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2. HIGH-POWER MILLIMETREWAVE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR ELECTRON CYCLOTRON HEATING OF FUSION PLASMAS

Author

W7-X ECRH Teams IPP Greifswald, IPF Stuttgart, FZK Karlsruhe, ECRH team ASDEX IPP Garching, Kasparek, W., Dammertz, G., Erckmann, V., Gantenbein, G., Grünert, M., Holzhauer, E., Kumric, H., Laqua, H.P., Leuterer, F., Michel, G., Plaum, B., Schwörer, K., Wagner, D., Wacker, R., Weissgerber, M., Garching, Hirshfield, Jay L., editor, and Petelin, Michael I., editor

Published
2005
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6. Diplexers for power combination and switching in high power ECRH systems

Author

Bruschi, A., Erckmann, V., Kasparek, W., Petelin, M.I., Thumm, M., Bin, W., Cirant, S., D'Arcangelo, O., Hollmann, F., Lubyako, L., Noke, F., Plaum, B., Purps, F., and Zohm, H.

Subjects
Antennas (Electronics) -- Design and construction, Cyclotron -- Usage, Phase modulation -- Analysis, Business, Chemistry, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Published
2010

7. Construction of Wendelstein 7-X -engineering a steady-state stellarator

Author

Bosch, H.-S., Erckmann, V., Konig, R.W.T., Schauer, F., Stadler, R.J., and Werner, A.

Subjects
Magnetic fields -- Analysis, Magnetohydrodynamics -- Analysis, Nuclear reactors -- Design and construction, Stellarators -- Design and construction, Technical institutes -- Research, Business, Chemistry, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Published
2010

8. New concepts for quasi-optical structures for use with gyrotron systems

Author

Petelin, M., Erckmann, V., Kasparek, W., Shchegolkov, D., and Tolkachev, A.

Subjects
Diffraction gratings -- Analysis, Electron accelerators -- Evaluation, Optical waveguides -- Analysis, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

The article explains the techniques and applications of some new quasi-optical structures, which can be used for configuring high-power gyrotron-based millimeter wave systems. These new structures are shown to be highly convenient, flexible and efficient.

Published
2009

10. Remote-Steering Antennas for 140 GHz Electron Cyclotron Heating of the Stellarator W7-X

Author

Lechte C., Kasparek W., Plaum B., Zeitler A., Erckmann V., Laqua H., Schneider N., Weissgerber M., Bechtold A., Busch M., and Szepaniak B.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

For electron cyclotron resonance heating of the stellarator W7-X at IPP Greifswald, a 140 GHz/10 MW cw millimeter wave system has been built. Two out of 12 launchers will employ a remote-steering design. This paper describes the overall design of the two launchers, and design issues like input coupling structures, manufacturing of corrugated waveguides, optimization of the steering range, integration of vacuum windows, mitrebends and vacuum valves into the launchers, as well as low power tests of the finished waveguides.

Published
2017
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14. Spectra of highly ionized xenon (6–30 nm) excited in W7-AS plasmas

Author

Hacker, H.H., Burhenn, R., Kondo, K., Anton, M., Assmus, D., Baeumel, S., Beidler, C., Bindemann, T., Brakel, R., Cattanei, G., Dinklage, A., Dodhy, A., Dorst, D., Ehmler, H., Elsner, A., Endler, M., Engelhardt, K., Erckmann, V., Feng, Y., Fuchs, C., Gadelmeier, F., Geiger, J., Giannone, L., Grigull, P., Gruenwald, G., Grulke, O., Harmeyer, E., Hartfuss, H.J., Herrnegger, F., Hirsch, M., Hofner, J., Hollmann, F., Holzhauer, E., Igitkhanov, Y., Jaenicke, R., Karger, F., Kick, M., Kisslinger, J., Klose, S., Knauer, J., Kroiss, H., Kühner, G., Kus, A., Laqua, H., Liu, R., Maassberg, H., Marushchenko, N., McCormick, K., Michel, G., Noke, F., Ott, W., Otte, M., Pacco-Duechs, M.G., Penningsfeld, F.P., Polunovsky, E., Probst, F., Purps, F., Ruhs, N., Rust, N., Saffert, N.J., Salat, A., Sallander, J., Sardei, F., Schneider, F., Schubert, M., Sidorenko, I., Speth, E., Suess, R., Thomsen, H., Volpe, F., Wagner, F., Weller, A., Wendland, C., Werner, A., Wobig, H., Wuersching, E., and Zimmermann, D.

Published
2001
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15. Development of a 140-GHz 1-MW continuous wave gyrotron for the W7-X stellarator

Author

Dammertz, Gunter, Alberti, S., Arnold, Andreas, Borie, Edith, Erckmann, V., Gantenbein, Gerd, Giguet, E., Heidinger, Roland, Hogge, J.P., Illy, Stefan, Kasparek, Walter, Koppenburg, Kai, Kuntze, Michael, Laqua, H.P., LeCloarec, G., LeGoff, Y., Leonhardt, Wolfgang, Lievin, C., Magne, R., Michel, G., Muller, Gunter, Neffe, Gunter, Piosczyk, Bernhard, Schmid, Martin, Schworer, K., Thumm, Manfred K., and Tran, M.Q.

Subjects
Microwaves, Beam optics, Nuclear fusion -- Research, Plasma chemistry, Business, Chemistry, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

The development of high-power gyrotrons (118 GHz, 140 GHz) in continuous-wave (CW) operation for heating nuclear fusion plasmas has been in progress for several years in a joint collaboration between different European research institutes and industrial partners. The 140-GHz gyrotron being under development for the installation at the W7-X stellarator now under construction at the IPP Greifswald, Germany, operates in the T[E.sub.28,8] mode and is equipped with a diode type magnetron injection electron gun, an improved beam tunnel, a high mode-purity low-Ohmic loss cavity, an optimized nonlinear up-taper, a highly efficient internal quasi-optical mode converter, a single-stage depressed collector and an edge-cooled, single disk CVD-diamond window. RF measurements at pulse duration of a few milliseconds yielded an RF output power of 1.15 MW at a beam current of 40 A and a beam voltage of 84 kV. Depressed collector operation has been possible up to decelerating voltages of 33 kV without any reduction of the output power. Long pulse operation (10 s at 1 MW) was possible without any signs of a limitation caused by the tube. For this output power the efficiency of the tube could be increased from about 30% without to about 50% with depression voltage. The best performance reached so far has produced an energy per pulse as high as 90 MJ (power 0.64 MW, pulse length 140 s) which is the highest value achieved in gyrotrons operating at this frequency and power level. The pulse-length limitations so far are mainly due to the external system. Index Terms--Beam tunnel, depressed collector, diamond window, electron gun, gyrotron, high-power microwaves.

Published
2002

16. ECRH and ECCD with high power gyrotrons at the stellarators W7-AS and W7-X

Author

Erckmann, V., Dammertz, Gunter, Dorst, D., Empacher, L., Forster, W., Gantenbein, G., Geist, T., Kasparek, W., Laqua, H.P., Muller, G.A., Thumm, Manfred, Weissgerber, M., and Wobig, H.

Subjects
Electron accelerators -- Research, Cyclotron -- Research, Millimeter waves -- Research, Cyclotron resonance -- Research, Microwave tubes -- Research, Business, Chemistry, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

Electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) plays a key role in stellarator research, because it provides net current free plasma start up and heating toward reactor relevant plasma parameters. ECRH was extensively used and investigated in the stellarator experiments at IPP Garching, i.e., the W7-A and the W7-AS stellarators. These experiments provide a solid physics and technological basis for the 10 MW, CW ECRH system, which is under construction for the superconducting next step stellarator W7-X and will become operational in 2005. We briefly describe some of the major stellarator specific physics results on ECRH and electron cyclotron (EC)-current drive from W7A and W7-AS. The scientific goals and the design of W7-X are outlined together with the demands for the ECRH system, which is the main heating system in the first stage of the experiment. The present status of the ECRH engineering design including the gyrotrons, all auxiliary systems, the transmission line, and the launching system are presented. Index Terms - Current drive, electron cyclotron resonance heating, gyrotron, magnetic confinement fusion, millimeter waves, stellarator.

Published
1999

19. ECRH scenarios with selective heating of trapped/passing electrons in the W7-X Stellarator

Author

Marushchenko N.B., Beidler C.D., Erckmann V., Geiger J., Helander P., Laqua H.P, Maassberg H., and Turkin Y.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Using specific features of the magnetic equilibrium in the W7-X stellarator, the ECRH scenarios with combined X2 and X3 modes are discussed. The RF beams for operation with X2 and X3 modes need to be launched from low- and, via the remote steering launcher, high-field-side, respectivaly, in the different crosssections of the device where the maximum and minimum of the magnetic field located. The aim is to explore the possibility of selective heating of the different classes of electrons, passing and trapped, by changing direction of the beam for X3 or switching between the beams for X2 and X3 launched from the different ports. The numerical predictions for this kind of experiments in W7-X are performed by coupled transport and ray tracing codes

Published
2015
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20. Remote-Steering Launchers for the ECRH system on the Stellarator W7-X

Author

Kasparek W., Lechte C., Plaum B., Zeitler A., Erckmann V., Laqua H.P., Weißgerber M., Bechtold A., Busch M., and Szcepaniak B.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

For electron cyclotron resonance heating of the stellarator W7-X at IPP Greifswald, a 140 GHz/10 MW cw millimeter wave system is in construction. Two out of 12 launchers will employ a remote-steering design. This paper describes the overall design of the two launchers, and design issues like input coupling structures, manufacturing of corrugated waveguides, optimization of the steering range, integration of vacuum windows, mitrebends and vacuum valves into the launchers, as well as tests of prototype parts.

Published
2015
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21. Development of Resonant Diplexers for high-power ECRH – Status, Applications, Plans

Author

Kasparek W., Plaum B., Lechte C., Wu Z., Wang H., Maraschek M., Stober J., Wagner D., Reich M., Schubert M., Grünwald G., Monaco F., Müller S., Schütz H., Erckmann V., Doelman N., van den Braber R., Klop W., van den Brand H., Bongers W., Krijger B., Petelin M., Koposova E., Lubyako L., Bruschi A., and Sakamoto K.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The development of diplexers for ECRH has been pursued at a number of institutes because of their attractive variety of applications: Power combination, non-mechanical, electrically controlled switching (of combined beams) between launchers with tens of kHz, and discrimination of low-power ECE signals from high-power ECRH is feasible. In a first part, this paper reports on plasma experiments with a ring resonator (Mk IIa) at ASDEX Upgrade. Commissioning experiments on fast switching between two launchers for synchronous stabilization of neoclassical tearing modes, as well as in-line ECE measurements have been performed, and experimental issues and first results are discussed. A clear influence of the switching phase on the amplitude of the 3/2 NTM mode was measured, complete stabilization could, however, not be demonstrated yet mainly due to imperfect resonator control. Concepts for improved tracking of the diplexers to the gyrotron frequency are presented. In a second part, the design of diplexers with ring resonators matched to HE11 fields is briefly discussed; these devices can be connected to corrugated waveguides without any mode converters. A compact version (MQ IV) is under investigation, which is compatible with the ITER ECRH system (170 GHz, 63.5 mm waveguide, vacuum tight casing), with the final goal of high-power tests at the 170 GHz gyrotron facility at JAEA in Naka, Japan. First low-power test results are presented.

Published
2015
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26. Status of Resonant Diplexer Development for high-power ECRH Applications

Author

Bongers W., Fritz E., Doelman N., van den Braber R., Wagner D., Stober J., Schütz H., Schubert M, Purps F., Noke F., Müller S., Monaco F., Michel G., Maraschek M., Hollmann F., Grünwald G., Erckmann V., Filipovic E., Lechte C., Plaum B., Kasparek W., Krijger B., Petelin M., Lubyako L., Bruschi A., and Sakamoto K.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Characteristics of ring resonator diplexers for high-power ECRH are briefly reviewed. Commissioning experiments performed on ASDEX Upgrade with the diplexer Mk IIa are presented, which demonstrate slow and fast switching of the power between two launchers, and thus the capability for efficient suppression of neoclassical tearing modes and simultaneous central heating of the plasma. The development of the compact diplexer Mk IIIb is discussed, and test results are presented. Finally, an evacuated design for 170 GHz is shown.

Published
2012
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27. Controlled Mirror Motion System for Resonant Diplexers in ECRH Applications

Author

Monaco F., Maraschek M., de Baar M., Purps F., Noke F., Michel G., Hollmann F., Klop W., Dekker B., Fritz E., Stober J., Krijger B., Bongers W., Erckmann V., Kasparek W., van den Braber R., Doelman N., Müller S., Schütz H., and Wagner D.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

High-power resonant diplexers for millimetre waves have various promising applications in ECRH systems. The round-trip resonator length of a diplexer needs to be accurately tuned to match its prescribed functionality. For this purpose one of the mirrors in the FADIS MkIIa diplexer has been mounted on a motion system, in order to control the mirror to its desired location despite the presence of substantial disturbances. The mechanical properties and control strategy for the mirror motion system have been designed such as to meet the overall system requirements. The performance of the motion system has been experimentally validated in various high power mm-wave tests.

Published
2012
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28. Commissioning of inline ECE system within waveguide based ECRH transmission systems on ASDEX upgrade

Author

Donné A.J.H., Amerongen F.J., de Baar M.R., Meo F., van den Brand H., van den Braber R., Doelman N., Kasparek W., Bongers W.A., Elzendoorn B.S.Q., Erckmann V., Goede A.P.H., Giannone L., Grünwald G., Hollman F., Kaas G., Krijger B., Michel G., Lubyako L., Monaco F., Noke F., Petelin M., Plaum B., Purps F., ten Pierik J.G.W, Schüller C., Slob J.W., Stober J.K., Schütz H., Wagner D., Westerhof E., and Ronden D.M.S.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

A CW capable inline electron cyclotron emission (ECE) separation system for feedback control, featuring oversized corrugated waveguides, is commissioned on ASDEX upgrade (AUG). The system is based on a combination of a polarization independent, non-resonant, Mach-Zehnder diplexer equipped with dielectric plate beam splitters [2, 3] employed as corrugated oversized waveguide filter, and a resonant Fast Directional Switch, FADIS [4, 5, 6, 7] as ECE/ECCD separation system. This paper presents an overview of the system, the low power characterisation tests and first high power commissioning on AUG.

Published
2012
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29. ECRH and ECCD scenarios for W7-X

Author

Laqua H.P., Helander P., Geiger J., Erckmann V., Beidler C. D., Marushchenko N. B., Maassberg H., and Turkin Y.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The main ECRH scenarios for the W7-X Stellarator are described. Both X2 (low and moderate densities) and O2 scenarios (high density) have been studied. Since O2 scenario cannot be realized without pre-heating, transition from X2 to O2 scenarios has been discussed. Due to a lack of Ohmic transformer, only ECCD is available for compensating the bootstrap current and for controlling the edge rotational transform value. The efficiency of ECCD for all main scenarios has been estimated. All simulations have been performed by a 1D transport code coupled self-consistently with ray-tracing code.

Published
2012
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30. Large Scale CW ECRH Systems: Some considerations

Author

Turkin Y., Michel G., Marushchenko N. B., Lubiako L., Laqua H. P., Gantenbein G., Braune H., Petelin M.I., Lechte C., Plaum B., Kasparek W., Erckmann V., and Weissgerber M.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) is a key component in the heating arsenal for the next step fusion devices like W7-X and ITER. These devices are equipped with superconducting coils and are designed to operate steady state. ECRH must thus operate in CW-mode with a large flexibility to comply with various physics demands such as plasma start-up, heating and current drive, as well as configurationand MHD - control. The request for many different sophisticated applications results in a growing complexity, which is in conflict with the request for high availability, reliability, and maintainability. ‘Advanced’ ECRH-systems must, therefore, comply with both the complex physics demands and operational robustness and reliability. The W7-X ECRH system is the first CW- facility of an ITER relevant size and is used as a test bed for advanced components. Proposals for future developments are presented together with improvements of gyrotrons, transmission components and launchers.

Published
2012
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31. Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000

Author

Pedersen, T, Otte, M, Lazerson, S, Helander, P, Bozhenkov, S, Biedermann, C, Klinger, T, Wolf, R, Bosch, H, Abramovic, I, Akaslompolo, S, Aleynikov, P, Aleynikova, K, Ali, A, Alonso, A, Anda, G, Andreeva, T, Ascasibar, E, Baldzuhn, J, Banduch, M, Barbui, T, Beidler, C, Benndorf, A, Beurskens, M, Biel, W, Birus, D, Blackwell, B, Blanco, E, Blatzheim, M, Bluhm, T, Bockenhoff, D, Bolgert, P, Borchardt, M, Bottger, L, Brakel, R, Brandt, C, Brauer, T, Braune, H, Burhenn, R, Buttenschon, B, Bykov, V, Calvo, I, Cappa, A, Carls, A, De Carvalho, B, Castejon, F, Cianciosa, M, Cole, M, Costea, S, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Dal Molin, A, De La Cal, E, De La Pena, A, Degenkolbe, S, Dhard, C, Dinklage, A, Dostal, M, Drevlak, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Dudek, A, Durodie, F, Dzikowicka, A, Von Eeten, P, Effenberg, F, Endler, M, Erckmann, V, Estrada, T, Fahrenkamp, N, Fellinger, J, Feng, Y, Figacz, W, Ford, O, Fornal, T, Frerichs, H, Fuchert, G, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Geiger, J, Gierse, N, Gogoleva, A, Goncalves, B, Gradic, D, Grahl, M, Gross, S, Grote, H, Grulke, O, Guerard, C, Haas, M, Harris, J, Hartfuss, H, Hartmann, D, Hathiramani, D, Hein, B, Heirnich, S, Henneberg, S, Hennig, C, Hernandez, J, Hidalgo, C, Hidalgo, U, Hirsch, M, Hofel, U, Holbe, H, Holting, A, Houry, M, Huber, V, Ionita, C, Israeli, B, Jablonski, S, Jakubowski, M, Van Vuuren, A, Jenzsch, H, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallmeyer, J, Kamionka, U, Kasahara, H, Kenmochi, N, Kernbichler, W, Killer, C, Kinna, D, Kleiber, R, Knauer, J, Kochl, F, Kocsis, G, Kolesnichenko, Y, Konies, A, Konig, R, Kornejew, P, Koster, F, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krampitz, R, Krawzyk, N, Kremeyer, T, Krychowiak, M, Ksiazek, I, Kubkowska, M, Kuhner, G, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurz, P, Kuttler, K, Kwak, S, Landreman, M, Langenberg, A, Lapayese, F, Laqua, H, Laube, R, Laux, M, Lentz, H, Lewerentz, M, Liang, Y, Liu, S, Lobsien, J, Cisquella, J, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lore, J, Lorenz, A, Lui, S, Lutsenko, V, Maassberg, H, Maisano-Brown, J, Marchuk, O, Marrelli, L, Marsen, S, Marushchenko, N, Masuzaki, S, Mccarthy, K, Mcneely, P, Medina, F, Milojevic, D, Mishchenko, A, Missal, B, Mittelstaedt, J, Mollen, A, Moncada, V, Monnich, T, Moseev, D, Nagel, M, Naujoks, D, Neilson, G, Neubauer, O, Neuner, U, Ngo, T, Niemann, H, Nuhrenberg, C, Nuhrenberg, J, Ochando, M, Ogawa, K, Ongena, J, Oosterbeek, H, Pablant, N, Pacella, D, Pacios, L, Panadero, N, Pasch, E, Pastor, I, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Pedrosa, A, Perseo, V, Peterson, B, Pilopp, D, Pisano, F, Piulatti, M, Plunk, G, Preynas, M, Proll, J, Sitjes, A, Purps, F, Rack, M, Rahbarnia, K, Riemann, J, Risse, K, Rong, P, Rosenberger, J, Rudischhauser, L, Rummel, K, Rummel, T, Runov, A, Rust, N, Ryc, L, Saitoh, H, Satake, S, Schacht, J, Schmitz, O, Schmuck, S, Schneider, B, Schneider, M, Schneider, W, Schrittwieser, R, Schroder, M, Schroder, T, Schroder, R, Schumacher, H, Schweer, B, Seki, R, Sinha, P, Sipilae, S, Slaby, C, Smith, H, Sousa, J, Spring, A, Standley, B, Stange, T, Von Stechow, A, Stephey, L, Stoneking, M, Stridde, U, Suzuki, Y, Svensson, J, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, T, Thomsen, H, Travere, J, Traverso, P, Mora, H, Tsuchiya, H, Tsuijmura, T, Turkin, Y, Valet, S, Van Milligen, B, Vela, L, Velasco, J, Vergote, M, Vervier, M, Viebke, H, Vilbrandt, R, Von Thun, C, Wagner, F, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warmer, F, Wauters, T, Wegener, L, Wegner, T, Weir, G, Wendorf, J, Wenzel, U, Werner, A, Wie, Y, Wiegel, B, Wilde, F, Windisch, T, Winkler, M, Winters, V, Wright, A, Wurden, G, Xanthopoulos, P, Yamada, I, Yasuhara, R, Yokoyama, M, Zhang, D, Zilker, M, Zimbal, A, Zocco, A, Zoletnik, S, Pedersen T. S., Otte M., Lazerson S., Helander P., Bozhenkov S., Biedermann C., Klinger T., Wolf R. C., Bosch H. -S., Abramovic I., Akaslompolo S., Aleynikov P., Aleynikova K., Ali A., Alonso A., Anda G., Andreeva T., Ascasibar E., Baldzuhn J., Banduch M., Barbui T., Beidler C., Benndorf A., Beurskens M., Biel W., Birus D., Blackwell B., Blanco E., Blatzheim M., Bluhm T., Bockenhoff D., Bolgert P., Borchardt M., Bottger L. -G., Brakel R., Brandt C., Brauer T., Braune H., Burhenn R., Buttenschon B., Bykov V., Calvo I., Cappa A., Carls A., De Carvalho B. B., Castejon F., Cianciosa M., Cole M., Costea S., Cseh G., Czarnecka A., Dal Molin A., De La Cal E., De La Pena A., Degenkolbe S., Dhard C. P., Dinklage A., Dostal M., Drevlak M., Drewelow P., Drews P., Dudek A., Durodie F., Dzikowicka A., Von Eeten P., Effenberg F., Endler M., Erckmann V., Estrada T., Fahrenkamp N., Fellinger J., Feng Y., Figacz W., Ford O., Fornal T., Frerichs H., Fuchert G., Garcia-Munoz M., Geiger B., Geiger J., Gierse N., Gogoleva A., Goncalves B., Gradic D., Grahl M., Gross S., Grote H., Grulke O., Guerard C., Haas M., Harris J., Hartfuss H. -J., Hartmann D., Hathiramani D., Hein B., Heirnich S., Henneberg S., Hennig C., Hernandez J., Hidalgo C., Hidalgo U., Hirsch M., Hofel U., Holbe H., Holting A., Houry M., Huber V., Ionita C., Israeli B., Jablonski S., Jakubowski M., Van Vuuren A. J., Jenzsch H., Kaczmarczyk J., Kallmeyer J. -P., Kamionka U., Kasahara H., Kenmochi N., Kernbichler W., Killer C., Kinna D., Kleiber R., Knauer J., Kochl F., Kocsis G., Kolesnichenko Y., Konies A., Konig R., Kornejew P., Koster F., Kramer-Flecken A., Krampitz R., Krawzyk N., Kremeyer T., Krychowiak M., Ksiazek I., Kubkowska M., Kuhner G., Kurki-Suonio T., Kurz P., Kuttler K., Kwak S., Landreman M., Langenberg A., Lapayese F., Laqua H., Laqua H. -P., Laube R., Laux M., Lentz H., Lewerentz M., Liang Y., Liu S., Lobsien J. -F., Cisquella J. L., Lopez-Bruna D., Lore J., Lorenz A., Lui S., Lutsenko V., Maassberg H., Maisano-Brown J., Marchuk O., Marrelli L., Marsen S., Marushchenko N., Masuzaki S., McCarthy K., McNeely P., Medina F., Milojevic D., Mishchenko A., Missal B., Mittelstaedt J., Mollen A., Moncada V., Monnich T., Moseev D., Nagel M., Naujoks D., Neilson G. H., Neubauer O., Neuner U., Ngo T. -T., Niemann H., Nuhrenberg C., Nuhrenberg J., Ochando M., Ogawa K., Ongena J., Oosterbeek H., Pablant N., Pacella D., Pacios L., Panadero N., Pasch E., Pastor I., Pavone A., Pawelec E., Pedrosa A., Perseo V., Peterson B., Pilopp D., Pisano F., Piulatti M. E., Plunk G., Preynas M., Proll J., Sitjes A. P., Purps F., Rack M., Rahbarnia K., Riemann J., Risse K., Rong P., Rosenberger J., Rudischhauser L., Rummel K., Rummel T., Runov A., Rust N., Ryc L., Saitoh H., Satake S., Schacht J., Schmitz O., Schmuck S., Schneider B., Schneider M., Schneider W., Schrittwieser R., Schroder M., Schroder T., Schroder R., Schumacher H. W., Schweer B., Seki R., Sinha P., Sipilae S., Slaby C., Smith H., Sousa J., Spring A., Standley B., Stange T., Von Stechow A., Stephey L., Stoneking M., Stridde U., Suzuki Y., Svensson J., Szabolics T., Szepesi T., Thomsen H., Travere J. -M., Traverso P., Mora H. T., Tsuchiya H., Tsuijmura T., Turkin Y., Valet S., Van Milligen B., Vela L., Velasco J. -L., Vergote M., Vervier M., Viebke H., Vilbrandt R., Von Thun C. P., Wagner F., Wang E., Wang N., Warmer F., Wauters T., Wegener L., Wegner T., Weir G., Wendorf J., Wenzel U., Werner A., Wie Y., Wiegel B., Wilde F., Windisch T., Winkler M., Winters V., Wright A., Wurden G., Xanthopoulos P., Yamada I., Yasuhara R., Yokoyama M., Zhang D., Zilker M., Zimbal A., Zocco A., Zoletnik S., Pedersen, T, Otte, M, Lazerson, S, Helander, P, Bozhenkov, S, Biedermann, C, Klinger, T, Wolf, R, Bosch, H, Abramovic, I, Akaslompolo, S, Aleynikov, P, Aleynikova, K, Ali, A, Alonso, A, Anda, G, Andreeva, T, Ascasibar, E, Baldzuhn, J, Banduch, M, Barbui, T, Beidler, C, Benndorf, A, Beurskens, M, Biel, W, Birus, D, Blackwell, B, Blanco, E, Blatzheim, M, Bluhm, T, Bockenhoff, D, Bolgert, P, Borchardt, M, Bottger, L, Brakel, R, Brandt, C, Brauer, T, Braune, H, Burhenn, R, Buttenschon, B, Bykov, V, Calvo, I, Cappa, A, Carls, A, De Carvalho, B, Castejon, F, Cianciosa, M, Cole, M, Costea, S, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Dal Molin, A, De La Cal, E, De La Pena, A, Degenkolbe, S, Dhard, C, Dinklage, A, Dostal, M, Drevlak, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Dudek, A, Durodie, F, Dzikowicka, A, Von Eeten, P, Effenberg, F, Endler, M, Erckmann, V, Estrada, T, Fahrenkamp, N, Fellinger, J, Feng, Y, Figacz, W, Ford, O, Fornal, T, Frerichs, H, Fuchert, G, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Geiger, J, Gierse, N, Gogoleva, A, Goncalves, B, Gradic, D, Grahl, M, Gross, S, Grote, H, Grulke, O, Guerard, C, Haas, M, Harris, J, Hartfuss, H, Hartmann, D, Hathiramani, D, Hein, B, Heirnich, S, Henneberg, S, Hennig, C, Hernandez, J, Hidalgo, C, Hidalgo, U, Hirsch, M, Hofel, U, Holbe, H, Holting, A, Houry, M, Huber, V, Ionita, C, Israeli, B, Jablonski, S, Jakubowski, M, Van Vuuren, A, Jenzsch, H, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallmeyer, J, Kamionka, U, Kasahara, H, Kenmochi, N, Kernbichler, W, Killer, C, Kinna, D, Kleiber, R, Knauer, J, Kochl, F, Kocsis, G, Kolesnichenko, Y, Konies, A, Konig, R, Kornejew, P, Koster, F, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krampitz, R, Krawzyk, N, Kremeyer, T, Krychowiak, M, Ksiazek, I, Kubkowska, M, Kuhner, G, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurz, P, Kuttler, K, Kwak, S, Landreman, M, Langenberg, A, Lapayese, F, Laqua, H, Laube, R, Laux, M, Lentz, H, Lewerentz, M, Liang, Y, Liu, S, Lobsien, J, Cisquella, J, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lore, J, Lorenz, A, Lui, S, Lutsenko, V, Maassberg, H, Maisano-Brown, J, Marchuk, O, Marrelli, L, Marsen, S, Marushchenko, N, Masuzaki, S, Mccarthy, K, Mcneely, P, Medina, F, Milojevic, D, Mishchenko, A, Missal, B, Mittelstaedt, J, Mollen, A, Moncada, V, Monnich, T, Moseev, D, Nagel, M, Naujoks, D, Neilson, G, Neubauer, O, Neuner, U, Ngo, T, Niemann, H, Nuhrenberg, C, Nuhrenberg, J, Ochando, M, Ogawa, K, Ongena, J, Oosterbeek, H, Pablant, N, Pacella, D, Pacios, L, Panadero, N, Pasch, E, Pastor, I, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Pedrosa, A, Perseo, V, Peterson, B, Pilopp, D, Pisano, F, Piulatti, M, Plunk, G, Preynas, M, Proll, J, Sitjes, A, Purps, F, Rack, M, Rahbarnia, K, Riemann, J, Risse, K, Rong, P, Rosenberger, J, Rudischhauser, L, Rummel, K, Rummel, T, Runov, A, Rust, N, Ryc, L, Saitoh, H, Satake, S, Schacht, J, Schmitz, O, Schmuck, S, Schneider, B, Schneider, M, Schneider, W, Schrittwieser, R, Schroder, M, Schroder, T, Schroder, R, Schumacher, H, Schweer, B, Seki, R, Sinha, P, Sipilae, S, Slaby, C, Smith, H, Sousa, J, Spring, A, Standley, B, Stange, T, Von Stechow, A, Stephey, L, Stoneking, M, Stridde, U, Suzuki, Y, Svensson, J, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, T, Thomsen, H, Travere, J, Traverso, P, Mora, H, Tsuchiya, H, Tsuijmura, T, Turkin, Y, Valet, S, Van Milligen, B, Vela, L, Velasco, J, Vergote, M, Vervier, M, Viebke, H, Vilbrandt, R, Von Thun, C, Wagner, F, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warmer, F, Wauters, T, Wegener, L, Wegner, T, Weir, G, Wendorf, J, Wenzel, U, Werner, A, Wie, Y, Wiegel, B, Wilde, F, Windisch, T, Winkler, M, Winters, V, Wright, A, Wurden, G, Xanthopoulos, P, Yamada, I, Yasuhara, R, Yokoyama, M, Zhang, D, Zilker, M, Zimbal, A, Zocco, A, Zoletnik, S, Pedersen T. S., Otte M., Lazerson S., Helander P., Bozhenkov S., Biedermann C., Klinger T., Wolf R. C., Bosch H. -S., Abramovic I., Akaslompolo S., Aleynikov P., Aleynikova K., Ali A., Alonso A., Anda G., Andreeva T., Ascasibar E., Baldzuhn J., Banduch M., Barbui T., Beidler C., Benndorf A., Beurskens M., Biel W., Birus D., Blackwell B., Blanco E., Blatzheim M., Bluhm T., Bockenhoff D., Bolgert P., Borchardt M., Bottger L. -G., Brakel R., Brandt C., Brauer T., Braune H., Burhenn R., Buttenschon B., Bykov V., Calvo I., Cappa A., Carls A., De Carvalho B. B., Castejon F., Cianciosa M., Cole M., Costea S., Cseh G., Czarnecka A., Dal Molin A., De La Cal E., De La Pena A., Degenkolbe S., Dhard C. P., Dinklage A., Dostal M., Drevlak M., Drewelow P., Drews P., Dudek A., Durodie F., Dzikowicka A., Von Eeten P., Effenberg F., Endler M., Erckmann V., Estrada T., Fahrenkamp N., Fellinger J., Feng Y., Figacz W., Ford O., Fornal T., Frerichs H., Fuchert G., Garcia-Munoz M., Geiger B., Geiger J., Gierse N., Gogoleva A., Goncalves B., Gradic D., Grahl M., Gross S., Grote H., Grulke O., Guerard C., Haas M., Harris J., Hartfuss H. -J., Hartmann D., Hathiramani D., Hein B., Heirnich S., Henneberg S., Hennig C., Hernandez J., Hidalgo C., Hidalgo U., Hirsch M., Hofel U., Holbe H., Holting A., Houry M., Huber V., Ionita C., Israeli B., Jablonski S., Jakubowski M., Van Vuuren A. J., Jenzsch H., Kaczmarczyk J., Kallmeyer J. -P., Kamionka U., Kasahara H., Kenmochi N., Kernbichler W., Killer C., Kinna D., Kleiber R., Knauer J., Kochl F., Kocsis G., Kolesnichenko Y., Konies A., Konig R., Kornejew P., Koster F., Kramer-Flecken A., Krampitz R., Krawzyk N., Kremeyer T., Krychowiak M., Ksiazek I., Kubkowska M., Kuhner G., Kurki-Suonio T., Kurz P., Kuttler K., Kwak S., Landreman M., Langenberg A., Lapayese F., Laqua H., Laqua H. -P., Laube R., Laux M., Lentz H., Lewerentz M., Liang Y., Liu S., Lobsien J. -F., Cisquella J. L., Lopez-Bruna D., Lore J., Lorenz A., Lui S., Lutsenko V., Maassberg H., Maisano-Brown J., Marchuk O., Marrelli L., Marsen S., Marushchenko N., Masuzaki S., McCarthy K., McNeely P., Medina F., Milojevic D., Mishchenko A., Missal B., Mittelstaedt J., Mollen A., Moncada V., Monnich T., Moseev D., Nagel M., Naujoks D., Neilson G. H., Neubauer O., Neuner U., Ngo T. -T., Niemann H., Nuhrenberg C., Nuhrenberg J., Ochando M., Ogawa K., Ongena J., Oosterbeek H., Pablant N., Pacella D., Pacios L., Panadero N., Pasch E., Pastor I., Pavone A., Pawelec E., Pedrosa A., Perseo V., Peterson B., Pilopp D., Pisano F., Piulatti M. E., Plunk G., Preynas M., Proll J., Sitjes A. P., Purps F., Rack M., Rahbarnia K., Riemann J., Risse K., Rong P., Rosenberger J., Rudischhauser L., Rummel K., Rummel T., Runov A., Rust N., Ryc L., Saitoh H., Satake S., Schacht J., Schmitz O., Schmuck S., Schneider B., Schneider M., Schneider W., Schrittwieser R., Schroder M., Schroder T., Schroder R., Schumacher H. W., Schweer B., Seki R., Sinha P., Sipilae S., Slaby C., Smith H., Sousa J., Spring A., Standley B., Stange T., Von Stechow A., Stephey L., Stoneking M., Stridde U., Suzuki Y., Svensson J., Szabolics T., Szepesi T., Thomsen H., Travere J. -M., Traverso P., Mora H. T., Tsuchiya H., Tsuijmura T., Turkin Y., Valet S., Van Milligen B., Vela L., Velasco J. -L., Vergote M., Vervier M., Viebke H., Vilbrandt R., Von Thun C. P., Wagner F., Wang E., Wang N., Warmer F., Wauters T., Wegener L., Wegner T., Weir G., Wendorf J., Wenzel U., Werner A., Wie Y., Wiegel B., Wilde F., Windisch T., Winkler M., Winters V., Wright A., Wurden G., Xanthopoulos P., Yamada I., Yasuhara R., Yokoyama M., Zhang D., Zilker M., Zimbal A., Zocco A., and Zoletnik S.

Abstract

Fusion energy research has in the past 40 years focused primarily on the tokamak concept, but recent advances in plasma theory and computational power have led to renewed interest in stellarators. The largest and most sophisticated stellarator in the world, Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), has just started operation, with the aim to show that the earlier weaknesses of this concept have been addressed successfully, and that the intrinsic advantages of the concept persist, also at plasma parameters approaching those of a future fusion power plant. Here we show the first physics results, obtained before plasma operation: that the carefully tailored topology of nested magnetic surfaces needed for good confinement is realized, and that the measured deviations are smaller than one part in 100,000. This is a significant step forward in stellarator research, since it shows that the complicated and delicate magnetic topology can be created and verified with the required accuracy.

Published
2016

38. Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000

Author

Pedersen T. S., Otte M., Lazerson S., Helander P., Bozhenkov S., Biedermann C., Klinger T., Wolf R. C., Bosch H. -S., Abramovic I., Akaslompolo S., Aleynikov P., Aleynikova K., Ali A., Alonso A., Anda G., Andreeva T., Ascasibar E., Baldzuhn J., Banduch M., Barbui T., Beidler C., Benndorf A., Beurskens M., Biel W., Birus D., Blackwell B., Blanco E., Blatzheim M., Bluhm T., Bockenhoff D., Bolgert P., Borchardt M., Bottger L. -G., Brakel R., Brandt C., Brauer T., Braune H., Burhenn R., Buttenschon B., Bykov V., Calvo I., Cappa A., Carls A., De Carvalho B. B., Castejon F., Cianciosa M., Cole M., Costea S., Cseh G., Czarnecka A., Dal Molin A., De La Cal E., De La Pena A., Degenkolbe S., Dhard C. P., Dinklage A., Dostal M., Drevlak M., Drewelow P., Drews P., Dudek A., Durodie F., Dzikowicka A., Von Eeten P., Effenberg F., Endler M., Erckmann V., Estrada T., Fahrenkamp N., Fellinger J., Feng Y., Figacz W., Ford O., Fornal T., Frerichs H., Fuchert G., Garcia-Munoz M., Geiger B., Geiger J., Gierse N., Gogoleva A., Goncalves B., Gradic D., Grahl M., Gross S., Grote H., Grulke O., Guerard C., Haas M., Harris J., Hartfuss H. -J., Hartmann D., Hathiramani D., Hein B., Heirnich S., Henneberg S., Hennig C., Hernandez J., Hidalgo C., Hidalgo U., Hirsch M., Hofel U., Holbe H., Holting A., Houry M., Huber V., Ionita C., Israeli B., Jablonski S., Jakubowski M., Van Vuuren A. J., Jenzsch H., Kaczmarczyk J., Kallmeyer J. -P., Kamionka U., Kasahara H., Kenmochi N., Kernbichler W., Killer C., Kinna D., Kleiber R., Knauer J., Kochl F., Kocsis G., Kolesnichenko Y., Konies A., Konig R., Kornejew P., Koster F., Kramer-Flecken A., Krampitz R., Krawzyk N., Kremeyer T., Krychowiak M., Ksiazek I., Kubkowska M., Kuhner G., Kurki-Suonio T., Kurz P., Kuttler K., Kwak S., Landreman M., Langenberg A., Lapayese F., Laqua H., Laqua H. -P., Laube R., Laux M., Lentz H., Lewerentz M., Liang Y., Liu S., Lobsien J. -F., Cisquella J. L., Lopez-Bruna D., Lore J., Lorenz A., Lui S., Lutsenko V., Maassberg H., Maisano-Brown J., Marchuk O., Marrelli L., Marsen S., Marushchenko N., Masuzaki S., McCarthy K., McNeely P., Medina F., Milojevic D., Mishchenko A., Missal B., Mittelstaedt J., Mollen A., Moncada V., Monnich T., Moseev D., Nagel M., Naujoks D., Neilson G. H., Neubauer O., Neuner U., Ngo T. -T., Niemann H., Nuhrenberg C., Nuhrenberg J., Ochando M., Ogawa K., Ongena J., Oosterbeek H., Pablant N., Pacella D., Pacios L., Panadero N., Pasch E., Pastor I., Pavone A., Pawelec E., Pedrosa A., Perseo V., Peterson B., Pilopp D., Pisano F., Piulatti M. E., Plunk G., Preynas M., Proll J., Sitjes A. P., Purps F., Rack M., Rahbarnia K., Riemann J., Risse K., Rong P., Rosenberger J., Rudischhauser L., Rummel K., Rummel T., Runov A., Rust N., Ryc L., Saitoh H., Satake S., Schacht J., Schmitz O., Schmuck S., Schneider B., Schneider M., Schneider W., Schrittwieser R., Schroder M., Schroder T., Schroder R., Schumacher H. W., Schweer B., Seki R., Sinha P., Sipilae S., Slaby C., Smith H., Sousa J., Spring A., Standley B., Stange T., Von Stechow A., Stephey L., Stoneking M., Stridde U., Suzuki Y., Svensson J., Szabolics T., Szepesi T., Thomsen H., Travere J. -M., Traverso P., Mora H. T., Tsuchiya H., Tsuijmura T., Turkin Y., Valet S., Van Milligen B., Vela L., Velasco J. -L., Vergote M., Vervier M., Viebke H., Vilbrandt R., Von Thun C. P., Wagner F., Wang E., Wang N., Warmer F., Wauters T., Wegener L., Wegner T., Weir G., Wendorf J., Wenzel U., Werner A., Wie Y., Wiegel B., Wilde F., Windisch T., Winkler M., Winters V., Wright A., Wurden G., Xanthopoulos P., Yamada I., Yasuhara R., Yokoyama M., Zhang D., Zilker M., Zimbal A., Zocco A., Zoletnik S., W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Maisano-Brown, Jeannette D., Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Pedersen, T, Otte, M, Lazerson, S, Helander, P, Bozhenkov, S, Biedermann, C, Klinger, T, Wolf, R, Bosch, H, Abramovic, I, Akaslompolo, S, Aleynikov, P, Aleynikova, K, Ali, A, Alonso, A, Anda, G, Andreeva, T, Ascasibar, E, Baldzuhn, J, Banduch, M, Barbui, T, Beidler, C, Benndorf, A, Beurskens, M, Biel, W, Birus, D, Blackwell, B, Blanco, E, Blatzheim, M, Bluhm, T, Bockenhoff, D, Bolgert, P, Borchardt, M, Bottger, L, Brakel, R, Brandt, C, Brauer, T, Braune, H, Burhenn, R, Buttenschon, B, Bykov, V, Calvo, I, Cappa, A, Carls, A, De Carvalho, B, Castejon, F, Cianciosa, M, Cole, M, Costea, S, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Dal Molin, A, De La Cal, E, De La Pena, A, Degenkolbe, S, Dhard, C, Dinklage, A, Dostal, M, Drevlak, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Dudek, A, Durodie, F, Dzikowicka, A, Von Eeten, P, Effenberg, F, Endler, M, Erckmann, V, Estrada, T, Fahrenkamp, N, Fellinger, J, Feng, Y, Figacz, W, Ford, O, Fornal, T, Frerichs, H, Fuchert, G, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Geiger, J, Gierse, N, Gogoleva, A, Goncalves, B, Gradic, D, Grahl, M, Gross, S, Grote, H, Grulke, O, Guerard, C, Haas, M, Harris, J, Hartfuss, H, Hartmann, D, Hathiramani, D, Hein, B, Heirnich, S, Henneberg, S, Hennig, C, Hernandez, J, Hidalgo, C, Hidalgo, U, Hirsch, M, Hofel, U, Holbe, H, Holting, A, Houry, M, Huber, V, Ionita, C, Israeli, B, Jablonski, S, Jakubowski, M, Van Vuuren, A, Jenzsch, H, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallmeyer, J, Kamionka, U, Kasahara, H, Kenmochi, N, Kernbichler, W, Killer, C, Kinna, D, Kleiber, R, Knauer, J, Kochl, F, Kocsis, G, Kolesnichenko, Y, Konies, A, Konig, R, Kornejew, P, Koster, F, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krampitz, R, Krawzyk, N, Kremeyer, T, Krychowiak, M, Ksiazek, I, Kubkowska, M, Kuhner, G, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurz, P, Kuttler, K, Kwak, S, Landreman, M, Langenberg, A, Lapayese, F, Laqua, H, Laube, R, Laux, M, Lentz, H, Lewerentz, M, Liang, Y, Liu, S, Lobsien, J, Cisquella, J, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lore, J, Lorenz, A, Lui, S, Lutsenko, V, Maassberg, H, Maisano-Brown, J, Marchuk, O, Marrelli, L, Marsen, S, Marushchenko, N, Masuzaki, S, Mccarthy, K, Mcneely, P, Medina, F, Milojevic, D, Mishchenko, A, Missal, B, Mittelstaedt, J, Mollen, A, Moncada, V, Monnich, T, Moseev, D, Nagel, M, Naujoks, D, Neilson, G, Neubauer, O, Neuner, U, Ngo, T, Niemann, H, Nuhrenberg, C, Nuhrenberg, J, Ochando, M, Ogawa, K, Ongena, J, Oosterbeek, H, Pablant, N, Pacella, D, Pacios, L, Panadero, N, Pasch, E, Pastor, I, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Pedrosa, A, Perseo, V, Peterson, B, Pilopp, D, Pisano, F, Piulatti, M, Plunk, G, Preynas, M, Proll, J, Sitjes, A, Purps, F, Rack, M, Rahbarnia, K, Riemann, J, Risse, K, Rong, P, Rosenberger, J, Rudischhauser, L, Rummel, K, Rummel, T, Runov, A, Rust, N, Ryc, L, Saitoh, H, Satake, S, Schacht, J, Schmitz, O, Schmuck, S, Schneider, B, Schneider, M, Schneider, W, Schrittwieser, R, Schroder, M, Schroder, T, Schroder, R, Schumacher, H, Schweer, B, Seki, R, Sinha, P, Sipilae, S, Slaby, C, Smith, H, Sousa, J, Spring, A, Standley, B, Stange, T, Von Stechow, A, Stephey, L, Stoneking, M, Stridde, U, Suzuki, Y, Svensson, J, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, T, Thomsen, H, Travere, J, Traverso, P, Mora, H, Tsuchiya, H, Tsuijmura, T, Turkin, Y, Valet, S, Van Milligen, B, Vela, L, Velasco, J, Vergote, M, Vervier, M, Viebke, H, Vilbrandt, R, Von Thun, C, Wagner, F, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warmer, F, Wauters, T, Wegener, L, Wegner, T, Weir, G, Wendorf, J, Wenzel, U, Werner, A, Wie, Y, Wiegel, B, Wilde, F, Windisch, T, Winkler, M, Winters, V, Wright, A, Wurden, G, Xanthopoulos, P, Yamada, I, Yasuhara, R, Yokoyama, M, Zhang, D, Zilker, M, Zimbal, A, Zocco, A, Zoletnik, S, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Pacella, D.

Subjects
Tokamak, Plasma parameters, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Topology (electrical circuits), Topology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Physics, Fusion, Wendelstein7-X, Stellarator, Multidisciplinary, ta114, General Chemistry, Plasma, Fusion power, Magnetic field, Erratum, Wendelstein 7-X, Stellarator
Abstract

Fusion energy research has in the past 40 years focused primarily on the tokamak concept, but recent advances in plasma theory and computational power have led to renewed interest in stellarators. The largest and most sophisticated stellarator in the world, Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), has just started operation, with the aim to show that the earlier weaknesses of this concept have been addressed successfully, and that the intrinsic advantages of the concept persist, also at plasma parameters approaching those of a future fusion power plant. Here we show the first physics results, obtained before plasma operation: that the carefully tailored topology of nested magnetic surfaces needed for good confinement is realized, and that the measured deviations are smaller than one part in 100,000. This is a significant step forward in stellarator research, since it shows that the complicated and delicate magnetic topology can be created and verified with the required accuracy., Early stellarator designs suffered from high particle losses, an issue that can be addressed by optimization of the coils. Here the authors measure the magnetic field lines in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator, confirming that the complicated design of the superconducting coils has been realized successfully.

Published
2016

39. Optics for electron cyclotron resonance heating and collective Thomson scattering at the stellarator W7-X

Author

Kasparek, W., Erckmann, V., Laqua, H. P., Stange, T., Weissgerber, M., Lechte, C., Plaum, B., Moseev, D., Leipold, Frank, Petelin, M., Brunner, K. J., Braune, H., Marsen, S., Schneider, N., Wolf, R. C., Team, W7-X, Kasparek, W., Erckmann, V., Laqua, H. P., Stange, T., Weissgerber, M., Lechte, C., Plaum, B., Moseev, D., Leipold, Frank, Petelin, M., Brunner, K. J., Braune, H., Marsen, S., Schneider, N., Wolf, R. C., and Team, W7-X

Abstract

This paper will provide a brief review on the optical transmission system, describe its performance and first experiences, and will concentrate on new developments like in-vessel grating reflectors, Remote-steering (RS) antennas used as launchers and receivers for ECRH and collective Thomson scattering (CTS) , as well as possible upgrades.

Published
2017

41. Overview of diagnostic performance and results for the first operation phase in Wendelstein 7-X (invited)

Author

Krychowiak, M., Adnan, A., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Baldzuhn, J., Barbui, T., Beurskens, Marc N.A., Biel, W., Biedermann, C., Blackwell, B.D., Bosch, H.S., Bozhenkov, S., Brakel, R., Bräuer, T., Brotas de Carvalho, B., Burhenn, R., Buttenschön, B., Cappa, A., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Dinklage, A., Drews, P., Dzikowicka, A., Effenberg, F., Endler, M., Erckmann, V., Estrada, T., Ford, O., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Grulke, O., Harris, J.H., Hartfuß, H.J., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Jabłoński, S., Jakubowski, M.W., Kaczmarczyk, J., Klinger, T., Klose, S., Knauer, J., Kocsis, G., König, R., Kornejew, P., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H.P., Laux, M., Lazerson, S., Liang, Y., Liu, S.C., Lorenz, A., Marchuk, A.O., Marsen, S., Moncada, V., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Niemann, H., Oosterbeek, J.W., Otte, M., Pablant, N., Pasch, E., Sunn Pedersen, T., Pisano, F., Rahbarnia, K., Ryć, L., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, W., Schröder, T., Schuhmacher, H., Schweer, B., Standley, B., Stange, T., Stephey, L., Svensson, J., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Thomsen, H., Travère, J.M., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Weir, G.M., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., Wiegel, B., Windisch, T., Wolf, R., Wurden, G.A., Zhang, D., Zimbal, A., Zoletnik, S., Krychowiak, M., Adnan, A., Alonso, A., Andreeva, T., Baldzuhn, J., Barbui, T., Beurskens, Marc N.A., Biel, W., Biedermann, C., Blackwell, B.D., Bosch, H.S., Bozhenkov, S., Brakel, R., Bräuer, T., Brotas de Carvalho, B., Burhenn, R., Buttenschön, B., Cappa, A., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., Dinklage, A., Drews, P., Dzikowicka, A., Effenberg, F., Endler, M., Erckmann, V., Estrada, T., Ford, O., Fornal, T., Frerichs, H., Fuchert, G., Geiger, J., Grulke, O., Harris, J.H., Hartfuß, H.J., Hartmann, D., Hathiramani, D., Hirsch, M., Höfel, U., Jabłoński, S., Jakubowski, M.W., Kaczmarczyk, J., Klinger, T., Klose, S., Knauer, J., Kocsis, G., König, R., Kornejew, P., Krämer-Flecken, A., Krawczyk, N., Kremeyer, T., Ksiazek, I., Kubkowska, M., Langenberg, A., Laqua, H.P., Laux, M., Lazerson, S., Liang, Y., Liu, S.C., Lorenz, A., Marchuk, A.O., Marsen, S., Moncada, V., Naujoks, D., Neilson, H., Neubauer, O., Neuner, U., Niemann, H., Oosterbeek, J.W., Otte, M., Pablant, N., Pasch, E., Sunn Pedersen, T., Pisano, F., Rahbarnia, K., Ryć, L., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, W., Schröder, T., Schuhmacher, H., Schweer, B., Standley, B., Stange, T., Stephey, L., Svensson, J., Szabolics, T., Szepesi, T., Thomsen, H., Travère, J.M., Trimino Mora, H., Tsuchiya, H., Weir, G.M., Wenzel, U., Werner, A., Wiegel, B., Windisch, T., Wolf, R., Wurden, G.A., Zhang, D., Zimbal, A., and Zoletnik, S.

Abstract

Wendelstein 7-X, a superconducting optimized stellarator built in Greifswald/Germany, started its first plasmas with the last closed flux surface (LCFS) defined by 5 uncooled graphite limiters in December 2015. At the end of the 10 weeks long experimental campaign (OP1.1) more than 20 independent diagnostic systems were in operation, allowing detailed studies of many interesting plasma phenomena. For example, fast neutral gas manometers supported by video cameras (including one fast-frame camera with frame rates of tens of kHz) as well as visible cameras with different interference filters, with field of views covering all ten half-modules of the stellarator, discovered a MARFE-like radiation zone on the inboard side of machine module 4. This structure is presumably triggered by an inadvertent plasma-wall interaction in module 4 resulting in a high impurity influx that terminates some discharges by radiation cooling. The main plasma parameters achieved in OP1.1 exceeded predicted values in discharges of a length reaching 6 s. Although OP1.1 is characterized by short pulses, many of the diagnostics are already designed for quasi-steady state operation of 30 min discharges heated at 10 MW of ECRH. An overview of diagnostic performance for OP1.1 is given, including some highlights from the physics campaigns.

Published
2016

42. Absolute calibration of sniffer probes on Wendelstein 7-X

Author

Moseev, D., Laqua, H.P., Marsen, S., Stange, T., Braune, H., Erckmann, V., Gellert, F.J., Oosterbeek, J.W., Moseev, D., Laqua, H.P., Marsen, S., Stange, T., Braune, H., Erckmann, V., Gellert, F.J., and Oosterbeek, J.W.

Abstract

Here we report the first measurements of the power levels of stray radiation in the vacuum vessel of Wendelstein 7-X using absolutely calibrated sniffer probes. The absolute calibration is achieved by using calibrated sources of stray radiation and the implicit measurement of the quality factor of the Wendelstein 7-X empty vacuum vessel. Normalized absolute calibration coefficients agree with the cross-calibration coefficients that are obtained by the direct measurements, indicating that the measured absolute calibration coefficients and stray radiation levels in the vessel are valid. Close to the launcher, the stray radiation in the empty vessel reaches power levels up to 340 kW/m2 per MW injected beam power. Furthest away from the launcher, i.e., half a toroidal turn, still 90 kW/m2 per MW injected beam power is measured

Published
2016

45. ECRH and W7-X: An intriguing pair

Author

Erckmann, V., Braune, H., Gantenbein, G., Jelonnek, J., Kasparek, W., Laqua, H., Lechte, C., Marushchenko, N., Michel, G., Plaum, B., Thumm, M., Wolf, R., and W7-X ECRH Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Published
2014

46. From series production of gyrotrons for W7-X toward EU-1 MW gyrotrons for ITER

Author

Jelonnek, J. Albajar, F. Alberti, S. Avramidis, K. Benin, P. Bonicelli, T. Cismondi, F. Erckmann, V. Gantenbein, G. Hesch, K. Hogge, J.-P. Illy, S. Ioannidis, Z.C. Jin, J. Laqua, H. Latsas, G.P. Legrand, F. Michel, G. Pagonakis, I.G. Piosczyk, B. Rozier, Y. Rzesnicki, T. Tigelis, I.G. Thumm, M. Tran, M.Q. Vomvoridis, J.L.

Abstract

Europe is devoting significant joint efforts to develop and to manufacture MW-level gyrotrons for electron cyclotron heating and current drive of future plasma experiments. The two most important ones are the stellarator Wendelstein W7-X at Greifswald and the Tokamak ITER at Cadarache. While the series production of the 140 GHz, 1 MW, CW gyrotrons for the 10-MW electron cyclotron resonance heating system of stellarator W7-X is proceeding, the European GYrotron Consortium is presently developing the EU-1 MW, 170 GHz, CW gyrotron for ITER. The initial design had already been initiated in 2007, as a risk mitigation measure during the development of the advanced ITER EU-2-MW coaxial-cavity gyrotron. The target of the ITER EU-1-MW conventional-cavity design is to benefit as much as possible from the experiences made during the development and series production of the W7-X gyrotron and of the experiences gained from the earlier EU-2-MW coaxial-cavity gyrotron design. Hence, the similarity of the construction will be made visible in this paper. During 2012, the scientific design of the ITER EU-1-MW gyrotron components has been finalized. In collaboration with the industrial partner Thales electron devices, Vélizy, France, the industrial design of the technological parts of the gyrotron is being completed. A short-pulse prototype is under development to support the design of the CW prototype tube. The technological path toward the EU ITER-1 MW gyrotron and the final design will be presented. © 2013 IEEE.

Published
2014

48. Aspects of steady-state operation of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author

Geiger, J., Wolf, R., Beidler, C., Cardella, A., Chlechowitz, E., Erckmann, V., Gantenbein, G., Hathiramani, D., Hirsch, M., Kasparek, W., Kißlinger, J., König, R., Kornejew, P., Laqua, H., Lechte, A., Lore, J., Lumsdaine, A., Maaßberg, H., Marushchenko, N., Michel, G., Otte, M., Peacock, A., Pedersen, T. S., Thumm, M., Turkin, Y., Werner, A., Zhang, D., W7-X Team, and W7-X Team

Subjects
Materials science, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron, Condensed Matter Physics, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Heating system, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Plasma diagnostics, Wendelstein 7-X, Stellarator, Microwave
Abstract

The objective of Wendelstein 7-X is to demonstrate steady-state operation at β -values of up to 5%, at ion temperatures of several keV and plasma densities of up to 2 × 1020 m−3. The second operational phase foresees a fully steady-state high heat flux (HHF) divertor. Preparations are underway to cope with residual bootstrap currents, either by electron cyclotron current drive or by HHF protection elements. The main steady-state heating system is an electron cyclotron resonance heating facility. Various technical improvements of the gyrotrons have been implemented recently. They enable a reliable operation at the 1 MW power level. Some of the technical issues preparing plasma diagnostics for steady-state operation are exemplified. This includes the protection against non-absorbed microwave radiation.

Published
2013

49. Controlled Mirror Motion System for Resonant Diplexers in ECRH Applications

Author

Doelman, N.J., Van den Braber, R., Kasparek, W., Erckmann, V., Bongers, W.A., Krijger, B., Stober, J., Fritz, E., Dekker, B., Klop, W., Hollmann, F., Michel, G., Noke, F., Purps, F., de Baar, M.R., Maraschek, M., Monaco, F., Müller, S., Schütz, H., Wagner, D., Team, ASDEXUpgrade, and institutes, otherteams at the contributing

Subjects
Engineering, OM - Opto-Mechatronics, TS - Technical Sciences, Industrial Innovation, business.industry, Physics, QC1-999, Mechatronics, Mechanics & Materials, Power (physics), System requirements, Resonator, Electronic engineering, Millimeter, Electronics, business, Diplexer, Motion system
Abstract

High-power resonant diplexers for millimetre waves have various promising applications in ECRH systems. The round-trip resonator length of a diplexer needs to be accurately tuned to match its prescribed functionality. For this purpose one of the mirrors in the FADIS MkIIa diplexer has been mounted on a motion system, in order to control the mirror to its desired location despite the presence of substantial disturbances. The mechanical properties and control strategy for the mirror motion system have been designed such as to meet the overall system requirements. The performance of the motion system has been experimentally validated in various high power mm-wave tests. © Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2012.

Published
2012

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