased risk of polymorphic ventricular tachycardias and ventricular arrythmias. Intubation and laryngoscopy might change in cardiac repolarization and an increase in QT interval length. Video laryngoscopes provide better laryngeal view, higher intubation success, and better correct positioning on double-lumen tube (DLT) intubation. We aimed to compare McGRATH MAC 5 video laryngoscope to direct Macintosh laryngoscope and their effects on Tp-e interval, QTc and Tp-e/QTc ration in those patients requiring intubation having DLT. Materials and Methods: The randomly controlled prospective work is carried out on 94 patients, scheduled for thoracic surgery, aged between 18-65. After anaesthetic induction and before tracheal intubation, all patients airway were evaluated Cormack and Lehane in using a Macintosh laryngoscope and patients having Cormack and Lehane grade-1 or -2a views included in study. The patients who are intubated with video laryngoscope (Mc-GRATH MAC) are allocated into Group V and intubated with direct Macintosh Laryngoscope was allocated into Group L. The primary aim was compared between the two devices on Tp-e interval, QTc and Tp-e/QTc ratio with ECG recordings. The secondary goal was assessment of hemodynamic status and intubation conditions. Results: In Group V, QTc interval, Tp-e intreval and Tp-e/QTc ratio was lower in a significant way than Group L. There has not been a significant difference in terms of hemodynamic assessment among those two groups at all measurement periods. Cormack-Lehane scores, intubation times, DLT types and sizes were similar between two groups. Conclusion: McGRATH MAC video laryngoscope decreased Tp-e interval, QTc and Tp-e/QTc ratio compared to direct Maintosh laryngoscope. Hemodynamic response and intubation parameters are seen as similar to each other in both of the present groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]