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The study aims to determine some agro-morphological (fruit weight, fruit flesh ratio, fruit skin colour, number of fruits per raceme, number of racemes per bush), and biochemicals (vitamin C, soluble solid content, organic acids, total phenol, total anthocyanin, total flavonoid and antioxidant capacity) in fruits of ten promising European cranberrybush (Viburnum opulus L.) genotypes grown in Erzurum province in Turkey. The results showed genotype-specific differences in most of the agro-morphological, biochemical and bioactive characteristics. The genotypes had fruit weight, number of fruits per raceme and number of racemes per bush between 0.58 and 0.80 g; 38.4 and 58.2 and 392 and 543, respectively. The vitamin C and soluble solid content were ranged from 33 to 42 mg per 100 g and 11.3 to 13.1%. Total phenol, total anthocyanin and total flavonoid content ranged from 703 to 911 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g fresh weight, 22–48 mg per 100 g expressed cyanidin-3-rutinoside, 187–302 mg routine equivalent per 100 g fresh weight. Genotype ERZ-08 had the highest antioxidant capacity as 32.70 µmol trolox equivalents per gramme based on FRAP assays. © 2018, Academic Publishing House. All rights reserved.

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica L.) grown well for commercial purposes in subtropical regions nearly 30 countries and originated from China. The most important loquat producers in the world are China, Spain, Turkey, Pakistan, India, Italy and Brazil. In this study, ten pre-selected promising loquat genotypes sampled from eastern Black region and analyzed for their important morphological, biochemical and antioxidant characteristics. The standard cultivar ‘Sayda’ is also included in the study. The results indicated differences for all of the morphological, biochemical and antioxidant characteristics among tested genotypes. Fruit mass and fruit flesh percentage of the genotypes ranged from 35.40 g (LOQ-8) to 46.90 g (LOQ-5) and from 79.40 (%) to 86.32 (%) indicating some local genotypes had higher fruit mass and fruit flesh percentage than standard cultivar ‘Sayda’. Total phenolic content was the highest as 263 ?g GAE/g in LOQ-7 genotype while the lowest in LOQ-8 genotype (185 ?g GAE/g). LOQ-7 genotype had the highest total antioxidant capacity. Local genotypes in general have higher total phenolic, total carotenoid, vitamin C and antioxidant activity than cv. ‘Sayda’. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Aronia is a genus of deciduous shrubs, the chokeberries, in the family Rosaceae, native to eastern North America and most commonly found in wet woods and swamps. The sour berries can be eaten raw off the bush, but are more frequently processed. They can be found in wine, jam, syrup, juice, soft spreads, tea, salsa, chili starters, extracts, beer, ice cream, gummies and tinctures. Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry) is more recently introduced to Turkey as a fruit. Thus, this study was conducted in order to determine the phenolic compounds of chokeberry fruit first time in Turkey. Gallic acid, protocatechic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, benzoic acid, o-coumaric acid, rutin, eriodictiol were found in chokeberry fruits. Phenolic compounds of chokeberry fruits varied between 0.15 ppm (ocoumaric acid)-43.71 ppm (chlorogenic acid). Chlorogenic acid is dominant phenolic (43.72-43.65 ppm) followed by protocatechic acid (16.34 ppm) and rutin (4.53 ppm).

Turkey has rich wild apricot populations and all Turkish apricot cultivars were previously selected among wild apricots. On this background for apricot breeding, six new late flowering dried apricot genotypes were taken under study, along with wide spread cv. 'Hacihaliloglu'; all genotypes were examined in terms of volatile compounds using Headspace-Solid Phase Micro Extraction - Mass Spectrometry (HSSPME/GC/MS) techniques. The most important volatiles of apricot genotypes were aldehydes, alcohols, esters, terpenes, ketones and acids. Among these compounds, ethanol, hexanal, 3-carene, squalene, acetic acid, tetradecaonic acid, pentadecaonic acid, octadecaonic acid, n- hexadecaonic acid and 1-hdroxy-2-propanone were present in all genotypes studied at certain levels. In general, total concentrations of aroma compounds were higher in some promising genotypes under study than within 'Hacihaliloglu' cultivar, except total alcohol compound (53.33%). Volatile compounds, particularly esters, were the major contributors to fruity, floral and pleasant fruit flavours. The highest esters' compound contents were detected in 'N95' (9.2%) and 'N57' (2.18%) genotypes, while 'Hacihaliloglu' had 1.61% ester compounds. Lacton (?-decalactone) was a key aroma compound of apricot. ?-decalactone was detected ranging between 0.4- 1.13% in all genotypes, except cv. 'Hacihaliloglu'. The hereby obtained results showed that the volatile composition depended largely upon the apricot genotypes, moment of harvest, growing conditions and cultural applications that may all affect fruit quality. These results represent valuable starting points for apricot breeding programs.

A rose hip is the fruit of a rose plant and mostly belongs to Rosa canina and Rosa dumalis. These species are genuine found as wild in natural conditions, while in some countries are cultivated for their hips that are picked and used in a wide variety of preparations. Because they contain a variety of antioxidants, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, leucoanthocyanins and catechins, rose hips are considered to be a good cancer preventative. The Rosa genus has been the focus of many recent studies due to its potential benefic effects on treatment and prevention of several diseases. However, there are few in vitro studies concerning its composition and antioxidant capacity. The aim of the present study was to determine bioactive content, including ascorbic acid, total phenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids and antioxidant activity of Rosa dumalis genotypes growing wild in Erzurum province located eastern Anatolia. The results revealed that fruits of Rosa dumalis different genotypes were rich rich in terms of vitamin C, which ranged from 402 to 511 mg/100 g fresh weight base. The total phenolic content varied from 297 to 403 mg/100 g fresh weight. The genotype 'E-09' had the highest total flavonoids content (229 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g fresh weight) and the lowest value was attributed to genotype 'E-04' with 143 mg/ quercetin equivalent/100 g fresh weight. The antioxidant activity of the genotypes was between 12.9-28.6 ?g Trolox/ml samples. The results revealed that there was enough diversity among Rosa dumalis genotypes for bioactive content and promising genotypes, with high bioactive content, were determined, which can become study material for future breeding activities.

Effect of two doses of calcium nitrate (2 and 4%), boric acid (1.5 and 3%) and GA3 (50 and 75 ppm) on yield, fruit characteristics, cracking and sunburn of pomegranate cv. Hicaznar was carried out in a commercial orchard. Calcium nitrate, boric acid and GA3 applications have been done during blossoming period and one month after blossoming. The fruit yield has been increased by both doses of calcium nitrate and the 3% boric acid dose in the first year while GA3’s 50 ppm dose had an improving effect in the second year. In the first year, all treatments increased the average fruit weight while in the second year only the 2% calcium nitrate and 3% boric acid were found to be effective. The 3% boric acid treatments reduced the rate of cracking of the fruits in first year and in the second year all treatments reduced cracking and the best results were obtained in the applications of GA3 and calcium nitrate. The 4% calcium nitrate application reduced the sunburn in the pomegranate fruits and 2% calcium nitrate application increased the amount of the total soluble solids. © Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublime. Lublin 2016.

In this study we report on the content of organic acids, sugars and miner-als in the pulps of the twelve cherry laurel accessions most commonly consumedin eastern Black Sea Region. Malic acid was the dominant organic acid rangedfrom 43.27 (CL6) to 54.23 (CL3) mg/100 g fresh weight basis. The dominantsugars were glucose and fructose in the pulps that ranged from 4.83 (CL1) to5.74 (CL5) mg/100 g and 4.66 (CL3) to 5.53 (CL7) mg/100 g, respectively. Thepulp of cherry laurel was shown to be rich in potassium (187-241 mg), phos-phorus (26-45 mg), calcium (15-22 mg), magnesium (15-24 mg) and sodium(3.9-6.1 mg) in 100 g fruit pulp. The data may be useful in selecting wild ediblefruit species appropriate for incorporation into diets. © 2016 Academic Publishing House. All Rights reserved.

Cultivation of wild edible vegetables, traditionally used as food, should increase in agriculture, as they have valuable nutritional content and contain bioactive compounds. Notably, wild edible green vegetables play a significant role in conventional diets. They are abundant in phenols and show high antiradical activity. The aim of this study was to determine the DPPH radical-scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and vitamin C content in 21 wild edible plants collected from Bingol province of eastern Turkey. As far as we know, this is the first report that presents useful data of interest for furthering the knowledge of the DPPH radical-scavenging activity, TPC, and vitamin C content of these species, traditionally consumed in the many districts in Bingol province. According to the results, the content of TPC, Vitamin C and level of DPPH radical-scavenging activity is higher in leaves than in stems of the edible greens. Rumex acetosella L., Rumex scutatus L. and Rumex pulcher L. are rich in vitamin C; Rumex pulcher L., Nasturtium officinale R. Br. and Chenopodium album L. had higher TPC and high antioxidant characteristic. Rumex pulcher L., Anchusa azurea Miller var. azurea and Rumex acetosa L. showed promising DPPH radical-scavenging activity. These new findings suggest that these wild edible vegetables can show valuable antioxidant and antiradical activity in the traditional ways of their consumption. © 2016, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR). All rights reserved.

Physalis peruviana L. is belongs to Solanaceae family and commonly known as Cape gooseberry. More recently it is very popular and widely used as medicinal plant to treat malaria, asthma, hepatitis, dermatitis and rheumatism and has diuretic and antiinflammatory properties. In this study, it was aimed to develop in vitro propagation protocol for P. peruviana L. using apical shoots as an explant sources. Regenerated plants were evaluated based on their multiplication rate and shoot length using various concentration of BAP (1, 2, 3 mg l-1) in combination with IBA (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg l-1) and NAA (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg l-1). In addition, efficiency of various auxin concentrations of (1 and 2 mg l-1 IBA and NAA) was also applied on root formation of P. peruviana L. The highest shoot numbers were obtained from 2 mg l-1 BAP with 0.4 mg l-1 IBA (6.00) combinations and shoot length obtained in 2 mg l-1 BAP with 0.2 mg l-1 IBA combinations (3.30 cm). As for the effects of BAP and NAA combinations; the highest shoot length were obtained from 2 mg l-1 BAP without NAA combinations (3.33 cm) while the lowest one was in 3 mg l-1 BAP with 0.4 mg/I NAA combinations. The highest root numbers were obtained from NAA application (2 mg l-1 and 1 mg l-1, respectively). In vitro derived plants were acclimatized to the soil smoothly. The present study highlights the importance of plant tissue culture in order to be used for large-scale production of P. peruviana (L.) due to the elimination of sexual propagation. © by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie, Lublin 2016.

Three native Turkish medicinal and aromatic plants (Artemisia absinthum, Artemisia santonicum and Saponaria officinalis) were investigated to analyze their antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and antimicrobial activity. Their total antioxidant activity was determined by using a β-carotene bleaching assay and their antimicrobial activity was determined by utilizing an agar disc diffusion assay. Methanol extracts of the three species analyzed showed high antioxidant activity and among them Artemisia absinthum possessed the highest quantity (71.78%). The total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu assay) was shown to be between 6.57 μgGAE/mg dry weight basis (Saponaria officinalis) and 8.86 μgGAE/mg dry weight basis (Artemisia absinthum). There was a positive correlation (R = 0.819) between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity measured in the plant samples. The aqueous and methanol extracts of the aerial parts of the species showed antibacterial activities against a number of microorganisms. The methanol extracts were found to inhibit the growth of microorganisms more than the aqueous extracts. These findings suggest that the methanol extracts of the plants tested contain compounds with antimicrobial properties. These exhibited properties propose that such plant extracts can possibly be used as natural preservatives in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Among fruit species cultivated in Turkey, quince shows a great deal of morphological variability and adaptability to the various environments. We attempted to study genetic relationships among 40 quince accessions using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) for future breeding programs. The accessions were previously characterized based on their pomological and yield characteristics and then the best ones were planted in a single collection in Ataturk Central Horticultural Research Institute, Yalova, Turkey. Six AFLP primer combinations generated a total of 746 bands, 493 of which were polymorphic (66.1%). Resolving powers of the AFLP primers ranged from 48.0 to 99.6 making a total of 421.5. Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) clustering of the accessions showed three major clusters and ‘SapancaEsme’ and ‘Esme-3’ were the closest accessions with 95% similarity. Our study indicated that there is a high level of genetic diversity among quince accessions in Turkey and the results of this study can be used for future cultivar breeding programs in quince., Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, Vol 88 (20159; p.197-201

Mulberries (Morus spp) are historically grown in particular microclimatic regions in Eastern Anatolia, including Aras valley. In the valley, mulberries are one of the ancient crop and used for several purposes by local people. The aim of the present study was to first time evaluate organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity (TEAC assay, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity). and phenolic compounds of the historical black and white mulberry genotypes growing Aras valley in Turkey. Results showed that, species and genotypes strongly influenced the chemical content and antioxidant capacity (p, Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, Vol 88 (2015), p.134-138 Quality

Wild pear (Pyrus eleagnifolia) is a naturally grown species mainly in inner Anatolia and its edible small fruits are traditionally consumed by local peoples and are called “Ahlat” in Turkey. Its seedlings are also used as rootstock for commercial pear cultivars. In this study, we reported first time pomological characteristics and biochemical compositions in fruits of a wide number selected wild pears genotypes (Pyrus eleagnifolia Pall.) from inner Anatolia. The obtained results revealed that there were significant differences among wild pear genotypes for all analyzed parameters. Fruit weight, total phenolics, total acidity and total sugar contents of the fruits varied from 4.71 to 27.09 g, 42.79 to 119.14 mg GAE/100 g, 0.20 to 1.40 g/100 g and 8.36 to 19.31 g/100 g, respectively. Considering these values, it was concluded that naturally grown wild pears of Anatolia with their rich salubrious biochemical compounds could reliably be used as a food source for humans. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Increasing consumer demands for indigenous, non-sprayed with pesticides and less-known or “forgotten” fruits necessitate knowledge on their breeding, cultivation, biochemical content, harvesting and marketing. Anatolia is rich for wild edible fruit species and barberry is abundant throughout Anatolia. The aim of this study was to determine some important physicochemical characteristics, bioactive content and antioxidant capacity of fruits from nineteen promising barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) genotypes grown in the Coruh valley, Northeastern Anatolia. The results indicated genotype-specific differences for most of the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity and the content of some bioactive compounds. Fruit mass ranged from 0.073 (‘Coruh-7’) to 0.267 g (‘Coruh-11’). Total phenolic content ranged from 2532 (‘Coruh-’) to 3719 mg GAE per liter fruit juice (‘Coruh-11’). The genotype ‘Coruh-12’ had the highest total monomeric anthocyanin content (1004 mg per liter fruit juice) as cyanidin-3-glucoside. The highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in fruits of ‘Coruh-8’ and ‘Coruh-9’ genotypes with all three antioxidant-determining methods. We conclude that the barberry fruits represent a good source of bioactive phytochemicals because of their high phenolic and anthocyanin contents. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

In 2002 and 2003, a study was conducted to determine the effect of bacterial strains, Burkholdria OSU 7, Bacillus OSU 142, and Pseudomonas BA 8, on biological control of brown rot disease (Monilinia laxa Ehr.) on apricot cv. Haci{dotless}haliloglu in Malatya province of Turkey. Apricot orchard at full blooming stage was inoculated with conidial suspension (1 × 106 spores/ml) of M. laxa Ehr. After inoculation, two apricot trees for each application were treated with each of the three biological control agents (Burkholdria gladii OSU 7, Bacillus subtilis OSU 142, and Pseudomonas putida BA 8) by spraying (1 × 109 cfu/ml) on inoculated branches. Disease incidence was evaluated for untreated (control 1) and four different treatment groups including commercial disease management (control 2, positive control: 3% Bourdox in fall, 50% Cupper at pink flower, 30 g/100 l Corus at first blooming, and 300 g/100 l Captan at last blooming stage) and treatments including each of the three bacterial strains (OSU 7, OSU 142, and BA 8). The results showed that disease incidence for negative control (control 1) was 9.94, which was significantly higher than disease incidence for commercial application (2.57%) or bacterial treatments (2.82-5.00%) in the first year. In 2003, the lowest disease incidence observed in OSU 7 treatment (6.80%), while disease incidence rate for positive control and negative control were 9.45% and 28.46%, respectively. This result may suggest that OSU 7 has potential to be used as biopesticide for effective management of brown rot disease on apricot. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China This study was supported by a grant from Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Turkey.

Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) marker was employed for the first time to analyze genetic diversity of 57 seed propagated early-maturated wild grown apricot genotypes sampled from different parts of Sakit valley in Mediterranean Region of Turkey. From total 19 primer combinations investigated, 16 could amplify clearly and consistently. They produced a total of 87 fragments, of which 56 (64.3%) were polymorphic bands. All bands obtained from Me3-Em2, Me2-Em10 and Me2-Em6 primers were polymorphic. The cluster analysis revealed that the 57 genotypes were grouped into three major clusters. The similarity ratio among genotypes was between 0.73 and 0.94. There were no identical genotypes. The study revealed that the SRAP marker system is useful for identification and genetic diversity analysis of wild grown apricots.

WOS: 000323831700016 Conservation of genetic resources is vital for future breeding programs and food security for humans. Before conservation of genetic resources, it requires objective characterization and a proper assignation of individual genotypes to species. The aim of this study was to characterize of 58 Prunus accessions which belong to Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus and Prunus mahaleb by using 12 SSR markers. All twelve SSR markers produced successful amplifications and revealed DNA polymorphisms. The number of allele per loci varied from 6 (UDP96-019) to 12 (PS12A02) with an average of 9 per allele. The average of observed and expected heterozygosity was found to be 0.609 and 0.720. The allele size varied from 95 to 276 bp. The number of genotypes per allele were 7 (UCD-CH13) and 24 (UDP96-005). Genetic distance analysis based on SSRs divided the cherry accessions in three main groups based mainly on their species characteristics. P. cerasus genotypes had higher similarity ratio within species than P. mahaleb and P. avium.

This research was conducted in the Coruh Valley located in Northeastern part of Turkey. The valley is accepted one of the 34 hotspots in terms of plant biodiversity in the world. Pomegranate cultivation in this region is one of the main agricultural activities with viticulture. In spite of importance and richness of pomegranate biodiversity from this region, local germplasm of this region has not been investigated yet. For this reason pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) population of c. 10,000 seedling shrubs was examined with regard to morphological fruit properties. In the first year of the study, 56 promising pomegranate genotypes were selected from the valley. There was huge morphological variation among genotypes, in terms of particular fruit color, fruit weight, fruit dimensions, aril color and fruit firmness. The genotypes exhibited a range of 147-769 g for fruit weight, 65.19-107.08 mm for fruit width, 56.84-96.93 mm for fruit length, 2.69-6.05 mm peel thickness and 14.8-49.8 kg/cm(2) fruit firmness. The selected promising genotypes were preserved in a collection parcel as perspective parental genotypes for future breeding activities.

The objectives of this study have been to determine the impact of the distance from a combustor of a cement plant (downwind direction) and duration of exposure to pollution on the bioaccumulation of metals by four lichen species. Nickel, cadmium, chromium, copper and lead accumulated in lichen thalli, with the highest accumulation occurring at 50 m of the cement plant and upon prolonged exposure. In contrast, the concentrations of Al were not consistently affected by the distance from the plant or the duration of exposure. Pseudevernia furfuracea was most effective as an indicator of cement dust pollution. We concluded that transplantation of Pseudevernia furfuracea on trees or shrubs can be an easy and cost-effective means of Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb pollution monitoring.

Eleven medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) genotypes sampled from Turkey were analyzed for their fruit weight, fruit dimensions, fruit firmness, ostiole diameter, shape index, skin color, moisture (%), ash (%), reducing sugar (%), crude protein (%), pH, soluble solid content (%), vitamin C (mg/100 g), minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn), total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity. A wide variation among genotypes on most of the searched parameters was evident. Fruit weight varied from 11.21 g to 33.24 g indicating high variability among genotypes. Determination of antioxidant activities by β-carotene – linoleic acid and 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays resulted in average 80.8%, and 46.6 μg/ml FW DPPH, respectively. The total phenolic contents of eleven medlar genotypes varied from 114 to 293 mg gallic acid equivalent in 100 g fresh weight basis. The medlar fruits were found to be rich in terms of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron.

Extracts of Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue and Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. lichen species and two major lichen compounds (diffractaic and usnic acids), isolated from Usnea longissima Ach., were tested against adults of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky under laboratory conditions at various concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg.ml(-1) for extracts and 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 mg.ml(-1) for major compounds) and at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h period. Results showed that both the extracts and the secondary metabolites of U. longissima had significant insecticidal effects on adults of S. zeamais. Mortality rate was the highest at 96 h period at the treatment of maximum concentration of extracts (20 mg.ml(-1)) and compounds (10 mg.ml(-1)). The mortality rates attained 96.97, 95.96, 96.97 and 76.77% for L. vulpine, P. rufescens, diffractaic and usnic acids, respectively. No mortality was found in the control. The present results suggest that the lichen extracts and the secondary metabolites can provide a good potential for the control of S. zeamais adults.

Starting from the 1950’s, different European countries have established official lists of grapevine varieties authorized to be cultivated. The objectives of such lists were to limit ambiguous denomination of varieties and the related trade conflicts, as well as the implementation of viticulture recovery politics through the support of certain varieties and the limitation of others. In the same direction, in 1968 the European Union (EU) decided to create a “common catalogue of varieties”, defined as the sum of current national catalogues (Council Directive of 9 April 1968 “on the marketing of material for the vegetative propagation of the vine”, 68/193/EEC, modified). These catalogues (also called “registers”) include all the wine varieties “classified” by each Member State within the framework of the Common Organisation of the Market in wine (Council Directive No 479/2008), as well as all the non-classified varieties (table grape, rootstocks, etc.). For this work, we took the opportunity of the European research program “GrapeGen06”, focused on the study and the preservation of grapevine genetic resources, to contribute to the establishment and improvement of such an European catalogue. The comprehensive survey aims at two objectives: to support the implementation of European regulations on propagation of grapevine plants within the EU, and to assess priority actions, by technical and research institutes, for the conservation of grapevine genetic resources.

WOS: 000290697700003 The postharvest physical and mechanical properties of nuts and kernels of 12 common hazelnut genotypes sampled from a single collection were investigated. Considerable differences in most physical and mechanical properties were evident among the 12 hazelnut cultivars nut and kernel within the species Colylus avellana L.

International audience; The genetic structure of a collection of more than 2900 unique genotypes representative of both the cultivated and the wild grapevine gene pools was studied with the help of nuclear neutral and non-neutral molecular markers. The subgroups obtained through complementary clustering methods were matched with their geographic origins and their phenotypic characterizations. The main clustering obtained with microsatellite markers on the larger genotype dataset, was confirmed by the SNP variation of 80 genes of reference, chosen as the most informative ones out of a total of 960 genes, re-sequenced on a subset of representative genotypes (corecollection). The partition of diversity of both neutral and non-neutral markers pointed to patterns that could be related to historical processes of domestication, selection and breeding, and to geography, from ancestral groups derived from opposite regions of the grapevine distribution area, down to a number of subgroups linked to specific local uses and grape features, finally merging into a family level. Within the cultivated compartment, the three most significant subgroups corresponded to the wine grapes from the Western Europe, the wine grapes from Balkans and Central Europe, and the table grapes from the East. A further subdivision evidenced family or sub-regional structures, such as the groupings of grapevines from Maghreb, from the Italian and the Iberian peninsula, from Russia and the Caucasian region, or the Muscat, the Savagnin and the Pinot-Gouais families. The study of the relationships with the wild compartment revealed that the cultivated gene pool was derived from two separate wild grapevine gene pools, one wild pool from the East that contributed to the table grapes, and a second wild pool from West Europe that contributed to the wine grapes. Presenting the more complete dataset to date, this work allows researchers to precisely account for genetic structure when sampling diversity within unstructured groups, as it is required by modern methods of genome-wide association genetics. It also adds a layer of information to the already documented national grapevine collection of Vassal, France, confirming its role as a reference for grapevine genetic studies.

One of the main problems of apricot cultivation in Turkey Malatya province refers to late spring frosts. In order to overcome this problem, a new drying apricot breeding programme has been developed in Malatya Fruit Research Institute from 1993 to 2003. Four local dried apricot varieties (Hacihaliloglu, Çataloglu, Kabaasi, Hasanbey), two foreign varieties (Luizet and P. de Colomer) and late blooming varieties were pollinated reciprocally. Six hundred eighteen F1 hybrids obtained from different combinations were investigated for their phenological and pomological characteristics. At the end of the evaluation process, none of the hybrids was in line with expectations.