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Since Snger in 1889 drew attention to his 'shaped tumor-chorio-epithelioma, [characterized by extreme malignancy and some of its inherent features, the question of this disease has become the subject of numerous reports and heated debates. However, to this day, the genesis of this disease remains unclear. It is only known that chorio-epithelioma develops in women mainly at the childbearing age and is closely dependent on pregnancy, in particular on pregnancy with a rapid drift. "Without pregnancy," says Veit, "there is no chorio-epithelioma." However, cases of this tumor have been described that are unrelated to pregnancy and even to the female genital sphere. So Volkmann, Di1man, Vlasov, Sch1agenhaufeg, Vasiliev observed chorio-epithelioma in men. Most authors consider such formations to have a teratoid-embryoid character. Many authors have described a similar disease, referring it to sarcomas (Gottschalk), then to carcinomas, even before the start, to the end, and to the end. At the same time, all the attention of researchers was paid to the pathological and anatomical side of this disease. The whole mass of names assigned to this tumor belongs to this time: deciduoma malignum, placentoma, deciduo-sarcoma.

The study of the ovarian-endocrine system has entered a new stage since the discovery of a biological reaction, which makes it possible to judge the specificity and activity of the manufactured preparations of the endocrine glands.

MicroRNA-155 (miRNA-155) is known to play an important role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in mammals. However, no information is available on the role of miRNA-155 in relation to type I interferon (IFN) responses in fish cells. In the present study, we found that the protein inhibitor of activated STAT 4a (PIAS4a) gene of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) was a target of miR-155, which was verified by the inhibitory activity of miR-155 in the expression of reporter gene harboring 3'UTR of PIAS4a of EPC cells. Furthermore, cells over-expressing miR-155 showed a significantly higher type I IFN response after polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) stimulation, suggesting the targeting of PIAS4a in EPC cells by miR-155 can be a cause of the up-regulation of type I IFN, and miR-155 can act as an antiviral factor. However, as the targeting PIAS4a might not be the sole cause of the type I IFN up-regulation by miR-155, further studies on the uncovering of miR-155 target genes that are involved in type I IFN responses in fish are required.

Pilomatrixoma, also known as calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is a histological type of benign subcutaneous tumor arising from the cutaneous adnexa. We present our experience and the characteristic findings of a pilomatrixoma of the right thigh in a young healthy man. The lesion had grown slowly in size over the past year and this was the reason for referral to the Department of Plastic Surgery. Ultrasound imaging was performed and, through the use of B-mode, color-Doppler, and elastosonography, the lesion was depicted. The patient was therefore scheduled for surgery.Pilomatrixomas at times can pose a diagnostic challenge, especially when the location is unusual. Ultrasound and its tools, that is, color-Doppler and elastography, can assist the clinician arising the suspicion of pilomatrixoma. Keywords: Pilomatrixoma, Ultrasound, Imaging, Color-Doppler, Elastography, Malherbe

Little is known about the pathological roles of sebaceous glands in canine skin diseases, as most examinations have been conducted with cultured human sebaceous epithelial cell lines. To our knowledge, there is no available canine sebaceous epithelial cell line. The purpose of this study was to establish a canine sebaceous epithelial cell line and characterize it. An eyelid mass in a dog was surgically resected for treatment, and it was histologically diagnosed as sebaceous epithelioma. Collected tissue was conducted for culture, and the growing epithelial-like cells were passaged. The cells showed continuous proliferation for over 6 months. After 40 passages, the cells were named CMG-1. Lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of CMG-1 cells were confirmed by Oil Red O staining. As reported in studies with human sebaceous epithelial cell lines, lipogenesis in CMG-1 cells was promoted by linoleic acid, whereas transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) suppressed it. Additionally, real-time PCR revealed that the expression levels of chemokines and cytokines, including CC chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-20, CXCL-10, Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and IL-8, were significantly increased in CMG-1 cells following treatment with lipopolysaccharide. In conclusion, we successfully established a new canine sebaceous epithelial cell line. Our data indicated that lipogenesis and inflammatory responses were quantitatively evaluable in this cell line. CMG-1 cells could be useful for the pathological analysis of sebaceous gland diseases in dogs.

Pilomatricoma or Calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe is an uncommon benign tumour arising from the hair follicle. It comprises about 0.12% of all skin tumours, and is seen to occur in head and neck region and upper extremities in the first two decades of life. It is usually misdiagnosed clinically and preoperatively. We present a case report of a 55 year female with a firm, non tender, non pruritic nodule in trunk region measuring 2x2 cms since the past 1 month. FNAC was not contributory. However, histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of pilomatricoma. This case report highlights that pilomatricoma needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of all solitary skin nodules of all sites and age groups. Keywords: Pilomatricoma, Calcifying epithelioma, Trunk.

Pilomatricoma, also known as calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is a rare skin tumor originating from the hair follicle matrix. We report a case of pilomatricoma in a 50-year-old woman, presenting as a rapidly growing pretibial mass. Malignant pilomatricoma is associated with potentially fatal metastases and are clinically and histologically indistinguishable from benign pilomatricoma. Thus, an 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) scan was requested for staging, revealing marked FDG uptake restricted to the primary lesion and no evidence of separate disease. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the importance of PET/CT in the staging of this FDG-avid tumor; the malignancy of which is often first revealed by metastases. Our case also demonstrates that pilomatricoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of a rapidly growing peripheral soft-tissue mass; conventionally, the domain of sarcoma.

Variant types and sites in a single gene could influence the age of onset, severity, and pattern of affected organs of the genetic disease, such as in Marfan syndrome (MFS)-causing FBN1, and understanding the genotype-phenotype relationship could aid in determining the treatment strategy. In contrast, completely distinct system and/or organ diseases induced by 1 gene mutation have been rarely reported. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) type I receptor-encoding TGFBR1 is such a gene, causing Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) closely related to MFS, and also multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma (MSSE) without clinical overlap. The detailed mechanisms underlying this effect, however, remain elusive. We recently reported the significance of 2 distinct intronic variants (c.973+1G>A and c.806-2A>C) of TGFBR1, which were both predicted to mediate in-frame exon 5 skipping but caused LDS and MSSE, respectively. On ex vivo minigene splicing assay analysis we demonstrated that 2 different cryptic splice sites were activated, and in-frame and out-of-frame transcripts were produced in LDS and MSSE, respectively, supporting the previously proposed but not yet approved mechanism that loss-of-function and haploinsufficiency-causing variants in serine/threonine kinase domains induce LDS and MSSE, respectively. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent findings and unresolved problems for the pathogenesis of LDS, including the TGF-β signaling paradox: most variants have been verified or predicted to be loss of function in vitro, but these variants enhanced TGF-β signaling in vivo.

Background: Eye-related neoplasms in dogs have a significant impact on visual ability, comfort, and longevity. Therapeutic alternatives and prognosis vary according to type of neoplasm and its anatomical location. Objective: To describe the frequency and distribution of eye-related neoplasms affecting dogs in Aburrá valley (Antioquia province, Colombia). Methods: A retrospective collection of eye-related neoplasms in dogs, diagnosed at the Animal Pathology Laboratory of Universidad de Antioquia (Colombia), was conducted. Data spanning from years 2005 to 2017 were used. Records included age, sex, breed, neoplasm type and location, and cellular origin of neoplasm. A total of 250 eye-related-neoplasm reports affecting 246 dogs were analyzed -one report per animal, with the exception of four animals with both eyes simultaneously affected by the same type of neoplasm. Results: Animals between 8 and 11 years of age were more frequently affected by eye-related neoplasms (43.9%). Labrador retriever (19.1%), mixed-breed dogs (13.4%), and Poodle (12.2%) were the most frequently affected breeds. Neoplasms affected the eyelid in 76.8% of cases. Meibomian gland adenoma was the most frequent neoplasm (22.8%), followed by Meibomian gland epithelioma (20.0%), squamous cell carcinoma (8.8%), and melanocytoma (7.2%). The cellular origin of neoplasms [i]was epithelial in 73.6% of the cases. Conclusion: Meibomian gland adenoma was the most common eye-related neoplasm. To our knowledge, this is the first retrospective report aimed to eye-related neoplasms in dogs published in Colombia.

The World Health Organization (WHO) grading system has a low prognostic value for early-stage oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma; greater prognostic power has been shown with tumor budding analysis. In this study, we combined tumor budding analysis with histopathologic grading according to WHO 2017. In our proposal, a revised grade I tumor is defined as a "well differentiated cohesive tumor"; revised grade II as a "moderately differentiated and/or slightly dissociated tumor"; and revised grade III as a "poorly differentiated and/or dissociated tumor." We evaluated the prognostic value of this proposed grading system in a multicenter cohort of 311 cases of early oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. The proposed grading system showed significant prognostic value in multivariable analysis for disease-specific survival with a hazard ratio of 3.86 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.36-10.9 (P=0.001). For disease-free survival, the proposed grading system showed good predictive power in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-4.27; P=0.009). The conventional WHO grading system showed a low prognostic value for disease-specific survival and disease-free survival (P>0.05). In conclusion, the prognostic power of the WHO histopathologic grading improved significantly with incorporation of tumor budding. Our proposed grading system can be easily included in pathology reports.

Background/Aim: Determination of DNA adduct count was performed in mononuclear cells during antihormonal treatment of perianal gland tumors. Materials and Methods: Eight- to fifteen-year-old dogs with carcinoma (CAR Group; N=5), epithelioma (EPI Group; N=16) or adenoma (ADE Group; N=24) were used. The control group suffered from perineal hernia or rectal diverticulum (CTR Group; N=25). Blood was collected at baseline, and at one and six months after the beginning of the anti-hormonal treatment with tamoxifen (1 mg/kg of body weight). DNA adduct count was determined using autoradiography. Results: At baseline, DNA adduct count reached the highest value in the CTR Group, and the lowest in the EPI Group (p

Multiple self-healing squamous epithelioma (MSSE, Ferguson-Smith disease) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) are allelic conditions associated with pathogenic variants in the transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 gene (TGFBR1). We describe a patient with a novel missense variant in this gene: c.664G > A, p.[Gly222Arg], who clinically presents with both syndromes. The patient also has a history of gastric antral vascular ectasia, which has not been reported previously in LDS.

Pilomatrixcarcinoma is a very rare follicular neoplasm that shows matrical differentiation. The majority of these lesions originate de novo, while only a few cases of transformation of pilomatricoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) have been described in the literature. The neoplasm affects mostly middle-aged males with a male-to-female ratio of 3–4:1. The most common localizations are the face, head, trunk and extremites, though there are a few reports of pilomatrixcarcinoma of the eyelid, eyebrow, axilla and clitorid. Here, we describe the first case of a pilomatrixcarcinoma on the anterolateral surface of the first toe of the left foot of an 83-year-old patient, which developed in less than six months and led to amputation of the distal phalanx. We report a brief review of the current literature with particular emphasis on histopathological features useful for diagnosis.

Perianal gland tumors are modified sebaceous glands present in the skin of the perianal region in the dog. Hormonal stimulation may induce hyperplasia of the perianal glands or their neoplastic progression. The presence of androgen (AR) and estrogen (ER) receptors have been demonstrated both in normal perianal glands as well as in perianal tumors. The aim of the study was an immunohistochemical assessment of the expression of estrogen and androgen receptors in perianal gland tumors in dogs as an applicatory marker for antihormonal treatment. Biopsy samples of perianal masses were collected from 41 male dogs. A histopathological examination revealed 24 adenomas, 12 epitheliomas and five carcinomas. The immunohistochemical staining showed a mainly nuclear expression of AR and ER in the neoplastic cells. Both the androgen and estrogen receptors were expressed in adenoma, epithelioma and carcinoma cases, however, the highest expression of the receptors was stated in the adenoma and epithelioma. In the case of the carcinoma, the expression of sex hormone receptors was very weak. The differences of the number of cells expressing AR and ER as well as the observed differentiated intensity of staining in the studies demonstrated that the determination of the expression of the sex hormone receptors may be useful to elaborate a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.

Rationale: Primary renal carcinoid tumors are very rare and only about 100 cases have been reported in the medical literature. There are even fewer articles on the imaging manifestations of primary renal carcinoid tumors. Patient concerns: We present 3 cases of patients with lumbago and hematuria. These were cases of primary renal carcinoid tumors with initial suspicion of suprarenal epithelioma. Diagnoses: Renal lesions were detected on abdomen computed tomography (CT) imaging. The 3 cases presented as solid/cystic solid renal mass with uniform or non-uniform density, calcification in the mass, and enhanced heterogeneity. Interventions: The laparoscopic partial/radical nephrectomy were performed. Outcomes: The postoperative histological diagnosis were primary renal carcinoid tumors. Case 2 been lost to follow-up in 3 patients, and the other 2 patients (Case 1 and 3) are still alive. Case 1 had intrahepatic metastases. Lessons: Primary renal carcinoid tumors mostly present as solid mass/cystic solid mass with calcification and delayed enhancement of heterogeneity on CT imaging, but the diagnosis depends on pathological diagnosis. Hence, raising awareness of the CT features of the rare tumor in the kidney may broaden the knowledge base of radiologists.

Background Our study aims to explore the indications and clinical efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) on the early colorectal carcinoma and precancerous lesions. Methods The clinical data of 29 patients with early colorectal carcinoma and precancerous lesions who were treated with ESD at Nantong First People's Hospital between January 2018 and December 2019 were collected. Then the endoscopic morphology, postoperative pathological classification, tumor resection rate, postoperative complications, and follow-up outcomes were analyzed. Results Colorectal carcinoma lesions were distributed in the left colon, accounting for 89.6%. There were 14 cases (48.3%) with protuberant endoscopic tumors, accounting for the highest proportion, while 2 cases (6.9%) of the flat tumors, accounting for the lowest proportion. The average operation time for ESD was 123 minutes, and en-bloc resection was 100% while the curative resection rate was 89.6%. There were 3 cases (10.3%) with delayed hemorrhage after ESD, and 1 case with persistent hemorrhage during the operation was transferred to surgical treatment. No cases with infection or perforation after ESD. For postoperative pathological classification, villous-tubular adenoma with low-grade epithelioma accounted for 31%; tubular adenoma with high-grade epithelioma only accounted for 3.4%. There was no recurrence in the follow-up for 1-20 months. Conclusions Control of surgical indications strictly, improvement of operation skills, attention to postoperative pathological feedback, and close follow-up are necessary guarantees to improve the clinical effectiveness of ESD.

Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) is an uncommon benign skin appendageal tumor that differentiates toward hair matrix cells. It is misdiagnosed in up to 75% of cases by nondermatologists. Although the histopathological findings are well recognized and characteristic, diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy may be quite challenging. Several reports have emphasized the challenges in cytodiagnosis of pilomatrixoma, leading to a false-positive diagnosis. The lesions may show avidity for fludeoxyglucose on positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan, raising concern of a possible malignant neoplasm. CTNNB1 mutations have been reported in a high percentage of pilomatrixomas. Expression of β-catenin, the protein encoded by CTNNB1, is also frequently observed. To determine if routine cytological specimens can be successfully used to perform additional investigation and support or confirm the diagnosis in three cases of pilomatrixoma, we performed molecular analysis and immunohistochemistry to search for CTNNB1 mutation and β-catenin, respectively. β-Catenin positivity by immunohistochemistry was observed in basaloid cells in all three cases. Exon 3 mutations in CTNNB1 were detected in all cases. In addition, we detected a fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) mutation in one of the cases. We reviewed the literature and present the clinical and morphological characteristics that must be considered along with other findings to accurately achieve the correct diagnosis, in correlation with the results of the ancillary technique. In conclusion, routine cytological specimens can be successfully used to perform additional investigations and support cytodiagnosis in difficult cases.

RESUMEN El termino carcinoma verrugoso (epitelioma cuniculatum [EC]) se atribuye a Ackerman, y corresponde a una de las tres formas inusuales de carcinoma espinocelular o de celulas escamosas, el cual se caracteriza por ser una neoformacion bien diferenciada, de bajo grado de malignidad y con poco potencial metastasico. Las otras dos formas corresponden al tumor de Buschke-Lowenstein y en la cavidad oral, al tumor de Ackerman. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 61 anos de edad con una neoformacion exofitica de aspecto verrugoso en planta del pie derecho, de 20 anos de evolucion, la cual fue traumatizada durante ese tiempo, de manera constante y repetitiva mediante medios mecanicos y quimicos. Palabras Clave: Epitelioma Cuniculatum, Carcinoma Verrugoso plantar, Carcinoma Espinocelular. ABSTRACT The Epithelioma Cuniculatum (EC), is one of three rare forms of low grade squamous cells carcinoma, where the topography in which it is presented is the foot, which is characterized for being a well differentiated carcinoma, it has a slow growth and a low metastasis potential. We present a 61 year old man with an exophytic lesion with a warty appearance on right foot sole, 20 years of evolution, which during that time was diagnosed as a plantar wart and it was treated and traumatized with mechanical and chemical means with de purpose of eliminate it, without success. Key Words: Cuniculatum Epithelioma, Verrucous Plantar Carcinoma, Squamous Cells Carcinoma.

Pilomatricoma, also known as calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is a common benign skin adnexal tumor with differentiation toward hair cortex cells, commonly seen in head and neck region of children. It is usually solitary. Herein, we present a rare case of pilomatricoma with extensive osseous metaplasia as a thigh swelling in an adult female, considered clinically to be a sebaceous cyst. Florid osseous metaplasia is extremely rare in cases of pilomatricoma. To date, fewer than 10 cases of pilomatricoma with extensive osseous metaplasia at different sites have been reported in the English literature.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a widely used organophosphorus pesticide has caused water pollution, threatening aquatic organisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) highly conserved noncoding RNAs, that regulate various cell death processes, including pyroptosis. To investigate the effect of CPF exposure on epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell pyroptosis and the role of the miR-124-3p/CAPN1 axis, we established miR-124 overexpression and inhibition EPC cell models of CPF exposure. The target of the miR-124-3p/CAPN1 axis was primarily confirmed by the double luciferase reporter assay. Pyroptosis was demonstrated to occur in CPF-exposed EPC cells and was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential depletion, ROS level elevation and pyroptotic indicator expression upregulation. PD150606 was supplied as a CAPN1 inhibitor, alleviating CPF-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, and alleviating the increased expression of NLRP3, CASP1, IL1β and GSDMD. In conclusion, CPF induces pyroptosis by regulating the miR-124-3p/CAPN1 axis. This study enriches the cytotoxicity study of CPF, and provides new theoretical fundamentals for exploration of miRNA and its target protein response to water contaminants.

To describe the radiological characteristics of pilomatricomas on multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to correlate the radiological findings and pathological features.The radiological findings of 41 pilomatricomas in 31 patients were retrospectively reviewed. The images were evaluated with emphasis on calcifications, reticular and ring-like appearances, enhancement patterns, circular target sign and peritumoral fat stranding, and correlating these with pathological features.Of the 31 lesions evaluated by MDCT, 25(80.6%) showed different patterns of calcifications which included single in 12(38.7%) lesions and multiple in 13(41.9%) lesions, but peritumoral fat stranding was observed only in 2(6.5%) lesions. MRI scans were performed in 11 patients with 21 lesions, homogeneous and inhomogeneous hypointensities on T1-weighted (T1W) images were showed respectively in 14(66.7%) and 7(33.3%) lesions. On fat-suppressed (FS) T2-weighted (T2W) images, a ring-like hyperintensity was observed in all 21(100%) lesions, reticular hyperintensity, circular target sign, peritumoral fat stranding and secondary anetoderma were seen in 7(33.3%), 4(19%), 4(19%) and 1(4.8%) lesions, respectively; and a significant difference (P 0.05) was found when comparing the maximum diameter of tumors with (2.3 ± 1.4 mm) and without (1.1 ± 0.3 mm) reticular hyperintensity. On contrast-enhanced T1W images, all 21(100%) lesions were found to have ring-like enhancement and 7(33.3%) of them showed reticular enhancement. The reticular and ring-like appearances on MR images respectively corresponded to the pathological edematous stroma and connective tissue capsule, and the four-layer structures of the circular target sign on FS T2W images also corresponded to pathological calcifications, shadow cells, epithelial cells and connective tissue capsule, respectively.The characteristic radiological findings associated with pilomatricomas include different patterns of calcifications on MDCT images and ring-like, reticular appearances and circular target sign on MR images. Radiological findings are well correlated with pathological nature.

Ten adenocarcinomas of the apocrine gland of the anal sac and 11 hepatoid gland neoplasms were studied to determine the coordinate expression of cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and cytokeratin 14 (CK14) using commercially available antibodies. Hepatoid gland neoplasms included hepatoid gland adenomas, carcinomas and a single epithelioma. All 10 (100%) adenocarcinomas of the apocrine gland of the anal sac had CK7[Formula: see text]/CK14[Formula: see text] immunophenotype, whereas all 11 (100%) of hepatoid neoplasms expressed CK7[Formula: see text]/CK14[Formula: see text] immunophenotype. Hepatoid gland adenomas, carcinomas, and epithelioma could not be differentiated based on the cytokeratin immunophenotype. Hepatoid gland neoplasms could be differentiated from adenocarcinomas of the apocrine gland of the anal sac by differences in the CK7/CK14 immunophenotypes with a [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]. The results of this study provide further support for the use of coordinate expression of CK7/CK14 to differentiate apocrine gland adenocarcinomas of the anal sac (CK7[Formula: see text]/CK14[Formula: see text]) from hepatoid gland neoplasms (CK7[Formula: see text]/CK14[Formula: see text]).

Spring viraemia of carp (SVC) is a rhabdovirus infection capable of inducing an acute haemorrhagic and contagious viraemia in cyprinids. In April 2016, an infectious disease of more than 35% mortality occurred on cultured Percocypris pingi in Leshan County, Sichuan Province, China. Necropsy of diseased fish had signs consistent with spring viremia of carp disease, including hemorrhage on the gills, swim bladder and internal organs. Histopathological examination revealed that a hemorrhagic and necrotic inflammatory response was observed in all major organs, particularly evident in the liver, spleen and kidney. Tissue filtrates of diseased fish produced cytopathic effects (CPE) in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells and a specific 606 bp fragment from the glycoprotein gene of SVCV was detected by RT-PCR in tissue filtrates of diseased fish and the cell cultures showing CPE. Based on phylogenetic analysis of glycoprotein genes, the isolated virus was classified into the Ia genogroup and more closely to the Chinese isolates. Infection experiment indicated that SVCV was the aetiological agent for this natural epizootic event. Our study reported the first SVCV infection in cultured Percocypris pingi in China.