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OBJECTIVE: Mitochondrial impairments have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) based on analysis of mitochondria in peripheral tissues and cultured cells. We sought to assess whether mitochondrial abnormalities present in postmortem brain tissues of patients with FXTAS are also present in plasma neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) from living carriers of fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein1 (FMR1) gene premutations at an early asymptomatic stage of the disease continuum. METHODS: We utilized postmortem frozen cerebellar and frontal cortex samples from a cohort of eight patients with FXTAS and nine controls and measured the quantity and activity of the mitochondrial proteins complex IV and complex V. In addition, we evaluated the same measures in isolated plasma NDEVs by selective immunoaffinity capture targeting L1CAM from a separate cohort of eight FMR1 premutation carriers and four age-matched controls. RESULTS: Lower complex IV and V quantity and activity were observed in the cerebellum of FXTAS patients compared to controls, without any differences in total mitochondrial content. No patient-control differences were observed in the frontal cortex. In NDEVs, FMR1 premutation carriers compared to controls had lower activity of Complex IV and Complex V, but higher Complex V quantity. INTERPRETATION: Quantitative and functional abnormalities in mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes IV and V seen in the cerebellum of patients with FXTAS are also manifest in plasma NDEVs of FMR1 premutation carriers. Plasma NDEVs may provide further insights into mitochondrial pathologies in this syndrome and could potentially lead to the development of biomarkers for predicting symptomatic FXTAS among premutation carriers and disease monitoring.

In this study, the effects of design-oriented STEM activities on preschool children were examined. In the research conducted with case study in qualitative research designs, 20 preschool children aged five years in a kindergarten formed the participants of the study. Design Oriented STEM Activities were completed with 24 sessions of 8 weeks, 3 days a week. Within the scope of the research, data were collected through observations, interviews and research diaries and content analysis was made. As a result of the analysis of the data, it was concluded that the applied design-oriented STEM education increased the problem-solving, communication and cooperation skills of the children, and that the STEM education process; It has been concluded that it raises the awareness of children and gives them a sense of responsibility. In addition, it has been concluded that STEM activities encourage children to solve problems and generate ideas, make permanent behavioral changes in children, and increase children's social and adaptation skills.

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the undergraduate program of the Computer Education and Instructional Technology (CEIT) Department. CEIT department is an undergraduate program that trains information technology teachers. The study group of the study, which was designed according to the descriptive research model, was consisted of 461 CEIT graduates, who were selected by using the convenience sampling methods. Three instruments were used to collect data; a "Personal Information Form," the "Pedagogical Competence Perception Scale for the CEIT Graduates," the "Technological Competence Perception Scale for the CEIT Graduates." The data collection tools were developed by the researchers. When the results of the study are evaluated it is seen that the CEIT curriculum supports the participants in the acquisition of pedagogical competence more than the acquisition of the technological competence. When the pedagogical competence perceptions of the graduates are considered, it is seen that the graduates have high level competence perceptions about "Educational Planning and implementation, developing educational software and materials, educational communication competences, security and ethics in the use of information and communication technologies during the educational process, planning and implementation of the projects." When their perceptions of their technological competence are examined, it is seen that the graduates have moderate level of competence perceptions about "ability to solve problems in relation to the hardware installation and using visual software," while they have low level of competence perceptions about "ability to use system software and security of network and system." In this study, it was understood that the undergraduate program of the CEIT department, which trains future teachers of information technologies courses, is more sufficient in terms of developing pedagogical competence and less sufficient in terms of developing technological competence in students. In this context, the contents of the courses in the CEIT undergraduate program should be updated. Additionally, some studies should be conducted in order to develop the technological competence skills of the students attending the department.

Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) tools are revolutionizing the field of machine learning by significantly reducing the need for deep computer science expertise. Designed to make ML more accessible, they enable users to build high-performing models without extensive technical knowledge. This study delves into these tools in the context of time series analysis, which is essential for forecasting future trends from historical data. We evaluate three prominent AutoML tools—AutoGluon, Auto-Sklearn, and PyCaret—across various metrics, employing diverse datasets that include Bitcoin and COVID-19 data. The results reveal that the performance of each tool is highly dependent on the specific dataset and its ability to manage the complexities of time series data. This thorough investigation not only demonstrates the strengths and limitations of each AutoML tool but also highlights the criticality of dataset-specific considerations in time series analysis. Offering valuable insights for both practitioners and researchers, this study emphasizes the ongoing need for research and development in this specialized area. It aims to serve as a reference for organizations dealing with time series datasets and a guiding framework for future academic research in enhancing the application of AutoML tools for time series forecasting and analysis.

BackgroundProgression to cirrhosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with a decrease in liver fat. However, the prognostic significance of liver fat content in NASH-related significant fibrosis and cirrhosis is unclear.AimTo investigate the risk of decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and mortality stratified by liver fat content in NASH-related significant fibrosis and cirrhosis.MethodsIn this meta-analysis of individual participant data, 456 patients with both magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and MRI-derived protein density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) were enrolled, and 296 patients with longitudinal follow-up were analysed. MRE combined with fibrosis-4 (MEFIB-index), and MRI-PDFF were used to measure liver fibrosis and fat, respectively. MEFIB-negative, MEFIB-positive+ MRI-PDFF ≥5% and MEFIB-positive+ MRI-PDFF

Teachers are expected to have sufficient knowledge and skills on assistive technologies in order to use assistive technologies, which are defined as various technological tools and methods that facilitate the lives of individuals with special needs, in the field of education. Considering that this is related to undergraduate education programme in which teachers gain knowledge and skills in their fields. So it is important to consult the opinions and experiences of teacher candidates. The aim of this study, based on this, is to reveal the experiences and opinions of special education teacher candidates about the use of assistive technologies in education. For this purpose, 13 special education teacher candidates who continue their education were interviewed in the study carried out by using the phenomenology method, one of the qualitative research designs. The data obtained with an interview form consisting of 9 questions were analyzed by content analysis. As a result of the research, the participants found the use of assistive technology in special education mostly beneficial, especially the technology-related courses they took in undergraduate education; however, it was observed that they stated that the existing trainings were insufficient.

Abstract In this study, we firstly derive a Wirtinger-type result, which gives the connection in between the integral of square of a function and the integral of square of its Caputo fractional derivatives with the help of left-sided and right-sided fractional Taylor’s Formulas. Afterward, we provide a more general inequality involving Caputo fractional derivatives for L r $L_{r}$ norm with r > 1 $r>1$ via Hölder’s inequality. Also, similar inequalities for Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives are presented by means of a relation between Caputo fractional derivatives and Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives.

Introduction: In this study, we aimed to determine the functional dominance of the right and left hemispheres of the operated patients and the effectiveness of postoperative pain therapy when the patients underwent surgery on the same or different sides with the dominant hemisphere. Methods: The patients were given a Miles test for the dominant eye in the preoperative period and were instructed while the key was in front of the patient to take the key and open the door to determine the dominant hand. For the dominant foot, the patient was given the command of “move your foot” in a calm environment and accepted as the foot that he carried the dominant foot. After routine spinal anesthesia and elective knee arthroplasty surgery, patients underwent Patient Controlled Analgesia device, 24th hour Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) scores, and the amount of total applied analgesic and additional analgesic were recorded. Results: When the clinical characteristics of the patients were examined, there were 38 patients on the right side of the dominant eye, 34 on the left side, 67 on the right hand dominant side, 5 on the left side, 49 on the right foot dominant side, and 23 on the left side. The NRS score on the surgical side was compared with the dominant foot, dominant eye, and dominant hand. There was no statistically significant difference between the NRS pain scale and other variables except those opposed to the dominant eye (p>0.05). The NRS pain scale median (median: 3.0) was found to be significantly lower in patients who were operated on the same side as the dominant eye (p=0.016). Conclusion: According to the results of our study, the NRS score was not changed in patients operated on the same side of the dominant foot and hand, whereas the NRS score was lower in patients operated on the same side with the dominant eye.

The obligation of developed countries to achieve technological superiority for citizen security prompts significant defense budget allocations covering personnel, procurement, operations, maintenance, equipment, infrastructure, and research & development (R&D). Particularly, the R&D expenditures should not be considered a waste, since the money spent on R&D could return as battle superiority to alter the course of conflicts. Accordingly, the aim of this review paper is to provide knowledge on guided bombs, guidance kits, wing kits, and wing deployment mechanisms. The historical developments in the field were outlined, and the emergence of guided bombs and guidance kits were described chronologically with highlighting their strategic importance in previous conflicts. Also, a comparative analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of different guidance kits was presented. Besides, custom-made wing kits and wing opening systems were shown with relevant patents. Moreover, the critical role of wing kits in future conflicts, and the importance of continued research in this direction was emphasized. Finally, the current situation in the field was described with on-going challenges and possible solution proposals with an intention of serving as a guide for future studies.

Teaching science education has remained limited for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), which, in turn, has resulted in an ongoing discrepancy between these students and their typically developing peers for decades. Although there is a growing body of research in effective teaching approaches aimed at overcoming this discrepancy, there is still a need to identify evidence-based practices for addressing this academic core content. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to (a) find out the skills taught in science education to students with IDD, (b) define the characteristics of instructional approaches or adaptations of instructional approaches used to teach science content and practices, (c) conduct visual and effect size analysis of science education studies meeting the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) quality indicators (QIs; Cook et al., 2015), and (d) determine whether there are differences in effect sizes of science education studies meeting CEC QIs based on participant and intervention characteristics. Of 27 studies reviewed, 18 studies met all the CEC QIs. A meta-analysis of these 18 studies resulted in an overall medium effect size of 0.82 CI[subscript 95] (0.76, 0.87). While all the moderator variables showed a medium effect size in participant characteristics, intervention characteristics showed differences in effect sizes for comprehension-based learning and peer and researcher-implemented interventions.

BackgroundData are scarce regarding the development of hepatic decompensation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with and without type 2 diabetes. We aimed to assess the risk of hepatic decompensation in people with NAFLD with and without type 2 diabetes.MethodsWe did a meta-analysis of individual participant-level data from six cohorts in the USA, Japan, and Turkey. Included participants had magnetic resonance elastography between Feb 27, 2007, and June 4, 2021. Eligible studies included those with liver fibrosis characterisation by magnetic resonance elastography, longitudinal assessment for hepatic decompensation and death, and included adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with NAFLD, for whom data were available regarding the presence of type 2 diabetes at baseline. The primary outcome was hepatic decompensation, defined as ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, or variceal bleeding. The secondary outcome was the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. We used competing risk regression using the Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard ratio (sHR) to compare the likelihood of hepatic decompensation in participants with and without type 2 diabetes. Death without hepatic decompensation was a competing event.FindingsData for 2016 participants (736 with type 2 diabetes; 1280 without type 2 diabetes) from six cohorts were included in this analysis. 1074 (53%) of 2016 participants were female with a mean age of 57·8 years (SD 14·2) years and BMI of 31·3 kg/m2 (SD 7·4). Among 1737 participants (602 with type 2 diabetes and 1135 without type 2 diabetes) with available longitudinal data, 105 participants developed hepatic decompensation over a median follow-up time of 2·8 years (IQR 1·4-5·5). Participants with type 2 diabetes had a significantly higher risk of hepatic decompensation at 1 year (3·37% [95% CI 2·10-5·11] vs 1·07% [0·57-1·86]), 3 years (7·49% [5·36-10·08] vs 2·92% [1·92-4·25]), and 5 years (13·85% [10·43-17·75] vs 3·95% [2·67-5·60]) than participants without type 2 diabetes (p