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Population screening for breast cancer (BC) is currently offered in the UK for women aged 50 to 71 with the aim of reducing mortality. There is additional screening within the national programme for women identified as having a very high risk of BC. There is growing interest in further risk stratification in breast screening, which would require a whole population risk assessment and the subsequent offer of screening tailored to the individual's risk. Some women would be offered more intensive screening than others or no screening. This might provide a better balance of screening benefits and harms for each individual than the current population age-based programme alone. The UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC) is considering using decision-analytic and other models to evaluate different risk stratification screening strategies and identify remaining gaps in evidence. This paper reports the proceedings of a UK NSC workshop where experts in the field discussed both risk prediction models, as well as decision-analytic models providing a benefit-harm analysis/economic evaluation of risk-stratified screening programmes (see Table 1). The aim of the meeting was to present and discuss the current work of experts, including some data which had not been published at the time of the meeting, to inform the UK NSC. The workshop was not intended to present a balanced evaluation of how to deliver screening in future. Areas for further work identified included methods for comparing models to assess accuracy, the optimum risk assessment tools, the digital screening infrastructure, acceptability of stratification, choice of screening test and reducing inequalities. A move to risk stratification of the whole programme would require a careful phased introduction with continuing assessment of real-world evidence during deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the prevalence trend of esophageal cancer in Japan and China to provide suggestions for the prevention and treatment of esophageal cancer. The results showed that the incidence rate for the years 2010–2018 significantly decreased with an APC of 5.66%, and the mortality rate from 2010 to 2015 had an APC of −5.87% in China. However, the incidence rate of Japanese women showed an upward trend, with an APC of 4.09% from 2010 to 2019. The mortality rate of esophageal cancer in Japan showed a downward trend, with an APC of −2.96% from 2010 to 2021. From 2010 to 2018, Chinese esophageal squamous cell carcinoma accounted for the highest proportion, accounting for 85.96%, with the largest distribution in the middle, accounting for 47.25%. Patients are mostly diagnosed at stage III, and the relative survival rate from 2012 to 2015 was 30.3%. Japan also has the highest proportion of squamous cell carcinoma, and the lesions are also mostly located in the middle segment. While Japanese esophageal cancer patients are mostly diagnosed at stage I, and the relative survival rate was 41.5% in Japan from 2009 to 2011. The results of this article indicate that the current prevalence of esophageal cancer in China and Japan is generally declining, and the quality of life of patients is gradually improving, but effective screening and prevention strategies are still needed to reduce the burden of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women and incidence rates are increasing; metabolomics may be a promising approach for identifying the drivers of the increasing trends that cannot be explained by changes in known BC risk factors. Methods: We conducted a nested case–control study (median followup 6.3 years) within the New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR) (n = 40 cases and 70 age-matched controls). We conducted a metabolome-wide association study using untargeted metabolomics coupling hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and C18 chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to identify BC-related metabolic features. Results: We found eight metabolic features associated with BC risk. For the four metabolites negatively associated with risk, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 0.31 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14, 0.66) (L-Histidine) to 0.65 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.98) (N-Acetylgalactosamine), and for the four metabolites positively associated with risk, ORs ranged from 1.61 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.51, (m/z: 101.5813, RT: 90.4, 1,3-dibutyl-1-nitrosourea, a potential carcinogen)) to 2.20 (95% CI: 1.15, 4.23) (11-cis-Eicosenic acid). These results were no longer statistically significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Adding the BC-related metabolic features to a model, including age, the Breast and Ovarian Analysis of Disease Incidence and Carrier Estimation Algorithm (BOADICEA) risk score improved the accuracy of BC prediction from an area under the curve (AUC) of 66% to 83%. Conclusions: If replicated in larger prospective cohorts, these findings offer promising new ways to identify exposures related to BC and improve BC risk prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTemporal trends demonstrate improved survival for many types of common pediatric cancer. Studies have not examined improvement in very rare pediatric cancers or compared these improvements to more common cancers. In this cohort study of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, we examined patients from 1975 to 2016 who were 0–19 years of age at the time of diagnosis. Cancers were grouped by decade of diagnosis and 3 cancer frequency groups: Common, Intermediate, and Rare. Trends in mortality across decades and by cancer frequency were compared using Kaplan–Meier curves and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. A total of 50,222 patients were available for analysis, with the top 10 cancers grouped as Common (67%), 13 cancers grouped with Intermediate (24%), and 37 cancers as Rare (9%). Rare cancers had higher rates of children who were older and Black. 5-year survival increased from 63% to 86% across all cancers from the 1970s to the 2010s. The hazard ratio (HR) for mortality decreased from the reference point of 1 in the 1970s to 0.27 (95% CI: 0.25-0.30) in the 2010s in Common cancers, while the HR only dropped to 0.60 (0.49–0.73) over that same period for rare cancers. Pediatric oncology patients have experienced dramatic improvement in mortality since the 1970s, with mortality falling by nearly 75% in common cancers. Unfortunately, rare pediatric cancers continue to lag behind more common and therefore better studied cancers, highlighting the need for a renewed focus on research efforts for children with these rare diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) among individuals younger than age 50 (early-onset CRC [EOCRC]) has substantially increased, and yet the etiology and molecular mechanisms underlying this alarming rise remain unclear. We compared tumor-associated T-cell repertoires between EOCRC and average-onset CRC (AOCRC) to uncover potentially unique immune microenvironment-related features by age of onset. Our discovery cohort included 242 patients who underwent surgical resection at Cleveland Clinic from 2000 to 2020. EOCRC was defined as younger than age 50 years at diagnosis (N = 126) and AOCRC as 60 years of age or older (N = 116). T-cell receptor (TCR) abundance and clonality were measured by immunosequencing of tumors. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between TCR repertoire features and age of onset, adjusting for sex, race, tumor location, and stage. Findings were replicated in 152 EOCRC and 1984 AOCRC cases from the Molecular Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Study. EOCRC tumors had significantly higher TCR diversity compared with AOCRC tumors in the discovery cohort (odds ratio [OR] = 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32 to 0.61, P  < .0001). This association was also observed in the replication cohort (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.62 to 0.89, P  = .0013). No significant differences in TCR abundance were observed between EOCRC and AOCRC in either cohort. Higher TCR diversity, suggesting a more diverse intratumoral T-cell response, is more frequently observed in EOCRC than AOCRC. Further studies are warranted to investigate the role of T-cell diversity and the adaptive immune response more broadly in the etiology and outcomes of EOCRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Bile acid diarrhea (BAD) is an underrecognized and socially debilitating disease caused by high concentrations of bile acids in the colon. Bile acids directly and indirectly promote carcinogenesis. In this article, we investigated whether individuals with BAD have an increased risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. METHODS: By using the Danish health registries, adult individuals with BAD were identified by International Classification of Diseases 10th revision code K90.8 or referral to the diagnostic 75seleniumhomotaurocholic acid test followed by prescription of a bile acid sequestrant within 365 days (n 5 5,245). Age- and sex-matched individuals without BAD were included for comparison (n 5 52,450). We analyzed the cumulative incidence of GI cancers after BAD diagnosis and the odds ratios (ORs) of GI cancer 8 and 15 years before BAD diagnosis/matching. RESULTS: Cumulative incidence of GI cancer 6 years after BAD diagnosis/matching was 1.6% in the BAD group and 1.1% in controls (P50.01). The ORs of total GI cancer 8 and 15 years before BAD diagnosis were 6.16 (5.08-7.48) and 5.19 (4.28-6.29), respectively. Furthermore, 47 individuals with BAD (0.9%) and 250 (0.5%) controls died of GI cancer. DISCUSSION: This nationwide cohort study indicates an association between BAD and GI cancers. We found both a higher incidence of GI cancer after BAD diagnosis compared with controls and increased OR of GI cancer before BAD diagnosis. Bearing in mind the underdiagnosis of BAD, the delay of BAD diagnosis, and the carcinogenic effect of bile acids, these findings warrant further investigations of the risk of GI cancer in individuals with BAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths globally. There is a paucity of real-life data on GC in Brazil. Our study aimed to evaluate survival trends in gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) in a large cancer center in Brazil during 2000-2017. Methods: Based on our Hospital Cancer Registry Database, all individuals diagnosed with GA between 2000 and 2017, and treated at A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, were retrospectively included. The primary objectives were to describe the patient demographics, clinicopathological characteristics, treatment modalities and survival trends during four separate periods of diagnosis (2000-2004; 2005-2009; 2010-2014 and 2015-2017). χ² test was performed between two specified periods (2000-2004 and 2015-2017) to compare categorical variables. Overall survival (OS) curves were stratified by four separate periods and compared with log-rank tests. Results: This analysis included 1,406 individuals. Across all periods, most patients were men aged 50-69 and presented with Lauren's intestinal subtype. The frequency of stage IV disease significantly decreased between 2000-2004 and 2015-2017 (43.6% to 32.8%, p < 0.001). In contrast, we observed a rise in stage II (9.4% to 24.8%, p < 0.001) in the same comparison. We noticed an increased utilization of a combined approach involving chemotherapy and surgery (12% in 2000-2004 and 36.3% in 2015-2017, p < 0.001). The predicted 5-year OS of patients with GA in 2000-2004 was 27.8%, which increased to 53.9% in 2015-2017 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our retrospective cohort showed an upward trend in survival rates during the period. We observed that 5-year OS almost doubled among men and women during 2000-2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of global cancer-related mortality. Despite the shifting burden of GC to low-and middle-income countries, the data regarding incidence, treatment, and outcomes in these settings are sparse. The primary aim of this systematic review was to aggregate all available data on GC in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to describe the variability in incidence across the region. Methods: Studies reporting population-based primary data on GC in SSA were considered. The inclusion was limited to primary studies published between January 1995 and March 2022 which comprised of adult patients in SSA with GC. Studies without accessible full text in either French or English language were excluded. Unadjusted GC incidence rates with their standard errors for each study were recalculated from the crude numerators and denominators provided in individual studies. Results: A total of 5,626 articles were identified in the initial search, of which, 69 studies were retained. Reported incidence rates ranged from a high of 5.56 GC cases per 100,000 in Greater Meru Kenya to a low of 0.04 GC cases per 100,000 people in Benin City Nigeria. The overall crude pooled incidence was 1.20 GC cases per 100, 000 (95%CI 1.15-1.26) with a variability of 99.83% (I2 p < 0.001). From the 29 high-quality population- based registry studies the crude pooled incidence was 1.71 GC cases per 100,000 people (95%CI 1.56-21.88) with a variability of 99.60%. Conclusion: This systemic review demonstrates that GC incidence is highly variable across SSA. The limited data on GC treatment, mortality, and survival presents a significant challenge to providing a complete epidemiologic description of the burden of GC in SSA. There is a need for further robust data collection, exploration, and research studies on cancer care in SSA, with continued assessment of primary data availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acibadem Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Acibadem University Medical School and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In Mexico, there is a high burden of liver cancer mortality in rural states, affecting both women and men equally. Thus, we aimed to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) by sex in Mexico. Demographic and clinical information was extracted retrospectively from the medical records of patients with HCC initially treated (2015–2022) at institutions participating in a national survey across the country. The male-to-female ratio was calculated at the national and regional levels, and the results were stratified by sex. Among 697 HCC patients, the age at diagnosis was 65.4 ± 11.9 years and 20% were diagnosed at ≥75 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.4:1, ranging from 1:1 in the northwestern and southwestern regions, to 2.1:1 in the western region. The proportion of cirrhosis was similar between the sexes; however, the etiology of cirrhosis differed: cryptogenic cirrhosis was higher in women and alcohol consumption was higher in men. Men had a higher proportion of advanced HCC, poor/undifferentiated tumors, and ≥4 nodules than women. HCC in the Mexican population affects both men and women at a 1.4:1 male-to-female ratio. This unique proportion by sex could be explained by the differences in the prevalence of risk factors across our heterogeneous country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulvovaginal atrophy, characterized by the thinning of vaginal mucosa typically resulting from reduced estrogen levels, is frequently exacerbated by oncogynecologic treatments such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, radiotherapy, or surgery. This condition significantly impacts the quality of life for cancer survivors, leading to persistent discomfort, heightened infection risk, and negative effects on sexual function and self-esteem. Despite being a relatively common complication, vulvovaginal atrophy is not always discussed before the start of treatment. Treatments typically mirror those used for natural menopause; however, efficacy and safety data specific to this population are limited due to the exclusion of these patients from clinical trials. A major safety concern is the risk of hormone-sensitive cancer recurrence associated with estrogen therapy, which drives a preference for non-hormonal alternatives. Newer treatments, such as laser therapy, radiofrequency, and vaginal injections, show promise with minimal side effects and hormone-independent mechanisms, though efficacy data varies, highlighting the need for further research. This narrative review explores the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of vulvovaginal atrophy after the treatment for oncogynecologic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the USA, endometrial cancer incidence rose by 4.5% annually from 1999 to 2015, reaching 18 per 100,000 women, with a disproportionate impact on African American women. Despite advancements in endometrial cancer research, racial disparities in mortality rates persist. Our retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the mortality trends and disparities among patients with endometrial cancer in the USA. Methods: Patients with endometrial cancer mortality from 1999 to 2020 were analyzed from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER). Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 individuals were compared across different races and geographical regions. Results: From 1999 to 2020, endometrial cancer accounted for 90,145 deaths in the USA. Overall, the AAMRs of endometrial cancer increased significantly from 2.50 (95% CI, 2.41–2.58) in 1999 to 3.94 (95% CI, 3.85–4.04) per 100,000 individuals in 2020, with an AAPC of +2.23 (95% CI, 1.39–3.07). The highest AAMR was observed among African Americans (2.69 [95% CI, 2.65–2.74]), followed by whites (1.44 [95% CI, 1.43–1.45]), Hispanics (1.16 [95% CI, 1.13–1.20]), Asians (1.00 [95% CI, 0.96–1.04]), and American Indians (0.99 [95% CI, 0.88–1.10]). The highest AAMR from endometrial cancer was recorded in the Northeast region (1.73 [95% CI, 1.71–1.76]). Conclusion: There was an increasing trend of mortality rates from endometrial cancer in the last 2 decades, which disproportionately affected African Americans. Targeted interventions are warranted to address the mortality disparities among patients with endometrial cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer poses a substantial health challenge for the world's over-70 population. However, data on the impact and epidemiology of breast cancer in this age group are limited. We aimed to evaluate global, regional, and national breast cancer trends among those aged 70 and older between 1990 and 2021. Methods: In this trend analysis based on the 2021 Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), we report on the incidence rates and Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) counts, as well as the incidence rates per 100,000 individuals and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) for breast cancer among individuals aged 70 and above at the global, regional, and national levels. We analyzed these global trends by age, sex, and socio-developmental index (SDI). Joinpoint regression elucidates pivotal trend shifts. Results: From 1990 to 2021, the global incidence of breast cancer in the over-70 population modestly increased from 104 to 107 per 100,000, with significant trend changes in 1995, 2005, and 2018. Regionally, High-income North America had the highest incidence in 2021, while North Africa and the Middle East saw the steepest rise in incidence and DALYs. The only decrease was in the High SDI quintile. The 70–74 age group experienced the largest increase globally, with rates rising from 86.3 to 90 per 100,000 (AAPC 0.27). Conclusion: From 1990 to 2021, global breast cancer incidence in the over-70 population saw a slight uptick, contrasted by a significant reduction in DALYs, likely due to progress in endocrine and targeted therapies. This underscores the critical need for enhanced screening and personalized treatments for older patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron is an essential nutrient required for various physiological processes in the body. However, iron imbalance can potentially contribute to initiating and promoting cancer development. Epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between dietary iron intake and the risk of different types of cancer, yet, not all studies have consistently shown a significant association between dietary iron and cancer risk. Also, studies have shown different effects of dietary heme and non-heme iron intake on cancer risk. While some epidemiological studies suggest a possible link between high dietary iron (mainly heme-iron) intake and increased cancer risk, the evidence remains inconsistent. Moreover, multiple iron biomarkers, which can mirror physiological iron status, have demonstrated varied correlations with the risk of cancer, contingent upon the specific biomarker analyzed and the type of cancer being investigated. Here, we have investigated the current evidence on the potential relationship between dietary iron intake on one hand, and iron biomarkers on the other hand, with the risk of developing different types of cancer, including breast, prostate, lung, pancreatic, colon, colorectal, and liver cancers. Further research is warranted to better understand the complex relationship between dietary iron, physiological iron and cancer development. Future research should account for factors that affect and interact with dietary iron and physiological iron levels, such as genetic susceptibility, overall diet quality, and lifestyle habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to GLOBOCAN 2020 Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and the prevalence is increasing worldwide and in Ethiopia. This review assessed studies conducted in Ethiopia on the clinical features and epidemiology of breast cancer. Methods: Data base search conducted PubMed, Google Scholar African Journals Online (AJOL), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Hinari without time restrictions. The search keywords included; prevalence and pattern, clinical presentation, histological and molecular subtypes, and management. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline to identify, search, extract articles, and report this systematic review. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO, ID: CRD42023403320. Results: Twenty studies were included in the review with 33,369 participants and 3 were community-based and 17 were hospital-based. In all except two reviewed studies, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women of Ethiopia. The most frequent presenting symptom was a breast lump/mass and commonly affected side was right breast. Most patients presented at a late stage and they were premenopausal age group. The commonest histology type is ductal carcinoma, that the most prevalent receptor was estrogen receptor positive, and the most common molecular subtype was Luminal A in pathology samples. Surgery is main stay of treatment and the most common surgical technique practiced in Ethiopia is modified radical mastectomy. Conclusion: Breast cancer incidence is rising, and it accounts for the major cancer burden in the country. There is a need for additional awareness-raising and health education because delayed presentation are critical problems throughout Ethiopia. For planning and monitoring cancer patterns, comprehensive demographic and clinical data from a population or facility-based registry are needed in the regions. The available treatment options are still limited in Ethiopia it needs infrastructural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the epidemiology of cancer after kidney transplantation (KTx), investigating its risk factors and impact on therapeutic management and survival in KTx recipients (KTRs). The association between modification of immunosuppressive (IS) therapy after cancer and survival outcomes was analyzed. We collected data from 930 KTRs followed for 7 [1--19] years. The majority of KTRs received KTx from a deceased donor (84%). In total, 74% of patients received induction therapy with basiliximab and 26% with ATG. Maintenance therapy included steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and mycophenolate. Patients with at least one cancer (CA+) amounted to 19%. NMSC was the most common tumor (55%). CA+ were older and had a higher BMI. Vasculitis and ADPKD were more prevalent in CA+. ATG was independently associated with CA+ and was related to earlier cancer development in survival and competing risk analyses (p = 0.01 and <0.0001; basiliximab 89 ± 4 vs. ATG 40 ± 4 months). After cancer diagnosis, a significant prognostic impact was derived from the shift to mTOR inhibitors compared to a definitive IS drug suspension (p = 0.004). Our data confirm the relevance of cancer as a complication in KTRs with ATG as an independent risk factor. An individualized choice of IS to be proposed at the time of KTx is crucial in the prevention of neoplastic risk. Finally, switching to mTORi could represent an important strategy to improve patient survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood cancer is the second cause of mortality of the population between 4 and 15 years. More than 20 million new cases of cancer in the world are expected by the year 2025, and 80% of the load will be on countries of low to middle income. In the past two decades, significant changes have been observed in patterns of incidence, prevalence, survival, and childhood cancer mortality in Mexico. An extensive review of all the published studies in Mexico by various health institutions revealed a steady 18-year trend of 150 new cases/million/year. The prevalence showed that acute leukemias constitute a 50% of all childhood cancer cases, followed by lymphoma (Hodkin and non-Hodgkin), and primary malignant brain tumors. A significant survival rate was observed in 8 thousand children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with an overall 5-year survival rate of 62%, with a range of 45 to 73%. The national mortality rate for all types of cancer was 5.2/100,000/year, which is higher than what is reported in most middle-income countries. In the face of the current results, the need arises to modify how we approach this group of diseases by integrating a socio-educational healthcare of the Mexican children who are currently treated under unfavorable conditions. The current sanitary authorities must be aware of the importance of the transmission and adjustment of the care received by children with these diseases at a national level, to be in line with international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: In recent years, there has been a growing incidence of gastrointestinal cancer in young individuals. Despite its significant morbidity and mortality, research on upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer in young populations has been relatively limited. Therefore, studies on the epidemiological changes of this cancer are needed. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we examined the incidence, death, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) from UGI cancers in the young, namely, early‐onset esophageal cancer (EOEC) and early‐onset gastric cancer (EOGC). These results were stratified by sex, geographical region, country, and sociodemographic index. Results: There was a total of 185 140 cases, 120 289 deaths, and 5.70 million DALYs attributable to early‐onset UGI cancers globally. From 2010 to 2019, the global incidence, death, and DALYs rates of early‐onset UGI cancers decreased. In contrast, the incidence rates increased in both EOEC (+1.15%) and EOGC (+0.21%) in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Conclusions: Over the past decade, the burden of UGI cancer in the young has decreased. However, it has increased in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Further research to elucidate the attributable risk factors in this population is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This study aims to provide cancer incidence and mortality estimates in 2020 in the GCC countries alongside future projections for 2040 to shape cancer control policy in the region. Methods: The estimated numbers of new cancer cases and deaths were extracted from the GLOBOCAN database developed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer; new cancer cases, cancer deaths, and corresponding age‐standardized incidence and mortality rates for the year 2020 are presented. Results: An estimated 42,475 new cancer cases and 19,895 deaths occurred in the GCC countries in 2020, with corresponding age‐standardized incidence and mortality rates of 96.5 and 52.3 per 100,000, respectively. Female breast (16%), colorectal (13%), and thyroid (9%) were the most common types of cancer in the GCC countries, accounting for almost 40% of all cancer incidence. Colorectal (14%) followed by breast cancer (9%) were the leading causes of cancer death, though the magnitude of rates of the major cancer types varied substantially across the GCC countries. Even if we assume rates in the region will remain unchanged over the next two decades, the cancer burden in the GCC will increase by 116% (Saudi Arabia) to 270% (Qatar), reaching nearly 104,000 cancer cases by the year 2040. Conclusion: The sharp increase in the estimated cancer incidence and mortality predicted over the next decades in the region requires workforce and financial planning for the healthcare systems in the constituent countries, alongside broader strengthening of national cancer prevention and control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health burden, with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Recent progress in research highlights the distinct clinical and molecular characteristics of colon versus rectal cancers, underscoring tumor location's importance in treatment approaches. This article provides a comprehensive review of our current understanding of CRC epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathogenesis, and management strategies. We also present the intricate cellular architecture of colonic crypts and their roles in intestinal homeostasis. Colorectal carcinogenesis multistep processes are also described, covering the conventional adenoma–carcinoma sequence, alternative serrated pathways, and the influential Vogelstein model, which proposes sequential APC, KRAS, and TP53 alterations as drivers. The consensus molecular CRC subtypes (CMS1-CMS4) are examined, shedding light on disease heterogeneity and personalized therapy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The endometrial cancer is a disorder with elevated oxidative stress. The high oxidative stress resulting from hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic retinopathy (DR) development which is a complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, we aim to evaluate the potential relationship between the endometrial cancer and following DR development. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. Individuals diagnosed with endometrial cancer were matched to the non‐endometrial cancer patients in a 1:4 ratio. The major outcomes are the presence of DR, diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) according to diagnostic codes. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to show the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of major outcomes between groups. Results: There were 99 (2.3%), 20 (0.5%), and 14 (0.3%) cases with DR, DME and PDR in the endometrial cancer group, respectively. Another 303 (1.8%), 35 (0.2%), and 27 (0.2%) with DR, DME and PDR were observed in the control group, respectively. The endometrial cancer group revealed a significantly higher incidence of DR compared with the control group (aHR 1.51, 95% CI 1.20–1.90, P < 0.001). The cumulative probability of DR was also higher in the endometrial cancer group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The relationship between endometrial cancer and DR was significantly higher in patients aged over 70 years (P = 0.008). In addition, a higher incidence of DR was found during the first 5 years after the endometrial cancer diagnosis (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The endometrial cancer correlates to a higher incidence of subsequent DR, especially within first 5 years of endometrial cancer diagnosis. Synopsis: The presence of endometrial cancer associates with higher risk of following diabetic retinopathy (DR) but not the diabetic macular edema and proliferative DR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To update and extend the examination of cancer incidence in a cohort of Danish firefighters, now adding 7 years of follow‐up and 2766 additional firefighters. The primary focus was directed toward cancer sites that recently contributed to the hazard evaluation conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Methods: The updated cohort consisted of 11,827 male Danish firefighters who were followed up for cancer from 1968 to 2021. Cohort cancer morbidity was compared with a working population reference group, and standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were used for estimation of relative risks, along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Among full‐time firefighters, SIR of skin melanoma was 1.30 (95% CI: 1.02–1.66), and SIR = 1.37 (95% CI: 1.02–1.85) for over 5 years of employment. Slightly positive associations were also observed for cancer of the urinary bladder (SIR = 1.16; 95% CI: 0.93–1.45), prostate (SIR = 1.11; 95% CI: 0.97–1.28), and testis (SIR = 1.11; 95% CI: 0.75–1.63). Conclusions: This updated study provides evidence indicating an elevated risk of skin melanoma in firefighters. Consistent with IARC's evaluation, we also identified positive associations for urinary bladder, prostate, and testis cancer. In contrast, our findings did not suggest an increased risk of colon cancer, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, and mesothelioma. The latter may be due to small numbers in our still relatively young cohort. Continuous follow‐up for cancer in firefighters is warranted, including assessment of influence from surveillance bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penile cancer (PC) is a rare malignancy predominantly of squamous cell origin. Approximately 40% of penile tumors are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Diagnosing PC remains challenging due to its rarity and variety of clinical presentations. Furthermore, the impact of HPV on the tumor immune microenvironment complicates clinical management, although recent advancements in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown some efficacy in treating HPV-associated PC. Ongoing research efforts aim to develop oncologic treatments that target HPV-induced cellular modifications. Additionally, novel therapeutic vaccines and adoptive T-cell therapies targeting HPV oncoproteins represent emerging treatment modalities. Our review highlights the complex interplay between HPV and penile carcinogenesis, emphasizing its epidemiology, etiology, clinicopathological characteristics, and potential therapeutic implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Among malignant diseases, lung cancer has one of the highest mortality and incidence. Most epidemiological studies conclude that Hungary faces the most severe burden in association with this disease. However, for various reasons estimates and population-based studies show discrepancies. In this study, an intense data cleansing was performed on lung cancer cases that were reported to the Hungarian National Cancer Registry in 2018, and the major clinico-pathological parameters as well as survival characteristics were described. Our population-based figures were compared to the European estimates. As a result of our thorough revision, the corrected incidence of lung cancer has fallen below the number of cases that were reported to the Registry from 11,746 to 9,519. We also demonstrate that Hungary did not show the highest incidence and mortality in Europe, but it is still among the ones with the worst raking countries, with 92.9 and 50.6 age standardized rate per 100 thousand capita among males and females, respectively. Analysis of the annually reported case numbers revealed a gender-specific difference in incidence trends: while from 2001 to 2019 it slightly decreased among males, it increased among females. The most dominant subtype was adenocarcinoma, which was more frequent among female patients. Unfortunately, most of the newly diagnosed cases were in advanced stage; thus, 5 year overall survival was 14.8%. We anticipate that in the longer term, a decrease in incidence and improvement in survival rates may be expected as a result of the development of primary and secondary prevention programs in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The incidence of esophageal cancers is increasing in many Western countries and the rate of missed esophageal cancers (MEC) at upper endoscopy is of concern. We aimed to calculate the MEC rate and identify factors associated with MEC. Methods: This was a retrospective population-based cohort study including 613 patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer in Central Norway 2004–2021. MEC was defined as esophageal cancer diagnosed 6–36 months after a non-diagnostic upper endoscopy. Patient characteristics, tumor localization, histological type and cTNM stage were recorded. Symptoms, endoscopic findings, use of sedation and endoscopists experience at the endoscopy prior to esophageal cancer diagnosis and at the time of diagnosis were recorded. The association between these factors and MEC was assessed. Results: Forty-nine (8.0%) of 613 cancers were MEC. There was a significant increase in annual numbers of esophageal cancer (p < 0.001) as well as of MEC (p = 0.009), but MEC rate did not change significantly (p = 0.382). The median time from prior upper endoscopy to MEC diagnosis was 22.9 (12.1–28.6) months. MEC patients were older and were diagnosed with disease with a lower cTNM stage and cT category than non-missed cancers, whereas tumor localization and histological type were similar between the groups. The use of sedation or endoscopist experience did not differ between the endoscopy prior to esophageal cancer diagnosis and at the time of diagnosis. High proportions of MEC patients had Barrett's esophagus (n = 25, 51.0%), hiatus hernia (n = 26, 53.1%), esophagitis (n = 10, 20.4%) or ulceration (n = 4, 8.2%). Significant proportions of MECs were diagnosed after inappropriate follow-up of endoscopic Barrett's esophagus, histological dysplasia or ulcerations. Conclusions: The annual number of MEC increased during the study period, while the MEC rate remained unchanged. Endoscopic findings related to gastroesophageal reflux disease such as esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus were identified in a high proportion of patients with subsequent MECs. Cautious follow-up of these patients could potentially reduce MEC-rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the epidemiology of penile cancer in Poland compared to other European countries. Materials and Methods: Incidence and mortality data were acquired from the national cancer registries in Europe and WHO Mortality Database, respectively. The data are presented as age‐standardised morbidity and mortality rates, calculated according to the standard population of the world. We utilised Joinpoint analysis to assess the trends in morbidity and mortality and calculated the average rate of increase or decrease (Annual Percentage Change, Average Annual Percentage Change). Additionally, we estimate the proxy survival rates for each country. Results: Our study is the first to cover the incidence of penile cancer in many European countries and estimates an approximate survival rate for large populations, which is rarely cited in the literature. The 40+ age group presented graphically in the article covered more than 90% of penile cancer cases and deaths. In the countries examined, there was an excess of deaths over incidence in the oldest age groups (75 years or older). Poland had intermediate incidence and mortality rates. Conclusions: Unlike many European countries, Poland is witnessing an increasing trend of penile cancer mortality. The higher death toll among those aged 75 years or older may suggest a lack of recognition of cancer symptoms and inadequate attention to elderly patients by the healthcare system. There is also evidence of underreporting penile cancer cases. Establishing centralised healthcare systems for rare cancers is a commendable development that should be emulated by other European countries, including Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) affects approximately 2 million people worldwide. Obesity is the major risk factor for CRC. In addition, obesity contributes to a chronic inflammatory stage that enhances tumor progression through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition to an increased inflammatory response, obesity-associated cancer presents accrued molecular factors related to cancer characteristics, such as genome instability, sustained cell proliferation, telomere dysfunctions, angiogenesis, and microbial alteration, among others. Despite the evidence accumulated over the last few years, the treatments for obesity-associated CRC do not differ from the CRC treatments in normal-weight individuals. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on obesity-associated cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, molecular factors, and current treatments. Finally, we enumerate possible new therapeutic targets that may improve the conditions of obese CRC patients. Obesity is key for the development of CRC, and treatments resulting in the reversal of obesity should be considered as a strategy for improving antineoplastic CRC therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical cancer incidence is rising in Puerto Rico (PR). Whether the increase is real or reflective of increased diagnostic scrutiny remains unclear. Methods: Using data from the PR Central Cancer Registry for 2001–2019, we estimated trends of hysterectomy-corrected cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, overall, and by stage at diagnosis and age. Results: Overall, cervical cancer incidence (per 100,000) increased 1.6%/year (95% CI, -0.5% to 3.8%) from 12.5 to 15.3, with a prominent increase in distant-stage disease (4.5%/year [95% CI, 1.6% to 8.0%]), particularly among screening age eligible (25–64-year-old) women (5.8%/year [95% CI, 2.1% to 10.6%]). Mortality rates in this age-group remained stable during the study period. Conclusions: Increased occurrence of distant-stage disease among screening-eligible women is troubling and may reflect a real increase. Future research is needed to elucidate the factors underlying these trends. Improved prevention is also an urgent priority to reverse the rising cervical cancer incidence in PR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the recent and ongoing activities of European populationbased cancer registries (PBCRs) in data quality and harmonisation in the framework of the collaboration between the European Network of Cancer Registries (ENCR) and the Directorate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC), the science and knowledge centre of the European Commission. The article concludes the Frontiers in Oncology's Research Topic "Joining Efforts to Improve Data Quality and Harmonization Among European Population-Based Cancer Registries", which has been an opportunity for several European researchers to share their experience on cancer data quality and harmonisation. Such experience will be helpful for PBCRs in view of future challenges and opportunities in cancer epidemiology, with a few examples discussed in the present article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early stages of breast cancer, malignancy is detected solely in the breast or, in the case of individuals with node-positive disease, the breast, and locoregional lymph nodes. All detected malignancies can be excised surgically. However, undetected deposits of malignancy may persist either locally or at distant sites that, if left untreated, could over the subsequent 5, 7, 10, or more years develop into a life-threatening clinical recurrence. The current systematic review was done based on the Strengthening the Reporting of Observationally Studies in Epidemiology and Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. The primary keywords were published in reliable databases such as Pubmed, Elsevier, SID, Wiley in English were searched until the end of 2022. Two authors independently examined the articles in terms of data extraction, inclusion criteria, and quality assessment of the articles. The age range from 496 samples was 57.3. Using the results of 5 published articles for MG and CESM, the overall specificity and sensitivity were 89% and 85%, respectively and for MRI, the overall specificity and sensitivity were 81% and 85%, respectively. In conclusion, the MRI method is the most sensitive tool for diagnosing BC in patients, but if a combination of new methods is used together, we will definitely achieve better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the epidemiology, incidence, mortality and survival of ocular cancer in Cali between 1962 and 2019. Ecological population-based study analyzing data of incidence, mortality, and 5-years survival of malignant ocular tumors from the Populational Cancer Registry of Cali between 1962 and 2019. Between 1962 and 2019, 586 ocular tumors were found, 50.5% occurred in females, the mean age at diagnosis was 45 years (standard deviation = 25), 70.3% of ocular malignancies occurred in >14 years. The average annual incidence rate was 7.8 per million for male and 6.9 per million for females. Retinoblastoma (21%), squamous cell carcinoma (20%), melanoma (16%) and lymphoma (8%) were the most common neoplasm. In those <15 years, the most frequent malignant tumors were retinoblastomas (85.7%), followed by non-specified malignant neoplasm (NOS, 7.9%), and rhabdomyosarcoma (3.6%). In those >14 years, there were NOS (30%), followed by squamous cell carcinomas (28%), melanomas (23%), and lymphomas (9.7%). Conjunctiva (38.2%), retina (21%) and orbit (10%) constituted the majority of anatomical sites of ocular tumors. The survival rate was about 83.2% and mortality did not show a decreasing trend over time (p >.05). The incidence of ocular cancer in Cali has a slightly increasing trend, with stable behavior in the last decades. Squamous cell carcinoma, retinoblastoma, melanoma and lymphoma are the most frequent ocular cancers, with being retinoblastoma more frequent than melanoma. In general, ocular cancer had good survival rates in Cali. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer burden from the elderly has been rising largely due to the aging population. However, research on the long‐term epidemiological trends in cancer of the elderly is lacking. Methods: Registry data of this population‐based cross‐sectional study were from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The study population aged 65 years or more, from geographically distinct regions. Joinpoint regression and JP Surv method were used to analyze cancer trends and survival. Results: Mortality rate during 1975–2020 decreased from 995.20 to 824.99 per 100,000 elderly persons, with an average annual decrease of 0.421% (95% CI, 0.378–0.464). While overall incidence increased with no significance. Prostate (29%) and breast (26%) cancer were the most common malignancies, respectively, in elderly males and females, and the mortality for both of the two (prostate 15%, breast 14%) ranked just behind lung and bronchus cancer, which had the highest mortality rates in males (29%) and females (23%). Many cancers showed adverse trends in the latest follow‐up periods (the last period calculated by the Joinpoint method). For intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, incidence (male Annual Percentage Change [APC] = 7.4*; female APC = 6.7*) and mortality (male APC = 3.0*; female APC = 3.3*) increased relatively fast, and its survival was also terrible (3‐year survival only 10%). Other cancers with recent increasing mortality included cancer of anus, anal canal and anorectum, retroperitoneum, pleura, peritoneum, etc. Most cancers had favorable trends of survival during the nearest follow‐up period. Conclusion: Against the background of overall improvement, many cancers showed adverse trends. Further research for the underlying mechanisms and targeted implements towards adverse trends is also urgent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and analyze the relationship between the degree of differentiation and factors including age, sex, stage, and tumor location in West Java, Indonesia. Patients and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Central Referral and Teaching Hospital in West Java, Indonesia. The data were collected by reviewing medical records with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes C00-C06 from 2016 to 2023. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize the clinicopathological characteristics of OSCC patients. Chi-square, rank Spearman tests, and contingency correlation coefficients were used to analyze the relationship between the degree of differentiation and various factors, such as age, sex, stage, and tumor location of OSCC. Results: Out of the 627 oral cancer patients, 70.49% were diagnosed with OSCC with a gender distribution of 45.7% males and 54.3% females, predominantly within the age range of 30– 49 (37.2%). Most OSCC cases were stage IV (37.7%), with the tongue identified as the most common site (68.8%). A consistent trend of higher well-differentiated and moderately differentiated OSCC by age and gender was observed. Statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation between age, gender, tumor location, and the degree of OSCC differentiation (p> 0.05). However, a statistically significant correlation was identified between the degree of OSCC differentiation and stage (p< 0.001, r=0.460). Conclusion: There is a correlation between the degree of differentiation of OSCC and stage, suggesting significant prognostic implications that can aid in treatment planning and outcome prediction. However, further studies are needed due to the lack of comprehensive data on risk factors and survival rates of oral cancer patients, which is essential for enhancing prevention and treatment strategies for OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circadian rhythm disruption is closely related to increased incidence of prostate cancer. Incorporating circadian rhythms into the study of prostate cancer pathogenesis can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the causes of cancer and offer new options for precise treatment. Therefore, this article comprehensively summarizes the epidemiology of prostate cancer, expounds the contradictory relationship between circadian rhythm disorders and prostate cancer risk, and elucidates the relationship between circadian rhythm regulators and the incidence of prostate cancer. Importantly, this article also focuses on the correlation between circadian rhythms and androgen receptor signaling pathways, as well as the applicability of time therapy in prostate cancer. This may prove significant in enhancing the clinical treatment of prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk factors associated with breast cancer within a war-affected region enduring over a decade of conflict in Northwest Syria. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2022. Inclusion criteria required patients to have a palpable breast mass confirmed by biopsy. Patients residing in the region for less than 5 years were excluded from the study. The study included 164 female patients, averaging 47.14±11.31 years. Data were collected through surveys during visits to the regional cancer center. Ten risk factors were analyzed: Age, family history, Age at menarche, age at menopause, body mass index, breastfeeding, age at first birth, smoking, hormonal contraceptive use, and psychological stress. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25. RESULTS: Among the breast cancer patients, 32.9% were =40 years old (mean = 34.7, SD = 4.35), 32.9% were 41-50 years old (mean = 46.3, SD = 2.75), and 34.1% were >50 years old (mean = 59.89, SD = 6.15). Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between all fixed and variable risk factors except smoking, age at menarche, and hormonal contraceptive use. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed a nearly ten-year decrease in the average age of breast cancer onset among our patients compared to global standards. Prolonged conflict is likely a key factor driving earlier and increased breast cancer cases in Syria's younger women. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health interventions and further research into the impact of chronic conflict on cancer epidemiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Internet searches reflect public awareness, which may be influenced by cancer epidemiology. The aim was to characterize the relationship between the occurrence of bone cancer and the number of Internet searches in Poland. A secondary goal was to assess the relationship between awareness campaigns and online searches. The last goal was to assess the incidence and mortality rate of bone sarcoma in Poland over 10 years. Material and methods. The epidemiology data of bone cancer in 2010-2020 were analyzed in relation to search volume index (SVI) in Google Trends for terms — ‘osteosarcoma’, ‘chondrosarcoma’, ‘Ewing sarcoma’, ‘bone cancer’, ‘bone tumor’. Results. On average, 317.6 (± 29.8) new cases of bone cancer were diagnosed annually, and 272.2 (± 43.3) patients died annually. Correlations between incidence rates and SVI for terms: osteosarcoma (r = 0.17; p = 0.035), chondrosarcoma (r = 0.36; p < 0.001) and Ewing sarcoma (r = 0.21; p = 0.008), and between mortality rate and SVI for terms: chondrosarcoma (r = 0.42; p < 0.001) and bone cancer (r = 0.20; p = 0.012) were noted. There was no increase in interest in the topic of bone cancer in July (Sarcoma Awareness Month) in Poland and worldwide. Conclusions. The incident and mortality rate of bone sarcomas is correlated with the number of online searches for individual phrases. Awareness campaigns do not significantly increase interest in the topic of bone sarcomas on the Internet. Epidemiological data on bone cancer in Poland are comparable to worldwide data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urologic cancers are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, representing more than 10% of the total number of new cancer cases worldwide. These complex diseases are linked to several issues related to their diagnosis, management, monitoring, and treatment -- issues that require multidisciplinary solutions that encompass and manage patients as complex entities. In response to this, the so-called cancer centers of excellence (CCEs) emerged, defined as multidisciplinary institutions specialized in the diagnosis, management, monitoring, and treatment of specific diseases, including cancer. Different institutions, such as the European Association of Urology (EAU), have proposed and encouraged its consolidation, especially for the management of prostate cancer. These institutions must be composed of three areas: healthcare, education, and research, which have complementary interactions and relationships, stimulating research and problem-solving from a multidisciplinary approach and also covering elements of basic science and mental health. The implementation of these CCEs has generated positive results; therefore, it is necessary to stimulate their implementation with a uro-oncologic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer represents the most prevalent form of cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among females worldwide. It has been reported that several risk factors contribute to the appearance and progression of this disease. Despite the advancements in breast cancer treatment, a significant portion of patients with distant metastases still experiences no cure. The extracellular matrix represents a potential target for enhanced serum biomarkers in breast cancer. Furthermore, extracellular matrix degradation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition constitute the primary stages of local invasion during tumorigenesis. Additionally, the microbiome has a potential influence on diverse physiological processes. It is emerging that microbial dysbiosis is a significant element in the development and progression of various cancers, including breast cancer. Thus, a better understanding of extracellular matrix and microbiome interactions could provide novel alternatives to breast cancer treatment and management. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding the intricate relationship between breast cancer with the extracellular matrix and the microbiome. We discuss the arising associations and future perspectives in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial mining of fluorspar in St. Lawrence Newfoundland began in 1933. Miners who worked underground were exposed to high levels of radon progeny, especially before ventilation was introduced into the mines in 1960. The mean cumulative radon exposure for underground miners in this cohort was 380.9 working level months (WLM). A series of studies of this cohort have characterized the increased risks of lung cancer mortality due to radon. We have extended the follow-up of this cohort an additional 15 years to provide additional insights on the risks of low levels of radon exposure, and the modifying effects of time since exposure, age at first exposure, attained age, duration of exposure, and cigarette smoking. The cohort consisted of 1,735 underground and 315 male surface miners who, combined, accrued 81,650 person-years of follow-up. The mortality experience of the cohort was determined from 1950–2016 through record linkage to Canadian national death data. Individual-level estimates of exposure to radon progeny, in WLMs, were determined for each year of employment. We compared the mortality experience of the underground miners to Newfoundland men using the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). Poisson regression models were fit to estimate excess relative risks (ERR) per 100 WLM. There were 236 lung cancer deaths identified, and of these, 221 occurred among underground workers. The SMR for lung cancer among underground miners compared to Newfoundland men was 2.67 (95% CI: 2.33, 3.04). The ERR per 100 WLM for lung cancer mortality, assuming a 5-year exposure lag, was 0.41 (95% CI: 0.23, 0.59). Attained age and time since exposure were important modifiers to the radon-lung cancer relationship. The joint relationship between smoking and radon on lung cancer risk was sub-additive, however, the smoking data were limited and available for only half of the cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nasopharyngeal cancer is a rare tumor with significant diversity. Head and neck cancer are common in male whereas nasopharyngeal cancer still is uncommon. There is very less data available on survival and characteristics of nasopharyngeal cancer in North India. Study design: Retrospective study. Materials and methods: The HBCR data on all nasopharyngeal cancer patients who were treated were retrieved for a period of 5 years from 2017 to 2022. Statistical analysis used: SPSS software version 20. Results: A total of 29 patients were analysed. Total male to female ratio is 1.4:1 i.e. 58.4% male and 41.4% are female. Most common age group affected is between 40 years to 60 years. Most common symptom was nasal blockade followed by neck swelling. Patient common stage of disease presentation was stage IV i.e. 45%, stage III was 34.4% and stage II was 21%. Metastasis was common in bone followed by lung and liver. In our study 59% of the patients were treated with radiation and concomitant chemotherapy. The overall survival by Kaplan meire curve at 2 years in our study population was 64.3% and 5 years survival analysis was 46.93%. Conclusion: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) is an infrequent head and neck malignancy in Northern India, often diagnosed at an advanced stage with a higher likelihood of distant metastasis. Concurrent chemo-radiation therapy, particularly utilizing a weekly cisplatin regimen, has demonstrated favorable outcomes and tolerability. There is a pressing need for additional prospective research to evaluate this treatment schedule further and explore the potential benefits of novel agents in managing this potentially curable malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) form the majority of skin cancers, with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) being the most common and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) being second. Prolonged ultraviolet (UV) exposure, aging, male gender, and immunosuppression represent most of the causes of this category of diseases. BCCs and cSCCs both include different types of skin cancers, such as nodular or morpheaform BCC or flat cSCC. Locally advanced and metastatic NMSCs cannot be treated surgically; thus, systemic therapy (TKI and Immunotherapy) is needed. Interestingly, NMSCs are frequently linked to abnormal Hedgehog (HH) signaling which most systemic immunotherapies for these cancers are based upon. Of note, the first line therapies of BCC, sonidegib and vismodegib, are HH inhibitors. Programmed death receptor 1 antibody (PD-1) inhibitors such as cemiplimab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab have been approved for the treatment of cSCC. Thus, this paper reviews the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, and treatment options for both BCC and cSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy among women globally. The aims of our study were to evaluate the diversity and epidemiology of breast cancer on patients admitted in Burdwan Medical College and Hospital for elective mastectomy for carcinoma breast. Materials and methods: All the patients suspected of breast malignancy were clinically evaluated with age>25 years (as breast cancer is common beyond this age) and were included in the study. All the mastectomy specimens sent to Department of Pathology, Burdwan Medical College & Hospital, for histopathological examination were considered in the study. Results: The range of patients presenting with breast cancer was between 30-65 years, while 29 patients were below the age of 50 years and 17 above it. Maximum nos of case were between 40-49 years. Among the histopathological types of the tumours, IDC NOS constituted 40 cases (86.9%), invasive lobular carcinoma constituted 2 cases (4.3%), medullary carcinoma 2 cases (4.3%), invasive papillary carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma 1 case each (2.2%). T1 (size < 2 cm) was observed in 2 cases (4.3%), T2 (size 2-5 cm) was observed in 10 cases (21.7%). T3 (size > 5cm) was seen in 5 cases (10.9%), T4 (tumour of any size with fixity to the chest wall or skin) was observed in 29 cases (63%). Grading of 42 cases was done and only 1 case (2.4%) of Grade I was seen, whereas 25 cases (59.5%) belonged to Grade II, and 16 cases (38.1%) to Grade III. Out of the 46 cases, Stage IIA constituted 8 cases (17.4%), Stage IIB 3 cases (6.5%), Stage IIIA 6 cases (13%), and Stage IIIB 29 cases (63%). Conclusion: The government needs to urgently strengthen and augment the existing facilities including screening, which is inadequate at present to handle the current breast cancer load in India, especially Eastern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Medical record abstraction (MRA) and self‐report questionnaires are two methods frequently used to ascertain cancer treatment information. Prior studies have shown excellent agreement between MRA and self‐report, but it is unknown how a recall window longer than 3 years may affect this agreement.The Women’s Environmental Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology (WECARE) Study is a multicenter, population‐based case‐control study of controls with unilateral breast cancer individually matched to cases with contralateral breast cancer. Participants who were diagnosed with a first primary breast cancer from 1985 to 2008 before the age of 55 years completed a questionnaire that included questions on treatment. First primary breast cancer treatment information was abstracted from the medical record from radiation oncology clinic notes for radiation treatment and from systemic adjuvant treatment reports for hormone therapy and chemotherapy. Agreement between MRA and self‐reported treatment was assessed with the kappa statistic and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).A total of 2808 participants with MRA and self‐reported chemotherapy treatment information, 2733 participants with MRA and self‐reported hormone therapy information, and 2905 participants with MRA and self‐reported radiation treatment information were identified. The median recall window was 12.5 years (range, 2.8–22.2 years). MRA and self‐reported treatment agreement was excellent across treatment modalities (kappachemo, 98.5; 95% CI, 97.9–99.2; kappahorm, 87.7; 95% CI, 85.9–89.5; kapparad, 97.9; 95% CI, 97.0–98.7). There was no heterogeneity across recall windows (pchemo = .46; phorm = .40; prad = .61).Agreement between self‐reported and MRA primary breast cancer treatment modality information was excellent for young women diagnosed with breast cancer and was maintained even among women whose recall window was more than 20 years after diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney cancer (KC) is a disease with a rising worldwide incidence estimated at 400 000 new cases annually, and a worldwide mortality rate approaching 175 000 deaths per year. Current projections suggest incidence continuing to increase over the next decade, emphasizing the urgency of addressing this significant global health trend. Despite the overall increases in incidence and mortality, striking social disparities are evident. Low- and middle-income countries bear a disproportionate burden of the disease, with higher mortality rates and later-stage diagnoses, underscoring the critical role of socioeconomic factors in disease prevalence and outcomes. The major risk factors for KC, including smoking, obesity, hypertension and occupational exposure to harmful substances, must be taken into account. Importantly, these risk factors also often contribute to kidney injury, a condition that the review identifies as a significant, yet under-recognized, precursor to KC. Finally, the indispensable role of nephrologists is underscored in managing this complex disease landscape. Nephrologists are at the forefront of detecting and managing kidney injuries, and their role in mitigating the risk of KC is becoming increasingly apparent. Through this comprehensive analysis, we aim to facilitate a more nuanced understanding of KC's epidemiology and determinants providing valuable insights for researchers, clinicians and policymakers alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare disease. Objective The main objective of our study was to analyze the incidence evolution of MTC with a follow-up of more than 40 years. Further, a descriptive and survival analysis was performed according to the Kaplan–Meier analysis. Design, Setting, and Patients This is a retrospective epidemiological study using data from the Marne-Ardennes registry from 1975 to 2018. Two hundred sixty patients with MTC were included. Main Outcome Measures The incidence was calculated in the territory of the register (Marne and Ardennes departments of France) and standardized on the demographic structure of France. Patient and tumor characteristics were described. An analysis in a subgroup comparing hereditary and sporadic forms was performed. An analysis of survival was performed. Results The standardized incidence shows an increasing trend over time. The incidence increased significantly from 0.41 to 0.57/100 000 person-years between 1986 and 1996 and 2008 and 2018. The MTC was hereditary in 21.2% of cases. The sex ratio (males:females) was 0.73. The average age at diagnosis was 53 years. Ninety-seven patients (37.3%) were N1, 26 (10%) were M1, and 56 (21.5%) developed metastases during the follow-up. Complete remission was obtained in 58.5% of patients. The disease was refractory for 18.1% of patients. The 5-year survival rate was 88.4%. Sporadic cases had a poorer prognosis than hereditary MTC. Conclusion Our study demonstrates a moderate increase in the incidence of MTC between 1975 and 2018. The prognosis remains worse for sporadic MTC than for hereditary MTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Investigating the association between red cell distribution width (RDW) and all-cause mortality in patients with breast cancer, to evaluate the potential clinical prognostic value of RDW. Methods: Based on the RDW index, patients with breast cancer in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-IV) database were categorized into quartiles. The primary outcomes included in-hospital mortality from all causes during the first six months, the first year, and the first three years. Cox hazards regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were developed to investigate the effects of RDW on primary outcomes. Results: The study included 939 patients (female). The 6-month, 1-year, and 3-year mortality rates were 14.0%, 21.4%, and 28.4%, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses demonstrated that RDW exhibited an autonomous association with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. After adjusting for confounders, higher RDW quartiles were significantly associated with 6-month mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 3.197; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.745–5.762; P < 0.001), 1-year mortality (adjusted HR, 2.978; 95% CI, 1.867–4.748; P < 0.001), and 3-year mortality (adjusted HR, 2.526; 95% CI, 1.701–3.750; P < 0.001). The RCS curves demonstrated that high RDW (> 14.6) was associated with a greater risk of all-cause mortality. Subgroup analyses revealed no statistically significant differences in the interactions between the subgroups. Conclusion: The study revealed a highly pronounced relationship between RDW and overall mortality, indicating its potential as an autonomous prognostic factor for increased mortality among patients with breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence regarding the impact of nurse staffing on the health outcomes of older adult patients with cancer is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of nurse staffing on long-term and short-term mortality in elderly lung cancer patients. Methods: This study analyzed data from 5,832 patients with lung cancer in Korea from 2008 to 2018. Nursing grade was considered to assess the effect of nursing staff on mortality in older adult patients with lung cancer. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the effect of the initial treatment hospital's nursing grade on one- and five-year mortality. Additionally, economic status and treatment type of patients were analyzed. Results: Approximately 31% of older adult patients with lung cancer died within one year post-diagnosis. Patients in hospitals with superior nursing grades (lower nurse-to-bed ratios) exhibited lower mortality rates. Hospitals with nursing grades 2 and 3 exhibited approximately 1.242–1.289 times higher mortality than grade 1 hospitals. Further, the lower the nursing grade (higher nurse-to-bed ratio), the higher the five-year mortality rate. Conclusion: Both short- and long-term mortality rates for older adult patients with lung cancer increased at inferior nursing grades. Treatment in hospitals having inferior nursing grades, upon initial hospitalization, may yield better outcomes. This study provides valuable insight into the quality of adequate staffing to improve the quality of care for elderly cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lung cancer (LC) survivors are at increased risk for developing a second primary cancer (SPC) compared to the general population. While this risk is particularly high for smoking-related SPCs, the published standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for lung cancer after lung cancer is unexpectedly low in countries that follow international multiple primary (IARC/IACR MP) rules when compared to the USA, where distinct rules are employed. IARC/IACR rules rely on histology-dependent documentation of SPC with the same location as the first cancer and only classify an SPC when tumors present different histology. Thus, SIR might be underestimated in cancer registries using these rules. This study aims to assess whether using histology-specific reference rates for calculating SIR improves risk estimates for second primary lung cancer (SPLC) in LC survivors. Methods: We (i) use the distribution of histologic subtypes of LC in population-based cancer registry data of 11 regional cancer registries from Germany to present evidence that the conventional SIR metric underestimates the actual risk for SPLC in LC survivors in registries that use IARC/IACR MP rules, (ii) present updated risk estimates for SPLC in Germany using a novel method to calculate histological subtype-specific SIRs, and (iii) validate this new method using US SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program) data, where different MP rules are applied. Results: The adjusted relative risk for lung cancer survivors in Germany to develop an SPLC was 2.98 (95% CI 2.53–3.49) for females and 1.15 (95% CI 1.03–1.27) for males using the novel histology-specific SIR. When using IARC/IACR MP rules, the conventional SIR underestimates the actual risk for SPLC in LC survivors by approximately 30% for both sexes. Conclusions: Our proposed histology-specific method makes the SIR metric more robust against MP rules and, thus, more suitable for cross-country comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]