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The paper presents findings, concerning the intensity of the processes of apoptosis and the proliferative activity of epitheliocytes by means of carrying out an immunocytochemical research in chronic obstructive lung diseases (COLD), depending on the functional condition of the thyroid gland and the level of cortisol in patients of older age groups and their role in the formation of systemic manifestations and the mechanisms of disease progression., У роботі наведені дані щодо інтенсивності процесів апоптозу та проліферативної активності епітеліоцитів, шляхом проведення імуноцитохімічного дослідження при хронічних обструктивних захворюваннях легень залежно від функціонального стану щитоподібної залози та рівня кортизолу у хворих старших вікових груп та їх роль у формуванні системних проявів та механізмах прогресування захворювання.

In order to evaluate probiotic strains applicable for the beneficial immunomodulation of the porcine gut (immunobiotics), we previously developed a porcine intestinal epitheliocyte cell line (PIE cells). Here, transcriptomic studies using PIE cells were performed considering that this information would be valuable for understanding the mechanisms involved in the protective activity of the immunobiotic strain Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937 against intestinal inflammatory damage in pigs. In addition, those studies would provide criteria for selecting biomarkers for the screening of new immunobiotic strains. We performed microarray analysis to investigate the transcriptomic response of PIE cells to the challenge with heat-stable Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and, the changes induced by L. jensenii TL2937 in that response. The approach allowed us to obtain a global overview of the immune genes involved in the response of PIE cells to heat-stable ETEC PAMPs. We observed that L. jensenii TL2937 differently modulated gene expression in ETEC PAMPs-challenged PIE cells. Microarray and RT-PCR analysis indicated that the most remarkable changes in PIE cells transcriptomic profile after heat-stable ETEC PAMPs challenge were observed in chemokines, adhesion molecules, complement and coagulation cascades factors. In addition, an anti-inflammatory effect triggered by TL2937 strain in PIE cells was clearly demonstrated. The decrease in the expression of chemokines (CCL8, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11), complement (C1R, C1S, C3, and CFB), and coagulation factors (F3) by L. jensenii TL2937 supports our previous reports on the immunoregulatory effect of this strain. These results provided clues for the better understanding of the mechanism underlying host-immunobiotic interaction in the porcine host. The comprehensive transcriptomic profiles of PIE cells provided by our analyses successfully identified a group of genes, which could be used as prospective biomarkers for the screening and evaluation of new anti-inflammatory immunobiotics for the prevention of inflammatory intestinal disorders in pigs. Fil: Kobayashi, Hisakazu. Tohoku University; Japón Fil: Albarracín, Leonardo Miguel. Tohoku University; Japón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Sato, Nana. Tohoku University; Japón Fil: Kanmani, Paulraj. Tohoku University; Japón Fil: Kober, Humayun A.K.M.. Tohoku University; Japón. Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. Department of Dairy and Poultry Science; Bangladesh Fil: Ikeda-Ohtsubo, Wakako. Tohoku University; Japón Fil: Suda, Yoshihito. Miyagi University; Japón Fil: Nochi, Tomonori. Tohoku University; Japón Fil: Aso, Hisashi. Tohoku University; Japón Fil: Makino, Seiya. Meiji Co., Ltd. Food Science Research Labs.; Japón Fil: Kano, Hiroshi. Meiji Co., Ltd. Food Science Research Labs.; Japón Fil: Ohkawara, Sou. Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd. Agricultural and Veterinary Division; Japón Fil: Saito, Tadao. Tohoku University; Japón Fil: Villena, Julio Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina. Tohoku University; Japón Fil: Kitazawa, Haruki. Tohoku University; Japón

“They” were always there. Or at least, “they” were there since antiquity; since the time that foraging for food in the wild invariably meant consuming “them” laced on the food. In the hollow organs and on the surface, “they” live peacefully, in harmony. “They”: The “Microbiome.” Trillions of “them”! (Sonnenburg et al., 2004; Backhed et al., 2005; Pluznick, 2014; Lanza et al., 2015; McNally and Brown, 2015; Mermel, 2015; Woolhouse et al., 2015) When the balance gets tipped off, at least in some organs, clinical signs are manifested. For example, Gardnerella, a common constituent of vaginal micro-organisms, colonize and smear the epitheliocyte producing the so-called “clue cells,” and manifest a local secretory phenome, along with odorous volatile substances production, the “whiff,” so commonly detected during presentations of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in the STI clinic (Machado and Cerca, 2015). “They” love the lack of oxygen.

Excessive poorly differentiated epitheliocytes were detected in the crypts and subepithelial regions of the colorectal mucosa during the regeneration process in the majority of patients with diverticular disease. The compensatory reaction of the sigmoid mucosa decreased, which was seen from rarely detected cryptic hyperplasia. Disorders in the epitheliocyte proliferation and differentiation were paralleled by changes in tissue levels of proinfl ammatory cytokines (elevation of TNF-α and IFN-γ and reduction of IL-1β and IL-8) and increase of IL-4, regulating lymphocyte activation.

Deepithelialization of the cornea (diameter 7 mm) was performed in rabbits and the rate of defect epithelialization was evaluated. Conjunctival ischemia was modeled by application of graduated alkaline burn. Antioxidant activity and content of nitrates and nitrites was measured in the tear fluid before and after burn by chemiluminescence and Griess methods, respectively. Emoxypin and mexidol promoted healing of corneal epithelial defect at the stage of epitheliocyte migration to the defect area and at the stage of their proliferation, respectively. After treatment with both agents, the area of conjunctival ischemia decreased more rapidly, but the efficiency of mexidol was higher. Antioxidant activity and content of products of NO metabolism in tear fluid decreased after burn. Mexidol, but not emoxypin, increased these parameters. Thus, mexidol and emoxypin have different effects on corneal epithelialization and conjunctival ischemia and effects of mexidol are more pronounced.

The present study was designed to develop the experimental model of diabetes mellitus based on 5-6 month-old Wistar rats weighing 234.00±2.64 g (n=47). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, "Sigma", USA) in a 0.1 M citrate buffer solution, pH 4.5. The control group was comprised of 43 intact male rats. The animals with experimental diabetes had a reduced number of secretory cell nuclei per unit area of the epithelial sheet of the bronchial tree; the area of epitheliocyte nuclei also decreased.

Morphometric studies of villous epitheliocytes of the choroid plexus of the lateral (glomus) and third and fourth (lateral zone) ventricles of the brain were undertaken in humans aged from 22 to 89 years. Cell height, width, and cross-sectional area were measured, along with the cross-sectional areas of nuclei and cytoplasm for calculation of the nucleus:cytoplasm ratio. These studies showed that epitheliocytes were of variable shape depending on their locations on the surfaces of villi. Epitheliocyte height and the cross-sectional areas of the cytoplasm and cells were greatest in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle, while the cross-sectional area of the nucleus and the nucleus:cytoplasm ratio were greatest in the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle; these features correlate with their functional characteristics. Aging is associated with decreases in the sizes of epitheliocytes and their nuclei and a reduction in the nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, with the development of adaptive rearrangements.

Comparative computer-assisted microspectrophotometric analysis of histological preparations showed that the mean nuclear ploidy increased 1.3 times in glandular hyperplasia and 2-fold in adenocarcinoma of 3 progressive degrees of dysdifferentiation. Proliferative activity of cells also increased from stage to stage. The data visualize cell nuclei ploidy and facilitate objective differential diagnostic decision making.

Changes in the microvessels, consisting in their dilatation and accelerated formation, and a shift of the peak of epitheliocyte proliferative activity are found to be the structural basis of the stimulating effect of infrared magnetic laser. Morphologic changes in connective-tissue cells determine both the proper development of the connective-tissue carcass, primarily of the fibroblasts, and the barrier protective and regulatory function of such cells as macrophages, neutrophils, plasma cells, eosinophils, and, last but not least, mast cells. Morphologic changes occurring during irradiation according to optimal schemes indicate activation of specific cell functions and are observed at earlier times.

Local exposure to ultraviolet laser in a dose of at least 4 J/cm2 decreases the epitheliocyte labeled nuclei index in the fundal portion of the stomach, the decrease being the greatest for actively proliferating cervical cells. It involves a decrease in the amount of parietal microorganisms and alteration of epitheliocytes. The latter phenomenon was most expressed after a dose of 6 J/cm2. Changes caused by UV laser were observed 24 h after exposure.