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In this text, I analyse how neologisms are translated in one children’s book, Roald Dahl’s The BFG, as translated to Swedish by Meta Ottosson. In my book, Translating Expressive Language in Children’s Literature, I expand this material to look at neologisms from sixteen children’s books to Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian. I offer typologies for translatorial strategies and use textual and statistical analysis to understand how they are translated and why. Here, I set out to discover what strategies are available for translating neologisms and what choices translators have to make in terms of what to prioritise and how. Using textual analysis, I find that this particular translator is not as creative when it comes to neologisms as the original author was, and this therefore affects how the text is read by the target audience. The translator removed nearly half of the neologisms and also used creative word-formation and translation methods only one-third of the time in the target text compared to how they had been employed in the source text. This method could have been influenced by the target country’s view of translating children’s literature., L’étude propose une analyse de la traduction des néologismes dans un texte pour enfants, The BFG (Big Friendly Giant) de Roald Dahl, traduit en suédois par Meta Ottosson. Dans l’essai Translating Expressive Language in Children’s Literature, l’auteure avance une réflexion plus vaste sur les néologismes dans seize livres pour enfants en suédois, danois et norvégien. Elle présente des typologies pour identifier les stratégies de traduction à travers des analyses textuelles et statistiques pour comprendre comment et pourquoi les néologismes sont traduits. Dans cette étude elle essaie de distinguer les différentes stratégies traductives des néologismes et les choix adoptés par les traducteurs en termes de priorités et d’instruments. À travers l’analyse textuelle, elle met en évidence que la traductrice de The BFG n’a pas réussi à être aussi créative que l’auteur du texte de départ quant aux néologismes, ce qui influence la lecture du texte cible. La traductrice a supprimé presque la moitié des néologismes et n’a eu recours à des méthodes créatives de formation de mots que très rarement. Cette méthode a pu sans doute être influencée par le point de vue du pays cible sur la traduction de la littérature pour enfants., Epstein B. J. The Translation of Neologisms in Children’s Literature: A Case Study. In: Équivalences, 46e année-n°1-2, 2019. Traduire pour la jeunesse dans une perspective éditoriale, sociale et culturelle. pp. 213-229.

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Mark Twain’s classic novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is arguably about the history of the United States in terms of slavery and race relations. How, then, can this be translated to another language and culture, especially one with a very different background in regard to minorities? And in particular, how can this be translated for children, who have less knowledge about history and slavery than adult readers? In this article, I analyse how Twain’s novel has been translated to Swedish. I study 15 translations. Surprisingly, I find that instead of retaining Twain’s even-handed portrayal of the two races and his acceptance of a wide variety of types of Americans, Swedish translators tend to emphasise the foreignness, otherness, and lack of education of the black characters. In other words, although the American setting is kept, the translators nevertheless give Swedish readers a very different understanding of the United States and slavery than that which Twain strove to give his American readers. This may reflect the differences in immigration and cultural makeup in Sweden versus in America, but it radically changes the book as well as child readers’ understanding of what makes a nation.

The anticholinergics tolterodine and oxybutynin are well established in the management of overactive bladder. However, their activity at muscarinic receptors distant from the target site (i.e., bladder) produces anticholinergic side effects leading to poor tolerability. In 2004, trospium, solifenacin, and darifenacin were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of overactive bladder. Trospium is water soluble and therefore is less likely to enter the central nervous system, and solifenacin and darifenacin are more selective for the bladder than older agents. Although these attributes could improve tolerability, clinical trials comparing relevant agents to validate this are lacking. Trials have shown that these newer agents decrease the frequency of incontinence episodes, the number of voids per day, and the number and severity of urgency episodes compared with placebo. These agents also have been shown to improve quality of life in women with overactive bladder and urinary incontinence. Head-to-head studies of the newer agents and immediate-release oxybutynin and tolterodine have suggested similar effectiveness across the class, although the newer agents are better tolerated. Trospium and darifenacin have not been compared with extended-release formulations of tolterodine or oxybutynin, which are better tolerated than the immediate-release versions. In one study, solifenacin produced a somewhat greater decrease in the number of incontinence episodes than extended-release tolterodine, with no difference in tolerability. In general, the newer agents appear to be at least as effective as their predecessors, although it is unclear whether they are better tolerated. Important pharmacokinetic differences among the agents (e.g., route of elimination) allow for selection of an appropriate agent based on individual factors such as cost and tolerability. South African Family Practice Vol. 49 (2) 2007: pp. 31-38

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Measurements of the UK'37 index and the absolute abundance of alkenones in marine sediments are increasingly used in paleoceanographic research as proxies of past sea surface temperature and haptophyte (mainly coccolith-bearing species) primary productivity, respectively. An important aspect of these studies is to be able to compare reliably data obtained by different laboratories from a wide variety of locations. Hence the intercomparability of data produced by the research community is essential. Here we report results from an anonymous interlaboratory comparison study involving 24 of the leading laboratories that carry out alkenone measurements worldwide. The majority of laboratories produce data that are intercomparable within the considered confidence limits. For the measurement of alkenone concentrations, however, there are systematic biases between laboratories, which might be related to the techniques employed to quantify the components. The maximum difference between any two laboratories for any two single measurements of UK'37 in sediments is estimated, with a probability of 95%, to be