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Locating peaks of transformed anomalies provides an effective perspective to detect lateral changes in potential field data. Recently, a number of peak detection methods based on the curvature and parabola-based approaches have been introduced to interpret potential field data. As a result of differences in their calculations, the various methods produce slightly different results for any given source geometry, depth and contrast or magnetization. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of these methods in locating peaks of transformed anomalies. To obtain optimum results, these methods have been tested on synthetic datasets and also real gravity data from the Red River Trough, Vietnam. The results show that the parabola-based method and its modified version are less effective for detecting peaks in the intersection regions of sources. In addition, although the curvature-based method does not have such a problem, it can bring the secondary maximum locations.

The East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) is one the main tectonic elements of Turkey, which borders the Anatolian plate from the east. EAFZ, which is NE-SW direction, consists of many fault segments. In the historical and instrumental period, many damaging earthquakes occurred, the largest being 6.8 (Ms) as the 1971 Bingöl earthquake. The last magnitude 6.6 (Ml) (Mw = 6.8) earthquake occurred on January 24, 2020 in Elazığ - Sivrice Hazar - Sincik segment of EAFZ. However, considering the historical and instrumental activity, it is seen that many fault segments are silent. In this study, the silent and active segments, and their seismic velocity (as % Vp and Vp) and attenuation pattern (as Q-1 p) are determined in order to determine the earthquake behavior of EAFZ in the near future. From the results obtained by using the data of the earthquakes that occurred from 2007 to the end of 2019, it was clearly determined that the velocity and attenuation increased on the Hazar - Sincik segment. It has been determined that Vp is 4.08-8.2 km/sec, Q-1 p is ± 0.005 and the frequency dependency varies between 0 - 1.08 along the zone. The variation of velocity and attenuation on the segments where the earthquake occurred and in the silent section were revealed.

Doğal zımpara taşları çoğunlukla Türkiye’de Ege bölgesinde ve Yunanistan’da görülür. Türkiye’nin batısında yer alan Menderes Masifi demir bakımından zengin zımpara taşı yatakları içermektedir. Önemli zımpara taşı yataklarından biri, GB Türkiye’de Milas’ın KB da yer alan Kayabaşı köyü güneyinde görülmektedir. Zımpara taşları bünyesinde çoğunlukla alüminyum ve demir mineralleri içerdiği için ölçülebilir manyetik anomalilere neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Kayabaşı Köyü GB’da yer alan bir maden sahasının 150 x 200 m boyutlarında lokal bir bölgesinde potansiyel zımpara taşı kaynaklarının yer altındaki konumlarının ve devamlılıklarının araştırılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda inceleme sahasında jeofizik potansiyel alan verilerinden olan manyetik alan verilerinin ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sahasının manyetik anomalilerine kaynak olan yapıların konumlarının tespiti için sınır analizleri kapsamında analitik sinyal, yatay türevlerin analitik sinyali, toplam yatay gradyanın tilt açısı ve yatay gradyanın lojistik fonksiyonu esasına dayanan dört farklı analiz tekniği uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen sınır analizleri haritalarının birlikte yorumlanması ile inceleme alanının doğusunda genel olarak sığ kaynaklı yapısal unsurların, batısında ise göreceli olarak daha derin kaynaklı yapısal unsurların varlığı gözlemlenmiştir.

This paper presents a new gravity inversion tool GRV_D_inv, specifically a GUI-based Matlab code developed to determine the three-dimensional depth structure of a density interface. The algorithm used performs iteratively in the frequency-domain based on a relationship between the Fourier transforms of the gravity data and the sum of the Fourier transforms of the powers of the depth to the interface. In this context, the proposed code is time-efficient in computations, and thus, it is capable of handling large arrays of data. The GUI-enabled interactive control functions of the code enable the user with easy control in setting the parameters for the inversion strategy prior the operation, and allow optional choice for displaying and recording of the outputs data without requiring coding expertise. We validated the code by applying it to both noise-free and noisy synthetic gravity data produced by a density interface; we obtained good correlation between the calculated ones and the actual relief even in the presence of noise. We also applied the code to a real gravity data from Brittany (France) for determining the 3D Moho interface as a practical example. The recovered depths from the code compare well with the published Moho structures of this study area.

© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Determining the source edges is a frequently requested task in the analysis of potential fields. However, the edge detection methods have some drawbacks or shortcomings, for example, blurred responses to weak amplitude anomalies, the estimated peaks over the edges are low in gradient or bring out overestimated edges in the resulting maps. In this paper, a new method based on an arcsine function using the ratio of the vertical gradient to the total gradient of the amplitude of the horizontal gradient field is introduced for outlining the source edges. The validity of the method is tested on both synthetic and real data and the edge detection results are compared with those detected from some other existing methods. The results from the proposed filter provide more accurate and higher resolution edges, and can avoid producing the spurious edges in the results.

Bu çalışma, Orta Anadolu bölgesine ait Serbest Hava Gravite verisindeki topoğrafik etkileri rejyonal ölçekte en aza indirgeyen atmosfer-kabuk ara yüzeyi kabuk yoğunluğu değerinin belirlenmesini amaçlamıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda bölgenin yükseklik verileri kullanılarak Serbest Hava Gravite verilerinin çeşitli kabuk yoğunluğu değerleri için topoğrafik etkilerinin indirgemesi yapılmış ve uygulanan her bir yoğunluk değerine ilişkin basit Bouguer Gravite anomalileri elde edilerek bunların Fraktal boyutları hesaplanmıştır. İndirgeme işlemlerinde kullanılan değişken kabuk yoğunluğu değerlerine karşılık elde edilen basit Bouguer Gravite anomalilerinin Fraktal boyutlarının grafiksel analizleri sonucunda Orta Anadolu bölgesi Serbest Hava Gravite verilerindeki topoğrafik etkiyi rejyonal ölçekte minimize eden atmosfer-kabuk ara yüzeyi kabuk yoğunluğu değeri 2.59 gr/cm3 olarak hesaplanmıştır., This study aimed to determine the crustal density value at the atmosphere-crust interface that minimizes the topographic effects in the free air gravity data of the Central Anatolia region on a regional scale. For this purpose, using the elevation data of the region, topographic effects were reduced for various crustal density values of Free Air Gravity data and fractal dimensions were calculated of the simple Bouguer Gravity anomalies obtained for each density value. As a result of the graphical analysis of the fractal dimensions of the simple Bouguer Gravity anomalies obtained in response to the variable crustal density values used in the reduction processes, the crustal density value at the atmosphere-crust interface, which minimizes the topographic effect in the free air gravity data on a regional scale, was calculated as 2.59 gr/cm3 for the Central Anatolia region.

© 2022 COSPARTrompsburg Complex, South Africa, is obscured by the Karoo sediments, and it is not observed on the surface. Knowledge of the boundaries of the subsurface geological bodies in the region is of main interest in many applications of the Earth Sciences. There are many methods developed to delineate boundaries of subsurface geological sources such as the curvature-based method and parabola-based methods. In this study, we applied an improved approach based on parabolic curve fitting to the gradient amplitudes of gravity and magnetic data for extracting geological structures of the Trompsburg Complex. The results showed ring structures with a diameter of about 50 km, that include granitic rocks in the central part of the Trompsburg Complex. The results also demonstrated the existence of boundaries of the other structures in the south-eastern region of the Complex, which were not determined in previous studies. The result provides new information for a better understanding of the structural and tectonic features of the Trompsburg Complex. The success of this study suggests that the improved technique based on parabolic curve, is helpful in outlining the edge locations of subsurface geologic structures.

Edge enhancement techniques have been widely used in mapping geologic features, such as faults, contacts and dikes. The universal disadvantages of previously presented filters are that they cannot balance signals caused by geological structures located at different depths or they bring false edges or the images obtained from these filters have low resolution. We introduce a filter SF that uses the softsign function and derivatives of the horizontal gradient to solve these problems. The applicability of the filter is exemplified with three synthetic data sets and aeromagnetic data from the Olympic Peninsula, northwestern United States. Compared to other edge detector methods, the filter is able to outline the source edges more precisely and clearly, and there are no spurious lateral boundaries in the output results.

This article presents a modified algorithm and a MATLAB-based program for computing the Moho topography, which uses the combination of the spatial domain technique and the FFT-based algorithm. The advantages of the algorithm are that it performs rapid computations with high precision, and the computation procedure does not need to use a low pass filter during iteration. The applicability of the proposed technique is demonstrated on three 3D synthetic and real gravity data from the Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. For the synthetic data cases, the obtained results are compatible with the assumed structures. Application on real data indicates that the result estimated by the proposed technique compares well with seismic data.

Nevşehir ve çevresi Kuvaterner volkanizmasının yüzeyde yoğun olarak görüldüğü bir bölgedir. Bu sahalar sismik dalgaların yüksek soğurulma özelliği gösterdiği alanlardır. Bu volkanik yapıların ortaya konulması için üç boyutlu (3-B) P ve S dalga soğurulması parametreleri ( belirlenmiştir. Cisim dalgalarından P dalgası soğurulması, kabuktaki süreksizlik yapılarına, S dalga soğurulması ise gaz ve akışkan rezervuarlarına duyarlıdır. Derinlikleri 1 km ile 30 arasında değişen toplam 815 deprem ait 1541 sinyal değerlendirilmiştir. Deprem verileri Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü’ne ait 5 adet üç bileşen geniş bant istasyon tarafından kaydedilmiştir. 3-B soğurulma yapısının ortaya konulması için Koda Normalizasyon Yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu depremlere ait P, S ve koda fazları belirlendikten sonra, bölgedeki hız modeline göre ters çözüm tekniği uygulanmıştır. Matlab kodunda yazılmış MuRAT-V.1 programı referans alınarak P ve S dalgası genliklerinin koda dalgası genliklerine ayrı ayrı enerji oranına dayanan yeni bir bilgisayar programı yazılmıştır. Bu program kaynak ve alandan bağımsız koda-normalizasyon yöntemini kullanmaktadır. Bu yazılım ile, genlik oranlarından hareketle dalga güzergahı hız farklılıklarına göre ters çözüm tekniği kullanılarak Nevşehir ve çevresinde P ve S dalgası soğurulması değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre yüzeyde soğurulmanın yüksek olduğu yerler; Melendiz Dağı ve Aladağlar (Niğde) çevresi, Erciyes Dağı’nın kuzeybatısı civarıdır. Derine doğru ilerledikçe P dalgası soğurulması tektonizmaya, S dalgası sorulması ise volkanizmaya bağlı olarak değiştiği gözlemlenmektedir. Yaklaşık 30 km derinde soğurulmanın Erciyes dağı ve Aladağlar civarında tespit edilmiştir. Melendiz dağı civarında soğurulma dağa çok üst kabukta görülmektedir. Bu da bölgedeki derin depremlerin Ecemiş fayı üzerinde olduğu ve volkanizmanın bu tektonik yapıya göre şekillendiği sonucunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Spectral analysis of NAMAG magnetic data enabled us to estimate depths to the Curie isotherm along the Pacific-North America plate boundary. The estimated depths for the Gulf of California, and southern Baja California peninsula, correlate quite well with the depths to the Moho available from previous studies based on receiver function, and seismic refraction. In northernmost Baja California, and southwestern USA no correlation is observed between depths to the Curie isotherm and depths to the mantle obtained from receiver function analysis. Depths to the Curie isotherm are shallower. Along the coastal plains of Sonora and Sinaloa, differences between receiver function based Mantle depths and Curie depths are equally large. However, there is more consistency with depths established by seismic refraction studies. Four zones with shallow Curie isotherm are identified in southern Gulf of California (GS1, GS2, GS3, and GS4). GS1 is located at the Gulf of California mouth. The Alarcon rise is located between GS1 and GS2. Pescaderos Basin is located northwest of GS2. GS3 stretches from the Carmen Basin to the Farallon Basin. GS4 extends from Tiburon Island up to northern Guaymas Basin. Northernmost shallow Curie depth zone (GN1) comprises Upper and Lower Delfin Basins, as well as the Consag and Wagner Basins. A northern prolongation also covers Pinacate Volcanic center. The southern shallow Curie isotherm zones are associated with lithospheric-asthenospheric material upwelling zones. GN1 also includes a convective component related to the younger magmatism of the Pinacate Volcanic Field. Deeper Curie depths are found at southern Baja California peninsula, interpreted as associated with thicker continental or stretched crust. It is possible that the crust is underlain or underplated by magnetic oceanic crust as suggested by satellite magnetic anomalies centered at the Magdalena shelf. A contrasting pattern features northern Baja California: deep Curie zones to the west contrasting with relative shallower Curie isotherm areas to the east. The prolongation towards the peninsula of the extinct Shirley transform fracture zone roughly separates the two domains observed along the peninsula, and suggests that the Curie isotherm along the peninsula is controlled by differences subduction of the Guadalupe and Magdalena microplates. Major differences pointed out between northern and southern Gulf of California might indicate that subduction also played a key role at the beginning of the opening of the Gulf of California, however, currently, the Curie pattern is controlled by the rifting processes (shallow Curie zones correlating quite well with the rift basins and the lithosphere-asthenosphere upwelling material).

This paper compares effectiveness of the different approaches of computing the tilt angle of the horizontal gradient amplitude and tilt angle of the analytic signal amplitude such as use of direct expression and frequency domain technique (also called k - function) in terms of their accuracy on the detection of the edges of magnetic and gravity sources. These approaches were performed on both synthetic magnetic and gravity data where the frequency domain technique shows improvements in delineation of the actual edges of the sources compared to the direct expression. Additionally, real magnetic data from Zhurihe (Northeast China), and real gravity data from Tuan Giao (Northwest Vietnam) was considered and the obtained results from applying the different approaches were compared with known geological structures. The results show that the boundaries detected from the use of the frequency domain technique are in accord with the known geological structures.

Identifying the boundaries of source bodies is one of the most important aims in interpreting gravity and magnetic data. For this purpose, many amplitude and phase-based methods have been utilized. Amplitude-based filters cannot balance the anomalies caused by deep and shallow sources. Although phase-based filters do not have such a problem, the edges detected by using these filters may be incompatible with actual edges. To overcome these problems, many maximum detection algorithms have been developed, e.g., the curvature analysis algorithm, the Blakely and Simpson's algorithm, and its modified version. In this study, the edge mapping performances of these algorithms are discussed and a new approach is introduced. The validity of the introduced algorithm is illustrated with two synthetic gravity data caused by vertical-prism sources. The results show that the proposed technique detects the source edges more clearly. In addition, the proposed technique has been applied to the gravity data of the Tuan Giao area in Vietnam and the magnetic data of the Narmada-Son Lineament in India, and it has been observed that the obtained results are consistent with the known geological structures in these study areas.

Determining lateral boundaries of the potential field source is a common feature in interpreting magnetic and gravity data. There are many different phase based filters to determine the boundaries of the source. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of phase-based filters such as tilt derivative, theta map, normalized horizontal derivative, tilt derivative of the horizontal derivative, tilt derivative of the total gradient, improved theta and horizontal gradient of a modified version of tilt derivative. In order to obtain optimum results, these filters were tested on synthetic magnetic and gravity anomaly data and also aeromagnetic anomaly from the Seattle Uplift (SU), Washington, United States of America. The results show that the tilt derivative of the horizontal derivative method revealed better detection of the source edges compared to the results by the other filters. These results demonstrate that the tilt derivative of the horizontal derivative method is a useful tool for the qualitative interpretation of magnetic and gravity data.

Locating the edges of anomalous bodies provides a fundamental tool in the geologic interpretation of potential field data. This paper compares the effectiveness of the commonly used edge detection methods such as the total horizontal gradient, analytic signal, tilt angle, theta map and their modified versions in terms of their accuracy on the determination of edges of source bodies. This paper also introduces an edge detector method for the enhancement of potential field anomalies, which is based on the logistic function of the total horizontal gradient. The new method is tested on synthetic data calculated using 3 models, and also on real magnetic and gravity data from Vietnam. The effectiveness of the method is evaluated by comparing the results with those of other popular methods. These results demonstrate that the method is a useful tool for the qualitative interpretation of potential field data.

The paper presents an improved algorithm based on Bhaskara Rao and Ramesh Babu’s algorithm to invert magnetic anomalies of three-dimensional basement structures. The magnetic basement is approximated by an ensemble of juxtaposed vertical prisms whose bottom surface coincides with Curie surface with the known depth. The computer program operating with the proposed algorithm is built in Matlab environment. Test applications show that the proposed method can perform computations with fast and stable convergence rate where the results also coincide well with the actual model structure. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by inverting magnetic anomalies of the southeast part of Vietnam continental shelf. The calculated magnetic basement relief of the study area provides useful additional information for studies in the aim of dealing with the geological structure of the area.References Beiki M., 2010. Analytic signals of gravity gradient tensor and their application to estimate source location, Geophysics, 75(6), i59–i74.Bui C.Q. (chief author), Le T., Tran T. D., Nguyen T. H., Phi T.T., 2007. Map of deep structure of the Earth’s crust, Atlas of the characteristics of natural conditions and environment in Vietnam’s waters and adjacent region. Publisher of Science and Technology, Ha Noi. Do D.T., Nguyen T.T.H., 2011. Atempt the improvement of inversion of magnetic anomalies of two dimensional polygonal cross sections to determine the depth of magnetic basement in some data profile of middle off shelf of Vietnam. Journal of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 49(2), 125–132.Do D.T., 2013. Study for application of 3D magnetic and gravity method to determine density contribution of basement rock and depth of magnetic basement on Vietnam’s shelf for oil research and prospecting Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Project code QG-11-04. 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Application of power density spectrum of magnetic anomaly to estimate the structure of magnetic layer of the earth crust in the Bac Bo gulf. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 14(4A), 137–148.Nguyen N.T., Bui V.N., Nguyen T.T.H., 2014b. Determining the depth to the magnetic basementand fault systems in Tu Chinh - Vung May area by magnetic data interpretation. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 14(4A), 16–25.Nguyen T.T.H., Pham T.L., Do D.T., Le H.M., 2018. Improving algorithm of determining the coordinates of the vertices of the polygon to invert magnetic anomalies of two-dimensional basement structures in space domain, Journal of Marine Science and Technology (preparing to print).Parker R.L., 1973. The rapid calculation of potential anomalies, Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc, 31, 447–455. Pilkington M., Gregotski M.E., Todoeschuck J.P., 1994. Using fractal crustal magnetization models in magnetic interpretation, Geophysical Prospecting, 42, 677–692.Pilkington M., 2006. 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Although the use ofmultiple geophysical methods in the search of chromite mines is the firstchoice in the world in general, in the past of our country, the search for suchmines has often been limited to the results of surface surveys or only onemethodical geophysical applications have been carried out. For this reason, thereserves in many existing chromite areas have not yet been determined by theirreal potential.Inthis study, it is aimed to investigate the continuity of the buried potentialreserve of an abandoned chromite mine site located in the north western part ofthe Sütçüler district of Isparta province, which is not currently in operation.For this purpose, gravity and magnetic measurements were carried out with anaverage spacing of 5 m in a pilot study area of 300 m × 400 m in size. As aresult of the interpretation of the potential field data obtained, theexistence of anomalous areas where high density and low magnetic susceptibilitystructures could be the sources were determined. In particular, these areaspoint to the potential presence of buried mining reserves in the study area., Kromitmadenin aranmasında çoklu jeofizik yöntemlerin kullanılması dünya genelindebirinci dereceden tercih konusu olsa da ülkemizin geçmişinde çoğu kez bu türmadenlerin aranmasında sadece yüzey araştırmalarının sonuçları ile yetinilmişveya sadece tek yöntemli jeofizik uygulamalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu nedenle,mevcut kromit alanlarındaki rezervler genel olarak gerçek potansiyelleri ilehenüz belirlenmemiştir.Bu çalışmada Isparta iliSütçüler ilçesi kuzeybatısında yer alan ve günümüzde işletme durumunda olmayanterk edilmiş bir kromit maden sahasının yer altında gömülü potansiyel rezervdevamlılığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda 300 m × 400 mboyutlarında belirlenen pilot bir çalışma alanında ortalama 5 m ölçüaralıklarında gravite ve manyetik ölçümler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilenpotansiyel alan verilerinin birlikte değerlendirilmesi sonucunda çalışma sahasısınırları içinde yüksek yoğunluk ve düşük manyetik duyarlılık gösterenyapıların kaynak olabileceği anomali alanlarının varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Sözkonusu bu alanlar çalışma sahasının içerisinde halen gömülü maden rezervlerininpotansiyel varlığına işaret etmektedir.

Imaging buried geological boundaries is one of a major objective during the interpretation of magnetic field data in Geophysics. Therefore, edge detection and edge enhancement techniques assist a crucial role on this aim. Most of the existing edge detector methods require to obtain special points such as in general the maxima of the resulting image. One of the useful tools in estimating edges from magnetic data is the tilt angle of the analytical signal amplitude due to its value slightly dependence on the direction of magnetization. In this study, the maxima of the tilt angle of analytical signal amplitudes of the magnetic data was determined by a curvature-based method. The technique is based on fitting a quadratic surface over a 3×3 windows of the grid for locating any appropriate critical point that is near the centre of the window. The algorithm is built in Matlab environment. The feasibility of the algorithm is demonstrated in two cases of synthetic data as well as on real magnetic data from Tu Chinh-Vung May area. The source code is available from the authors on request.ReferencesAkpınar Z., Gürsoy H., Tatar O., Büyüksaraç A., Koçbulut F., Piper, JDA., 2016. Geophysical analysis of fault geometry and volcanic activity in the Erzincan Basin, Central Turkey, Complex evolution of a mature pull-apart basin. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 116, 97-114. Beiki M., 2010. Analytic signals of gravity gradient tensor and their application to estimate source location, Geophysics, 75(6), 159-174.Blakely R. J., and Simpson R.W., 1986. Approximating edges of source bodies from magnetic or gravity anomalies, Geophysics, 51, 1494-1498.Chen An-Guo, Zhou Tao-Fa, Liu Dong-Jia, Zhang Shu, 2017. Application of an enhanced theta-based filter for potential field edge detection: a case study of the LUZONG ORE DISTRICT, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 60(2), 203-218.Cooper G.RJ., 2014. Reducing the dependence of the analytic signal amplitude of aeromagnetic data on the source vector direction, Geophysics, 79, 55-60.Cordell L., 1979. Gravimetric Expression of Graben Faulting in Santa Fe Country and theEspanola Basin, New Mexico. In Ingersoll, R.V., Ed., Guidebook to Santa Fe Country, New Mexico Geological Society, Socorro, 59-64.Cordell L and Grauch V.J.S., 1985. Mapping Basement Magnetization Zones from Aeromagnetic Data in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, The Utility of Regional Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Maps, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, 181-197.Hsu S.K., Coppense D., Shyu C.T., 1996. High- resolution detection of geologic boundaries from potential field anomalies: An enhanced analytic signal technique, Geophysics, 61, 1947-1957.Le D.C., Application of seismic exploration methods to identify geological structural characteristics supporting for hydrocarbon potential assessment in TuChinh - Vung May basin, Ph.D. Thesis, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology.Li X., 2006. Understanding 3D analytic signal amplitude: Geophysics, 71(2), 13-16.Miller H.G. and Singh V., 1994. Potential Field Tilt a New Concept for Location of Potential Field Sources, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 32, 213-217.Nabighian M.N., 1972. The analytic signal of two-dimensional magnetic bodies with polygonal cross-section: Its properties and use of automated anomaly interpretation, Geophysics, 37, 507-517.Nguyen N.T., Bui V.N., Nguyen T.T.H., 2014. Determining the depth to the magnetic basement and fault systems in Tu Chinh - Vung May area by magnetic data interpretation, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 14(4a), 16-25.Nguyen X.H, San T.N, Bae W., Hoang M.C, 2014. Formation mechanism and petroleum system of tertiary sedimentary basins, offshore Vietnam, Energy Sources, Part A, 36, 1634-1649.Phillips J.D., Hansen R.O. and Blakely R.J., 2007. The use of curvature in potential-field interpretation, Exploration Geophysics, 38(2), 111-119.Rao D.B., and Babu N.R., 1991. A rapid method for three-dimensional modeling of magnetic anomalies, Geophysics, 56(11), 1729-1737.Roest W.R., Verhoef J., and Pilkington M., 1992. Magnetic interpretation using the 3-D analytic signal, Geophysics, 57, 116-125.Tran N., 2017. Sediment geology of Vietnam, VNU Press.Tran T.D., Tran N., Nguyen T.H., Dinh X.T., Pham B.N., Nguyen T.T., Tran T.T.T.N., Nguyen T.H.T., 2018. The Miocenedepositional geological evolution of Phu Khanh, Nam Con Son and Tu Chinh - Vung May basins in Vietnam continental shelf, VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences, 34(1), 112-135.Vo T.S., Le H.M., Luu V.H., 2005. Three-dimensional analytic signal method and its application in interpretation of aeromagnetic anomaly maps in the Tuan Giao region, Proceedings of the 4th geophysical scientific and technical conference of Vietnam, Publisher of Science and Engineering 2005.Wijns C, Perez C and Kowalczyk P, 2005, Theta map: Edge detection in magnetic data, Geophysics, 70, 39-43.

Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi, Doğu Anadolu ve Ölü Deniz Fay zonları ile Kıbrıs yayının üçlü birleşimi tarafından oluşturulan tektonik yapının etkisi altında kalmakta ve günümüzde yüksek derecede sismik risk taşımaktadır. Bölgede, tarihsel ve aletsel dönemde büyüklüğü 5 ve üzeri olan çok sayıda deprem meydana gelmiştir. Bu depremler, çok sayıda insanımız hayatını kaybetmesine ve milyarlarca dolar değerinde mal kaybına neden olmuştur. Yakın tarihimizde oluşan 1998 Adana Ceyhan depremi, 145 can kaybına, 1500’den fazla insanımızın da yaralanmasına sebep olurken, binden fazla bina tamamen çökmüş 10000’den fazla bina ise ağır olarak hasar görmüştür. Tektonik açıdan oldukça önemli bir konumda bulunan ve Sismotektonik aktivitenin yüksek olduğu Doğu Akdeniz’de, 3-B kabuk yapısının ortaya konulduğu tomografi çalışmalarının ne kadar önem arz ettiği açıktır. Bu çalışma ile bölgede, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü’ne ait 20 deprem istasyonu tarafından kaydedilen 7467depreme ait, 36.220 P ve 16.936 S dalgası varış zamanı ters çözüm esasına dayanan Poisson Oranı Tomografisi metodu kullanılarak, kabuk ve hız yapısı incelenmiştir. Bölgede sismotektonik açıdan ne türden bir değişim olduğu ve Doğu Akdeniz’in sismik hızı ve kabuk yapısı tomografik modelleme ile 3-B olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu sayede bölgede düşük ve yüksek hızlı alanlar ve bölgesel dağlımı ortaya konulmuştur.

An archaeo-geophysical survey was conducted through ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) techniques at the archaeological site of Kilic village located 45 km from the cities of Isparta and Burdur in the Lakes Region of SW Turkey. In the exploration, a GPR reflection profiling survey was primarily conducted over 72 profiles 0.5 m apart using a 500 MHz shielded antenna in the S-N direction. The presence of three-aisled basilica displaying a central nave with an aisle on each side and an apse at the end was successfully revealed. Based on the GPR results, the width of the inner and outer walls of the basilica are about 3 and 1.7 m, respectively. An ERT survey was then carried out via Wenner-Schlumberger array on 37 parallel profiles 1 m apart in NW-SE direction. Depth slices obtained from both two- and three-dimensional inversions of apparent resistivity data were considered in the evaluation. The ERT findings displaying the main structure of the basilica support the results of the GPR survey. Since King village may be a part of the ancient Bans town according to some views, these findings together with the previous one obtained from about 100 m from the present area may indicate new assessments on the subject. Therefore, we strongly suggest a more detailed archaeological investigation in the village by considering the risk of damage due to illegal excavations. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Isparta Angle (IA) is formed as a morphotectonic pattern and located in the north of the Antalya Gulf. It is a seismotectonically very active zone as in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The shape of Isparta Angle is a wedge-like with flanks oriented NE–SW in the west and NW–SE in the east rather than compressional E–W-oriented structures preceding its present shape. It results from the clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation of the Anatolian Plate from the Early Paleocene to the Early Pliocene. In this study, we determined the neotectonic pattern of the IA by using arrival time data of P and S waves. We assessed the 3-D tomographic images from the data of local earthquakes. The tomographic results verified the major tectonic structures and discontinuities in the studied area. The results have revealed the young structural heterogeneities related to the seismotectonic zones. While the higher Vp and Vs distributions are determined in the shallow levels of the earth, low-velocity perturbations are extensively distributed at deeper levels of the crust. The seismotectonic activity, seen along heterogeneous zones, denotes the high-velocity perturbation and is related to the pre-existing faults. The results of checkerboard tests showed that the anomalies are reliable down to approximately 40 km depth. From the middle to the lower crust, the low-velocity zones are related to the geophysical and geological evidence in the Fethiye–Burdur Fault Zone (FBFZ) and the existence of mantle material is consistent with the partial melt in the upper mantle. Furthermore, the present study revealed the new active zones from 3-D tomographic results: the NW-trending Yalvac, NE-trending Gelendost, and approximately N–S-trending Egirdir–Kovada grabens existing in the northern core of IA.

Approximating boundaries of causative sources is an important task in potential field interpretation. Many techniques have been proposed for approximating the edges including derivative and phase-based methods. The derivative-based methods cannot equalize the signal amplitudes, and although the phase-based methods do not have this problem, they maybe produce false edges, or the obtained edges are diffused. To overcome these problems, the ridges of some edge detection functions can be determined using the algorithms such as the Blakely and Simpson's algorithm or the curvature analysis algorithm. However, these algorithms cannot fully identify all the peaks of the data or produce some spurious ridges in output maps. In this study, we introduce an improved method to locate the peaks of the data. The efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated on two synthetic gravity data, as well as real gravity data of the Vredefort dome area (South Africa). Compared with two traditional methods, the proposed algorithm produces more precise and detailed results.

The Curie surface interpreted from magnetic data through spatial frequency domain techniques is used to provide information on the thermal structure of Borborema Province. The Borborema Province is part of the neoproterozoic collision of an orogenic system situated between the Sao Francisco-Congo and Sao Luis-West Africa cratons, which formed the Gondwana Supercontinent. The Curie surface of Borborema Province varies from 18 to 59 km, which reveals the complexity in the crustal composition of the study area. The thermal structure shows different crustal blocks separated by the main shear zones, which corroborates the evolution model of allochthonous terranes. The Curie surface signature for the west portion of Pernambuco Shear Zone may indicate processes of mantle serpentinization, once the Curie isotherm is deeper than Mohorovic discontinuity. In this region, the amplitude of Bouguer anomaly decreases, which corroborates long wavelength anomaly observed in the magnetic anomaly. We interpreted this pattern as evidence of the Brasiliano-Pan-Africano's subduction/collision event. Earthquakes in the region are concentrated mainly in shallow Curie surface regions (less resistant crust) and in transition zones between warm and cold blocks. We calculated the horizontal gradient of the Curie depth to emphasize the signature of contact between the thermal blocks. These regions mark possible crustal discontinuities, and have high correlation with orogenic gold occurrence in the study area.

The Nigde-Kirsehir Massif, known also as the Central Anatolian Block, is bordered by the sutures of the NeoTethys Ocean. The Massif suffered several deformation phases during and after the consumption of the surrounding oceans and the post-collisional events of the continental pieces of Anatolia in latest Cretaceous to Miocene. Previous paleomagnetic studies on the Nigde-Kirsehir Massif and its surroundings displayed either insufficient data or have claimed large rotations and/or remagnetization. In order to understand the tectonic history of the Nigde-Kirsehir Massif and its adjacent blocks we have sampled 147 different sites in the age range of Upper Jurassic to Miocene from the Nigde-Kirsehir Massif throughout its W/SW and E/SE boundaries and the Central- Southeastern Taurides. The results display that except the limestones in Central Taurides, all rocks examined carry a primary magnetization. Among these an important finding is that rotations between the Massif and the Central-Eastern Taurides indicate an oroclinal bending with counterclockwise rotation of R=41.1°±7.6° in the SE and clockwise rotation of R=45.9°±9.3° in the Central Taurides from Upper Cretaceous rocks with respect to the African reference direction. Paleomagnetic rotations in the SE Taurides are compatible with the vergent direction of the thrusts generated from consumption of the Intra-Tauride ocean prior to post collisional convergence between Taurides and the Massif. In the Central Taurides it has been shown that the clockwise rotation of 45.9±9.3 started in Middle Eocene, because of a remagnetization in Upper Creataceous limestones. The deformation was linked to the final closure of the southern Neotethys and the collision between the African and Eurasian plates. In the Nigde-Kirsehir Massif counterclockwise rotation up to 25.5°±7.3° is recognised during Middle Eocene and interpreted in terms of block rotation together with the Taurides. After the Miocene a counterclockwise rotation of 16.8°±3.9° along the Eastern Taurides shows that this area was mostly affected by the westward movement of Anatolia despite the Nigde-Kirsehir Massif and its SW/W area-the Central Taurides, which is recognised as stable with counterclockwise rotation less than 10°.

Manyetik verilerin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan mevcut sınırbelirleme filtrelerinin birçoğu ön işlem olarak kutba indirgeme veya yalancıgravite dönüşümü gerektirmesi birdezavantaj oluşturmaktadır. Bunun yanısıra derin yapılara ilişkin elde edilenyapı sınırları genel olarak dağınık ve bulanık olmakta veya derin ve sığyapılardan ileri gelen zayıf ve şiddetli anomalilerin genlik dengelemesiyapılamadığından sığ ve derin kaynakların sınırları eşzamanlı olarak belirlenememektedir.Bu çalışmada, sözkonusu bu dezavantajların üstesinden gelen yeni bir sınırbelirleme filtresi sunuyoruz. İşlevsel olarak bu filtre, analitik sinyal genliktürevlerine ve hiperbolik tanjant fonksiyonuna dayanmaktadır. Yönteminetkinliği, değişken konum ve derinlikler ile temsil edilen model yapılarınoluşturduğu üç farklı sentetik anomali üzerinde gösterilmiştir. Elde edilensonuçlar, analitik sinyal genliği ve analitik sinyal genliği tilt açısı gibisık kullanılan diğer yapı sınır belirleme yöntemlerinin sonuçlarıyla dakarşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırma sonuçlarına göre bu çalışma ile sunulanfiltrenin diğer filtrelere göre sınırların tespitinde daha etkin olduğugösterilmiştir., In magneticinterpretation, most existing edge detection filters have the disadvantagesthat they require a reduction to the pole or pseudo-gravity transformation as apre-process of the magnetic data and beside this, the identified edges of deepsources are generally diffuse and fuzzy, or cannot balance the edges of strongand weak amplitude anomalies simultaneously. In order to overcome theseproblems, we introduce a new filter, which can improve these disadvantageseffectively. The filter is based on the derivatives of the analytic signalamplitude and the hyperbolic tangent function. The feasibility of the filter isdemonstrated on three cases of synthetic data caused by theoretical models invariable depths and positions. The outcomes are compared with the results offrequently used other edge detectors such as the analytical signal amplitudeand the tilt angle of the analytic signal amplitude. The results show that thenew filter can achieve better edge delineation.

The Istanbul terrane, classically known as the “Paleozoic of Istanbul”, is geologically one of the important continental components of NW Turkey. The terrane comprises an Early Ordovician to Early Carboniferous transgressive sedimentary sequence and appears as an exotic unit with respect to its present surroundings. The paleogeographical position of the Ordovician rocks is unknown. We have therefore conducted a paleomagnetic study from a total of 56 sites in red fluvial clastics of the Kurtkoy formation and shallow marine quartzites of the Aydos formation to determine the paleolatitude of the Istanbul terrane during the Ordovician. The Lower Ordovician group mean direction calculated from 17 reliable sites provides a mean inclination of I = 19.4°, (α95 = 2.3°, k = 146.0) accepting only inclination data. A paleolatitude of 16.4° is obtained after considering an inclination correction factor of f = 0.6 due to the E/I results. The Early Ordovician paleolatitude of the Istanbul terrane shows a lower paleolatitudinal position closer to the equatorial zone than previously inferred.

The study area includes the most important carbonatite and kimberlite complexes in Brazil, located in the Brazilian states of Goias and Minas Gerais. The central portion of this area involves the Azimuth 125° lineament (Az 125°) that consists of an extensive set of faults (oriented in the NW–SE direction) that served as a conduit for magma ascent. This lineament is the main structural feature associated with these complexes. The Goias (GAP) and Alto Paranaiba (APAP) Alkaline Provinces occur along the Az 125° and include highly economically valuable mineralizations. In this study, we aim to map the depth to the curie isotherm (or Curie Point Depths: CPD) of the study area (mainly the Gap and APAP regions) based on spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data. The CPD estimations were achieved from a spectral approach known as the centroid method, providing the relationship between the spectra of magnetic anomalies and the depths of the magnetic source of a 2-D magnetic data. The CPD estimates from approximately 500 overlapping blocks vary from 7 km to 40 km deep. The shallower depths are related to the GAP and APAP regions, and the deeper ones are related to the Sao Franciscana Plate. The Curie depths related to the Az 125° are between 30 km and 15.7 km deep. According to the results, the GAP and APAP intrusive bodies have shallower roots the major faults of the Az 125°.

The tilt angle of the analytic signal amplitude (TA) is defined as the arctangent of the ratio of the first vertical derivative to the total horizontal derivative of the analytic signal amplitude. It is commonly used as a useful tool to estimate edges of magnetic sources because its value is slightly dependence on the direction of magnetization vector, and it is more effective in estimating the edges of the bodies than the analytic signal amplitude and the standard tilt angle. Based on logistic function (L) that has the same shape with the shape of arctangent function, and the derivatives of the analytic signal amplitude, we introduce some new filters which also can reduce the effect of the magnetization direction. Угол наклона амплитуды аналитического сигнала (TA) определяют как арктангенс отношения первой производной вертикального градиента к суммарной горизонтальной производной амплитуды аналитического сигнала. Определение этого угла обычно используют как полезный метод для оценки граней магнитных источников, поскольку его величина незначительно зависит от направления намагниченности. По аналитической функцией (L), что имеет одинаковую форму с формой функции арктангенс, введены некоторые новые фильтры, которые также могут уменьшить эффект направления намагниченности. Кут нахилу амплітуди аналітичного сигналу (TA) визначають як арктангенс відношення першої похідної вертикального градієнта до сумарної горизонтальної похідної амплітуди аналітичного сигналу. Визначення цього кута зазвичай використовують як корисний метод для оцінювання граней магнітних джерел, оскільки його величина незначно залежить від напрямку намагніченості. За аналітичною функцією (L), що має однакову форму з формою функції арктангенсу, введено деякі нові фільтри, які також можуть зменшити ефект напрямку намагніченості.

For the first time; ground magnetic survey was performed which data were inverted by means of total horizontal derivative; horizontal gradient analytic signal; and hyperbolic tilt angle techniques to identify subsurface volcanic structures around Isparta city (South-Western Turkey). Here; Golcuk volcanism took place at the apex of the Isparta Angle at the intersection of the Lycian and Antalya nappes. It initiated between 4.0—4.7 my ago mainly as lava extrusions and ended with phreatoplinian eruptions during Quaternary time. The study area is covered by authochtonous and allochthonous units that are intruded by Pliocene and Quaternary Golcuk volcanics and also overlain by pyroclastic fall and flow deposits. The boundaries were revealed for the buried volcanic structure from the edge detection methods. The geometry of the trachytic dome southwestern of the Golcuk Lake and its downward continuation were studied by 2D modelling with the control of the power spectrum depth results applied to the focused anomaly. The azimuthally-averaged logarithmic power spectra plot indicates that the downward continuation of source depth of the trachytic dome reaches up to 850 m. The forward inversion results indicate that the horizontal size of the model for this trachytic dome is 1250 m beneath the surface while it’s surface extension is only about 400 m.

Manyetik anomalilere neden olan jeolojik yapıların derinlik ve geometrilerinin (yapısal indeks) belirlenmesi manyetik prospeksiyon çalışmalarının değerlendirme aşamasındaki temel hedeflerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, manyetik anomalilere sebep olan dayk, kontakt veya yatay silindir gibi basit geometrik şekillere sahip jeolojik yapıların derinlik ve yapısal indeks parametrelerinin birlikte tahmini için kullanılabilecek interaktif bir bilgisayar kodu (SASASDEP) sunulmuştur. Matlab tabanlı olarak geliştirilen ve basit bir arayüze sahip olan programın derinlik ve yapısal indeks parametreleri çözüm algoritması manyetik anomalilerin Analitik Sinyal ve bunların türevlerinden oluşan kombinasyonlarına dayanmaktadır. Değerlendirme aşamasında algoritmanın manyetisazyon yönlerinden bağımsız olması ve ön bilgi olarak sadece yapı lokasyonunu gerektirmesi yöntemin avantajını oluşturmaktadır. Geliştirilen kodun verimliliği kuramsal model parametreleri ile üretilen sentetik manyetik anomalilerin değerlendirilmesiyle test edilmiştir. Test analizleri sonucunda hesaplanan model parametreleri gerçek model parametrelerini yeterli ölçüde sağlamıştır.

To utilize the power density spectra of magnetic anomaly is a classical routine in the estimation of the Curie-temperature depth. Many applications of this technique are encountered in the geophysical literature in spite of the difficulty arising from the selection of the points for the slope of the straight line on the power density graph. In this study, a different approach for the estimation of the Curie-temperature depth from magnetic data was introduced. It is based on the analytical solution of the exponential equations obtained from the Fourier transformation of the magnetic data. The proposed approach has been tested on the synthetic magnetic anomalies originated by single prism and multi-prisms. According to encouraging test results, this technique was also treated on the field data which were studied to estimate the top and bottom depths by using power spectra and optimization solutions.

SUMMARY Volcanic and magmatic rocks of Central Anatolia are fairly rich in radioelement concentrations. The aerial gamma-ray spectrometric survey data, gathered for the purpose of radioactive mineral exploration were utilized as an additional tool for the petrochemical classification of the volcanic and magmatics rocks and their environments. The survey data on acidic intrusions (e.g. granite, monzonite and syenite) have revealed radioelement concentrations to occur in wide ranges to be 2‐6 wt per cent for potassium (K), 3‐15 ppm for uranium (U) and 10‐52 ppm for thorium (Th). The chain-like high and moderately high potassium, uranium and thorium anomalies on acid intrusives of the entire area show a halo-shaped feature. Locations and lithological compositions of the volcanic rocks namely lavas, tuffs, ignimbrites and basalts, appear to be reasonably effective on their radioelement concentrations. The highest potassium, uranium and thorium concentrations of the volcanic rocks are around 4 wt per cent, 10 ppm and 35 ppm, respectively. Consequently, depending on the location and composition, volcanics show a very wide range of air absorbed dose rate. The lowest rates, which vary between 10 and 120 nGy/hr, were calculated in the ophiolitic group, thick cultivated soil covering areas, particularly at the centre of the aerial survey area, metamorphosed rocks in the north and young basalts mostly in the Kayseri district. Their average radioelement concentrations were found to be very low, that is, 1.2 wt per cent, 2.3 ppm and 10 ppm for K, U and Th, respectively. Because of the accumulation of soluble uranium isotopes, air absorbed rates stemming from

This paper presents the first study of mapping of the Curie point depth (CPD) from magnetic data for the Black Sea and a comparison with a classical thermal modeling from heat flow data. The provided relationship between radially averaged power spectrum of the magnetic anomalies and the depths to the magnetic sources of the Black Sea vary from 22 to 36 km. Deepening of CPDs observed in the western and eastern Black Sea basins correspond with the thickest sediment areas, whereas the shallow CPDs are related to the Mid-Black Sea Ridge and thin sediment areas at the costal side of the Black Sea. For comparison, the temperature field was also modeled from heat flow data from the Black Sea along three approximately north–south directed profiles corresponding to known DSS soundings. The Curie isotherm along the profiles occurs at depths of 22–35 km. A comparison of the results of the two independent methods reveals only 8–10 % discrepancy. This discrepancy is equal to an accuracy of temperature determination from heat flow data.

Aydoğan, Mustafa Selman (Balikesir Author), To determine the continuity of known Fe-rich emery horizons and to explore new deposits in the Elmacik area (Yatagan, Turkey), a geophysical survey was carried out using magnetic and electrical methods. Magnetic measurements were taken in the target area of 5 km(2) and a vertical electrical sounding technique was applied at 15 locations in the alluvial/eluvial (A/E) part of the area in order to explore possible placer emery horizons, and to investigate the thickness of the A/E assembly and any probable faults. Significant magnetic anomalies occur in the vicinity of old and abandoned emery pits in the marbles of Mt Ismail. The anomalies in the marbles were caused by Fe-rich emery bodies, which did not crop out and were not more than 10 m deep. The magnetic anomalies in the A/E part of the area were weak in amplitude and may suggest small new placer emery deposits. The result of the vertical electrical soundings indicated two fault zones, one in a N-S direction, and the other approximately in an E-W direction. The thickness of the A/E assembly varies from 2-3 m to 60-100 m. A low resistivity zone, which is located in the mid-east of the A/E part of the study area, correlates well with the long-wavelength magnetic anomaly. According to the survey results, further exploration activities should take place around abandoned emery pits., Research Foundation Office of Suleyman Demirel University (Turkey) 0813-M-04