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Key to Peruvian species of Epidendrum belonging to the Scabrum group, Soratae subgroup. 1. Lip clearly 3-lobed.............................................................................................................................................................................2 - Lip entire to slightly 3-lobed, if 3-lobed the mid-lobe short and incipient........................................................................................6 2. Leaves unequal in size, those of primary stem larger than those of branches....................................................................................3 - Leaves similar in size, those of primary stem equal to those of branches..........................................................................................4 3. Sepals with acuminate apex; lip 7–8.4 × 8–10 mm, mid-lobe flabelliform, “T” shaped, with margin entire and prominently apiculate............................................................................................................................................................... E. chrysomyristicum - Sepals with acute apex; lip 4.6–6 × 6.5–8 mm, the mid-lobe rectangular with apex slightly widened and rounded, margin crenate, no apiculate....................................................................................................................................................................... E. fruticulus 4. Plants 12–20 cm tall, much branched; petals 0.3–0.4 mm wide, linear-filiform.............................................................. E. physopus - Plants 60–185 cm tall, scarcely branching; petals 1.6–1.8 mm wide, linear-oblanceolate................................................................5 5. Column 7–8 mm long; flowers red-purple with the column and lip yellow dotted with red; mid-lobe of lip rectangular..................................................................................................................................................................................................... E. stictoglossum - Column 5 mm long; flowers yellow tinged brown, immaculate; mid-lobe of lip subtriangular......................................... E. ypsilum 6. Lateral sepals strongly reflexed.................................................................................................................................. E. retrosepalum - Lateral sepals spreading or partly spreading......................................................................................................................................7 7. Flowers red, yellow to ochre yellow..................................................................................................................................................8 - Flowers creamy white, green-yellow or pale green..........................................................................................................................13 8. Lip cordiform; leaves nearly parallel to stem............................................................................................................... E. scopulorum - Lip transversely orbicular-reniform, ovate to elliptic; leaves spreading to sub-spreading to stem................................................... 9 9. Lip with margin spreading................................................................................................................................................................12 - Lip strongly revolute (mainly the apex)...........................................................................................................................................10 10. Flowers carmine-red with yellow disc; petals 8 × 1.5 mm, linear-oblanceolate; calli very small and globose......... E. jose-alvarezii - Flowers ochre-red to green-brown, lip yellow, concolor or spotted red; petals 8–20 mm long, filiform to obtrulliform, calli prominent, laminar or laterally compressed.....................................................................................................................................11 11. Petals 8 × 0.3 mm, filiform; calli prominent, laminar.................................................................................................. E. labrychilum - Petals 20 × 4.8–5.3 mm; trullate, base long attenuate; lip 17.5 × 14 mm, entire, narrowly ovate, apex acute............ E. unchogense 12. Petals 0.3–0.8 mm wide, filiform to linear; lip 3.2–10.2 × 4.5–9 mm, orbicular, orbicular-reniform, narrowly elliptic or transversely elliptic; flowers yellow to ochre, tinged red.....................................................................................................................................24 - Petals 1 mm wide, linear; lip 4–7 × 6–10.2 mm, reniform; flower carmine red or orange, concolor.................................. E. ardens 13. Lateral sepals 18 mm long, apex strongly concave; ovary strongly arched with a very prominent vesicle along apical half................................................................................................................................................................................................................ E. sp.1 - Lateral sepals 3.7–16 mm long, concave to convex; ovary not arched, with short or elongate vesicle...........................................14 14. Lip entire, sub-orbicular; petals 15 × 4 mm; flowers doted purple black at apex of column and disc of the lip .... E. yanachagaënse - Lip bilobed, to slightly 3-lobed or sub-entire; petals 4–12 × 0.5–1.5 mm; flowers immaculate.....................................................15 15. Sepals 12–15 mm long.....................................................................................................................................................................16 - Sepals 3.7–8.7 mm long...................................................................................................................................................................17 16. Flowers emerald green; lip bilobed (hexagonal in general shape), widely mucronate; calli laminar, strongly divaricate.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... E. cardenasii - Flowers green-yellow; lip slightly 3-lobed (reniform in general outline), mid-lobe shorter than lateral lobes, apex truncate; calli fleshy, somewhat laterally compressed................................................................................................................................ E. llatasii 17. Lip sub-triangular, base cuneate; callus very prominent.......................................................................................................... E. sp. 2 - Lip reniform, base cordate; calli small.............................................................................................................................................18 18. Flowers white or creamy yellow......................................................................................................................................................19 - Flowers pale green or green brown..................................................................................................................................................21 19. Sepals 7.8–8.0 mm long; lip slightly 3-lobed widely apiculate at apex..................................................................... E. monteagudoi - Sepals 3.7–5.0 mm long; lip entire, reniform, without any triangular apiculus at apex...................................................................20 20. Flowers creamy-yellow; lip with base clearly and deeply cordate at base; leaves 0.7–2.5 cm long, the apex rounded and bilobed........................................................................................................................................................................................ E. carpishense - Flowers white; lip with base slightly cordate; leaves 0.3–1.7 cm long, apex obtuse, not bilobed ................................... E. moscozoi 21. Leaves up to 1.7 cm long, linear-lanceolate with apex truncate; inflorescence two-flowered; lip with margin erose................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E. leonorae - Leaves up to 4.7 cm long, lanceolate, apex obtuse to sub-acute; inflorescence with 8–12 flowers; lip with margin entire to undulate............................................................................................................................................................................................22 22. Lip with apex clearly emarginate; leaves 3.6–4.7 × 0.4–0.8 cm; lip 4.6–6.5 × 8.0– 8.2 mm...........................................................23 - Lip with apex slightly emarginate; leaves 2.0–2.5 × 1.0– 1.5 cm; lip 4 × 6 mm........................................................... E. centralense 23. Sepals 6.8–7.0 mm long, obovate-elliptic; apex of lip bidentate; ovary with a prominently inflated vesicle from the middle of column to apex of ovary...................................................................................................................................................... E. soratae - Sepals 8.0– 8.5 mm long, obovate, oblanceolate; apex of lip slightly bilobed; ovary with a small, incipient vesicle behind lateral sepals................................................................................................................................................................................ E. obliquum 24. Column abruptly constricted near base or thin at base and widened at apex; margin of sepals spreading......................................25 - Column constricted near apex; margin of sepals revolute........................................................................................... E. vesicolumna 25. Lateral sepals 12.0– 12.5 mm long, strongly falcate, lip 10.2 × 6.3 mm, narrowly elliptic, base truncate................... E. ovatilabium - Lateral sepals 5.5–8 mm long, occasionally oblique but not falcate; labellum 3.2–8 × 4.5–6 mm, orbicular to orbicular-reniform with base cordate..............................................................................................................................................................................26 26. Flowers yellow; column thin at base, gradually wider towards apex, apex arching downwards............................... E. yasgolgaënse - Flowers ochraceous, somewhat tinged red; column strongly constricted at base, apex arched upwards.............. E. constricolumna, Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

16. Epidendrum physopus Kraenzl. (1905: 87). (Figure 8F). Type: — PERU. Junín: Tarma: Prov. Chanchamayo, Berge von Yanangu, östlich von Huacapistana, A. Weberbauer 2121, (holotype: HBG, isotype B, destroyed, photo AMES! F! NY! SEL!) Heterotypic synonyms: Epidendrum trimeroglossum Schltr. (1920: 153). Type: COLOMBIA: Cauca, 2600 m, M . Madero s.n. (Holotype: B, destroyed; sketch of flower published in Repert. Sp. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 57: nr. 209. 1929; AMES 36091!). Epidendrum schneideri Hágsater, (2001: t. 484). Type: COLOMBIA: Páramo von Bogotá, 3000–3100 m, 17 July 1944, M. Schneider 281. (holotype: S! isotypes: COL x2!) Distribution:— Peru and Colombia. In Peru it is found in the department of Junín. It is a species of which only isolated records are known from Peru and Colombia, however, it is to be expected that there are many other intermediate populations, being a species with a wide range of distribution. Notes:— Epidendrum physopus is recognized by the small plants, 12–20 cm tall, the leaves 1.2–3 cm, linear-lanceolate, the sepals 6–8 mm long, and the lip 3-lobed with the lateral lobes obliquely semi-ovate and the mid-lobe narrowly triangular with the margin erose. In the Soratae subgroup few species have a 3-lobed lip; E. fruticulus and E. chrysomyristicum have clearly 3-lobed lips, but the plants are around 2 m tall, the flowers larger, the sepals 10–13 mm long, and the margins of the lip entire. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient.As most orchids, listed in CITES appendix II, and categorized as VU at the national level., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

25. Epidendrum ypsilum Hágsater & E. Santiago, (2006: t. 900). (Figure 10F). Type:— PERU. Amazonas: Prov. Chachapoyas: middle eastern Calla Calla sloptes, near km 415–418 of Leimebamba–Balsas road, 2900– 3150 m, 20 August 1962, J . Wurdack 1735, (holotype: US! isotype: USM!). Distribution:— Peru, in the department of Amazonas. The species is restricted to the eastern slopes of the Andes in wet montane forests. Notes:— Epidendrum ypsilum is recognized by its ca. 2 m high plants, with narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate leaves, the greenish yellow flowers with sparse wine-colored maculae, the lip with short, radiating wine-colored lines, and the sepals 6.2-7 mm long. In the subgroup Soratae there are 2 species of similar size: E. chrysomyristicum and E. fruticulus, but these species have slightly larger flowers with immaculate sepals, 9-13 mm long. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. As most orchids, listed in CITES appendix II. Examined specimens: — PERU. Abra Barro Negro, carretera de Celedín hacia Leimebamba, Cordillera Calla Calla, 3424 m, 6 October 2020, Ocupa 269 (HUT!)., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

8. Epidendrum jose-alvarezii Hágsater, Gut.Peralta & Nauray, (2015: t. 1531). (Figure 8A). Type:— PERU. Junín: Prov. Satipo, Distr. Pampa Hermosa; Anexo Calabaza, Tramo Calabaza-Toldopampa, 3231 m, 23 November 2013, Y . Gutiérrez OJSYGU 190 (holotype: USM! isotype: MOL!). Distribution:— Peru, in the department of Junín. The species is known only from central Peru, in the eastern cordillera of the Andes, in humid montane forests. Notes:— Epidendrum jose-alvarezii is similar to E. ardens but is easily recognized by the carmine red lip with the disc yellow (vs. flowers concolor from scarlet red or orange to rarely yellow or red brown), the sepals spreading (vs. sepals partly spreading, nearly parallel to the column), petals linear-oblanceolate, descending, hidden behind the lip (vs. petals linear, partly spreading, nearly parallel to the column), and the lip sub-3-lobed (vs. lip entire). Conservation Status:— DD. Data Deficient. Since the type collection in 2013, no new collections have been recorded., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

18. Epidendrum scopulorum Rchb.f., (1878a: 23). (Figure 10B). Type:— BOLIVIA. La Paz: Lacarejá, vicniis Sorata, 3200 m, January–March 1860, G. Mandon 1137, (lectotype: W! isolectotypes: AMES! G x2! K! NY! P x3! S! W x3!) See Santiago & Hágsater, Epidendrum scopulorum in Hágsater & Sánchez 2009: t. 1291. Distribution: — Bolivia and Peru in the department of Puno. In Peru it is found near Lake Titicaca, the other records are for Bolivia. Notes:— Epidendrum scopulorum is recognized by the lanceolate, erect leaves, nearly parallel to the stems, the flowers violet-purple,the sepals 9mm long, the lip cordiform, obtuse, and the calli parallel. Epidendrum cartilaginiflorum is similar leaves in size and position, but the sepals are 15–16 mm long, the lip cordiform, apex rounded, and the calli divaricate. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. As most orchids, listed in CITES appendix II. Examined specimens:— PERU. Puno: Ollachea-Macusani, 3850 m, 21 November 2010, S . Dalstr ̂m 3381, digital image, (AMO!), Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628, {"references":["Hagsater, E. & Sanchez S., L. (2009) The Genus Epidendrum, Part 8. Icones Orchidacearum 12: t. 1201 - 1300. [Herbario AMO, Ciudad de Mexico.]"]}

26. Epidendrum sp. 1. Type:— PERU. San Martín: Rioja: Distr. Pardo Miguel Naranjos: sector Venceremos, 1800 m, 23 September 2021, J . D. Edquén 5220, (digital images, AMO!). Distribution:— Peru, in the departments of San Martín and Huancavelica. The species has two separate records, San Martín (northern Peru) and Huancavelica (central Peru), both of which are found within the eastern Andes in wet montane forests. Notes:— Epidendrum sp. 1 is an unpublished species, so we provide no further details of the morphological characteristics that distinguish the species other than those given in the taxonomic key. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. Examined specimens:— PERU. Huancavelica: Tayacaja, Distr: Huachocolpa: inmediaciones de Bosque Amaru, 1999, León s.n., (Collantes 2014: 149, Fig. 67)., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

6. Epidendrum constricolumna Hágsater, Chocce & E. Santiago, (2009: t. 1226). (Figure 4E). Type:— PERU. Amazonas: Prov. Bongará, Corosha, cerca al área de conservación Hierba Buena-Allpayacu, 2720 m, 24 September 2008, M . Chocce 4782 (Holotype: USM!) Distribution:— Peru, in the departments of Amazonas and La Libertad. The species is distributed in the eastern cordillera of the Andes in northeast Peru, with a relatively wide elevation range (1400 m). Notes:— Epidendrum constricolumna is similar to E. ovatilabium, but is distinguished by the orbicular lip, (vs. narrowly elliptic lip), the 3–4 flowers, (vs. 4–8 flowers), and the sepals 8 mm long, oblong-elliptic, oblique (vs. sepals 12–12.5 mm long, oblong-oblanceolate, strongly falcate). Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. Examined specimens: — PERU. La Libertad: Pataz, 3250 m, 23 May 1961, A . López 3471, (AMES! (pro-parte) HUT!), Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

14. Epidendrum obliquum Schltr. (1912: 457) (Figure 8E) Type:— BOLIVIA. Nor Yungas, Unduavi, 3200 m, November 1910, O. Buchtien 2619, (holotype: B. destroyed. lectotype: US! isotypes AMES x2! L! LY!) See Santiago & Hágsater, Epidendrum obliquum in Hágsater & Sánchez 2006: 8: t. 862. Distribution:— Peru and Bolivia. In Peru it is found in the departments of Cusco and Pasco, present only in the eastern cordillera of the Andes from central to southern Peru; the other records are from Bolivia, although it is quite possible that there are populations in intermediate areas. At present there are only isolated records of the species. Notes:— Epidendrum obliquum is recognized by the leaves 2–4 cm long, narrowly lanceolate, apex sub-acute, the flowers green, the sepals 8–8.5 mm long, with the margins revolute, and the lip 4.6 × 8 mm, reniform, the apex emarginate. Vegetatively it is similar to E. soratae but that species has flowers somewhat smaller, the sepals 6–7 mm, and the lip reniform with the apex slightly 3-lobed. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient, but it is listed in CITES appendix II. Examined specimens:— PERU. Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa, Distr. Huancabamba. Milpo, 2950–3100 m, 01 November 2009, van der Werff 23009. (HOXA! USM!) — Cusco: Calca. Dist. Lares, Choquecancha, Azulcocha, 3823 m, 17 February 2005, L . Valenzuela 4961, (SEL!), Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

10. Epidendrum leonorae Hágsater, O.Pérez & E. Santiago, (2013: t. 1448). (Figure 8B). Type:— COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca, Yumbo: Dapa, 2000 m, 02 December 2010, O. A . Pérez & J. González 1000 (holotype: VALLE!). Distribution:— Colombia and Peru. In Peru it is found in the department of Huánuco. There is a wide geographical space without records between the populations of both countries; possibly one of the species with the widest range but more records are needed. In Peru it is present in secondary cloud forest. Notes:— Epidendrum leonorae is similar to E. moscozoi but has leaves with truncate, minutely bilobed and apiculate apex, the flowers light green with petals tinged slightly pink, dorsal sepal extended and the column straight (vs. leaves with obtuse, non-bilobed apex, the flowers white with reflexed dorsal sepal, column strongly arched upwards). Conservation Status:— DD. Data Deficient. Examined specimens:— PERU. Huánuco: Chinchao, San Pedro de Carpish, borde de la carretera antigua dirección a Concejos, 2755 m, 18 February 2007, D. Trujillo 354, digital image, (AMO!), Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on pages 14-17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

2. Epidendrum cardenasii Hágsater, (1999: t. 320). (Figure 4B) Type:— BOLIVIA. Cochabamba: Ayopaya, Sailapata, 3500 m, November 1935, Martín Cardenas Hermosa 3301 (holotype AMES! isotype: AMO!) Distribution:— Peru and Bolivia. In Peru it is found in the departments of Ayacucho, Cusco, Pasco and San Martin, along the eastern slope of the Andes. The species has a wide latitudinal distribution, from northern Peru to Bolivia, but its records show populations with an apparently fragmented distribution, although it is very likely that there are still unreported populations in the intermediate zones. Notes:— Epidendrum cardenasii is distinguished the green, concolor flowers which turn yellow as they age, the leaves 1.6–5.1 × 0.3–0.7 cm, narrowly lanceolate, apex acute, the lateral sepals 11.2–13 mm long, the lip 8–10 × 10–12.5 cm, entire, hexagonal in outline, the calli prominent, laminar, divaricate. It has been confused in herbarium specimens with Epidendrum obliquum which is distinguished by the dorsal sepal 8 mm long, the lip 4.6 × 8 mm, reniform. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. As most orchids, listed in CITES appendix II. Examined specimens:— PERU. Ayacucho: Prov. La Mar, Chungui, 6 June 2020, Nadi s.n., digital image, (AMO!) — Cusco: Prov. Urubamba: Santuario Histórico de Machu Picchu y Camino Inca, 14 December 1987, P . Núñez 8320, (MO! USM!) — Pasco: Prov. Oxapampa; Distr. Huancabamba; Comunidad Campesina Santa Barbara 3420–3510 m, 16 August 2005, C . Arias 464, (HOXA! MO!) —- San Martín: Prov. Rioja, Distr. Pardo Miguel, Venceremos, 2103 m, 15 November 2021, J . D. Edquén 5247, digital images, (AMO!)., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

7. Epidendrum fruticulus Schltr. (1921: 84). (Figure 4F). Type:— PERU. Junín: Berge westlich von Huacapistana, 3000–3100 m, January 1903, A . Weberbauer 2053 (holotype: B, destroyed). neotype: F! designated by Hágsater & Santiago, 2009: t. 1248, PERU. Pasco: Paucartambo on road to Yaupi, 3600 m, 20 February 1965, D. E . Bennett Jr. 1415, isoneotypes: AMES! UC x2! USM!) Distribution:— Peru and Bolivia. In Peru it is found in the departments of Junín, Pasco, Puno and San Martín. The species is distributed in the eastern cordillera of the Andes from north to south, is one of the species with the largest number of records, and has a wide altitudinal distribution range, being the species with the lowest elevation record. Notes:— Epidendrum fruticulus is morphologically similar to E. chrysomyristicum, but is distinguished by the tall plants, the short, oblong to ovate, rounded, bilobed leaves, a short, sub-erect inflorescence, the deeply 3-lobed lip, the mid-lobe rectangular, widened and rounded and the apex, which is somewhat emarginate, the linear petals and 9 mm long sepals (Santiago & Hágsater in Hágsater & Sánchez Saldaña 2009: t. 1248). Epidendrum chrysomyristicum has leaves lanceolate or narrowly elliptic with a sub-acute apex and the lip 3-lobed with the mid-lobe “T” shaped with a prominent apiculus. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient, but it is listed in CITES appendix II and at national level has been suggested as Vulnerable. Examined specimens:— PERU. San Martín: Prov. Rioja: Distr. Pardo Miguel: Venceremos, 1772 m, 9 October 1921, J . D. Edquén 5222, (KUELAP!) — Pasco: Paucartambo on road to Yaupi, 3600 m, 20 February 1965, D. E . Bennett Jr. 1415. (F! (illustration, AMO) AMES! UC x2! USM!) — Puno: a 6 km del pueblo de Chía, 3390 m, 09 September 2017, H . Trinidad 4180, (USM!)., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628, {"references":["Hagsater, E. & Santiago, E. (2009) Epidendrum moscozoi. In: Hagsater, E. & Sanchez, S. L. (eds.) The Genus Epidendrum, Part 8. Icones Orchidacearum 12: t. 1266. [Herbario AMO, Ciudad de Mexico.]"]}

1. Epidendrum ardens Kraenzl (1906: 526). (Figure 4A) Type:— PERU. Cusco: Weg von Cusco nach Santa Ana, 3300–3400 m, A. Weberbauer 4978 (holotype B, destroyed: Photo: AMES! F! MO! NY! SEL! lectotype selected by Santiago & Hágsater 2009: HBG. Photo at AMO! NY!) Distribution:— Peru, in the departments of Apurimac, Cusco, Huancavelica and Junín. This species is distributed in the eastern cordillera of the Andes in central and southern Peru. Notes:— Epidendrum ardens is distinguished by having leaves 1.8–3.4 × 0.6–1.2 cm, lanceolate and recurvate, the inflorescence densely many flowered, flowers in bright orange or scarlet red, rarely yellow or red-brown sepals and petals partly spreading and lip spreading, reniform with erose margin. Vegetatively could be confused with E. jose-alvarezii but that species has the sepals spreading and the petals descendent and hidden behind the lip, the lip slightly 3-lobed and revolute. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. Listed in CITES appendix II and at national level it has been suggested as Vulnerable. Examined specimens:— PERU. Apurimac: Prov. Andahuaylas, Piscobamba ó Piacobamba, 10 January 1947, C . Vargas 6418, (CUZ x2!). Huancavelica: Tayacaja, Anexo Llihuampampa, 3000–3200 m, 17 October 2010, L. E . Egoavil 8, (HOXA!) — Junín: Parianhunca, 3700–3800 m, 5 August 1974, O . Tovar 7215, (USM!). See Santiago & Hágsater 2009: t. 1206, Epidendrum ardens in Hágsater & Sánchez (2009)., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on pages 7-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628, {"references":["Hagsater, E. & Sanchez S., L. (2009) The Genus Epidendrum, Part 8. Icones Orchidacearum 12: t. 1201 - 1300. [Herbario AMO, Ciudad de Mexico.]"]}

24. Epidendrum yasgolgaënse Hágsater, Edquén, Salas Guerr. & E. Santiago, (2018: t. 1700). (Figure 9B). Type:— PERU. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Distr. Granada, Comunidad Campesina de Diosán, 07 March 2018, 3200 m, J. D. Edquén 715, (holotype: HURP!). Distribution:— Peru and Ecuador. In Peru it is found in the department of Amazonas. The species occurs in northern Peru and southern Ecuador, in the eastern cordillera of the Andes, inhabiting wet montane forests. Notes:— Epidendrum yasgolgaënse is recognized by the leaves 2.1–4 × 0.3–0.6 cm, spreading with respect to the stem, lanceolate, acute, the sepals 6–7.5 mm long, narrowly obovate, the petals 5–6 × 7–8 mm, linear, and the lip 3.2–5 × 4.5–6 mm, orbicular-reniform with the margin hyaline and erose. Epidendrum ardens has leaves 1.8–3.4 × 0.6–1.2 cm, the sepals 10–11 mm long, partly spreading, and nearly parallel to the column, and the lip 6.5–7 × 9.5–10.2 mm, reniform. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. Examined specimens:— PERU. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Distr. Granada, Comunidad Campesina de Diosán, 07 March 2018, 3200 m, J . D. Edquén 716, (HURP!) Ibid. J . D. Edquén 717, (HURP!)., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

15. Epidendrum ovatilabium Hágsater, E. Santiago et Edquén, (2022: t. 1930:). (Figure 9E). Type:— PERU. Amazonas: Prov. Chachapoyas: Distr. Granada, comunidad campesina de Diosán, sector Canchi, 3100 m, 22 October 2018, J . D. Edquén 816, (holotype: HURP!) Distribution:— Peru, in the departments of Amazonas and San Martín. Known only from northern Peru, within the Alto Mayo protection forest, inhabiting humid montane ecosystems. Notes:— Epidendrum ovatilabium is similar to E. constricolumna but is distinguished by the narrowly elliptic lip (vs. orbicular lip), the 4–8 flowers (vs.3–4 flowers), and the sepals 12–12.5 mm long, oblong-oblanceolate, strongly falcate (vs. 8 mm long, oblong-elliptic, oblique). It is also similar to E. vesicolumna, but that species has the lip transversely elliptic, the sepals oblique but not falcate, and the column constricted near the apex. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. Examined specimens:— PERU. San Martín: Rioja: Distr. Pardo Miguel Naranjos: sector Venceremos, 2711 m, 22 December 2019, J . D. Edquén 2311, (digital images, AMO!), Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

20. Epidendrum stictoglossum Hágsater & D.Trujillo, (2007: t. 992). (Figure 10D) Type:— PERU. Ancash: Prov. Yungay, Huascarán National Park, Quebrada Yanapaccha, a lateral of Quebrada Ranincuray, 3700–3840 m, 19 April 1985, Smith 10479, (holotype: USM! isotypes: CPUN! HUT! MO!). Distribution:— Peru, in the departments of Ancash and La Libertad. Restricted to the northwestern region of the Peruvian Andes, including records within the Huascarán National Park, in semi-humid environments at elevations above 3500 m. Notes:— Epidendrum stictoglossum is recognized by the plants to 130 cm tall, the leaves linear, erect and parallel to stems, the flowers yellow tinged purple, the lip 3-lobed with purple-red dots, and the sepals 9–12 mm long. Epidendrum ypsilum is vegetatively similar, but the flowers are yellow with scarce red dots, the sepals 6.2–8 mm long, and the mid-lobe sub-triangular with the apex emarginate. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. As most orchids, listed in CITES appendix II. Examined specimens:— PERU. La Libertad: Prov. Pataz, Chihualen, 3550 m, 28 January 1996, Villalobos 23, (MOL!)., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

9. Epidendrum labrychilum Hágsater, Edquén & E. Santiago, (2019: t. 1730). (Figure 9C). Type:— PERU. San Martín: Prov. Rioja; Distrito Pardo Miguel Naranjos, Sector Venceremos, Bosque de Protección Alto Mayo, 1780 m, 07 February 2018, J . D. Edquén 400 (holotype: HURP!). Distribution:— Peru in the department of San Martín. The species is known only from the northern region of Peru, in a wet montane forest. Notes:— Epidendrum labrychilum is recognized by its leaves 1.3-5 × 0.4-0.6 cm, linear-lanceolate dark green to wine-red-brown, the flowers ochre-red with ochre-yellow lip, the lateral sepals 9 mm long and obliquely attached to the base of the column, the petals 8 × 0.3 mm, filiform, and the lip 3-lobed, reflexed to the column and with the margin strongly revolute in the apical half. It is similar to E. vesicolumna but this species has ovate lanceolate green leaves with red-green abaxial surface; the flowers ochre-yellow with red veins, the lateral sepals 11 mm long, and the lip transversely elliptic and convex. Conservation Status:— DD. Data Deficient. Since the type collection in 2019, no new collections have been recorded., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

12. Epidendrum monteagudoi Hágsater & E. Santiago, (2013: t. 1459). (Figure 8C). Type:— PERU. Pasco: Oxapampa, Distr. Huancabamba, sector Milpo, parte alta camino a Santa Barbara, zona de amortiguamiento del parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillén, 3000 m, 01 February 2005, A . Monteagudo 8058 (holotype: MO! isotype: USM). Distribution: — Peru, in the departments of Junín and Pasco. Present in the eastern cordillera of the central Peruvian Andes, near the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park Notes:— Epidendrum monteagudoi is similar to E. llatasii, but is recognized by the linear-lanceolate leaves, the flowers cream colored, the sepals 7.8–8 mm long, and the ovary with a prominent, inflated vesicle (vs. leaves elliptic, flowers greenish yellow, sepals 12–15 mm long, with the margins revolute, and the ovary with the vesicle thin and barely noticeable).. Conservation Status:— DD. Data Deficient. Examined specimens:— PERU. Junín: Junín-Tarma (Huasa-Huasi), C. Hayek 308, (USM!), Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

11. Epidendrum llatasii Hágsater, A.G.Diaz & E. Santiago, (2018: t. 1679). (Figure 9D) Type:— PERU. Lambayeque: Prov. Terreñafe, Distr. Kañaris, Cordillera de Mamaqpampa, 3081 m, 27 October 2017, A . Díaz 83 (holotype: HUT!). Distribution:— Peru in the departments of Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Huánuco and Junín. The species is recorded from the central and northwestern Peruvian Andes. Found in montane and seasonally humid forests. Notes:— Epidendrum llatasii is similar to E. monteagudoi and is recognized by the elliptic leaves, the flowers greenish yellow, the sepals 12–15 mm long, the margins revolute and the lip strongly revolute (vs. leaves linear-lanceolate, flowers cream colored, and the sepals 7.8–8. mm long). Conservation Status:— DD. Data Deficient. Examined specimens:— PERU. Cajamarca: Prov. Chota, Distr. Conchán, comunidad Yantavo, próximo a Laguna Tijeraconga, 2900 m, 29 October 2016, J . D. Edquén s.n., digital image, (AMO!) — Huánuco: near Pillao, 3080 m 26 November 2013, S . Dalstr ̂m 3675, digital image, (AMO!) — Junín: Prov. Tarma, Dist. Palca, Carpapata, 2421 m, Morón s.n., digital image, (AMO!)., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

3. Epidendrum carpishense Hágsater, D.Trujillo & E. Santiago, (2009: t. 1215). (Figure 4C). Type:— PERU. Huánuco: Cumbre Carpish, 2183 m, 25 December 2002, D. Trujillo 78 (holotype: HURP!) Distribution:— Peru, currently known only for the department of Huánuco. Notes:— Epidendrum carpishense is morphologically similar to E. obliquum, but is distinguished by having nonresupinate flowers, 3–4 (vs. resupinate, 4–6), the lip with a truncated apex with an irregular margin, 3.5 × 5.5 mm (vs. apex emarginate, 4.6 × 8 mm), the column arched, constricted in the middle, 4.5 mm long (vs. thin, straight, 7 mm long), and the ovary strongly inflated ventrally from the middle of the column to behind the perianth, 15 mm long (vs. somewhat inflated 10–15 mm long). Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

21. Epidendrum unchogense Ocupa & E. Santiago (2022: 274). (Figure 9A). Type:— PERU. Huánuco: Churubamba District, Carpish Montane Montane Forest Regional Conservation Area, Unchog Forest, 2817 m, 07 March 2022, L . Ocupa 003, (holotype: USM). Distribution:— Peru, in the department of Huánuco. Restricted only to the type in the department of Huánuco, within the Carpish Montane Forest Regional Conservation Area, inhabiting montane rainforests. Notes:— Epidendrum unchogense has a vegetative habit that places it undoubtedly in the Soratae subgroup, but the flowers are quite different. It is easily recognized by the sepals 20–23 mm long, the petals trullate, parallel to the column, and the lip narrowly ovate with acute apex. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

4. Epidendrum centralense E. Santiago, Hágsater, H.R.Quispe et Llacua, sp. nov. (Figure 5) Type:— PERU. Junín: Huancayo Province, Santo Domingo de Acobamba District; Callanca locality, 3950 m, humid high elevation Andean Forest, epiphyte on Polylepis canoi, collected 06 November 2021, pressed 04 December 2021, H. R. Quispe 128 (holotype: HOXA! barcode: 080097) (LCDP & photo voucher). S imilar to Epidendrum soratae but the leaves 2.0–2.5 × 1.0– 1.4 cm with the apex obtuse (vs. leaves 1.7–4.7 × 0.4– 0.8 cm with the apex sub-acute to acute), flowers green-brown with irregular red brown tinge (vs. flowers greenish yellow), the dorsal sepal oblong (vs. dorsal sepal narrowly ovate), the petals linear-oblanceolate (vs. petals linear), the column thin at the base with the cuniculus slightly inflated behind the perianth (vs. column progressively inflated at the base due to the prominent cuniculus clearly inflated on both sides of perianth), the cuniculus forming a small vesicle in pedicel (vs. cuniculus forming a prominent vesicle in pedicel), and the lip apex truncate (vs. lip with emarginate apex). (Figure 6). Description:— Epiphytic, erect to arching, monopodial, branching herb, ca. 48 cm tall. Roots 2–4 mm in diameter, from base of primary stem. Stems branching, cane-like, terete, thin; primary stem 12.5–16.5 × 0.3 cm; branches 8–16 × 0.2–0.3 cm; upper stems produced from a sub-apical internode of previous stem. Leaves 7 on primary stem, 4–6 on branches, distributed throughout stems, alternate, articulate, spreading with respect to stem, slightly arched, medium green, concolor; sheath 1.0 × 0.6–0.9 cm, tubular, striated and somewhat infundibuliform when dry; blade 2.0–2.5 × 1.0– 1.4 cm, lanceolate, obtuse, minutely apiculate, coriaceous, margin entire. Spathe lacking. Inflorescence 3.5 cm long (including flowers), apical, racemose, arching-nutant, flowers successive, densely few–flowered; peduncle 1.0– 1.2 cm long, laterally compressed, rachis slightly laterally compressed. Floral bracts 0.4–1.1 × 0.1–0.2 cm, half-length of ovary, except for lower bract which is considerably larger, narrowly triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, green with irregular red-brown dots, apex red-brown. Ovary 11 mm long, terete, thin, not inflated, slightly striated, spotted green to purple-brown. Flowers 8–12, successive, opening from base towards apex of inflorescence, resupinate, greenish brown with irregular red brown tinge, column turning yellow with age; fragrance not registered. Sepals spreading, free, apex obtuse, 3-veined, margin entire; dorsal sepal 5.6 × 2.1 mm, spatulate, apiculate, margin entire, slightly revolute; lateral sepals 6.3–6.6 × 2.7–2.9 mm, elliptic, apiculate, with a very prominent dorsal keel, margins entire, spreading. Petals 4.7–5.0 × 0.5–0.7 mm, spreading, free, linear-oblanceolate, 1-veined, margin entire, slightly revolute in basal half. Lip 3.6 × 6 mm, adnate to column, sub-entire, transversely reniform in outline, base cordate, apex obtuse, minutely emarginate, margins entire; bicallose, calli small, obovoid, parallel, 1.0 × 0.8 mm, separated by a thick mid-rib extending to apex of lip. Column 4.5 mm long, base thin, apex slightly dilated. Clinandrium-hood short, entire margin. Rostellum apical, split; viscarium semi-liquid. Lateral lobes of stigma small, occupying 1/3 length of stigmatic cavity. Cuniculus shallow, penetrating ovary just behind perianth, slightly inflated forming a short, incipient vesicle. Anther transversely ellipsoid, apex emarginate, front papillose, yellow, 4-celled. Pollinia 4, obovoid, laterally compressed; caudicles soft and granulose, twice as long as pollinia. Capsule 2.5–3.0 × 0.7–0.9 cm; pedicel 4 mm long, conical; body 1.0–1.7 × 0.7–0.9 cm, ellipsoid; apical neck 0.4–0.8 × 0.15 cm, thin. Finally, flowering time is in November. Distribution and ecology: —Known presently only from the type, from central Peru, Department of Junín, in the upper part of the locality of Callanca. Located in the eastern mountain range of the central Peruvian Andes, within a humid forest dominated by Polylepis canoi and Polylepis argentea T.Boza & H.R.Quispe (2019: 327). The environment is a typical high elevation Andean ecosystem surrounded by a matrix of grassland, lagoons and occasional snow, with the presence of other genera such as Gynoxys Cass. (1827: 455), Buddleja L. (1753a: 112), and Lupinus L. (1753b: 721), at 3950 m elevation. (Figure 7). Etymology: —The epithet name refers to the department of Junín, located in the central region of Peru, where the species has been collected. Notes: —Comparisons were made with the species of the subgroup that grow in Junín, as well as closely related species comparing with the type material of E. fruticulus Schltr. (1921: 84), E. physopus Kraenzl. (1905: 87), E. monteagudoi Hágsater & E. Santiago (2013: t. 1459), E. jose-alvarezii Hágsater, Gut.Peralta & Nauray (2015: t. 1531) and E. soratae Rchb.f. (1878b: 24) (images of type and live material at MO and USM, as well as descriptions); these species being most similar to the new species. Epidendrum fruticulus has yellow flowers, the lateral sepals red-brown, and the lip deeply 3-lobed. Epidendrum physopus has green to yellow-green flowers, the lip deeply 3- lobed. Epidendrum monteagudoi has cream colored flowers, sometimes with vinaceous spots, and the lip is shallowly 3-lobed, the mid-lobe small, widely triangular, obtuse. Epidendrum jose-alvarezii has carmine-red flowers, the lip transversely reniform, with lateral lobes dolabriform-orbicular, with the mid-lobe incipient, emarginate. Epidendrum soratae is the most similar species and is discussed in the diagnosis. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. Known presently only from the type., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

27. Epidendrum sp. 2. Type:— PERU. San Martín: Rioja, Distr. Pardo Miguel, Venceremos, 1826 m, 25 September 2021, J . D. Edquén 5221, (digital images, AMO!) — Pasco: Oxapampa: Distr. Huancabamba, parte alta de Santa Marta, 3489 m, 17 July 2021 J . D. Edquén 2089, (digital images, AMO!) Distribution:— Peru, in the department of San Martín and Pasco. The species has two separate records, San Martín (northern Peru) and Pasco (central Peru), both of which are found within the eastern Andes in wet montane forests. Notes:— Epidendrum sp. 2 is an unpublished species, so we provide no further details of the morphological characteristics that distinguish the species other than those given in the taxonomic key. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. Examined specimens:— PERU. Pasco: Oxapampa: Distr. Huancabamba, parte alta de Santa Marta, 3489 m, 17 July 2021, Edquén 2089, (digital images, AMO!)., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

17. Epidendrum retrosepalum Hágsater, Ric.Fernández & E. Santiago (2009: t. 1285). (Figure 10A). Type:— PERU. Cusco: Prov. Quispicanchi, alrededores de Marcapata, 2630–2700 m, 13 September 1984, R . Fernández G. 487, (holotype: USM! isotype: AMO!) Distribution:— Peru and Colombia. In Peru it is found in the department of Cusco and Huancavelica. Found in the central and south-eastern Peruvian Andes, in humid montane forests. The Huancavelica record is near the AmaruHuachocolpa-Chihuana Cloud Forest Regional Conservation Area. Notes:— Epidendrum retrosepalum is recognized by the leaves 1.3–2 cm long, green and concolor, ovatelanceolate, apex acute, the sepals 7 mm long, reflexed, triangular, acute, and the lip orbicular with the margin crenulate. Vegetatively it is similar to E. oscar-perezii but that species has leaves 2.0– 3.2 cm long, adaxially tinged intense purple with the surface rugose, the lateral sepals elliptic, obtuse, and the lip with the margin entire. Conservation Status:— DD. Data deficient. Examined specimens: Type:— PERU. Huancavelica: Prov. Tayacaja, Distr. Huachocolpa, Bosque de Amaru y Chihuana, 29 September 2010, B . Collantes M. s.n., (digital image, AMO!)., Published as part of Quispe-Melgar, Harold Rusbelth, Llacua-Tineo, Elizabeth Santiago Ayala Yashira Stefani & Hágsater, Eric, 2023, Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species, pp. 1-26 in Phytotaxa 603 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.603.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8153628

Epidendrum petacaense Hágsater, J.Duarte & Pío-León, sp. nov. (Figure 1). Type:— MEXICO: Sinaloa: Municipio La Concordia, Sierra de los Bules o Agua Zarca, cerca de La Petaca, 1759 m, 23 julio 2022, J. F. Pío-León, L. A. Cárdenas & M. Pérez 349 (holotype: CIIDIR!; isotypes: AMO! MEXU! USON!) (LCDP voucher, digital images AMO!). Epidendrum petacaense is similar to E. vandifolium but the flowers are bright lilac-magenta, calli white (vs. flowers red to pale magenta, occasionally green, the calli red), margin of sepals and petals spreading (vs. margins revolute), lateral lobes of the lip dolabriform to flabellate (vs. lateral lobes widely rectangular, more or less rounded), mid-lobe sub-orbicular, forming a narrow isthmus at the base, bilobed, the apical lobes rounded (vs. mid-lobe oblong-cuneate), clinandrium-hood surpassing the body of the column (vs. clinandrium-hood reduced, not surpassing the column), and the ovary inflated ventrally behind the perianth (vs. ovary terete, only slightly inflated towards the apex). Description: — Lithophytic, sympodial, caespitose, erect to arching herb, 9–35 cm tall including inflorescence. Roots 2.0–5.0 mm in diameter, fleshy, thick, green to white becoming red when wet, tinged red at apex when in growth. Stems 9–30 cm long and 0.5–1.0 cm thick, simple, cane-like, terete, thin, sub-erect to arching; base covered by tubular sheaths, non-foliar, whitish with minute black dots, striated when dry, papyraceous; frequently producing keikis from upper half of mature stems. Leaves 6–13, distributed along apical half of stems, alternate, articulate, sub-coriaceous; sheaths tubular, with minute wine-colored dots; blade 3–7 × 0.4–0.6 cm, linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth, light green, margins entire, spreading. Spathe lacking. Inflorescence 2.5–5.0 cm long, apical, erect, straight, racemose to paniculate, pluriannual, producing new racemes from old peduncles over several years; peduncle 1.2–2.0 cm long, terete, thin, straight, provided with 2–3 bracts 5–7 mm long, tubular, acuminate, embracing, gradually smaller. Floral bracts 1.5–3.0 mm long, much shorter than ovary, triangular-ovate, acuminate, embracing, gradually shorter. Ovary 11–15 mm long, terete, ventrally inflated behind perianth, furrowed. Flowers 5–7 per raceme, successive, non-resupinate, magentalilac, column totally white to magenta at base and apex white; fragrance none registered. Sepals 8–9 × 3–4 mm, free, spreading, obovate to elliptic, obtuse, 5-veined (lateral veins short branched), margins entire, spreading; lateral sepals oblique, minutely apiculate. Petals 7–9 × 2.0– 2.5 mm, obovate-oblanceolate, apex rounded, 3-veined (lateral veins short branched), margins minutely dentate, spreading. Lip 6.0–7.0 × 7.0–9.0 mm, united to column, 3-lobed, base cordate, margins erose-crenulate; lateral lobes 3.0–4.0 × 3.5–4.0 mm, dolabriform to flabellate, in some plants they overlap mid-lobe, appearing entire; mid-lobe 3.5 × 4.5 mm, sub-orbicular, forming a narrow isthmus at base, bilobed, apical lobes rounded, margin erose; bicallose, calli prominent, digitiform, divaricate; disc with 3 parallel ribs that disappear before reaching apical sinus. Column 5 mm long, short, thin at base gradually wider towards apex which is sharply bent downwards some 45°, with pair of apical rounded wings. Clinandrium-hood short, slightly surpassing body of column, margin entire; Rostellum apical, slit. Lateral lobes of stigma small, 1/3 length of stigmatic cavity. Anther reniform, 4-celled. Pollinarium formed by 4 pollinia, obovoid, laterally compressed, sub-equal; caudicles soft and granulose, as long as pollinia; viscarium semi-liquid. Nectary shallow, penetrating ¼ of pedicellate ovary, not inflated, unornamented. Capsule not seen. Distribution and ecology: — The known distribution of the species is a single locality in pine-oak forest, on the western slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental, at an elevation of 1750 m, corresponding to the madrense-tropical region as defined by González-Elizondo et al. (2012) (Figure 2). This area is close to the extreme northern range along the Pacific of the genus Epidendrum. It was found on a slope and rocky cliffs covered by bryophytes and lichens, with a northern exposure, together with Agave rzedowskiana Carrillo et al. (2003: 240), Arbutus sp. Linnaeus (1753), Lamourouxia sp. Kunth (Bonpland & Humboldt 1818), Muhlenbergia sp. Schreber (1789), Pitcairnia sp. L’Heritier (1789) and Rhynchospora sp. Willdenow (1809) (Figure 3). It has been observed in flower from mid-July to the end of August. Etymology: — The specific epithet is coined in reference to the locality near where the type was collected, La Petaca, in the State of Sinaloa, close to the border with the state of Durango, Mexico. Conservation status: — DD. Data deficient. Epidendrum petacaense is only known from the type locality, an area of less than 0.5 km ². It should potentially be considered Critically Endangered, but data on populations is lacking. However, the individuals were found mainly in slopes near 90°, of difficult access and areas which are not apt for agriculture nor human habitation, so it is improbable that they are endangered by anthropogenic activity in the short and medium term. Additional specimens examined (paratype):— MEXICO: Sinaloa: Mun. Concordia, Sierra de Los Bules o Agua Zarca, cerca de La Petaca, 1750 m, 21 August 2022, J. F. Pío-León & M. Pérez 361 (CIIDIR!). Other records:— Mexico: Sinaloa: Mun. Concordia, 17 July 2022, Millán-Otero s.n. (digital images, AMO!). https://www.naturalista.mx/observations/128435566 Taxonomic Discussion: — Epidendrum petacaense belongs to the Epidendrum anisatum group (García-Cruz & Hágsater 1998), which includes sympodial, cespitose, erect plants, characterized by basal roots, very fleshy, thick forming large masses, erect stems, cane-like, terete, leaves distributed usually beyond the middle of the stems, linear to narrowly elliptic or elliptic, coriaceous, apical inflorescences, lacking any spathe at the base, racemose, rarely paniculate, and usually producing new racemes from the same peduncles in successive years thus pluri-racemose, the flowers are generally dull colored, green-yellow to red. The new species is recognized by the bright lilac-magenta flowers with the calli white, the petals 7–9 mm long, obovate-oblanceolate, the lateral lobes of the lip are dolabriform to flabellate, in some plants they overlap with the mid-lobe giving the appearance of an entire lip, the mid-lobe is suborbicular, bilobed, the disc has three thin parallel ribs that are short and disappear at the middle of the lip. It is similar to E. vandifolium Lindley (1849: 269) which also grows in the Sierra Madre Occidental in the same general area, though more widespread. The type of Epidendrum durangense Hágsater & Holman (1984: 301), now considered a synonym of E. vandifolium (García-Cruz 1995:145, Govaerts 2003), was found epiphytic about 40 km distant and has been found even closer. That species has reddish to pale purple flowers, sometimes green, the sepals are 10–14 mmm long, the lateral sepals descendent, the petals 9.5–11 mm long, descendent; the lateral lobes of the lip are widely rectangular, separated from the mid-lobe by deep sinuses, and the mid-lobe is oblong-cuneate, the clinandrium-hood reduced, not surpassing the body of the column. Both species in the vicinity in pine-oak forests. Epidendrum vandifolium is usually epiphytic on oaks, but occasionally also lithophytic. Epidendrum petacaense has only been seen lithophytic, in rocky slopes and cliffs. Epidendrum anisatum is distributed in the Eje Volcánico and the Sierra Madre del Sur, and has beige flowers with very small red dots, the column green, and the disc tinged wine-red, petals (6.5–) 9–12.4 (–14) mm long, narrowly spatulate; the lateral lobes of the lip elliptic to sub-orbicular, the disc provided with 3 prominent ribs, the midrib reaching the apical sinus of the lip (García-Cruz 1995), and has a night and early morning fragrance of anisaldehyde (Hágsater & Holman 1984: 304). Epidendrum lowilliamsii García-Cruz (1992: 132) is distributed in the Eje Volcánico Transversal, also has a prominent clinandrium-hood, surpassing the body of the column, and similarly thin stems but different narrower linear-leaves, the flowers yellow green, the lateral lobes larger than the mid-lobe, obliquely ovate, the margins irregularly dentate, and the mid-lobe oblong, emarginate (see Figure 4, for digital images of the four species compared). The region where the new species was discovered is very interesting for orchids, possibly also for other botanical groups (Ávila-González et al. 2019). For several years it has been recognized that it harbors some orchids, possibly vicariants of species whose geographic range along the Mexican Pacific slope end at the limits of Jalisco and Nayarit. Northward in Sinaloa, Sonora and Durango they are replaced by morphologically similar but different species or subspecies. For example: Encyclia adenocaula (Lexarza) Schlechter (1918: 470) and E. adenocaula subsp. kennedyi (Fowlie & Withner) Soto Arenas, Salazar & Hágsater (2003: 7), as well as Bletia parkinsonii Hooker (1839:t.3736) and B. santosii H.Ávila, J.G.González & Art.Castro (Ávila-González et al. 2019: 360). Hágsater & González Tamayo (1975), and Withner (1998) discuss the consistency and variation of Encyclia adenocaula and Encyclia kennedyi, with Soto et al. (2003) finally transferring the latter as a subspecies of the former. Encyclia adenocaula subsp. kennedyi is found in the same general area of the new species, and ranges south to the state of Nayarit and possibly into Jalisco (see discussion of Hágsater & González Tamayo 1975). However, E. petacaense is clearly different with usually much narrower leaves, the color of the flowers and their morphology is very distinct within the Anisatum Group., Published as part of Hágsater, Eric, Salinas, Julian Duarte, Machorro, Rolando Jiménez, Píoleón, Juan F. & Millán Otero, Manuel G., 2023, Epidendrum petacaense, a new species of Orchidaceae from Sinaloa, Mexico, pp. 81-87 in Phytotaxa 592 (2) on pages 82-86, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7840338, {"references":["Gonzalez-Elizondo, M., Gonzalez-Elizondo, M. S., Tena-Flores, J. A., Ruacho-Gonzalez, L. & Lopez-Enriquez, L. (2012) Vegetacion de la Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico: una sintesis. Acta Botanica Mexicana 100: 351 - 403. https: // doi. org / 10.21829 / abm 100.2012.40","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, 1. Salvius, Stockholm. pp. 395.","Bonpland, A. J. A. & Humboldt, F. W. H. A. von (1818) Nova Genera et Species plantarum 2: 335, 5. 167 ad 169. [Paris]","Schreber, J. C. D. von (1789) Genera Plantarum ed. 8 [a]. 1: 44.","Willdenow, C. L. (1809) Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis. 1. Berlin. pp. 71. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 165500","Garcia-Cruz, C. J. & Hagsater, E. (1998) Revision of Epidendrum anisatum Group (Orchidaceae). In: Proceedings of the 15 th World Orchid Conference, Rio de Janeiro 1996. Naturalia Publications, Transfaire, S. A., Turriers, France. pp. 223 - 234.","Lindley, J. (1849) Memoranda concerning some new plants recently introduced into gardens otherwise than through the Horticultural Society. Journal of the Horticultural Society of London 4: 269.","Hagsater, E. & Holman, R. T. (1984) Epidendrum durangense Hagsater & Holman: una nueva especie del Occidente de Mexico. Orquidea (Mexico City) 9: 299 - 312.","Garcia-Cruz, C. J. (1995) Sistematica del grupo Epidendrum anisatum (Orchidaceae). Tesis de Maestria en Ciencias (Biologia vegetal), Facultad de Ciencias UNAM. Mexico City. 186 pp.","Govaerts, R. (2003) World Checklist of Monocotyledons Database in ACCESS 1 - 71827. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [Cited as Epidendrum vandifolium.] (accessed 23 January 2023).","Garcia-Cruz, C. J. (1992) Epidendrum lowilliamsii, una nueva especie del centro de Mexico. Orquidea (Mexico City) 12: 131 - 138.","Avila-Gonzalez, H., Gonzalez-Gallegos, J. G., Castro-Castro, A. & Rubio-Cardoza, J. (2019) Bletia santosii (Orchidaceae), una especie nueva para Sinaloa, Mexico. Brittonia 71: 359 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12228 - 019 - 09590 - z","Schlechter, R. (1918) Kritische Aufzahlung der bisher aus Zentral-Amerika bekanntgewordenen Orchidaceen, Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt 36 (2): 321 - 520.","Soto Arenas, M., Salazar, G. A. & Hagsater, E. (2003) Appendix 1. Miscellaneous nomenclatural changes of taxa not illustrated, (Encyclia adenocaula subsp. kennedyi). In: Hagsater, E. & Soto, M. (eds.) The Orchids of Mexico, Part 2 - 3. Icones Orchidacearum 5 - 6: 9 - 12.","Hooker, J. (1839) Bletia parkinsonii, Curtis's Botanical Magazine 66: t. 3736.","Hagsater, E. & Gonzalez Tamayo, R. (1975) Encyclia kennedyi y Encyclia adenocaula. Orquidea (Mexico City) 4: 355 - 367.","Withner, C. (1998) The Cattleyas and their Relatives: V: Brassavola, Encyclia and other Genera of Mexico and Central America. Timber Press, Portland, 198 pp."]}

El Ecuador es rico en diversidad vegetal, entre las destacadas se encuentran las orquídeas, estas son especies exclusivas de la flora, uno de los géneros con mayor número de especies es Epidendrum, con más de 1000 especies, de las cuales 306 están registradas y distribuidas en el Ecuador, en específico en los Andes ecuatorianos. El presente estudio desarrollo la identificación molecular de 10 segmentos de tejido vegetal utilizando el sistema DNA BARCODE, el ADN se extrajo de muestras utilizando el método Doyle y Doyle modificado y el método directo seguido de amplificación de las regiones matK, ycf1 y rpoC1 mediante métodos de PCR convencionales, se realizó secuenciación según tecnología SANGER, y finalmente se construyó un árbol filogenético con sus respectivos marcadores. En general, los resultados obtenidos indicaron que el marcador con mayor variabilidad fue matK en comparación con los otros dos marcadores. Por otro lado, a partir de las secuencias obtenidas en GenBank, se utilizó el método de estadístico de estimación Maximum Likelihood con 500 réplicas y el modelo Tamura 3 parameter para construir un árbol filogenético que permita identificar las muestras experimentales y sus similitudes genéticas. Ecuador has a great plant diversity, among these Orchids stand out, they are exclusive species of our Flora, one of the genera with the largest number of species are the Epidendrum, with more than 1000 species of which 306 species are registered and distributed in the Ecuadorian Andes, for this research was developed the molecular identification of 10 segments of plant tissue using the DNA BARCODE system, DNA was extracted from the samples using the Doyle and modified Doyle method and the Direct method, then the matK, ycf1 and rpoC1 regions were amplified using the conventional PCR technique, the sequencing was performed under the SANGER technique, finally the phylogenic tree was developed with the respective markers. To conclude, the results obtained indicate that the marker with the greatest variability is matk when compared to the other two markers. On the other hand, from the sequences obtained in GenBank, the Maximum Likelihood statistical estimation method with 500 replicates and the Tamura 3 parameter model were used to build a phylogenetic tree that allows the identification of the experimental samples and their genetic similarities.

Fourteen species of the genus Epidendrum, recently collected in the Área de Conservación Privada La Pampa del Burro (ACPPB), five of them new to science (Epidendrum echinatiantherum sp. nov., E. imazaense sp. nov., E. parvireflexilobum sp. nov., E. rosulatum sp. nov., and E. ochrostachyum sp. nov.), are described and illustrated. The other species include a new record for Peru (E. acrobatesii) and four for the department of Amazonas (E. brachyblastum, E. forcipatum, E. mavrodactylon, and E. tridens). Epidendrum enantilobum is here considered a synonym of Epidendrum brachyblastum. The type locality of Epidendrum cryptorhachis, originally stated as Ecuador, Guayabamba, is corrected to indicate that it refers to the valley of Guayabamba, Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Peru. Our results show the need to continue conducting botanical exploration in the ACPPB as a baseline for subsequent studies, including a full inventory of the orchid diversity.

Orchidaceae is the most diverse botanical family in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with 79 genera and 250 species. Vegetation in Rio de Janeiro is mostly restricted to small fragments of Atlantic Forest, many of which are located within conservation units and act as refuges for flora. Some of the best-known postcards of the city, such as Corcovado and Sugar Loaf mountains, and the Christ the Redeemer statue, are located within urban conservation units. This work presents the results of a floristic-taxonomic study of Orchidaceae in the Parque Estadual da Chacrinha (PE Chacrinha), a state park located extremely near the famous Copacabana beach in the heart of Rio de Janeiro. Brief morphological descriptions of the species are provided and an identification key for the orchids of PE Chacrinha is presented, based mainly on vegetative morphological characters. Orchidaceae of PE Chacrinha is represented by thirteen genera and 16 species, most of which restricted to Brazil, seven of them are also endemic to the Atlantic Forest, or South America and occur as terricolous or rupicolous. We highlighted the occurrences of Acianthera limae, Epidendrum ammophilum and Prescottia spiranthophylla, species that grow exclusively or predominantly on rocky outcrops. With these findings, our goal is to raise awareness among the local population about the importance of conserving the regional flora; stimulate visits to PE Chacrinha and promote the inclusion of this conservation unit in the tourist itinerary of the city of Rio de Janeiro. RESUMEN Orchidaceae es la familia botánica más diversa en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, con 79 géneros y 250 especies. La vegetación en Río de Janeiro se limita principalmente a pequeños fragmentos de Mata Atlántica, muchos de los cuales se localizan dentro de unidades de conservación y actúan como refugios para la flora. Algunas de las postales más conocidas de la ciudad, como las montañas Corcovado y Pan de Azúcar, y la estatua del Cristo Redentor, se encuentran dentro de unidades de conservación urbanas. Este trabajo presenta los resultados del estudio florístico-taxonómico de Orchidaceae en el Parque Estadual da Chacrinha (PE Chacrinha), un parque estatal ubicado muy cerca de la famosa playa de Copacabana en el corazón de Río de Janeiro. Se proporcionan breves descripciones morfológicas de las especies y una clave de identificación para las Orchidaceae del PE Chacrinha, basadas principalmente en caracteres morfológicos vegetativos. La familia Orchidaceae del PE Chacrinha está representada por trece géneros y 16 especies, la mayoría de las cuales están restringidas a Brasil, siete de ellas son también endémicas de la Mata Atlántica, o Sudamérica y crecen como terrestres o rupícolas. Destacamos la presencia de Acianthera limae, Epidendrum ammophilum y Prescottia spiranthophylla, especies que habitan exclusiva o predominantemente en afloramientos rocosos. Con estos hallazgos, nuestro objetivo es crear conciencia entre la población local sobre la importancia de conservar la flora regional; estimular visitas al PE Chacrinha; y promover la inclusión de esta unidad de conservación en el itinerario turístico de Río de Janeiro.

Epidendrum claustralis Hágsater & W.C. Navarro, sp. nov. (Figures 2–3) Type:— PERU. Junín: Jauja, Molinos, Rio Curimarca, montane humid high Andean forest, epiphytic on Miconia latifolia, 3800 m, 18 March 2018, W.C.Navarro & H.R.Quispe 53 (holotype HOXA!). Similar to Epidendrum excelsum, but the leaves are shorter, to 5 × 1 cm (vs. leaves 4–10 × 0.5–1.1 cm), flowers larger, sepals 9.7–10.0 mm long (vs. sepals 5.1–6.7 mm long), the lip 6.6 × 9.7 mm, widely cordiform to sub-orbicular, flat, base truncate to cordate, margins deeply erose-dentate (vs. lip entire, transversely cordate-ovate, base slightly cordate, apex apiculate, margin erose-denticulate), calli elongate, rounded, with a low apical mid-rib, the calli close by leaning inward once a flower is pollinated or the pollinarium extracted, (vs. calli prominent ellipsoid, laterally somewhat compressed, disc 5–7 ribbed, the ribs low). Description:— Epiphytic, sympodial, caespitose herb, ca. 8–18 cm long including inflorescence. Roots 2 mm in diameter. Rhizome short. Stems 3–5 × 0.5 cm, aggregate, short, green, cylindric. Leaves articulate; 5-6, produced from basal and middle internodes; blade 2.7–5.0 × 0.5–1.0 cm, lanceolate, coriaceous, medium green, margin entire, crenate towards apex. Spathe lacking. Inflorescence 8 cm long, apical, simultaneous flowers, secund; peduncle 2.8–3.2 cm long, laterally compressed, ancipitose, straight, with nodes at base and 1 bract 0.5 cm long; rachis terete, straight, and sulcate. Floral bracts 3–5 mm long, 1/2 length of ovary, triangular, long-acuminate, dorsally granulose, yellow with irregular yellow dots. Ovary clavate 4–6 × 0.5–1.5 mm, furrowed, with a small ventral swollen vesicle at apex. Flowers ca. 3–14, simultaneous, resupinate, translucent green tinged pale purple, especially lip and column; fragrance not registered. Sepals partly spreading, free, margins entire, with a low dorsal keel, 1-veined; dorsal sepal 9.7 × 4.1 mm, oblong-elliptic, minutely aristate; lateral sepals 10 × 4.2 mm, elliptic-oblong, aristate. Petals 9.5 × 2.1 mm, partly spreading, narrowly oblanceolate, 1-veined, margin erose, spreading. Lip 6.6 × 9.7 mm, adnate to column, entire, widely cordiform to sub-orbicular, flat, base truncate to cordate, apex emarginate, margins deeply erose-dentate; bicallose, calli elongate, parallel, 3 × 1 mm separate, parallel, thick, rounded, calli close by leaning inward once a flower is pollinated or the pollinarium extracted (as can be seen from flower in the middle of attached photograph), disc with 3 converging very low ribs, mid-rib nearly reaching apical sinus, lateral ones in front of the calli converging towards mid-rib. Column 4.6 × 1.7 mm, short, thick, sub-terete, with a slight hump dorsally near base, apex forming an obtuse angle with lateral wings. Clinandrium-hood short, margin entire. Rostellum apical, slit. Lateral lobes of stigma small. Nectary penetrating 1/5 th of pedicellate ovary, unornamented, forming a somewhat widened vesicle behind perianth. Anther transversely ellipsoid, apex concave, 4-celled. Pollinia 4.1 × 0.8 mm obovoid, laterally compressed; caudicles soft and granulose, as long as the pollinia; viscarium semi-liquid. Capsule 14–18 × 8–10 mm, tricarinate and pedicel 4 mm long. Distribution and ecology: —Presently known from three collections from central and northern Peru, Junín, Jauja, Molinos, near Rio Curimarca, Qarhuanqa and near the Pongos Lagoon, 3400–3800 m elevation; and San Martín, Rioja and Amazonas, Granada. In montane humid forest, epiphytic on trunks and underside of branches of Miconia latifolia and some Polylepis canoi Mendonza (2005: 104) and Oreopanax oroyanus Harms (1931: 289). Flowering from March to September. Fruiting in October–November. The holotype of E. claustralis was collected in the same area where another new species has been described: E. curimarcense Hágsater, W.C.Navarro & H.R.Quispe (In: Navarro, Quispe-Melgar, & Hágsater 2020: 9), and it has also been recorded near the Pongos Lagoon located in the lower part of Curimarca, as well as in the Departament of San Martín and Amazonas. Until 2021, the provinces of Jauja, Chachapoyas and Rioja have reported loss of tree cover (172 ha, 190 kha and 1.31 kha respectively) according to information from Global Forest Watch (GFW 2022) associated with climate change conditions and the human pressure. Etymology: —From the Latin claustralis, that encloses, that serves as a barrier, we use the genitive noun on purpose. In reference to the prominent calli that lean towards each other after pollination or the loss of the pollinium, closing the entrance to the nectary and thus, presumably avoiding another pollination event. Additional specimens examined: — PERU. Junín: Prov. Jauja, Distr. Molinos, Rio Curimarca, Laguna Pongos, 3650 m, pressed 15 October 2021, W.C.Navarro 60 (HOXA!); San Martín: Prov. Rioja, Distr. Pardo Miguel, Centro Poblado Chisquilla, Sector siete Lagunas, behind Cerro Campanario, inside the high Andean forest relict scrub, 3368 m, 30 July 2016, José D. Edquén O. 418 (HURP!); Amazonas: Prov. Bongara, Distr. Granada, 30 July 2016, José D. Edquén O. 543 (HURP!). Conservation status: —DD. Data deficient. Known presently only from the type. Taxonomic Discussion: — Epidendrum claustralis is recognized by the 6–leaves, lanceolate, coriaceous, the apical inflorescence about 3 times longer than the apical leaf, the lip entire, widely cordiform to sub-orbicular, flat, base truncate to cordate, apex emarginate, margins deeply erose-dentate; disc with 3 converging very low ribs, the mid-rib nearly reaching the apical sinus, the lateral ones in front of the calli converging towards the mid-rib; flowers translucent green tinged pale purple, especially the lip and column. E. excelsum has sepals 5.1–6.7 × 4.26 mm, and the lip bicallose, calli elongate, parallel, 3 × 1 mm separate, thick, rounded, disc with 3 converging, very low ribs, the middle one nearly reaching the apical sinus, the lateral ones in front of the calli and converging to the mid-rib. It is similar to E. aida-alvareziae Hágsater from Cajamarca in northern Peru, which has shorter, wider leaves, 06–50 × 0.5–1.0 cm, sepals 5.0–7.3 × 2.8–3.3 mm, and a shallowly 3–lobed lip, the apical half looks more like a truncate pyramid in general outline, with the mid-lobe emarginate, bicallose, the calli prominent, ellipsoid, parallel, laterally somewhat compressed, disc 3–ribbed, the ribs low, parallel. E. ochoae from Machu Picchu, Cusco, which has yellowgreen flowers irregularly tinged with purple dots, especially on sepals and lip, sepals 6.5 × 3.5–4.0 mm, and a convex lip, bicallose, the calli prominent, ellipsoid, laterally somewhat compressed, somewhat divergent, disc 3–carinate, the lateral ribs low, the mid-rib prominent, forming a fleshy, irregular, obovoid protuberance which nearly reaches the apical sinus. E. rupestre (= E. pachydiscum) from Huancabamba, Piura, north to southern Colombia, also has smaller leaves, 1.3–4.1 × 0.7–1.2 cm, sepals 5.3–5.8 × 2.4–2.5 mm, and a lip deeply 3–lobed, with the mid-lobe deeply bifid, the lobes somewhat divergent, sub-rectangular, oblique, the outer margin curved and entire, the inner margin dentate to short-fimbriate, sinus widely mucronate, ecallose, with 3 well-defined, central ribs, the lateral pair somewhat shorter than the mid-rib., Published as part of Romo, Wendy Carolay Navarro & Hágsater, Eric, 2022, Epidendrum claustralis (Orchidaceae), another new species from the high Andean forests of the Rupestre group, pp. 91-98 in Phytotaxa 574 (1) on pages 93-96, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.574.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7359804, {"references":["Harms, H. A. (1931) Oreopanax oroyanus. In: Bornmuller, J. (Ed.) Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 11: 146 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994596","Hagsater, E., Navarro, W. C. R. & Quispe-Melgar, H. R. (2020) Epidendrum curimarcense. In: Hagsater, E. & Santiago, E. (eds.) The Genus Epidendrum, Part 13, Icones Orchidacearum 17: pl. 1766.","GFW (2022) Global Forest World, Washington, USA. Available from: https: // www. globalforestwatch. org / (accessed 1 Sept 2022)."]}

Epidendrum yojoaense Hágsater & L.Sánchez, Icon. Orchid. 7: t. 800. 2004. Voucher: J.B. Edwards 243 (AMES, MO)., Published as part of Vega, Hermes, Cetzal-Ix, William, Mó, Edgar, Romero-Soler, Katya J. & Basu, Saikat K., 2022, An Updated Checklist of the Orchidaceae of Honduras, pp. 1-80 in Phytotaxa 562 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.562.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7073693

Epidendrum ciliare L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1246. 1759. Voucher: G. Davidse et al. 35167 (AMO, EAP, MO)., Published as part of Vega, Hermes, Cetzal-Ix, William, Mó, Edgar, Romero-Soler, Katya J. & Basu, Saikat K., 2022, An Updated Checklist of the Orchidaceae of Honduras, pp. 1-80 in Phytotaxa 562 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.562.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7073693