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Savaş ve etik konularını ele alan haklı savaş kuramı, savaşın yıkıcılığını kısıtlamak, sivillere verilen zararı en aza indirmek, mülklere ve çevreye gereksiz zararı önlemek ve muhariplere karşı şiddeti sınırlamak için savaşın başlatılmasına ve yürütülmesine yine ondan türetilen standartları uygulamaktadır. Haklı savaş teorisinin temel önermesi, bazen devletlerin savaşa girme konusunda ahlaki olarak haklı olabileceğidir. Amacı ise, bir savaşın adil sayılabilmesi için tümünün karşılanması gereken bir dizi kriter aracılığıyla o savaşın ahlaki olarak haklı gösterilmesini sağlamaktır. Geleneksel olarak iki kategoriye ayrılmaktadır: jus ad bellum (savaşı başlatmanın ne zaman haklı olduğu) ve jus in bello (başladıktan sonra savaşın nasıl olması gerektiği). Ancak savaş ve barış etiğini ele alan haklı savaş teorisinin tamam olması için jus post bellum adında üçüncü bir ahlaki analiz kategorisini içermesi gerekmektedir. Adil ve sürekli bir barış dönemine geçiş çabalarına uygulanabilecek kural ve ilkeleri tanımlamada kullanılan jus post bellum kavramı nispeten yeni olsa da kökleri eski zamanlara dek uzanmaktadır. Mevcut çalışmada haklı savaş geleneği ile jus post bellum’un kökenine ilişkin düşünceler, jus post bellum’un tanımı ve özellikleri, kavrama yöneltilen eleştiriler, jus post bellum’un diğer haklı savaş bileşenleri olan jus ad bellum ve jus in bello ile ilişkisi ve uluslararası hukukta kodifikasyon ihtiyacı tartışılmaktadır.

In cases of fall from a height, the presence of laryngohyoid fracture or bleeding at autopsy constitutes a suspicion of strangulation before trauma in these types of cases. This study has aimed to investigate the incidence of laryngohyoid fractures in nonhomicidal fall from height cases, and their relationship with age, sex, height of fall, body mass index, and other injuries.A total of 170 cases proven to be nonhomicidal falls from height with certain witnesses and evidences in 4683 autopsy cases in 2013 were included in this study.The mean age of the patients included in the study was 39.96 ± 22.25, and 70.6% of the cases were men. It was found that 118 (69.4%) of the deaths were accidental and 52 (30.6%) were suicidal. Laryngohyoid fracture was determined in 9.4% of the cases. In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, it was found that as the height increased, the incidence of hyoid bone fracture increased, and as the age increased, the incidence of thyroid cartilage fracture increased significantly. Furthermore, in cases with cervical spine fractures, the incidence of hyoid bone fracture, and in cases with clavicle or cervical spine fractures, the incidence of thyroid cartilage fracture were observed to be significantly higher.When there is a suspicion in falls from height with laryngohyoid fractures, the height of fall, the age of case, and the injury in the adjacent bones contribute to the determination of the cause and manner of death.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a highly mortal opportunistic yeast causing pneumonia and meningoencephalitis in cases with HIV infection. In rare cases, it causes systemic infections, spreading to organs like the spleen, liver, and kidneys. In this paper we present the post-mortem evaluation results of a systemic cryptococcal infection in a HIV-positive case found dead at home. A 30-year-old, 167 cm tall, 57 kg Chinese man found dead at home was sent to the Morgue Department for autopsy. In the anogenital region, multiple papular lesions,which were found 1 cm in diameter, off-white, having hard consistency, and raising from surface, were found. In autopsy, edema was found in the brain and cerebellum and cerebellar tonsils were prominent. The brain weighed 1561 g. Right lung was found 943 g and left lung 800 g in weight. Yeast growth was observed in the aerobic cultures of CSF, lung and spleent issue. The yeast form was defined as C. neoformans with API 32 C and Maldi-T of method. In addition, Serratia marcescens grew in blood and lung tissue culture. Plenty of gram-negative bacilli were seen in the Gram stain of tissue smear. In the post mortem histopathological examination of the tissues, histiocytic-pneumonia caused by cryptococcus and bacterial bronchopneumonia findings were seen in lungs and the parenchyma of the brain, and other organs were reported to be widely in vaded with cryptococcus. HIV-RNA was found positive in high quantitation in the blood sample of the case. HIVpositive immunocompromised people often die due to opportunistic infections. Our case died due to pneumonia infection caused by C. neoformans and secondary infection with S. marcescens and meningo encephalitis caused by systemic cryptococcus infection. Therefore, AIDS and related opportunistic infections should be strongly considered in cases where there is death of a foreign person at home with unknown clinical data and stories.

Voluntary inhalation/abuse of volatile substances is an important public health problem which especially affects adolescent and young populations worldwide and may be encountered in all socioeconomic and cultural levels. Lighter gas abuse-related death is still an important health problem in Turkey. In this study, 25,265 case files and final reports submitted to the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the First Specialization Board between January 2011 and December 2015 were evaluated retrospectively. In 56 of these cases, lighter gas inhalation (n-butane, propane, isobutane) was recorded as the cause of death. All subjects were male with a mean age of 16.8years. According to eyewitness and crime scene investigation reports, in 48 (85.7%) of the cases, a lighter refill container was found at the scene. It was determined that 21.4% of the cases used a plastic bag to increase the effects of lighter gas and 76.8% inhaled the lighter gas via their mouth and nose. The toxicological analysis of the samples taken while hospitalized showed no lighter refill components (n-butane, propane, isobutane) in 66% of the cases, n-butane in 32.1% of the cases, and n-butane+propane+isobutane in 1.9% of the cases. The importance of lighter gas inhalation-related deaths in Turkey has been increasing. Strict measures against the abuse of these very dangerous substances should be undertaken by the mutual efforts of medical specialists and legislators.