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Du temps et des circonstances. On the extent of Jean-Baptist de Lamarck's transformism Jean-Baptist Lamarck's transformist theory was able to coordinate decisive arguments to undermine a static and prejudiced view of nature. However, many of his rich insights have been underestimated, distorted or ignored altogether. Particularly important is his insistence on the complex dynamics that lead to the transformation of organic needs, forms and capacities. Over long periods of time, these dynamics profoundly influence the system of relationships between living beings and the environment. This system is dependent on a multiplicity of variables increasing with organic complexification and the appearance of the human being. The setting of a dialectical relational system makes Lamarck a forerunner of contemporary ecologism.

The Work Of Giovanni Battista Quadri As Missed Precursor Of Modern Neurophysiology The work of the physician Giovanni Battista Quadri as a pioneering figure in Italian ophthalmology is well-known and it has been already discussed in various works. The present essay, by utilizing letters preserved in the Autografoteca Campori at the Biblioteca Estense Universitaria di Modena, which have never been analyzed until now, is focussed on the reconstruction of Quadri's work as a neurobiologist, in order to appreciate its originality and anticipatory content at the origin of modern neuroanatomy and neurophysiology.

Morality and technology. The case of human enhancement The purpose of this paper is to probe the moral implications of human enhancements. According to a generally accepted thesis, enhancements are not only morally neutral, but a number of characteristics (naturalness, efficacy, improvement, etc.) make them acceptable and exempt them from any criticism or differentiation. Some philosophers of technology, on the other hand, have developed analyses that represent important insights to criticize their supposed moral neutrality. Building on their theses would make it possible to draw a dividing line between enhancements that are positive and acceptable and enhancements that are harmful and refutable.

Can artificial agents act? Conceptual constellation for a de-humanised theory of action This paper embarks on an exploration of the concept of agency, traditionally ascribed to humans, in the context of artificial intelligence (AI). In the first two sections, it challenges the conventional dichotomy of human agency and non- human instrumentality, arguing that advancements in technology have blurred these boundaries. In the third section, the paper introduces the reader to the philosophical perspective of new materialism, which assigns causal power to matter itself. This perspective suggests that agency is an emergent property of material configurations, prompting a re-evaluation of nonhuman agency. The fourth and fifth section revisit the legacy of cybernetics to understand systemic properties and feedback mechanisms, while re-admitting in the discourse also linear conditioning (discarded by new materialism) and assigning it a role in system dynamics. In the sixth section, in the light of the conceptual background examined so far, the paper proposes a revision of determinism (again partly in opposition to the new materialism and its indeterministic view) that can include both linear conditioning and circular interactions. The seventh section is devoted to propose a novel theory of action that includes AI systems – and artificial entities in general – as agents that can impact their environment and human systems. The exploration concludes with a discussion on the implications of this perspective for our understanding of action and responsibility in the age of AI.

Introductive notes on "Ecology and Revolution" by Herbert Marcuse It is presented here the first Italian translation of Ecology and Revolution, a discourse held by Herbert Marcuse in Paris, in June 1972, during a round table with other important intellectuals. The critical theorist shows the anti-ecological logic of the capitalist development and reflects on the possibility of the newly born environmental movement to face against it. In particular, he highlights the subjective sides of such existential revolt, rooted in the vital impulse of Eros and satisfiable only into a post-capitalist eco-aesthetic society.

Deep or Social Ecology? A Debate from Herbert Marcuse Marcuse After comparing the different perspectives of ‘Deep Ecology’ and ‘Social Ecology,’ the essay proceeds to analyze the Andrew Light’s proposal. Particular attention is paid to the role that Light believes Marcusian theory of nature and society could play to recompose the different perspectives.

Philosophy, Ethics and Food Technologies: ethical and theoretical issues “Man is what he eats” So wrote Ludwig Feuerbach in an essay in 1862. Reflection on what we eat and the ethical issues raised by the consumption of food has constantly run through the history of Western thought, from Plato and Aristotle to the Old Testament, Luther’s exhortations, and Nietzsche with his dietary recommendations in Ecce homo. However, food ethics, in its current form, did not emerge as an independent field of study of applied ethics until the 1990s. Often, it is Ben Mepham’s 1996 text Food Ethics that is referred to as the starting point for a structured reflection on it. There are numerous topics under analysis in Food Ethics, and they concern both the production and distribution of food as well as its consumption. Browsing through the table of contents of Mepham’s text may give us an idea: world hunger and moral dilemmas; food aid and food distribution; sustainable food systems; the use of food of animal origin; the equation between food production, nutrition and health; food safety and ethical aspects; ethical analysis of food biotechnology; cultural aspects of food biotechnology; consumer freedom as an ethical practice in the food market; ethical issues in agri-food policies and food research. Almost thirty years after the publication of that volume, many of those issues are resurfacing. Advances in science and technology, however, are also handing us new possibilities to address them: cultured meat and fish, the use of 3D printers for food production, the introduction of new foods and new procedures to make them, the widespread use of AI in agribusiness, the new fields of nutrigenomics and nutraceutics. In fact, and broadening our gaze from ethical to theoretical reflection, the use of new technologies in the food sector is part of a broader process of technologisation of the world of life (and nature) that is present in various spheres. This process is culminating in the production of biohybrid organisms, in which the natural/biological and technological/artificial elements are difficult to separate. In other words, therefore, ‘in being what he eats’, through the use of various technologies, the human being is bidding farewell to dualistic and naive approaches that see a deep divide between technology and nature – thus laying the foundations for a new philosophical anthropology. Hence the profound need to understand, analyse and philosophically examine how the use of new technologies and new modes of food production and consumption are able to shape, hybridise and ultimately change the world around us. In this sense, this Dossier aims to explore the theoretical merits and preconditions behind the use of technologies in the creation of new forms of life and sustainable food practices. In this intersection of philosophy of technology, science and analysis of life-form structures, purely theoretical questions emerge: what notion of technology underpins food production in the 21st century? What concrete practices operate within the new food technologies and how do they relate to the techniques that have always characterised food production? How is it possible, de facto and de jure, to move from the use of foods considered natural to those derived from 3D printing? In other words, what notion of nature emerges from the use of new technologies in today’s food production and printing? In this dossier, we will examine, from a multi-focal perspective, both the ethical and the historical-philosophical aspects of food, in the belief that food choices attest to important characteristics of our modus essendi and our expectations of the future of humanity.

A laughter that will bury you: the morality of plant-based meat irony When plant-based meats enter the foodscape, they face the challenge of how to communicate their nature and function to consumers: one strategy for navigating the tension between portraying conventional meat as something to be replaced and affirming their unique meaty tastiness is through ironic claims and performances. This paper seeks to analyse the moral stance of irony in plant-based meat advertisements, specifically when this irony involves the death of animals. Firstly, it presents an argument showing that, from the standpoint of veganism, ironising about animals’ death can be a moral wrong. Secondly, by relying on an interpretation of irony that leverages its potential for subverting and criticising hegemonic viewpoints, it is shown that this kind of irony can serve as a form of resistance aimed at dismantling the pervasive indifference towards the killing of animals for producing meat.

For a Biosemiotics of Cultivated Meat: Cell-Based Food and Its Positioning Between Nature and Culture The production of cultivated meat, which allows companies to produce meat without raising or killing animals, may potentially solve many of today’s problems connected to meat production. However, cultivated meat is too often seen as “artificial”, “synthetic” and in the end “against” something else. This also raises issues concerning the ethics of communication, very often based on this misleading opposition. This article challenges the philosophical stance at the basis of this misrepresentation and suggests an advanced vision enabling a new and more balanced vision. It starts from the idea of the relationship between Nature and Culture. Theoretically, thus, this article draws on biosemiotics, and specifically on Sebeok and Martinelli, who prefigure a different relationship between Nature and Culture, where Culture is not separated from or in contrast to Nature,but is a part of it. Beyond culture, this article even philosophically supports the idea that cultivated meat is not an absolute novelty suddenly landed on the planet Earth and contrasting all the notions and the rules regulating the cycle of meat. It is instead a further step of a long cultural process leading to consider non-human and human animals as citizens of the same environment. In this light, cultured meat is more simply a new kind of meat, the last type of it so far: a product that is more related to traditional meat than old rigid paradigms could theorize. It is under these new perspective, thus, that cultivated meat may be communicated in a more informed and balanced way.

Cultured Meat, Climate Mitigation, and Collective Narratives: The Italian Case The climate crisis has revealed the connections between some practices considered harmless or inconsequential on a global scale and the dramatic changes affecting the climate and environment. This paper explores the different impacts of certain dietary patterns (carnism, vegetarianism, and veganism), potential mitigation scenarios, and the collective narratives about food and our relationship with it that hinder the shift towards more sustainable eating habits. Specifically, the case of the ban on the production and consumption of cultured meat in Italy is examined, with an analysis of the narratives supporting it.

ABSTRACT: PROBLEMATIC ONTOLOGIES: WHICH TYPES OF CULTIVATED MEAT WOULD BE MORALLY WRONG TO PRODUCE AND EAT? The technology of cultivating cells from a donor animal biopsy makes it possible to consume meat without any creature having been killed in the process. Assuming that there are no valid moral arguments against this type of food practice, in this paper I ask whether specific types of cultivated meat production and consumption may legitimately raise moral concerns of a particular nature. Three cases are focused on: 1) human cultivated meat; 2) cultivated meat of domestic animals and 3) cultivated meat of extinct or endangered animals. The result of the investigation is that, contrary to appearances, none of these three cases is capable of raising moral problems that are peculiar and additional to those that might possibly concern cultivated meat in general.

The philosophical foundations of the veg(etari)an diet. Food choices as ethical choices Although recent decades have seen a substantial increase in talking about the moral value of nature, the discussion has not yet undermined the belief according to which we can use nature without restraint, as long as we respects other human beings. The food issue is a classic example: our very existence and survival within planet Earth implies a competition which implies our use and killing of other forms of life, not belonging to our moral community. However, is still really indisputable that only human beings, and no other non-human natural entities, are members of this community? The main aim of this paper is to explore the answers provided to this question by the best-known contemporary philosophers, who defend the need to adopt a vegetarian diet: Peter Singer and Tom Regan. The central assumption of both authors is that, even though there are undoubtedly differences between humans and other natural entities, the ethical principles that underlie relationships between human beings are based and justified on the possession of traits that are also possessed by a large part of the non-human animals. Thus, we do not have to overturn any of the assumptions of traditional ethic. In fact, we have to apply them correctly: if the ability to experience pleasure and pain and/or of being conscious have intrinsic value, as already widely supported by the Western moral tradition, then all the entities with sensitivity and/or cognition abilities have a moral status. Singer’s utilitarian ethics, however, focus on the sensitive analogies between humans and animals. Regan’s deontological ethics discuss cognitive analogies between all sentient beings. Both philosophers claim that the burden of ethically justify nutritional choices is not on veg(etari)ans, but on those whose eating habits produce the same quantity and quality of exploitation and death of non-human animals: habits that can no longer be defended by simply mentioning the pleasure (such as the good taste of meat) that some can derive from the slaughter of animals. The paper also explores critiques and alternative philosophical foundations for a less anthropomorphic, but still ethically bonding, veg(etari)anism. Contributions to debate offered by authors such as Midgley, Goopaster, Callicott, Taylor, Palmer, and Fox have indeed the merit to recognize the same moral value to different natural entities and still promote a more general veg(etarian) lifestyle which appears more aware of our being rooted in a nature made up of complex dynamic relationships whose energy flows are also food flows.

ABSTRACT: FROM STRONG TO WEAK AGRARIANISM A CONSEQUENTIALIST APPROACH TO PROTECTING RURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT The paper critiques traditional agrarianism, particularly Wendell Berry’s version, proposing a new form of agrarianism called weak agrarianism. Strong agrarianism holds local communities as morally valuable entities because they produce good moral qualities in human beings. However, weak agrarianism supports rural communities based on their positive environmental and economic contributions. Having unique local knowledge, rural communities are essential in combating climate change and promoting sustainable agriculture. The paper highlights agroecology as a sustainable approach integrating ecological, social, and economic principles, emphasizing bottom-up policies and the farmer-back-to-farmer method. These policies address local problems through collaboration between farmers and scientists, ensuring effective, culturally integrated solutions. The paper argues for protecting and incentivizing rural communities not as static reserves but as dynamic, inclusive entities, promoting their development to counter rural depopulation and enhance environmental sustainability.

Joaquim Monteiro Caminhoá (1836-1896) foi um ativo cientista que atuou no Império do Brasil, tendo produzido farto conhecimento que foi publicado em revistas e anais. Dentre os artigos redigidos encontra-se Do Jaborandi, publicado nos Annaes Brasiliensis de Medicina, no ano de 1875. O objetivo do artigo consiste em realizar uma análise do supracitado texto e a sua contribuição para o processo de emergência e consolidação das ciências naturais no oitocentos em nosso país. Os autores que estudaram e classificaram o jaborandi, as descrições da planta, as utilidades do vegetal, entre outras questões que se fazem presentes no texto científico e serão analisadas.

Edward Jenner (1749-1823) figura como um dos nomes relacionados à inoculação vacinal. Ele realizou uma vacinação bem-sucedida. Em uma série de publicações, apresentou os procedimentos e resultados da vacinação tornando a imunização artificial conhecida em vários países. Inicialmente apresentamos uma breve introdução sobre o assunto seguida da tradução para a língua portuguesa de uma dessas publicações (Jenner, 1801). Em uma linguagem bastante acessível, ele apresentou um breve relato sobre a origem da inoculação vacinal e de suas investigações acerca da varíola bovina. Esperamos que esta tradução possa contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento sobre as contribuições de Jenner para o campo da imunologia.

William Harvey (1578-1656) apresentou a doutrina da circulação do sangue em 1628, em sua obra De motu cordis, considerada seu trabalho mais importante. O tratado foi resultado de nove anos de observações e demonstrações anatômicas de animais e humanos e causou grande impacto entre médicos, filósofos e anatomistas do período, gerando diversos comentários e refutações, principalmente porque as ideias de Harvey sobre a circulação implicavam a quebra de autoridade e do conhecimento tradicional que era aceito na época. Entretanto, a doutrina da circulação do sangue foi resultado de um conhecimento construído desde a Antiguidade até o início do século XVII e apesar de a obra de Harvey ser considerada um marco na mudança do pensamento fisiológico e anatômico e devido a seu estilo de pensamento lógico e sua firmeza em refutar ideias de seus antecessores, é inegável a contribuição de seus antecessores na construção do conhecimento sobre a circulação sanguínea. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar alguns dos pressupostos que constituíram a tradição médica do período e como essas contribuições influenciaram Harvey, seu método e suas conclusões a respeito da anatomia cardiovascular, movimentos do coração e movimento do sangue em sistema fechado.

Este artigo aborda a carreira, interesses profissionais e o contexto sócio-político em que viveu Ludwik Fleck A seguir, foca nos conceitos de “estilo de pensamento” e “coletivo de pensamento” que fazem parte de sua epistemologia. O objetivo é a partir deles e de outros elementos da epistemologia de Fleck compreender o processo histórico-cultural envolvido no negacionismo científico em relação à vacina. Para isso, utilizaremos alguns exemplos históricos. Consideramos que o movimento antivacinas é representado por um grupo de pessoas que pertencem, predominantemente, a círculos exotéricos em termos políticos, expressando dogmaticamente os interesses políticos desses grupos. Os manifestantes contra a vacina se posicionam como defensores das liberdades individuais, desconfiando da máquina pública e compreendendo o estado como uma entidade controladora e invasiva.

The article is devoted to the research of civic engagement processes, which are gaining more and more publicity in world political science. Applying modern professional approaches, the author offers an explanation of the recruitment of civil advocacy through a clear political goal and connection with the current situational context. The article reveals and describes the main components of measuring the involvement of political activists within the framework of modern civil advocacy campaigns. The author reveals the mechanisms of expressing views and positions, protecting one’s rights and influencing decision-making processes at different levels of management. It is emphasized that civil advocacy covers a wide range of activities aimed at participation in political processes. The text examines advocacy campaigns in the political practice of consolidated democracies as organized events aimed at drawing attention to specific problems and achieving policy changes or raising public awareness. In the work, an appeal was also made to the qualification requirements and job duties of the leaders of civil campaigns. The article analyzes the actualization of the issue of civil advocacy in social and political innovations at the current stage. It is noted that in developed democratic countries a tendency to pay attention to social public innovations is outlined. It has been established that the development of civil society in Ukraine involves the development of a national model of engaging citizens in conducting advocacy campaigns. Attention is paid to attracting new active participants, for whom public advocacy campaigns become a factor in forming an environment of collaboration and expanding the circle of social communication. Emphasis is placed on the continuous inclusion of individuals and groups in activities aimed at improving the public environment and forming conscious public leadership and an atmosphere of social success. In the final part of the article, the author emphasizes that effective public involvement involves a variety of approaches. It was concluded that the decisive factor that prompts citizens to take a proactive position and participate in civil advocacy campaigns are pragmatic needs and ideas about achieving a state of satisfaction of requirements.

It is this article’s projection to think decolonised as an African (as my own Gestimmheid is from Africa), with Okolo’s proposition that African philosophy appeared only from the African-European connection. Okolo, was what can be point to, as utterances of philosophical proclivities that are not philosophically inherent, viewed as a (the) philosophy in Africa that originated and persisted in Africa. This can be explicated as an elementary cultural utterance of sapiens in Africa. Yet, original philosophy is defined by captious cogitation or thinking that originated post-World War II whereupon Africans should have seized some degree of precise scholarly and spontaneity, thus African philosophy. Still, it raises the inquiry: Why primarily inquire African philosophy? What is the motive behind African philosophy formulation of African sagaciousness, be a by-product of an African-European connection? A transparent enigma in Okolo’s stance is the assertion that the aggregated African, specifically the substance of being-African that he labelled with the phrase being-with is a non-African-radiation, and therefore not a realistic sapiens philosophy for European radiation on African philosophy. Contribution: This article investigates the theory or proposal that being or existential designate the evidence of existence that is at the heart or core of philosophy, an African-philosophy in its affirmative stance, without the European connection. This investigation then derives from: one, to evaluate the critique from sceptic authors against Okolo’s deficiency, two, to investigate the dating of the African philosophy thus the locality that philosophy has consistently abided and could be acquired in the dating’s spheres, and three, presupposes that what Africa is can then, with credibility, carry Africa.

The article examines the foundations that constitute the formulation of the metaphysical question in Martin Heidegger’s philosophy. The article focuses in detail on the period of 1929-1930, which includes the report “Was ist Metaphysik?” and the lecture course “Die Grundbegriffe der Metaphysik. Welt–Endlichkeit–Einsamkeit”. The introduction to the article and the main problem are three prejudices from Being and Time that make it impossible to ask a clear question about being. The main material is presented on the basis of primary sources: “Being and Time”, “Basic Concepts of Metaphysics”. The peculiarity of Heidegger’s work of the 1929s and 1930s is the approximation of the research methodology in the 1927 treatise to the present. Phenomenological hermeneutics and fundamental ontology were used in relation to the ancient Greeks to develop a metaphysics of ciphers or special words in which Heidegger concentrated the Greek experience of being. During the 1930s, Heidegger would make an effort to realize this experience by looking for points of intersection between Greeks and Germans in German idealism and poetry. Since the Greeks are ruled by aeon (temporal time) and agon (the spirit of competition), modern metaphysics needs to develop a special concept of being that would distinguish who Germans are, where they came from, and where they are going. The article proposes a distinction between higher being - divine, human life-world – social, human essence – cultural, working, shepherd. Being, being and man are subject to metaphysical questioning as the most general concepts. That is, those that immediately or a priori express a certain clarity. Nihilism, as the spirit of the time, demands that metanarratives be questioned and self-evidence be reassessed. An outstanding achievement of Heidegger’s metaphysical question is the distinction being as Seyn. The nationalist or folk Old German definition of being both frees it from academic requirements and accurately captures the open horizon in which the existence of the first half of the 20th century was frozen. Since this essence of man is presented after the linguistic turn, it lacks the main feature of the turn-a specific linguistic ability or words that clarify being. The article aims to study Martin Heidegger’s metaphysical teaching in the 1929-1930s. The article concludes that the metaphysics of the above-mentioned years of Heidegger’s philosophy reveals itself in parallel with the spirit of the time of the then German conservative revolution. As we know, Martin Heidegger did not remove the question of being and selected names for it, because he was looking for an appropriated lawn and a boundary, beyond which the exit to the lawn opens. This article offers a look at this problematic in the contextual name of metaphysic – Seyn.

A borderline situation, causing a person to realize the proximity of his death, actualizes the always potentially present threat of his own death. Currently, such a total borderline situation for the Ukrainian people is the war, the consequences of which are a huge number of personal and social problems that need to be solved. Awareness of their essence, in my opinion, is facilitated by a thorough acquaintance with the teaching of K. G. Jung about the archetypes of the collective unconscious. After all, the war situation into which Ukraine was plunged by the aggressive policy of the russian federation, being in its essence a destructive and dark force, is currently liberating, in other words, activating the archetype of the Shadow, the manifestations of which, on the one hand, deny the ontological perspectives of humanity in general, and on the other, cause spread of violent acts in the family, community, society, in particular. In view of the stated and outlined purpose of this study, which consists in elucidating the essence and manifestations of the archetype of the collective unconscious Shadow, the realization of which was caused by the border situation of the war. Achieving the set goal will contribute, on the one hand, to the expansion of the epistemological boundaries of consciousness, aimed, in particular, at elucidating the components of the unconscious, and on the other hand, to the application of psychoanalytical knowledge by social work specialists called to minimize the consequences of boundary situations for the individual/family in community (for example, it is about the implementation of measures to prevent violence in the family, etc.). During the study, the following important points were highlighted. First, the war caused the release of the dark forces of the self-personality of Ukrainians, the realization of which covers two opposite directions: 1) negative, carried out through projections as resistance to moral control (violence in the family); 2) positive due to the conscious use of dark aspects of the self (combat actions of Ukrainian soldiers). Secondly, the urgent problem of displacing the dark forces of the self-personality of Ukrainians actualized by the border situation of the war in conditions of peace is realized. Thirdly, the war, affecting the consciousness and self-awareness of Ukrainians, at the end predicts the possibility of a conscious return from Darkness to Light.

In this study, first of all, it was important to analyze this technique of returning to the ancient tradition of two outstanding thinkers of the 20th century. M. Heidegger and Sri Aurobindo Ghosh in order to understand to what extent the language of the ancient sages and rishis is still accessible to our understanding; Has it not already happened that the voice of the ancient sages will turn out to be completely foreign to us, like the language of the unconscious, which we do not hear and do not understand? The conducted analysis showed that a certain intellectual conflict arose between Heidegger and the ancient Greeks. This conflict connected with the fact that the German thinker, repeatedly turning to different periods of Greek philosophy and different Greek thinkers and trying to apply to them the phenomenological method of his teacher Husserl, being atheistically minded, never managed to capture the original spiritual intuition of the pre-Socratics in the understanding of being. And at the same time, he himself could not find a suitable name for understanding being in modern culture. Where Heidegger still very carefully writes about the “open clearing” as a manifestation of the truth in the original ancient Greek thinkers, the essence of which, from the point of view of the German thinker, was still given to Heraclitus and Parmenides only intuitively (they did not yet understand the reason for this phenomenon of our consciousness), Sri Aurobindo directly indicates the existence of a connection between the ancient rishis and the existence (revelation) of the gods. Moreover, the processes described by the Indian thinker are very similar to those described by Heidegger. Everything indicates that the thinking of the ancient Greeks and ancient Hindus was very similar. The ancient Greeks (pre-Socratics) tried to understand why our consciousness is given to existence at all, and discovered the existence of inner peace in man – human openness to understanding the existence. Vedic sages, listening to the “voice” of the subconscious, discovered the waves of the subconscious and realized that man is like gods. It is important to note the difference between the pre-Socratics and the ancient Indian rishis in their interpretation of knowledge of existence. For the Greeks, true knowledge of being awakens human existence for knowledge (the logos, the world of naming, the world of concepts). According to the ideas of the ancient Indian rishis, when the gods awakened by man descend into their own world of existence, the consciousness of man in his actual existence also awakens. That is why the truth for the Greeks, according to Heidegger, is the opening and concealment of the truth of being (things), and the truth for the Rishi, according to Sri Aurobindo, is the ascent to true existence together with the gods that awaken in us.

The problems of the influence of the second generation of myths on the consciousness of man and society are considered. The study is conditioned by the growing influence of the latest political and social myths, which are created on the basis of archetypes that formed the cultural foundations of modern civilisations. Crisis situations in society, when individuals in society are unable to explain the events taking place from the point of view of reason, intensify irrational factors in the interpretation of existence, which actualises the appeal to the philosophical understanding of modern mythogenesis. The study shows that the creators of second-generation myths (newer myths that use the archetypes of first-generation myths) can have a different impact on society. By creating social myths, they can either help an individual to identify with a particular culture, social group, etc., contribute to unifying society, stabilising it and mobilising people’s efforts to achieve common goals, or lead to intolerance towards other groups in society. Destructive myth-making can be used by certain groups to destabilise and divide society. Based on a study of the impact of modern myth-making on the consciousness of individuals and society, the author concludes that the destructive influence of second-generation myths can only be countered if individuals are better acquainted with the history, culture, customs and traditions of other nations, which will allow them to rationally explain the content of myths. A philosophical understanding of the content of myths helps to be critical of their content, to understand the hidden meanings of their symbols, and to recognise in whose interests certain views and concepts are imposed.

Within this study, the necessity of a causative-holistic approach to health, viewed through philosophical and spiritual contexts, is substantiated. The author focuses on the structural analysis of the health model, based on the conducted research on the understanding of the phenomenon of health by ancient philosophers, medieval thinkers, and contemporary scientists. The article acknowledges the importance of spirituality in health and defines it as a causal factor that sets parameters for the development of physical health. The research offers a detailed description of the structure of holistic health, which includes unity, duality, and trinity, forming the foundation on the tripartite model “spirit-soul-body,” which has shaped the understanding of holistic health since medieval times and remains unchanged. Based on the metaphysical system proposed by the German mystic Jacob Böhme, the author substantiates the septenary structure of the spirit, reflecting in the septenary manifestation of the human being, and should have its analogy in the physical body and social dimension of the human being. A decenary model of health is also proven, appearing in the connection of the septenary «earthly human» with the triple metasystem complex, reflecting the spiritual aspect of holistic human. This decenary model forms a new causative-holistic view on human health and can be the basis for changing the medical paradigm, which should be based on primary spiritual factors of health for the preservation and improvement of both physical health and the health of the metasystem complex human-collective-society-planet.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the interpretation of the phenomenon of social control in postmodernism and metamodernism. The similarities and differences in the description of social control mechanisms are identified. The concepts of “society of the spectacle” (G.Debord), “society of surveillance” (M.Foucault) and “society of control” (J. Deleuze) are analyzed, which show the evolution of postmodernists’ views on social processes.. The concept of the “listening society” (G.Freinacht) as a metamodern alternative to the development of modern society is presented. Postmodernism focuses on criticizing society, drawing attention to its increasing fragmentation, the crisis of metanarratives, and the growing role of the media as a tool for social control. In contrast, metamodernism tries to balance modern and postmodern theories, recognizing the importance of centralized and decentralized forms of social control. This allows simultaneously taking into account the diversity of identities of a modern person and the possibility of his or her integration into society through the adoption of common norms and rules. Metamodernism seeks to reconstruct metanarratives that can contribute to new forms of social control based on cooperation and common interests. It emphasizes the importance of empathy in social control, whereas postmodernism rejects it as a false, simulated form of social relations. While postmodernism focuses more on critical analysis of existing structures, metamodernism aims to find hybrid and adaptive forms of control that combine traditional methods with the latest technologies. All these differences in the interpretation of the phenomenon of social control reflect the paradigm shift from postmodern deconstruction to synthesis and reconstruction within metamodernism.

Purpose: Development of conceptual approaches to the understanding of ethical aspects of digital technologies, based on the ontological turn in the understanding of technological normativity. Design / Method / Approach: The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach combining philosophy of technology, ethics, social philosophy, science and technology research, computer science and cognitive psychology. Methods of conceptual analysis, phenomenological description, critical discourse analysis and comparative analysis are used. Findings: The ontological status of digital objects and their role in the formation of ethical experience is analyzed. The forms of normativity of digital technologies are revealed: interface, algorithmic and infrastructural. Theoretical implications: The research contributes to the development of conceptual approaches to the ethical aspects of digital technologies, creating a basis for the integration of various philosophical traditions and expanding the possibilities of ethical analysis in the digital era. Practical implications: The proposed approach can be used to develop strategies for ethical design and management of digital technologies, including creating ethical guidelines, conducting ethical audits, designing interfaces, and developing educational programs on digital ethics. Originality / Value: A comprehensive approach to the consideration of the ethics of digital technologies is proposed, taking into account the ontological turn in the understanding of technological normativity. The novelty lies in the integration of the ideas of postphenomenology, object-oriented ontology and philosophy of information for the analysis of the ontology of digital objects and their normative force. Research limitations / Future research: Prospects include empirical studies of various forms of technological normativity, in-depth study of the ontological status of specific types of digital objects, and analysis of the relationship between the ontology of digital objects and their normative force in various contexts. The limitations are related to the theoretical nature of the study, which requires further empirical verification. Paper type: Theoretical.

In this article, the subject is considered by the author not as a static object, but as a «project», which is in a state of constant becoming. During the study were obtained the following conclusions: firstly, it was emphasized, that a subject has no predefined essence and that his existence precedes any design or plan. Secondly, it is detected, that a subject constructs its identity not through random circumstances or predefined restrictions of the external world, but through the carried-out choices and own deeds and actions, which manifested in the world. Thirdly, it is installed, that а subject is forced to accept its individual freedom even, if it contradicts his desires or expectations of other people. Fourthly, it is substantiated, that the process of self-identification can be dramatic, as it requires the subject to gap with usual stereotypes and expectations, and also acceptance own individuality and responsibility for its actions. Fifthly, it is accented, that the process of self-identification of a personality involves disclosure and cognition of the essence own «Ego», as a unique and integral structure, which is manifested in the subject’s ability to self-creation, self-fulfillment and self-improvement and in his real possibility to form an image of the future world. Sixthly, it is determined, that absolute freedom for the subject turns into a necessity, which prompts his to responsibility for its existence, choice, actions and deeds. Seventhly, it is allocated, that the subject denies social and moral-religious attitudes to free themselves from external influence, that impede his freedom of choice, which is a reflection of his subjective attitude to any situation. That is in this case we can say that the subject, creating its reality, does not rely on external authority, the existence of which is questionable in the world and is repelled only on subjective choice.

The concept of information is related to fundamental philosophical questions: the relationship between being and thinking, truth and delusion, problems of communication in human society, problems of virtual reality, their connection with language, etc. The topic of information in its various aspects has recently become one of the most popular among scientists, publicists, journalists, and politicians. To date, there is a wide variety of definitions of the concept of “information”, however, there is no generally accepted understanding of the nature of information and the ways of its existence. On the basis of the semantic approach in the theory of information using semiotic methodology, the problem of the relationship and relationship between information and reality is considered; on this basis, the symbolic nature of information is analyzed, the problem of perception and interpretation of information by its recipients is investigated, the reasons and mechanisms of information distortion are analyzed. Information is considered as a sign, a representative of reality. There is always an uncertain, unstable, situational connection between signs and reality. There is a possibility of the existence of information in its pure form, without real events, which is not tied to real reality. Distortion is considered as a property of information; it is caused by the symbolic nature of information. The concept of “reality” is analyzed. Reality is largely a cultural construct, culture and society play a significant role in shaping perceptions of reality. Information becomes a model of reality, and at the same time information models reality. The concepts of “virtual reality” and “informational reality” are in use, which, in fact, are iconic constructions simulating reality.

An armed conflict between Ukraine and Russian Federation lasts for the past 10 years on and on February 24, 2022 it turned into full-scale war with all arsenal of conventional arm available used, nuclear excluded. The war turned into a new social and political reality that defined socio-political and socio-cultural vectors of development of Ukrainians and their state – focused on oppression to occupant’s conquer – for many years ahead. The war, as a socio-cultural phenomenon and the new stage of Ukrainian nation became a topic of research of the domestic academic environment. It defined in home philosophical research circles new polemic that aims at thinking through an ontological nature of the conflict, its social, cultural, and historical causes, to reveal its specific character in the past and in the present, to find out where the balance was lost in the structural order of the security, its lawful preventive mechanisms failure. Many analytical attempts to describe topological classification of that conflict (in the context of the growth of the contemporary philosophical discourse) were conducted. It were given some answers on the question on the roots of the conflict, on its continuity. It was pointed out its destructive impact on the condition of the Ukrainians, its social and cultural evolution from the point of view of different philosophical views and research programmes or contemporary historical narratives, modern principles of the native and Western-European philosophy. An evolution of the points of view on ontological and historical reasons of the war and philosophical reflections of the native scholars were considered in this article. Some problematic issues, determined by the different phases of the conflict were researched.

The article reveals the essence of the concept of public diplomacy and a retrospective of its formation in the current scientific discourse. It is noted that the field of US public diplomacy is quite actively researched by modern scientists. It is shown that the term “public diplomacy” should be understood as the activity of various actors, both governmental and non-governmental, which is intended to explain to the foreign public the foreign policy pursued by the country and to encourage this or that state to make its foreign policy decisions in the direction that is beneficial to the given actor . It has been established that the concept of “cultural diplomacy” is narrower than the concept of “public diplomacy”, which should be understood as a set of activities carried out by both central and foreign bodies of external relations of the state with the aim of researching the attitude and informing the foreign public. as well as establishing contacts abroad, with the aim of improving the state’s image and achieving national interests. So, in the United States of America, there is no separation of “cultural diplomacy” from “public diplomacy”. The concept of paradiplomacy is also considered as a tool of activity of subnational actors in the international arena and components of diplomatic communication processes taking place in the modern world. It has been proven that paradiplomacy is an integral part of modern international relations along with public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy.

The aim of this work is to investigate and conceptualize the ‘temporality regime’ as a socio-cultural phenomenon, primarily analyzing its impact on social processes and social transformations. This study characterizes the concept of ‘temporality regime’ by employing heuristic resources of sociological theorization, particularly the socio-cultural approach, discourse theory, P.Bourdieu’s principle of double structuration of reality, and specific provisions of practice theory. Two levels of inter connection in the architectonic soft he temporality regime are established: static and dynamic. It is determined that the static level includes the inter connection of the objective background (culture) and the subjective plane (interpretative activity of subjects). The objective background is defined by cultural postulates that have imperative power, where as the subjective plane includes the activities of actors who interact with the products of cultural production. It is noted that the dynamic level of the temporality regime concerns the inter connection of social changes and the discursive field of the temporality regime through the pragmatic dimension. Social changes act as factors of transformation of the temporality regime, and conversely, temporality regimes influence social dynamics. It is found that this double interconnection forms a new level of discursive production, where social practices transform into discursive practices and vice versa, affecting the formation and development of social changes. The theoretical significance of the study lies in a deeper understanding of the temporality regime as a socio-cultural phenomenon, enabling the analysis of the interaction between culture and social practices in the context to social changes. The practical significance of the studies that understanding these inter connections will allow form or effective management of social changes and prediction of their consequences. The scientific novelty of the research is associated with the identification of static and dynamic levels of interconnection in the architectonics of the temporality regime, allowing for a concrete analysis of the impact of culture on the activities of actors and social changes, and vice versa. Limitations of the study include the need for additional empirical data to confirm theoretical conclusions. Therefore, future research prospects involve the collection of additional empirical data.

The relevance of effective communication during crisis situations cannot be overestimated, as it determines society’s ability to respond to challenges and maintain stability. The importance of communication and communication technologies from a sociological point of view lies in their influence on social cohesion, mobilization of resources and maintenance of social order. The article considers the correspondence of the components of the model of communication strategies in crisis situations in practice, in particular during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic and during the war in Ukraine, with the theoretical structural components of communication models. Theoretical models of crisis communication, such as SCCT (Situational Crisis Communication Theory), identify key principles that ensure effective communication: transparency, timeliness, credibility, consistency and empathy. This study analyzes how these theoretical principles are applied in practice in the conditions of war in Ukraine. Special attention is paid to communication strategies used by the Ukrainian government. Addressing the nation, informing the public through social media and international support campaigns are seen as key elements of successful communication. The analysis of cases made it possible to determine the correspondence of theoretical models to practical actions, confirmed the universality of the SCCT model, and also made it possible to formulate recommendations for further research on related topics. The results of the study confirm the importance of including each of the aspects for a successful exit from the crisis, as well as maintaining a stable situation in the communicative space of society during the crisis. Thus, the study emphasizes that effective communication not only contributes to the prompt resolution of crisis situations, but also ensures social cohesion and support of the nation’s morale in the face of challenges.

The article examines the problem of individual identity formation in modern conditions of neoliberalism. It is noted that the research of subjectivity, «I» (self), which is the source and condition for the formation of individual identity, actualizes the study of this problem in many social and humanitarian sciences. In the context of socio-philosophical analysis, identity represents itself as a complicated dynamic phenomenon that constantly needs new definitions, clarifications and additions. The effectiveness of using E.Erikson’s theory of individual identity in modern conditions, its significance for the formation of «I» and P.Ricker’s concept of personalistic identity are analyzed. It has been clarified that a new request for the conceptualization of identity has been formed now, which is conditioned of the collapse of political ideologies, in particular, the communist one, the significant crisis of modern neoliberal ideology and the persistent search for new forms of collective involvement or solidarity of people in the current era of globalization. However, various forms of collective identity are imposed by society, its numerous communities, ideology, state institutions, mass media, social networks with their computer capabilities, dominance of advertisements, etc. Therefore, it is not surprising that now individuals are trying to find their own identity, going out from under the pressure of the collective, mainly discursive forms of identity, and already these efforts do not depend on them to a certain extent. The construct «collective identity» in many cases does not reflect the social I (social me) of the individual, as it was conceived in the last century, because society and its communities, which involve active, mobile and changing structures, cannot be thought in terms of subjectivity. Analogies and comparisons do not work here either on a conscious or unconscious level. In the studying identity, there is a significant problem of the transition from the individual to the collective level and vice versa. A collective or group does not have the qualities of individuality with its diversity of characteristics. Taking into account the conducted consideration, it can be stated that approaches to the formation of identity are now acquiring a profound semantic transformation. An assumption was made, which needs to be carefully investigated in the future, according to which the process of partial or complete absorption of individual identity by its collective forms is currently taking place. That’s why, there is an urgent need for the formation of a new interdisciplinary approach to the research of personal identity in the modern digital society.

The article discusses the peculiarities of the functioning of Ukrainian fantasy fandom as well as its transformations related to two main aspects: 1) from “the old” fandom to the new one and 2) from the ordinary forms of existence during the peaceful times to existence during the wartime after Russian full-scale invasion in Ukraine in February 2022. The article indicates the general transformation of the scholarly research of the fandom in the Western academic context. It is possible to present it as the flow from an “ethnographic” or external interpretation of the fandom as a part of the mass culture that depends on the specifics of the popular culture production, to the “internal” or integrated descriptions of the fandom functioning as a separated sphere of social activity. The article argues that there are two stages of the existence of Ukrainian fantasy-related fandom. “The old” fandom emerged in the pre-computer era and was based on the Soviet fandom, which influenced its peculiarities. For instance, there are such aspects as statelessness, the absence of national representation (and the dominance of Russo-centrism as the common cultural platform), the importance of direct interpersonal contacts, distancing from contact with authorities, and the tendency to reduce the presence of the fandom in the shared urban space. Unlike “the old” fandom, “the new” one is developing under the influence of new communicational technologies, which erases the barriers to entering the fandom for new members, enlarges the zones of potential contacts, eliminates geographic and territorial barriers, etc. Moreover, “the new” fandom is more integrated into the urban space and is more available for communications. For the Ukrainian fandom, the transition from “the old” fandom to the “new one” means focusing on domestic cultural issues as the fandom becomes Ukraine-centric. Russian military aggression against Ukraine, from annexing Crimea in 2014 to the full-scale invasion in 2022, became the inner catalyst for the development and transformation of the Ukrainian fandom. The external existential threat led to the transformation of the practices, implemented by the fandom and to the rise of the Ukrainian popular culture, which is closely related to the fandom. During the full-scale invasion, the Ukrainian fandom, preserving its core responsibilities (communication and social activity around popular culture functioning), spreads its new topical responsibilities: apart from the domestic volunteer work, which unites the majority of Ukrainian communities, it includes the educational activity, gaining subjectivity during international communication with the foreign fandom of Europe and the USA, charitable activity, etc.

The relevance is due to the socio-cultural and civilizational importance of training specialists in the field of cultural process management. The purpose of the work is the articulation of the philosophical-anthropological, teleological-causal, organizational-praxeological foundations of the educational-professional program “Cultural Studies: Cultural Process Management”. It is proved that the philosophical and anthropological basis contains a syncretic image of a person, which arises at the intersection of three images – a person who is capable for symbolic activity, producing different forms – science, art, literature, philosophy, religion etc. (homo symbolicum), a person who is able to perform mediating functions (homo mediator), as well as a person who knows how to manage complex cultural processes through the search for a common measure of interaction (homo moderator) like Pericles, Cosimo di Giovanni de’ Medici, Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet etc. It is realized that the teleological-causal foundation contains, on the one hand, the complementarity of the transcendent (wisdom, goodwill, beauty, justice etc.) and immanent (specific socio-cultural projects) goals of culture, and on the other hand, a set of causal mechanisms for their achievement and compliance. It is realized that the relationship between the goal and the means is such that the more complex the goal, the stronger the role of the means, and because of this, it has a singular character, that is, it is determined in each individual case. It is established that the organizational and praxeological foundation underpins it in the context of interdisciplinarity, which corresponds to the current – synergetic – state of existence and development of scientific knowledge with the inherent processes of nonlinearity, stochasticity, probability, randomness.

The phenomenon of information culture in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war is analyzed. It has been proven that changes in the priorities of the development of information culture during the war are determined by the course of spiritual confrontation with the enemy, accelerated transformations of public consciousness, the peculiarities of state information policy, and the urgent need to protect the country’s information sovereignty. It is argued that under the influence of the war in Ukraine, including in the spiritual and informational space, all components of information culture are being transformed, particularly its core - the information worldview. The features of the development of the information worldview as a fundamental component of information culture are identified. It is noted that living in an information society without possessing the necessary information culture poses a danger of getting lost in both virtual and real worlds simultaneously. Personal mastery of information culture in modern society is based on theoretical knowledge about the essence, content, features, and regularities of its functioning in societies with different levels of informatization. The negative impact of informational aggression on the formation of the information culture of modern youth is demonstrated. During the war, the information culture of youth is formed and changed at an accelerated pace due to the increase in information flows of both negative and positive nature and under the influence of new information technologies. One of the main problems in the process of forming the information culture of youth in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war is mastering methods of countering enemy propaganda, developing critical attitudes towards information, and having a value-based worldview barrier to countering fake and anti-Ukrainian narratives. The role of knowledge and the education system in the formation of the information culture of Ukrainian society is revealed.

The author analyses the reliability and accuracy of the results of sociological research conducted using quota sampling. The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using quota samples compared to random samples. The main focus is on the representativeness of the obtained data and the possibility of extrapolating them to the general population. In the problem statement, the author noted that a mechanical method of forming a random sample is most often used to study public opinion in Ukraine. The main feature of this method is to ensure an equal probability of selection of each element of the general population. The author emphasizes that although this method allows for easy calculation of possible errors and analysis of collected information, it has a disadvantage in representing specific groups of the population. To address this problem, the author proposes using an equal probability method of forming quota samples, which allows selecting respondents according to their quotas in the general population, thus providing a more representative model of the studied population. However, in the scientific community, there is no consensus on the use of indicators in forming quota samples, and all existing works remain at the level of theoretical assumptions. The author attempts to empirically substantiate the effectiveness of quota samples through experimentation. The hypothesis of the experiment assumes that the results of studies conducted according to quotas can be extrapolated to the general population with high accuracy and reliability using mathematical and statistical methods. During the experiment, both quota and random samples were used to compare the results. The general population consisted of 489 musical compositions represented in different proportions to eliminate the subjective component from the experiment and provide the opportunity to clearly assess and record the parameters of the initial general population for further comparison with the results of different types of samples. The musical compositions had two parameters: the name of the performer for identification and the duration of the track for digital and statistical evaluation. The analysis was carried out using a specially developed program for statistical data analysis. The collected data allowed for the assessment of the average track duration, median, skewness, standard deviation, and other statistical indicators. The results of the experiment showed that the quota sample provides more accurate results when the quotas are followed during the selection of elements of the general population. The sample obtained by random selection without adhering to quotas showed greater variability in indicators such as mean, median, skewness, and standard deviation relative to the general population. Thus, it was concluded that quota samples have advantages in sociological research, especially when specific groups of the population need to be considered. The author emphasizes the need for further research and improvement of quota sampling methods to enhance the accuracy and reliability of sociological studies, which are important for examining particular social issues.

The article is devoted to the study of the ethical and value dimensions of the ecological crisis in the situation caused by war, and to the clarification of the significance of human responsibility for one’s actions in relation to nature. It is shown that the observance of moral and ethical norms and orientation to the values vital to man are a necessary condition for the preservation of human life and nature. The analysis of the tasks set in the article is carried out on the basis of the use of ideas of communicative philosophy and discursive ethics, which allows to form knowledge about the ecologically constructive relations of man with nature, to assess the scale of environmental problems in the conditions of war, and to search for ways to mitigate the consequences of the ecological crisis for man and nature. It is substantiated that the ecological crisis has value and cultural origins, therefore the awareness of the need to adhere to universal human values and the correlation of human actions in relation to nature with the norms of cultural and historical universalism becomes especially relevant. Attention is focused on the fact that in the conditions of war, barbaric expansion into the natural world, soullessness, merciless treatment of the plant and animal world, man and humanity must be guided in their actions by humanistic consciousness and moral principles, determine their actions by understanding responsibility for life. It has been established that modern man’s recognition of the importance of moral and ethical norms and humanistic values is an alternative to a lifestyle built on an unlimited, aggressive, exploitative attitude towards nature. Despite the difference between the types of culture and different cultural systems, the dominance of different value systems, people must equally ensure equal rights and bear joint responsibility for life. The most promising development strategy for humanity in a war situation should be the preservation of human life in unity with nature.

The publication examines the problems of the philosophical foundations of elections, the concept of physicalism, where consciousness-body is studied, which in the philosophy of consciousness has a decisive fact. In modern philosophy of elections, the philosophical aspect is considered - consciousness and the monistic-ontological thesis - physicalism, which allows us to explain the fact that everything that exists is physical or appeared as a derivative of the physical. The concept of physicalism is a position in the philosophy of mind. Consciousness in physicalism exists without an independent ontological status, then it is derivative and connected with the human brain and is also connected with methodological naturalism. The social psychological theory of voter behavior and the theory of rational political choice attempt to explain voting behavior. It can be assumed that such a concept of synthesis of the experience of studying the immature practice of elections and already established theoretical thoughts about them could be a model of behavior of voters and candidates. This could be the dialectic of freedom and necessity of the philosophy of the rational communication model. The philosophy of the rational communication approach considers the following sequential images: a communicative person, a logical person, a rhetorical and dialogical, dialectical person. There are also three levels of development of the electoral process - logical, rhetorical (subject-object) and dialogical (subject-subject). The philosophical approach views rationality as a dynamic system consisting of logical, rhetorical and dialogical levels. In studies of the politics of legal philosophy, the problem of electoral behavior occupies an important place. These studies examine the consciousness and behavior of the electorate, which are important to the electoral process of electoral philosophy.

The article is devoted to the unification of approaches to the analysis of the public information environment, as well as the coordination of efforts to counter information aggression on a decentralized basis. The purpose of the study is to establish the main features and principles of the formation of an expert-analytical product within the framework of strengthening the security capacity of Ukrainian society. The value of a quick asymmetric information response in the form of discrediting the source, disavowing the information provided and/or using errors or mistakes in the information provided to one’s advantage is characterized. It was emphasized that the targeting of political and security content should also take into account the socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics (data) of the community to which the information is directed. The creativity of the expert-analytical security product is analyzed, which means a creative approach to counter hostile informational provocations and invasions. The importance of the principle of responsiveness, which means the compliance of the appearance of content with time dimensions and the requirements of the political and security situation, is revealed. It was found that the appearance of expert political and security materials should precede the events, be carried out according to the plan of media events, as well as within the framework of crisis situations. It was revealed that the empirical nature of the expert-analytical product involves the use of various models for assessing threats to political security. It is proven that the development of various scenarios of expert public content contributes to the development of the political situation in the future in the desired direction. It has been established that the expert-analytical product of public direction (reports, assessments, analytical summaries, etc.) should not only be broadcast in an accessible (understandable) language. It is assumed that the complexity and completeness of information means its completeness in terms of known and unknown facts. It has been established that the value neutrality of communication messages means avoiding the promotion of ideological messages and motivational components, except when such materials are not included in special promotions and operations. It was found that open discussion leaves the possibility of the information consumer to interactively interact with the text of the message and data. It was concluded that a promising direction of information security activity is asymmetric action in relation to operational massive support of political actions of hostile power institutions on the international arena.

This article examines the impact of Edward Said’s concept of Orientalism on the contemporary geopolitical landscape. The authors argue that while the critique of Orientalism has significantly influenced academic discourse and domestic policies in Western countries, particularly the United States, it has not led to fundamental changes in global geopolitical strategy. The paper focuses on two key aspects: the natural connection between knowledge and power, which cannot be altered by anti-colonial declarations, and the shift of colonial discourse to new regions, specifically non-Western Europe. The authors posit that the strength of a modern state lies in its ability to dynamically bifurcate its image into internal and external faces, presenting different aspects to its society and foreign partners. Using the United States as a case study, the article demonstrates how internal anti-colonial discourse coexists with an unchanging foreign policy strategy of global dominance. The authors criticize the illusions about the possibility of changing the fundamental principles of US foreign policy, which has remained consistent since 1941. The paper emphasizes the continuation of a strategy aimed at fostering global dependence on the West, despite anti-colonial rhetoric. The article explores the complex interplay between domestic movements for social justice and decolonization, and the pragmatic realities of international relations. It argues that the deconstruction of Orientalism, while challenging the legitimacy of historical colonial practices, has not transformed the core geopolitical interests of Western states. The authors contend that the apparent dichotomy between internal anti-colonial discourse and external policy reflects both the complexity and strength of states like the US, where domestic and foreign policies can be shaped by different institutional and ideological forces. The paper also discusses the expansion of the concept of liberal democracy as an export product to regions deemed lacking in popular sovereignty. In conclusion, the article suggests that the critique of Orientalism, despite its academic and cultural impact, has been effectively neutralized in geopolitical practice. This is achieved through a shift in focus to regions not traditionally considered part of the «old» Western colonies, allowing for the implementation of economic partnership policies without the moral self-flagellation associated with charges of Orientalism. The paper ultimately argues that renaming reality does not change its underlying structure, and that the postmodern belief in the power of language to transform geopolitical realities is akin to magical thinking. It concludes that the critique of Orientalism has not fundamentally altered the eternal principles and interests guiding global geopolitical strategies.

Australia, being a successful example of using sports for foreign policy, has significantly improved its international influence in the Pacific region. Yet, political, cultural, and economic peculiarities can doubt the similar application of sports by other countries. This article examines Australia’s use of sports and sports diplomacy as key instruments of its international strategy. The purpose of the article is to analyze Australia’s use of sports within soft power efforts, explore its methods, principles, and frameworks, and evaluate whether this framework can be applied by other countries to achieve similar soft power objectives. This study performs a comprehensive review of literature, official Australian government publications, and specific case studies to understand the outcomes and applicability of the approach. The novelty of the research lies in its detailed examination of the specific conditions and strategies that have made Australia’s sports diplomacy successful. Key research findings highlight that Australia’s effective use of sports diplomacy is rooted in its effect of sports on national identity, strong sports culture, advanced infrastructure, strategic partnerships, and connections with communities, particularly within the Pacific region. The article proves that the 2015-18 and 2030 Sports Diplomacy Strategies have successfully fostered cultural, sports, and people-to-people connections and enhanced Australia’s influence and presence globally. The article concludes that while Australia’s sports diplomacy model is highly effective, its application by other countries may be challenging. The reasons refer to varying levels of national perception of sports, sports culture, financial resources, and international influence. For actors with similar conditions, a comprehensive approach is applicable, whereas for emerging and developing nations it may be best to adopt specific elements of the strategies depending on the needs and resources.

The article concerns the definition of the problem field of a new type of modern terrorist activity in the information space under the conditions of globalization - information terrorism. The findings systematized, which are presented in the domestic social and political discourse and can serve as the basis for its further comprehensive research in the direction of building its corresponding model / concept. The research strategy of the well-known American methodologist L. Coser used for the analysis of elements of social reality - the search for a set of interrelated indicators (variables) that can clarify the content, conditions for the emergence and development of this research subject. It substantiated that when constructing the problem field of the analysis of information terrorism as an element of social reality, such indicators can be: first, the interpretation of the very concept of «information terrorism»;secondly, the analysis of the causes and conditions of the spread of terrorist activity in the information space; thirdly, the classification of the main forms of manifestation of information terrorism; fourth, the analysis of the main technologies and methods of carrying out terrorist activities of an informational nature; fifth, substantiation of conditions and development of mechanisms against the wide spread of information terrorism in the modern world. The analysis of the essence of information terrorism from the standpoint of constructing an analytical (five-link) scheme for researching the problematic field of this type of terrorist activity provides a basis for generalizing and interpreting this new form of terrorism as the use of information and information infrastructure by certain (states, organizations, structures), on the one hand, for violence against people’s consciousness, manipulation of their behavior using certain methods and methods of influence, and on the other hand – to influence the information and technical structure of the state, with the aim of exerting pressure on the adoption of favorable decisions by states, groups of people or individuals by creating conditions for chaos, panic, etc.

The article is dedicated to analysing the risks to political stability in Ukraine in the context of the full-scale war for national self-preservation. The outcomes of the war will determine the future and potential of the Ukrainian nation as a full-fledged political entity on the international and global stages. The author assumes that the Ukrainian political system is unstable, and the risks of unconventional events increase due to the restriction and blocking of political participation by the broader population. The goal of the article is to test and verify the principles of the institutional approach, as explicated by S. Huntington, in the realities of Ukrainian society. The institutional approach is used as the theoretical and methodological basis. The method of index construction is applied to empirical data. The author has constructed three indices and twelve sub-indices. The obtained indicators are informative and illustrative, and they are promising for comparative and longitudinal studies. The author concludes that political instability is inherent in the Ukrainian political system, which is linked to the modernization challenge in the form of constant demands from citizens to the political authorities. The practical significance of the article lies in the recommendations to the authorities regarding the establishment of communication bodies, more active responses to popular demands, combating speculation and disinformation, and institutionalizing political activity directed at improving the situation of the military. The article is empirical in nature and focuses on analysing the social reality of 2020. The article is limited in its relevance and relativity to the conditions of modern wartime Ukrainian society. Further research may be directed at analysing the functioning of political institutions in wartime conditions using the examples of Israel and Armenia.

Emphasis placed on the search for new theoretical and methodological foundations for conducting modern social and political research. As the latter, it proposed to consider the leading propositions of the new version of the theory of social development by American researchers D.Acemoglu and J.Robinson, presented in their monograph «Narrow Corridor. States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty» (2019). In the context of achieving the specified goal, the following tasks solved: – the content of the theory of social development by D.Acemoglu and D.Robinson («narrow corridor»); – the main ideas of the concept are compared with other theoretical constructions of social development proposed by leading Western researchers – R.Dahrendorf, S.Lipset, R.Englgart and . Habermas; – the strategy of applying the concept of «narrow corridor» in relation to the research of the leading elements of socio-political reality is determined. As a result, the following conclusions are drawn: firstly, this conceptual construction of D.Acemoglu and D.Robinson can be considered as a certain theoretical construction, claiming the level of a new version of the theory of social development; secondly, its structure is made up of leading provisions capable of interpreting both the static aspect of the existence of social and political reality (civil society – the state) and the dynamic one – the mechanism of its constant development (the struggle between the elites and the state, on the one hand, and the masses and civil society, on the other hand); thirdly, its heuristic potential for social and political research can be realized through the following research strategy: choosing a research subject; justification of the group of variables that can characterize it; determination of the set of factors that led to its occurrence; determination of the set of factors affecting its further development; consideration of the context of functioning and development of this subject of research – on the one hand, from the standpoint of civil society development, and, on the other – from the standpoint of further state building.

Encontros acadêmicos desempenham um papel importante e vital para o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico. Nesses eventos, temos a oportunidade de encontrar, pessoalmente, outros pesquisadores, entender quais foram as suas motivações, dificuldades e, até mesmo, estabelecer e consolidar parcerias. O XXIII International Congress of History of Science and Technology, ocorrido em 2009, na cidade de Budapeste, foi o elemento que ligou os dois autores da obra Astronomer, Cartographer and Naturalist of the New World. Durante uma conversa sobre o antigo Observatório de Leiden, o neerlandês Huib J. Zuidervaart conheceu o brasileiro Oscar Matsuura...

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A relação dos jesuítas com a ciência não é um tema novo, mas certamente desperta paixões e debates tão intensos quanto a evangelização e a educação inacianas. Os jesuítas e as Ciências no Brasil e Portugal: quando a história se (re)faz é um exemplo do que alguns classificam como Nova História ou Nova Historiografia da Companhia de Jesus. A coletânea foi publicada, em formato impresso e digital, em 2020, pela Cátedra Unesco de Juventude, Educação e Sociedade, da Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB). O livro é organizado pelo doutor em Sociologia e professor do Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação da UCB, Carlos Ângelo de Meneses Sousa, e pela doutora em Educação, Sheila Cristina Monteiro Matos...

Até poucos anos atrás, o caminho natural para as pesquisas de pensamento social brasileiro ou de história das ciências sociais passava pelo estudo dos principais personagens (os “fundadores”, os “chefes de escola”), das obras canônicas ou das grandes instituições. Mas, o que acontece se nos detivermos em personagens menos conhecidos ou em textos considerados “menores”, às vezes nem mesmo classificados como uma “obra”? E que perspectiva ganhamos se olharmos não para lugares específicos, mas se movimentarmos nossas inquietações para as relações entre espaços sociais e redes intelectuais? É essa espécie de rotação metodológica que o livro Em busca da Comunidade, de Thiago da Costa Lopes propõe...