9,911 results on '"Epidemiologie"'
Search Results
2. Comparison of Conventional and Cooled Radiofrequency of the Genicular Nerves in Patients With Chronic Knee Pain (COGENIUS)
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Belgium Health Care Knowledge Centre, Klinische Epidemiologie en Medical Technology Assessment, and Jan Van Zundert, Professor
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- 2023
3. Situational Analysis of HIV-related Disability in the Context of Ivory Coast (ViRAGE)
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Institute of Research for Development, France, Institut de Sante Publique, d'Epidemiologie et de Developpement, University of Toronto, and Université de Lille
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- 2023
4. CHIZAP: Community- and Health Facility-Based Intervention With Zinc as Adjuvant Therapy for Childhood Pneumonia
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Tribhuvan University, Nepal, Statens Serum Institut, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IRD, Epidemiologie et Prevention, Montpelier, France, Society for Applied Studies, and Tor A. Strand, Professor
- Published
- 2022
5. Effectiveness of Intensive Aphasia Therapy Under Routine Clinical Conditions (FCET2EC)
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Fresenius University of Applied Science, Charite University, Berlin, Germany, Entwicklungsgruppe Klinische Neuropsychologie, Klinikum Bogenhausen, München, Institut für Biometrie und Klinische Epidemiologie, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, RWTH Aachen University, Bundesverband für die Rehabilitation der Aphasiker e.V., Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, MEDIAN Klinik Grünheide, Brandenburgklinik Berlin-Brandenburg GmbH, St. Mauritius Therapieklinik, Aphasie- und Seniorenzentrum Josef Bergmann Vechta, Behandlungs- und Rehabilitationszentrum für Intensiv-Therapie Lindlar, Wickerklinik Bad Homburg v.d.H., Asklepios Neurological Clinic Falkenstein, Akademische Praxis für Sprachtherapie / Praxis für Rehabilitationswesen Aschaffenburg, Städtisches Klinikum München, Klinikum Bogenhausen, Schoen Clinic Bad Aibling, m&i-Fachklinik Bad Liebenstein, m&i-Fachklinik Enzensberg, m&i-Fachklinik Herzogenaurach, mediclin Klinikum Soltau, Moritz Klinik, Bad Klosterlausnitz, Klinikum Christophsbad, Göppingen, and P.A.N.-Zentrum
- Published
- 2017
6. Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in south-Asian countries: a review of risk factors and etiology to prioritize control measures
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Bari, Md Saiful, Rahman, Md Mizanur, Persson, Ylva, Derks, Marjolein, Sayeed, Md Abu, Hossain, Delower, Singha, Shuvo, Hoque, Md Ahasanul, Sivaraman, Subramnian, Fernando, Palika, Ahmad, Ijaz, Samad, Abdul, Koop, Gerrit, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, and dFAH I&I
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Staphylococcus aureus ,General Veterinary ,Staphylococcus ,Incidence ,Cattle Diseases ,Farm Technology ,Causal agent ,General Medicine ,Staphylococcal Infections ,Intramammary infection ,veterinary(all) ,Dairying ,Milk ,Risk Factors ,Udder health ,Escherichia coli ,Prevalence ,Animals ,Cattle ,Female ,Agrarische Bedrijfstechnologie ,Mastitis, Bovine - Abstract
Mastitis is a major production disease, causing significant economic losses for dairy farmers in South-Asian countries, as well as other parts of the world. Udder health control programs (UHCP) have been established in developed countries as an effective strategy for mastitis control but have not yet been introduced in South-Asian low-income countries like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. To launch UHCP successfully in dairy herds in South-Asia, it is important to know the current prevalence and risk factors for subclinical mastitis (SCM). Therefore, a narrative literature review was conducted with the aim to describe the dairy sector, the prevalence of SCM and its causal agents, risk factors for mastitis occurrence and the control measures suggested by different studies conducted in the selected countries. The literature revealed that India had the highest cattle population. Milking was mainly done by hand in all of the studied countries. Stall feeding was done in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and limited access to grazing was also reported in some farms in India and Pakistan. There was substantial variation in the prevalence of SCM between studies in all 4 countries, ranging from about 20% to about 80%, but the average prevalence across all studies was high (50%). The most common causal agents for SCM were non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia (E.) coli. The management related risk factors reported for SCM were stall feeding of cows, a higher stock density, cracked floors, open drains, the presence of flies, poor drainage, peri-parturient diseases, infrequent dung removal and earth floors. The control measures suggested in these studies were to improve the hygiene and sanitation of cows, to improve the cleanliness of farms and milker's hands, to apply dry cow therapy, supplementing micronutrients and routine screening for SCM combined with taking intervention measures like isolation of cows or milking infected cows last, and proper treatment. Also, full hand milking, complete milking, machine milking, and providing feed and water immediately after milking have been recommended. Finally, we show that current literature often studies the same set of (non-manageable) risk factors, so more research is needed to obtain a comprehensive picture of the determinants of SCM. Randomized controlled trials are needed to truly quantify the effect of intervention under field conditions. Altogether, our work gives an overview of the udder health situation in South-Asia and provides the basis for the design of UHCP in this region.
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- 2022
7. Longitudinal Training and Workload Assessment in Young Friesian Stallions in Relation to Fitness: Part 1
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Siegers, Esther, van Wijk, Emma, van den Broek, Jan, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh - Oosterbaan, Marianne, Munsters, C.C.B.M., CS_Welfare & emerging diseases, Equine Internal Medicine, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, CS_Welfare & emerging diseases, Equine Internal Medicine, and FAH theoretische epidemiologie
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training ,General Veterinary ,Friesian breed ,Animal Science and Zoology ,standardized exercise test ,performance ,horses ,workload - Abstract
Friesian stallions have to complete a 10-week studbook approval test (70-day test) consisting of dressage and driving training for acceptance as a breeding stallion. Training response of the horses to this approval program was evaluated. External workload (EW) of 16 stallions (3.2 ± 0.4 years old) was registered during the 9 weeks preceding the 70-day test (preparation period) and during 70-day test. Ridden indoor standardized exercise tests (SET), measuring heart rate (HR) and plasma lactate concentration (LA) at walk, trot and canter, were performed in week 1 (SET-I), 6 (SET-II) and 10 (SET-III) of the 70-day test. Linear mixed effect models were used to analyze HR and LA related to SETs and EW related to the phase of the study, using Akaike’s information criterion for model reduction. EW was higher in the 70-day test compared to the preparation period, with longer duration of training sessions. Compared to SET-I, horses showed increased HR and LA after canter in SET-II and SET-III, indicating that they were more fatigued. The fact that the fitness of these Friesian stallions decreased during the 70-day test suggests overtraining. To optimize training effects and welfare of these horses, the workload of the training program needs to be adjusted.
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Association of Staphylococcus aureus genotypes with milk or colonization of extramammary sites in Dutch dairy cattle indicates strain variation in reservoirs for intramammary infections
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Exel, Catharina E, Gerritsen, Kim, Spaninks, Mirlin, Duim, Birgitta, Koop, Gerrit, Benedictus, Lindert, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Farm Animal Health, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., and Farm Animal Health
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Colonization ,Extramammary sites ,Staphylococcus aureus ,General Veterinary ,Cattle ,Intramammary infection ,veterinary(all) - Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major mastitis pathogen with a detrimental impact on udder health in dairy cattle. Although S. aureus is generally classified as a contagious mastitis pathogen, control measures aimed at preventing contagious transmission are not always effective. Previous studies showed that various extramammary sites can be colonized with S. aureus and could be a reservoir for S. aureus intramammary infections (IMI). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus extramammary site colonization in Dutch dairy cattle and to compare the spa genotypes of S. aureus isolates from IMI to spa genotypes of isolates from extramammary sites. Six herds were visited and from cows with a composite milk somatic cell count ≥200,000 cells/mL quarter milk samples and swabs from various extramammary sites (hock, groin, udder cleft, nares, and feces) were taken. Extramammary site samples were processed by a two-step high salt selective culture and presence of S. aureus was confirmed by femA PCR. S. aureus isolates from milk and extramammary sites were compared by spa typing. The cow level colonization varied from 0% to 73%, and the prevalence of IMI in the sampled cows varied from 0% to 61% between herds. The extramammary site with the highest prevalence of colonization was the hock (23%) and the lowest prevalence of colonization was found for the nares (5%) and feces (5%). Spa typing of S. aureus isolates from either extramammary sites or milk showed that in most herds there were one or two predominant S. aureus spa genotypes present. Different S. aureus spa genotypes could be categorized into three groups based on the distribution between milk or extramammary sites: i) predominantly milk associated, ii) associated with both milk and extramammary sites, and iii) associated with extramammary sites. In conclusion, we showed that the prevalence of extramammary site colonization differed significantly between herds and extramammary sites and that specific S. aureus spa genotypes were associated with milk (IMI) or extramammary site colonization. Extramammary S. aureus reservoirs could be a source for IMI that cannot be eradicated by intervention measures aimed at contagious mastitis pathogens.
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- 2023
9. Calf and dam characteristics and calf transport age affect immunoglobulin titers and hematological parameters of veal calves
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Marcato, F, van den Brand, H, Kemp, B, Engel, B, Schnabel, S K, Jansen, C A, Rutten, V P M G, Koets, A P, Hoorweg, F A, de Vries-Reilingh, G, Wulansari, A, Wolthuis-Fillerup, M, van Reenen, K, Afd methoden en statistieken, dI&I RA-I&I I&I, Immunologie, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, Afd methoden en statistieken, dI&I RA-I&I I&I, Immunologie, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, and dFAH I&I
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Farms ,animal diseases ,Lymphocyte ,Ice calving ,Celbiologie en Immunologie ,robustness ,Biology ,Wiskundige en Statistische Methoden - Biometris ,Dierenwelzijn en gezondheid ,Animal science ,Pregnancy ,Immunity ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Animal Health & Welfare ,Adaptatiefysiologie ,Mathematical and Statistical Methods - Biometris ,Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,transport age ,hematology ,Colostrum ,Bacteriologie ,Bacteriology ,Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,PE&RC ,Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,Red Meat ,Titer ,Biometris ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cell Biology and Immunology ,Animals, Newborn ,Immunoglobulin G ,Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,WIAS ,biology.protein ,Adaptation Physiology ,Cattle ,Female ,Animal Science and Zoology ,veal calf ,Antibody ,immunoglobulin ,Food Science - Abstract
This study aimed to investigate effects of transport age of calves (14 vs. 28 d), and of calf and dam characteristics, on immunoglobulin titers and hematological variables of veal calves. Calves (n = 683) were transported to a veal farm at 14 or 28 d of age. Natural antibodies N-IgG, N-IgM, and N-IgA against phosphorylcholine conjugated to bovine serum albumin (PC-BSA) were measured in serum of the dams 1 wk before calving and in first colostrum. These antibodies were also measured in serum of calves 1 wk after birth, 1 d before transport, and in wk 2 and 10 posttransport at the veal farm. Hematological variables were assessed in calves 1 d before transport and in wk 2 posttransport. One day before transport, titers of N-IgG, N-IgM, N-IgA, and neutrophil counts were higher, and lymphocyte counts were lower in 14-d-old calves compared with 28-d-old calves. In wk 2 at the veal farm, calves transported at 14 d of age had higher N-IgG titers and neutrophil counts, but lower N-IgM and N-IgA titers, and lymphocyte counts than calves transported at 28 d. In wk 1 and 1 d before transport, N-Ig in calves were positively related to N-Ig in colostrum. In wk 2 and 10 at the veal farm, N-IgG in calves was positively related to N-IgG in colostrum. The N-IgG titers in calves at the dairy farm were negatively related to the likelihood of being individually treated with antibiotics or other medicines at the veal farm. Our results suggest that calves transported to the veal farm at 28 d of age showed a more advanced development of their adaptive immunity than calves transported at 14 d of age. Quality of colostrum might have long-term consequences for N-IgG titers and immunity in veal calves.
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- 2022
10. Effect of selective dry cow treatment on udder health and antimicrobial usage on Dutch dairy farms
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Tijs, S H W, Holstege, M M C, Scherpenzeel, C G M, Santman-Berends, I M G A, Velthuis, A G J, Lam, T J G M, Sub GZ Herkauwer, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Sub GZ Herkauwer, Dep Gezondheidszorg Landbouwhuisdieren, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and dFAH AVR
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Farms ,Cattle Diseases ,udder health ,Cell Count ,antimicrobials ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Dairying ,Mammary Glands, Animal ,Milk ,Anti-Infective Agents ,dairy ,Genetics ,Animals ,Lactation ,automatic milking system ,Life Science ,Cattle ,Female ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Mastitis, Bovine ,selective dry cow treatment ,Food Science - Abstract
Since 2013, selective dry cow treatment (SDCT) has been the standard approach in the Netherlands where farmers select cows for the use of antimicrobials at drying-off. Shortly after its introduction, antimicrobial usage decreased significantly, and no significant association was found between the level of SDCT and clinical mastitis (CM). Obviously, at that time long-term associations could not be evaluated. This study aimed to provide insight into the methods and level of implementation of SDCT on Dutch dairy farms with a conventional milking system (CMS) or an automatic milking system (AMS) in 2016 and 2017, several years after the implementation of SDCT. Udder health and antimicrobial use were also assessed. For this study, 262 farmers recorded dry cow treatments as well as all CM cases in the period from May 1, 2016, until April 30, 2017. Additionally, somatic cell count (SCC) data on cow and herd level, treatment data on herd level and questionnaire results on udder health management were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with differences between milking systems being evaluated using nonparametric univariable statistics. In the study period, SDCT was applied on almost all (98.8%) of the participating dairy farms. The main reason for applying antimicrobials at drying-off was either the SCC history during the complete previous lactation or the SCC at the last milk recording before drying-off. The median percentage of cows treated with antimicrobials was 48.5%. The average incidence rate of CM was 27.3 cases per 100 cows per year. From all CM cases that were registered per herd, on average 32.8% were scored as mild, 42.2% as moderate, and 25.0% as severe CM. The mean bulk tank SCC of the herds was 168,989 cells/mL. A cow was considered to have subclinical mastitis (SCM) if individual SCC was ≥150,000 cells/mL for primiparous and ≥250,000 cells/mL for multiparous cows. Passing these threshold values after 2 earlier low SCC values was considered a new case of SCM. The mean incidence rate of SCM in these herds was 62.5 cases per 100 cows per year. Bulk tank SCC and the incidence rate of SCM on farms with a CMS were statistically lower than on farms with an AMS, whereas the incidence rate of CM did not significantly differ between both groups of farms. The AMS farms had more cows per herd treated with antimicrobials at drying-off and a larger proportion of severe CM cases than did CMS farms. It is unknown whether the differences are due to the milking system or to other differences between both types of farms. This study showed the level of adoption of SDCT, udder health, and antimicrobial usage parameters several years after the ban on the preventive use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry. It found that udder health parameters did not differ from those found in Dutch studies before and around the time of implementing SDCT, whereas SDCT was widely applied on Dutch dairy farms during the study period. Therefore, it was concluded that Dutch dairy farmers were able to handle the changed policy of antimicrobial use at drying-off while maintaining indicators of a good udder health.
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- 2022
11. Experimental and field investigations of exposure, replication and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in pigs in the Netherlands
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Sikkema, Reina S, Tobias, Tijs, Oreshkova, Nadia, de Bruin, Erwin, Okba, Nisreen, Chandler, Felicity, Hulst, Marcel M, Rodon, Jordi, Houben, Manon, van Maanen, Kees, Bultman, Hans, Meester, Marina, Gerhards, Nora M, Bouwknegt, Martijn, Urlings, Bert, Haagmans, Bart, Kluytmans, Jan, Geurtsvan Kessel, Corine H, van der Poel, Wim H M, Koopmans, Marion P G, Stegeman, Arjan, FAH GZ varken, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, LS Virologie, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Producció Animal, Sanitat Animal, FAH GZ varken, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, LS Virologie, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and Virology
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Letter ,Bioinformatica & Diermodellen ,Coronaviruses ,Epidemiology ,Swine ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Immunology ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Virology ,antibody ,Bio-informatics & Animal models ,Drug Discovery ,Replication (statistics) ,medicine ,Animals ,Public Health Surveillance ,Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models ,One Health ,Animal species ,Netherlands ,Retrospective Studies ,Coronavirus ,Epidemiologie ,Swine Diseases ,Transmission (medicine) ,SARS-CoV-2 ,fungi ,COVID-19 ,food and beverages ,Environmental Exposure ,General Medicine ,QR1-502 ,Virology & Molecular Biology ,Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie ,Infectious Diseases ,Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen ,Parasitology - Abstract
In order to assess the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, transmission and reservoir development in swine, we combined results of an experimental and two observational studies. First, intranasal and intratracheal challenge of eight pigs did not result in infection, based on clinical signs and PCR on swab and lung tissue samples. Two serum samples returned a low positive result in virus neutralization, in line with findings in other infection experiments in pigs. Next, a retrospective observational study was performed in the Netherlands in the spring of 2020. Serum samples (N =417) obtained at slaughter from 17 farms located in a region with a high human case incidence in the first wave of the pandemic. Samples were tested with protein micro array, plaque reduction neutralization test and receptor-binding-domain ELISA. None of the serum samples was positive in all three assays, although six samples from one farm returned a low positive result in PRNT (titers 40-80). Therefore we conclude that serological evidence for large scale transmission was not observed. Finally, an outbreak of respiratory disease in pigs on one farm, coinciding with recent exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infected animal caretakers, was investigated. Tonsil swabs and paired serum samples were tested. No evidence for infection with SARS-CoV-2 was found. In conclusion, Although in both the experimental and the observational study few samples returned low antibody titer results in PRNT infection with SARS-CoV-2 was not confirmed. It was concluded that sporadic infections in the field cannot be excluded, but large-scale SARS-CoV-2 transmission among pigs is unlikely. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2022
12. Does having a cat in your house increase your risk of catching COVID-19?
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Allendorf, Valerie, Denzin, Nicolai, Conraths, Franz J, Boden, Lisa A, Elvinger, François, Magouras, Ioannis, Stegeman, Arjan, Wood, James L N, Urueña, Ana Carvajal, Grace, Katherine E F, Stärk, Katharina D C, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, Wood, James [0000-0002-0258-3188], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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Zoonosis ,Infectious Diseases ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Environmental and Occupational Health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Cat ,Public Health ,Delphi ,One health ,Risk assessment - Abstract
Due to the zoonotic origin of SARS-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the potential for its transmission from humans back to animals and the possibility that it might establish ongoing infection pathways in other animal species has been discussed. Cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and were shown experimentally to transmit the virus to other cats. Infection of cats has been widely reported. Domestic cats in COVID-19-positive households could therefore be a part of a human to animal to human transmission pathway. Here, we report the results of a qualitative risk assessment focusing on the potential of cat to human transmission in such settings. The assessment was based on evidence available by October 2021. After the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 to a household by a human, cats may become infected and infected cats may pose an additional infection risk for other members of the household. In order to assess this additional risk qualitatively, expert opinion was elicited within the framework of a modified Delphi procedure. The conclusion was that the additional risk of infection of an additional person in a household associated with keeping a domestic cat is very low to negligible, depending on the intensity of cat-to-human interactions. The separation of cats from humans suffering from SARS-CoV-2 infection should contribute to preventing further transmission.
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Modelling the dynamic relationship between spread of infection and observed crowd movement patterns at large scale events
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Rutten, Philip, Lees, Michael H., Klous, Sander, Heesterbeek, Hans, Sloot, Peter, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, Computational Science Lab (IVI, FNWI), and Complex Cyber Infrastructure (IvI, FNWI)
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Kinetics ,Crowding ,Multidisciplinary ,Movement ,Humans ,Pedestrians - Abstract
Understanding how contact patterns arise from crowd movement is crucial for assessing the spread of infection at mass gathering events. Here we study contact patterns from Wi-Fi mobility data of large sports and entertainment events in the Johan Cruijff ArenA stadium in Amsterdam. We show that crowd movement behaviour at mass gathering events is not homogeneous in time, but naturally consists of alternating periods of movement and rest. As a result, contact duration distributions are heavy-tailed, an observation which is not explained by models assuming that pedestrian contacts are analogous to collisions in the kinetic gas model. We investigate the effect of heavy-tailed contact duration patterns on the spread of infection using various random walk models. We show how different types of intermittent movement behaviour interact with a time-dependent infection probability. Our results point to the existence of a crossover point where increased contact duration presents a higher level of transmission risk than increasing the number of contacts. In addition, we show that different types of intermittent movement behaviour give rise to different mass-action kinetics, but also show that neither one of two mass-action mechanisms uniquely describes events.
- Published
- 2022
14. Phylodynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Circulating in Indonesian Poultry
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Karo-Karo, Desniwaty, Bodewes, Rogier, Restuadi, Restuadi, Bossers, Alex, Agustiningsih, Agustiningsih, Stegeman, Jan Arend, Koch, Guus, Muljono, David Handojo, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, and FAH veterinaire epidemiologie
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Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ,Bayes Theorem ,Bayesian evolutionary analysis ,H5N1 ,HPAI ,Poultry ,Virology & Molecular Biology ,Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie ,Birds ,Indonesia ,phylodynamic ,Infectious Diseases ,Hemagglutinins ,Virology ,Influenza in Birds ,Animals ,Phylogeny ,Poultry Diseases - Abstract
After its first detection in 1996, the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5Nx) virus has spread extensively worldwide. HPAIv A(H5N1) was first detected in Indonesia in 2003 and has been endemic in poultry in this country ever since. However, Indonesia has limited information related to the phylodynamics of HPAIv A(H5N1) in poultry. The present study aimed to increase the understanding of the evolution and temporal dynamics of HPAIv H5N1 in Indonesian poultry between 2003 and 2016. To this end, HPAIv A(H5N1) hemagglutinin sequences of viruses collected from 2003 to 2016 were analyzed using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees. Results indicated that the common ancestor of Indonesian poultry HPAIv H5N1 arose approximately five years after the common ancestor worldwide of HPAI A(H5Nx). In addition, this study indicated that only two introductions of HPAIv A(H5N1) occurred, after which these viruses continued to evolve due to extensive spread among poultry. Furthermore, this study revealed the divergence of H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c from H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1b. Both clades 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.2.1b share a common ancestor, clade 1, suggesting that clade 2.3.2.1 originated and diverged from China and other Asian countries. Since there was limited sequence and surveillance data for the HPAIv A(H5N1) from wild birds in Indonesia, the exact role of wild birds in the spread of HPAIv in Indonesia is currently unknown. The evolutionary dynamics of the Indonesian HPAIv A(H5N1) highlight the importance of continuing and improved genomic surveillance and adequate control measures in the different regions of both the poultry and wild birds. Spatial genomic surveillance is useful to take adequate control measures. Therefore, it will help to prevent the future evolution of HPAI A(H5N1) and pandemic threats.
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Clinical expression, epidemiology, and monitoring of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae: an update
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Feberwee, Anneke, de Wit, Sjaak, Dijkman, Remco, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and FAH veterinaire epidemiologie
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum ,040301 veterinary sciences ,medicine.drug_class ,Antibiotics ,review ,Heterologous ,Virulence ,Mycoplasma synoviae ,Disease ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,0403 veterinary science ,Food Animals ,expression ,medicine ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Transmission (medicine) ,0402 animal and dairy science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Mycoplasma ,biology.organism_classification ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Virology ,monitoring ,epidemiology ,Animal Science and Zoology - Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are of clinical and economic importance for the global poultry industry. Many countries and integrations are involved in monitoring programmes to control both mycoplasma species. This review provides an extensive historic overview of the last seven decades on the development of the knowledge regarding the factors that influence the clinical expression of the disease, the epidemiology, and monitoring of both MG and MS. This includes the detection of new virulent strains, studies unravelling the transmission routes, survival characteristics, and the role of other avian hosts. Also the role of molecular typing tests in unravelling epidemiology and factors that complicate the interpretation of test results is discussed. The latter includes the presence of heterologous mycoplasma infections, the use of heterologous oil-emulsion vaccines, and the use of antibiotic treatments. Also the occurrence of MG and MS strains with low virulence and the use of live and/or inactivated MS and MS vaccines are discussed.
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- 2021
16. Occupational and environmental exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in and around infected mink farms
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de Rooij, Myrna M T, Hakze-Van der Honing, Renate W, Hulst, Marcel M, Harders, Frank, Engelsma, Marc, van de Hoef, Wouter, Meliefste, Kees, Nieuwenweg, Sigrid, Oude Munnink, Bas B, van Schothorst, Isabella, Sikkema, Reina S, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel, Spithoven, Jack, Bouwstra, Ruth, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Koopmans, Marion, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, Smit, Lidwien A M, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, and Virology
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0301 basic medicine ,Bio Process Engineering ,Veterinary medicine ,Exposure Assessment ,Range (biology) ,Epidemiology ,animal diseases ,Kwantitatieve Veterinaire Epidemiologie ,viruses ,air pollution ,Air pollution ,medicine.disease_cause ,law.invention ,0302 clinical medicine ,law ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Mink ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Netherlands ,biology ,Bacteriologie ,Dust ,Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,Environmental exposure ,Virology & Molecular Biology ,Geography ,Transmission (mechanics) ,RNA, Viral ,Public Health ,Occupational exposure ,environment ,Animal Breeding & Genomics ,Air sampling ,Farms ,Bioinformatica & Diermodellen ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,farmers ,Respirable dust ,03 medical and health sciences ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,Occupational Exposure ,Environmental health ,biology.animal ,Bio-informatics & Animal models ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models ,Fokkerij & Genomica ,Environmental risk assessment ,Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,Epidemiologie ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Environmental and Occupational Health ,fungi ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology ,COVID-19 ,RNA ,Bacteriology ,Environmental Exposure ,Virology ,Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,respiratory tract diseases ,Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie ,030104 developmental biology ,Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen ,Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,WIAS ,business - Abstract
ObjectiveUnprecedented SARS-CoV-2 infections in farmed minks raised immediate concerns regarding transmission to humans and initiated intensive environmental investigations to assess occupational and environmental exposure.MethodsAir sampling was performed at infected Dutch mink farms, at farm premises and at nearby residential sites. A range of other environmental samples were collected from minks’ housing units, including bedding materials. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was analysed in all samples by quantitative PCR.ResultsInside the farms, considerable levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were found in airborne dust, especially in personal inhalable dust samples (approximately 1000–10 000 copies/m3). Most of the settling dust samples tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (82%, 75 of 92). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in outdoor air samples, except for those collected near the entrance of the most recently infected farm. Many samples of minks’ housing units and surfaces contained SARS-CoV-2 RNA.ConclusionsInfected mink farms can be highly contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This warns of occupational exposure, which was substantiated by considerable SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in personal air samples. Dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 to outdoor air was found to be limited and SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in air samples collected beyond farm premises, implying a negligible risk of environmental exposure to nearby communities. Our occupational and environmental risk assessment is in line with whole genome sequencing analyses showing mink-to-human transmission among farm workers, but no indications of direct zoonotic transmission events to nearby communities.
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- 2021
17. Pharmacokinetic Bioequivalence Study of Nebcinal® 150mg/3ml Administered by Aeroneb® Idehaler® Versus Tobi® 300mg/5ml Administered by Pari LC Plus® /Pulmoaid® in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis (RM/NEB-03-10)
- Author
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University of Lyon, Epidemiologie Pharmacologie Investigation Clinique Information medicale Mere Enfant (EPICIME), Clininfo S.A., Hospices Civils de Lyon, and Erempharma
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- 2011
18. Glucocorticoids in relation to behavior, morphology, and physiology as proxy indicators for the assessment of animal welfare: A systematic mapping review
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Tiemann, Inga, Fijn, Lisa, Bagaria, Marc, Langen, Esther, van der Staay, Franz Josef, Arndt, Saskia S., Leenaars, Cathalijn H.C., Goerlich, Vivian, AISS Animal Behaviour, and FAH theoretische epidemiologie
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animal husbandry ,readout parameters ,stress ,hormone metabolites ,systematic review ,endocrine biomarkers ,welfare indicator ,veterinary(all) ,welfare proxy - Abstract
Translating theoretical concepts of animal welfare into quantitative assessment protocols is an ongoing challenge. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently used as physiological measure in welfare assessment. The interpretation of levels of GCs and especially their relation to welfare, however, is not as straightforward, questioning the informative power of GCs. The aim of this systematic mapping review was therefore to provide an overview of the relevant literature to identify global patterns in studies using GCs as proxy for the assessment of welfare of vertebrate species. Following a systematic protocol and a-priory inclusion criteria, 509 studies with 517 experiments were selected for data extraction. The outcome of the experiments was categorized based on whether the intervention significantly affected levels of GCs, and whether these effects were accompanied by changes in behavior,morphology and physiology. Additional information, such as animal species, type of intervention, experimental set up and sample type used for GC determination was extracted, as well. Given the broad scope and large variation in included experiments,meta-analyses were not performed, but outcomes are presented to encourage further, in-depth analyses of the data set. The interventions did not consistently lead to changes in GCs with respect to the original authors hypothesis. Changes in GCs were not consistently paralleled by changes in additional assessment parameter on behavior, morphology and physiology. The minority of experiment quantified GCs in less invasive sample matrices compared to blood. Interventions showed a large variability, and species such as fish were underrepresented, especially in the assessment of behavior. The inconclusive effects on GCs and additional assessment parameter urges for further validation of techniques and welfare proxies. Several conceptual and technical challenges need to be met to create standardized and robust welfare assessment protocols and to determine the role of GCs herein.
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- 2023
19. The prevalence and risk factors of subclinical mastitis in water buffalo (Bubalis bubalis) in Bangladesh
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Singha, Shuvo, Koop, Gerrit, Ceciliani, Fabrizio, Derks, Marjolein, Hoque, Md Ahasanul, Hossain, Mohammed Kawser, Howlader, Md Matiar Rahman, Rahman, Md Mizanur, Khatun, Momena, Boqvist, Sofia, Persson, Ylva, and FAH veterinaire epidemiologie
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California mastitis test ,General Veterinary ,630 Agriculture ,Udder health ,Hand milking ,Farm Technology ,Agrarische Bedrijfstechnologie ,Survey ,Teat and udder shape ,Bulk milk somatic cell count ,Bangladesh farms - Abstract
Subclinical mastitis (SCM) in water buffalo is responsible for reduced milk yield and quality. This cross-sectional study was carried out to a) estimate the prevalence of SCM, b) identify risk factors associated with SCM, and c) identify farm-level risk factors associated with bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC). The buffalo farms included in this study represented five rearing systems: free-range, semi-free-range, household, semi-intensive, and intensive, providing a total of 3491 functional quarters of 880 lactating buffalo on 248 farms. The California mastitis test score was used to identify SCM. Bulk milk samples (n = 242) were used for farm-level BMSCC. Quarter and buffalo-level risk factors for SCM were measured using questionnaires and observations. The overall SCM prevalence was high at 27.9% at the quarter-level (25th and 75th percentiles: 8.3% and 41.7%) and 51.5% at buffalo-level (25th and 75th percentiles: 33.3% and 66.7%). The geometric mean BMSCC was 217,000 cells/mL of milk (ranging from 36,000-1,213,000 cells/mL), which is low on average, but some farms could improve substantially. The buffalo rearing system, udder location (left versus right), teat shape, udder asymmetry, number of milkers, and having a quarantine facility were associated with buffalo udder health. Our findings suggest that mainly using free-range rearing systems may help decrease the prevalence of SCM primarily by employing buffalo breeding and better farm biosecurity, and udder health control strategies can be designed based on our findings.
- Published
- 2023
20. Udder health of dairy cows with an extended voluntary waiting period from calving until the first insemination
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Ma, Junnan, Kok, Akke, Goselink, Roselinde M A, Lam, Theo J G M, Kemp, Bas, van Knegsel, Ariette T M, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and FAH veterinaire epidemiologie
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Animal Nutrition ,somatic cell count ,General Medicine ,mastitis ,Diervoeding ,mammary health ,Extended lactation ,WIAS ,Life Science ,Adaptation Physiology ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Adaptatiefysiologie ,Food Science - Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an extended voluntary waiting period (VWP) on SCC, SCC elevations and clinical mastitis incidence during the complete lactation and the first 6 weeks of the next lactation. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (N = 154) were blocked for parity, expected milk yield, calving season and breeding value for persistency and were randomly distributed across 3 VWP (50, 125, or 200 d: VWP-50, VWP-125, VWP-200). Cows were monitored from calving until 6 weeks into the next lactation, or until culling. An elevation of SCC in milk was defined as SCC in milk ≥200 000 cells/ml after two previous weeks with SCC < 200 000 cells/ml. Over the complete lactation, extending the VWP did not affect SCC elevations and the occurrence of clinical mastitis per lactation or per cow per year. There was no clear effect of VWP length on SCC in the complete lactation, except that multiparous cows in VWP-125 had a higher SCC compared with multiparous cows in VWP-50. Dry-off antibiotic usage per cow per year was lower in VWP-200 compared with VWP-50 for multiparous cows. In the first 6 weeks of the next lactation, cows in VWP-200 had a higher SCC compared with cows in VWP-50, with no effect of VWP on the number of elevations of SCC or the occurrence of clinical mastitis. Extending the VWP may therefore be used to reduce the frequency of transition periods and the associated use of dry-cow antibiotics, with limited impact on udder health, and a similar occurrence of SCC elevations and clinical mastitis per year. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an extended voluntary waiting period (VWP) on SCC, SCC elevations and clinical mastitis incidence during the complete lactation and the first 6 weeks of the next lactation. Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (N = 154) were blocked for parity, expected milk yield, calving season and breeding value for persistency and were randomly distributed across 3 VWP (50, 125, or 200 d: VWP-50, VWP-125, VWP-200). Cows were monitored from calving until 6 weeks into the next lactation, or until culling. An elevation of SCC in milk was defined as SCC in milk ≥200 000 cells/ml after two previous weeks with SCC < 200 000 cells/ml. Over the complete lactation, extending the VWP did not affect SCC elevations and the occurrence of clinical mastitis per lactation or per cow per year. There was no clear effect of VWP length on SCC in the complete lactation, except that multiparous cows in VWP-125 had a higher SCC compared with multiparous cows in VWP-50. Dry-off antibiotic usage per cow per year was lower in VWP-200 compared with VWP-50 for multiparous cows. In the first 6 weeks of the next lactation, cows in VWP-200 had a higher SCC compared with cows in VWP-50, with no effect of VWP on the number of elevations of SCC or the occurrence of clinical mastitis. Extending the VWP may therefore be used to reduce the frequency of transition periods and the associated use of dry-cow antibiotics, with limited impact on udder health, and a similar occurrence of SCC elevations and clinical mastitis per year.
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- 2022
21. The circulation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum ecotypes is associated with community composition of vertebrate hosts
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Fabri, Nannet, Sprong, H., Heesterbeek, Hans, Ecke, Frauke, Cromsigt, Joris, Hofmeester, Tim R., Dep Population Health Sciences, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, Dep Population Health Sciences, and FAH theoretische epidemiologie
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tick-borne pathogen ,transmission dynamics ,Ecology ,Ixodes ricinus ,anaplasmosis ,host assemblage ,tick ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne pathogen that has been detected in many tick and vertebrate species. It is among the most widespread tick-borne pathogens in animals in Europe. The bacterium can be genetically divided into four ecotypes, which are linked to distinct but overlapping host species. However, knowledge about the transmission dynamics of the enzootic cycles of the different ecotypes is limited. Here, we quantified the link between the ecotypes of A. phagocytophilum, the different life stages of the tick Ixodes ricinus, and vertebrate host groups through a meta-analysis. We extracted data on the mean I. ricinus burden and the A. phagocytophilum infection prevalence in both hosts and feeding I. ricinus from 197 papers on 77 wildlife species. With this information, we modeled the relative importance of different host taxonomic groups for the circulation of the different ecotypes of A. phagocytophilum in a theoretical assemblage of hosts with varying presence of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and densities of small mammals. We showed that the composition of the vertebrate community affects the relative abundance of different ecotypes of A. phagocytophilum in the different life stages of I. ricinus. The presence of red deer is likely to increase the infection prevalence of Ecotype 1 in ticks, while small mammal densities drive the prevalence in ticks of mainly Ecotype 3, and to a lesser extent Ecotype 1. In Europe, vertebrate communities are changing, with an increase in red deer abundance and changes in the population dynamics of small mammals. Our results suggest that these changes could imply an increase in the circulation of A. phagocytophilum and thus an increase in the risk for public and veterinary health.
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- 2022
22. Invited review: Selective use of antimicrobials in dairy cattle at drying-off
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McCubbin, Kayley D, de Jong, Ellen, Lam, Theo J G M, Kelton, David F, Middleton, John R, McDougall, Scott, De Vliegher, Sarne, Godden, Sandra, Rajala-Schultz, Päivi J, Rowe, Sam, Speksnijder, David C, Kastelic, John P, Barkema, Herman W, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab.
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SOMATIC-CELL COUNT ,CALIFORNIA MASTITIS TEST ,MONITORING UDDER HEALTH ,Cattle Diseases ,Cell Count ,mastitis ,THERAPY ,DETECTING INTRAMAMMARY ,stewardship ,Mammary Glands, Animal ,Anti-Infective Agents ,INTERNAL TEAT-SEALANT ,INFECTION ,stewardship in the dairy industry ,Genetics ,Animals ,Lactation ,Veterinary Sciences ,USE ,Mastitis, Bovine ,dairy cow ,COW ,SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS ,dry cow therapy ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,MILK-YIELD ,Dairying ,antimicrobial stewardship ,Milk ,antimicrobial ,Cattle ,Female ,Animal Science and Zoology ,CLINICAL MASTITIS ,ANTIBIOTIC ,Food Science - Abstract
Administering intramammary antimicrobials to all mammary quarters of dairy cows at drying-off [i.e., blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT)] has been a mainstay of mastitis prevention and control. However, as udder health has considerably improved over recent decades with reductions in intramammary infection prevalence at drying-off and the introduction of teat sealants, BDCT may no longer be necessary on all dairy farms, thereby supporting antimicrobial stewardship efforts. This narrative review summarizes available literature regarding current dry cow therapy practices and associ-ated impacts of selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) on udder health, milk production, economics, antimicro-bial use, and antimicrobial resistance. Various methods to identify infections at drying-off that could benefit from antimicrobial treatment are described for select-ing cows or mammary quarters for treatment, includ-ing utilizing somatic cell count thresholds, pathogen identification, previous clinical mastitis history, or a combination of criteria. Selection methods may be enacted at the herd, cow, or quarter levels. Producers' and veterinarians' motivations for antimicrobial use are discussed. Based on review findings, SDCT can be ad-opted without negative consequences for udder health and milk production, and concurrent teat sealant use is recommended, especially in udder quarters receiving no intramammary antimicrobials. Furthermore, herd selection should be considered for SDCT implementa-tion in addition to cow or quarter selection, as BDCT may still be temporarily necessary in some herds for optimal mastitis control. Costs and benefits of SDCT vary among herds, whereas impacts on antimicrobial resistance remain unclear. In summary, SDCT is a vi-able management option for maintaining udder health and milk production while improving antimicrobial stewardship in the dairy industry.
- Published
- 2022
23. The role of inter-regional mobility in forecasting SARS-CoV-2 transmission
- Author
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Schoot Uiterkamp, Martijn, Gösgens, Martijn, Heesterbeek, Hans, van der Hofstad, Remco, Litvak, Nelly, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, Digital Society Institute, Mathematics of Operations Research, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, Probability, Mathematics and Computer Science, ICMS Core, Eurandom, Stochastic Operations Research, and EAISI Health
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Physics - Physics and Society ,Biophysics ,Biomedical Engineering ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Bioengineering ,forecasting ,Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph) ,SDG 3 – Goede gezondheid en welzijn ,Biochemistry ,Biomaterials ,compartmental models ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,FOS: Mathematics ,Humans ,Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution ,Mathematics - Optimization and Control ,COVID-19/epidemiology ,Travel ,inter-regional mobility ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE) ,COVID-19 ,Optimization and Control (math.OC) ,FOS: Biological sciences ,epidemiology ,Biotechnology - Abstract
In this paper, we present a method to forecast the spread of SARS-CoV-2 across regions with a focus on the role of mobility. Mobility has previously been shown to play a significant role in the spread of the virus, particularly between regions. Here, we investigate under which epidemiological circumstances incorporating mobility into transmission models yields improvements in the accuracy of forecasting, where we take the situation in the Netherlands during and after the first wave of transmission in 2020 as a case study. We assess the quality of forecasting on the detailed level of municipalities, instead of on a nation-wide level. To model transmissions, we use a simple mobility-enhanced SEIR compartmental model with subpopulations corresponding to the Dutch municipalities. We use commuter information to quantify mobility, and develop a method based on maximum likelihood estimation to determine the other relevant parameters. We show that taking inter-regional mobility into account generally leads to an improvement in forecast quality. However, at times when policies are in place that aim to reduce contacts or travel, this improvement is very small., 22 pages, 13 figures
- Published
- 2022
24. Assessment of Indoor Air Quality for Group-Housed Macaques (Macaca spp.)
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Maaskant, Annemiek, Janssen, Isabel, Wouters, Inge M, Eerdenburg, Frank J C M van, Remarque, Edmond J, Langermans, Jan A M, Bakker, Jaco, AISS LAS/3'R Centre ULS, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, AISS LAS/3'R Centre ULS, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, and FAH veterinaire epidemiologie
- Subjects
endotoxin ,General Veterinary ,airborne fungi ,ventilation rate ,non-human primate ,dust ,ammonia ,humidity ,air quality ,Animal Science and Zoology - Abstract
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is strongly associated with animal health and wellbeing. To identify possible problems of the indoor environment of macaques (Macaca spp.), we assessed the IAQ. The temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and concentrations of inhalable dust (mg/m3), endotoxins (EU/m3), ammonia (ppm) and fungal aerosols were measured at stationary fixed locations in indoor enclosures of group-housed rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). In addition, the personal exposure of caretakers to inhalable dust and endotoxins was measured and evaluated. Furthermore, the air circulation was assessed with non-toxic smoke, and the number of times the macaques sneezed was recorded. The indoor temperature and relative humidity for both species were within comfortable ranges. The geometric mean (GM) ammonia, dust and endotoxin concentrations were 1.84 and 0.58 ppm, 0.07 and 0.07 mg/m3, and 24.8 and 6.44 EU/m3 in the rhesus and cynomolgus macaque units, respectively. The GM dust concentrations were significantly higher during the daytime than during the nighttime. Airborne fungi ranged between 425 and 1877 CFU/m3. Personal measurements on the caretakers showed GM dust and endotoxin concentrations of 4.2 mg/m3 and 439.0 EU/m3, respectively. The number of sneezes and the IAQ parameters were not correlated. The smoke test revealed a suboptimal air flow pattern. Although the dust, endotoxins and ammonia were revealed to be within accepted human threshold limit values (TLV), caretakers were exposed to dust and endotoxin levels exceeding existing occupational reference values.
- Published
- 2022
25. Possible causes of aberrations in adverse grouping behavior of dairy cows: A field study
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van Schaik, G., Seinen, P., Muskens, J., van Erp, T., Keurentjes, J., Huss, A., Kromhout, H., FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, and dIRAS RA-2
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adverse grouping behavior ,animal diseases ,Cattle Diseases ,Biology ,Logistic regression ,Milking ,03 medical and health sciences ,Animal science ,Genetics ,risk factors ,Animals ,dairy cows ,Water intake ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Potential risk ,0402 animal and dairy science ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Dairying ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Milk ,Increased risk ,Lameness ,Case-Control Studies ,Herd ,Cattle ,Female ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Barn (unit) ,Food Science - Abstract
In the Dutch national surveillance system, an increasing number of reports were received in the summer of 2017 from farmers about unusual behavior of their cows. The cows were grouping during the day in summer in one part of the barn and did not move for several hours, which, according to the farmers, led to reduced food and water intake and lying time and resulted in decreased milk production and increased risk of lameness. Many farmers perceived magnetic fields from, for instance, high-voltage lines, automated milking systems, or solar panels as possible causes for the behavior of their cows. Our aim for the study was to study potential factors such as magnetic fields and other factors such as barn climate and insect burden for adverse grouping behavior of dairy cows in the barn. For each case herd, 2 control herds were selected in the same postal area code. A case was a herd in which cattle grouped at least on 7 occasions in a month for several hours. In a control herd, the cows were in the barn during the same time period as in the matching case herd but did not show adverse grouping behavior. A questionnaire was administered by telephone in 31 case herds and 62 control herds. The questionnaire gathered information on behavior of the cows and potential risk factors. In addition, data on the distance of the herd to high-voltage lines was obtained. From a total of 74 variables, all variables with a P-value ≤0.10 were included in full multivariable logistic regression model. Backward selection was carried out at P ≤ 0.10. The grouping behavior of the cows started in most herds in June, was seen only during the day, and lasted mostly 6 to 8 h, with cows often grouped in the northern part of the barn. Identified risk factors appeared to be recently constructed barns, measured stray voltage in barns, and presence of fans in barns. Given the cross-sectional design of the case-control study, causality for these risk factors leading to adverse behavior of the cows could not be proven. Dissemination of the results to farmers hopefully results in measures that can prevent the unusual grouping behavior of cows.
- Published
- 2021
26. Evidence for transfer of maternal antigen specific cellular immunity against Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis via colostrum in a goat twin model
- Author
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Robbers, L, van de Mheen, R, Benedictus, L, Jorritsma, R, Nielen, M, Bijkerk, H J C, van der Grein, S G, Ravesloot, L, Koets, A P, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, FAH GZ varken, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, FAH GZ herkauwer, Virologie, dB&C I&I, Sub Immunologie, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, FAH GZ varken, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, FAH GZ herkauwer, Virologie, dB&C I&I, Sub Immunologie, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, and dFAH I&I
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Maternal leukocyte transfer ,Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) ,animal diseases ,Immunology ,Caprine ,fluids and secretions ,Pregnancy ,Paratuberculosis ,Animals ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,Immunity, Cellular ,Goat Diseases ,General Veterinary ,Goats ,Colostrum ,Bacteriologie ,Bacteriology ,Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,veterinary(all) ,Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,humanities ,Cellular immunity ,Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ,Lactogenic immunity ,Animals, Newborn ,Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,Cattle ,Female - Abstract
Colostrum intake is one of the most important factors in neonatal health in ruminants, mainly because of its unique immunological properties. Both in practice as well as in research, the attention of lactogenic immunity is focused on the importance of colostral antibodies and less attention is given to the functional role of maternal cells in colostrum. Here we study the transfer of maternal leukocytes via colostrum and the functionality in goat kids. In experiment 1, twenty twin pairs of goat kids from dams previously immunized with an inactivated Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) vaccine were fed maternal colostrum from their dam (kid 1) or pasteurized and frozen/thawed bovine colostrum (kid 2). The presence of cell mediated immune response (CMIR) against Mycobacterium avium antigens in the kids was assessed using intradermal skin testing with PPD-A tuberculin. Linear mixed effect models showed an increase in skin thickness in response to intradermal PPD-A injection in maternal colostrum fed kids compared to bovine colostrum fed kids. After intradermal PPD-A application, serum concentration of MAP specific antibodies increased in kids fed maternal colostrum, indicating antigen specific activation of the adaptive immune system. We did not detect a similar increase in antibodies in the kids fed bovine colostrum. In experiment 2, a more reductionistic approach was applied to specifically study the effects of the transfer of maternal colostral leukocytes on CMIR in goat kids. Similar to experiment 1, twin kids from MAP immunized dams were randomly divided over two groups. The experimental group received colostrum replacer supplemented with fluorescently labelled colostral cells of the dam and the control group received colostrum replacer only. No difference in skin response following intradermal PPD-A injection was observed between both groups of kids. Histologic examination of the skin at the intradermal injection site did not show fluorescently labelled cells. In conclusion, in our initial experiment we observed an antigen specific CMIR in goat kids fed fresh colostrum with colostral leukocytes from vaccinated dams. The lack of a DTH response in kids fed colostrum replacer supplemented with maternal colostrum derived leukocytes indicated that the complete colostral matrix is probably required for colostrum leukocytes to transfer across the intestinal epithelial barrier and modulate the neonatal immune response. In line with earlier studies, our results indicate that caprine maternal leukocytes present in colostrum can functionally contribute to the newborns’ early adaptive immune responses adding to the importance of colostrum feeding in ruminant neonates.
- Published
- 2022
27. The Relation between Hair-Cortisol Concentration and Various Welfare Assessments of Dutch Dairy Farms
- Author
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van Eerdenburg, Frank J C M, Hof, Tessa, Doeve, Benthe, Ravesloot, Lars, Zeinstra, Elly C, Nordquist, Rebecca E, van der Staay, Franz Josef, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Sub Immunologie, AISS Animal Welfare, Behaviour & Welfare, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Sub Immunologie, AISS Animal Welfare, Behaviour & Welfare, and FAH theoretische epidemiologie
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Scoring system ,Index (economics) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Stress ,Article ,Correlation ,stress ,Welfare assessment ,Animal welfare ,Statistics ,lcsh:Zoology ,Hair cortisol ,hair cortisol ,Dairy cattle ,lcsh:QL1-991 ,Cortisol level ,Mathematics ,media_common ,Rank correlation ,lcsh:Veterinary medicine ,General Veterinary ,dairy cattle ,health ,veterinary(all) ,Health ,welfare assessment ,lcsh:SF600-1100 ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Welfare - Abstract
Many protocols have been developed to assess farm animal welfare. However, the validity of these protocols is still subject to debate. The present study aimed to compare nine welfare assessment protocols, namely: (1) Welfare Quality© (WQ), (2) a modified version of Welfare Quality (WQ Mod), which has a better discriminative power, (3) WelzijnsWijzer (Welfare Indicator, WW), (4) a new Welfare Monitor (WM), (5) Continue Welzijns Monitor (Continuous Welfare Monitor, CWM), (6) KoeKompas (Cow Compass, KK), (7) Cow Comfort Scoring System (CCSS), (8) Stall Standing Index (SSI) and (9) a Welfare Index (WI Tuyttens). In addition, a simple welfare estimation by veterinarians (Estimate vets, EV) was added. Rank correlation coefficients were calculated between each of the welfare assessment protocol scores and mean hair cortisol concentrations from 10 cows at 58 dairy farms spread over the Netherlands. Because it has been suggested that the hair cortisol level is related to stress, experienced over a long period of time, we expected a negative correlation between cortisol and the result of the welfare protocol scores. Only the simple welfare estimation by veterinarians (EV) (ρ = −0.28) had a poor, but significant, negative correlation with hair cortisol. This correlations, however, failed to reach significance after correction of p-values for multiple correlations. Most of the results of the different welfare assessment protocols had a poor, fair or strong positive correlation with each other, supporting the notion that they measure something similar. Additional analyses revealed that the modified Welfare Quality protocol parameters housing (ρ = −0.30), the new Welfare Monitor (WM) parameter health (ρ = −0.33), and milk yield (ρ = −0.33) showed negative correlations with cortisol. We conclude that because only five out of all the parameter scores from the welfare assessment protocols showed a negative, albeit weak, correlation with cortisol, hair cortisol levels may not provide a long term indicator for stress in dairy cattle, or alternatively, that the protocols might not yield valid indices for cow welfare.
- Published
- 2021
28. Survey on Colostrum Management by Dairy Farmers in the Netherlands
- Author
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Robbers, Lisa, Bijkerk, Hannes, Koets, Ad P, Benedictus, Lindert, Nielen, Mirjam, Jorritsma, Ruurd, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, FAH GZ herkauwer, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, FAH GZ herkauwer, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, and FAH veterinaire epidemiologie
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Evening ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Epidemiology ,dairy farm ,Bioinformatica & Diermodellen ,medicine.medical_treatment ,animal diseases ,Bedrijfseconomie ,Ice calving ,Passive immunity ,Biology ,Milking ,0403 veterinary science ,Animal science ,fluids and secretions ,Business Economics ,Bio-informatics & Animal models ,medicine ,Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models ,survey ,Two sample ,Management practices ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,Original Research ,Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,Epidemiologie ,lcsh:Veterinary medicine ,General Veterinary ,calf feeding ,Bacteriologie ,0402 animal and dairy science ,food and beverages ,Bacteriology ,Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040201 dairy & animal science ,veterinary(all) ,Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,colostrum ,Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen ,Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,Herd ,Colostrum ,lcsh:SF600-1100 ,Veterinary Science ,colostrum management - Abstract
Colostrum feeding is essential for the transfer of passive immunity and health of newborn calves. Information on current colostrum management practices to reduce calf morbidity and mortality is important but lacking for Dutch dairy herds. We therefore conducted a survey to investigate colostrum management strategies on Dutch dairy farms. The survey was specifically focused on the most recently born calf and was returned by 107 respondents (response rate of 13.4%). The mean amount of colostrum fed at first feeding was 2.9 liters. Overall, 79% of farmers provided the calf with at least 6 liters of colostrum in up to three feedings. The majority of respondents (84%) claimed to provide the calf with colostrum for the first time within 2 h post-partum. Using ordinal logistic regression and Wilcoxon rank sum test, we found no differences in time to first colostrum feeding or total amount of colostrum fed between bull calves and heifer calves, respectively. Ordinal logistic regression showed no significant differences in time to first colostrum feeding or time between calving and removing the calf from the dam between AMS and conventional milking herds. Two sample T-test comparing the total volume of colostrum showed no significant difference between AMS and conventional milking herds. Time of day at which a calf was born affected both volume fed at first colostrum feeding and time until first colostrum feeding. Calves born between 00.00 and 06.00 were significantly at risk of receiving the first colostrum later as compared to calves born at other times. Calves born in the evening received on average a lower amount of colostrum at first feeding. Survey results on colostrum management on most Dutch dairy farms are in agreement with the advice to feed as soon as possible after parturition and to provide at least 6 liters within 24 h of age. The current study points at time of calving as a potential risk factor for sub-optimal colostrum feeding. Further research is necessary to determine the consequences of this observation.
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- 2021
29. Effect of Type of Cow-Calf Contact on Health, Blood Parameters, and Performance of Dairy Cows and Calves
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Wenker, Margret L, Verwer, Cynthia M, Bokkers, Eddie A M, Te Beest, Dennis E, Gort, Gerrit, de Oliveira, Daiana, Koets, Ad, Bruckmaier, Rupert M, Gross, Josef J, van Reenen, Cornelis G, Dep of Animals in Science and Society, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, Dep of Animals in Science and Society, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, and dFAH I&I
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Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,Dierlijke Productiesystemen ,General Veterinary ,hematology ,calf rearing conditions ,Bacteriologie ,Bacteriology ,Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,PE&RC ,biological functioning ,Wiskundige en Statistische Methoden - Biometris ,veterinary(all) ,Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,Animal Production Systems ,Dierenwelzijn en gezondheid ,Biometris ,Animal and Dairy Science ,Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,WIAS ,590 Animals (Zoology) ,cow-calf separation ,Animal Health & Welfare ,maternal care ,Mathematical and Statistical Methods - Biometris ,suckling - Abstract
Prolonged cow-calf contact (CCC) could potentially improve dairy calf welfare. However, it is currently unknown how different types of CCC affect animals' biological functions. We evaluated health and performance parameters of dairy calves and their dams, where calves: (i) had no contact with their dam (NC), in which the calf was removed from the dam directly after birth (n = 10); (ii) were allowed to have partial contact (PC) with their dam, in which the calf was housed in a calf pen adjacent to the cow area allowing physical contact on the initiative of the dam but no suckling (n = 18); (iii) were allowed to have full contact (FC) with their dam, including suckling, in which calves were housed together with their dams in a free-stall barn (n = 20). Throughout the first 7 weeks postpartum, data were collected on the health status, fecal microbiota, hematological profile, immune and hormonal parameters, and growth rates of calves, and on the health status, metabolic responses, and performance of dams. Overall, FC calves had more health issues (P = 0.02) and a tendency for higher antibiotic usage (P = 0.07) than NC calves. Additionally, FC calves showed elevated levels of erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and leukocytes on day 49 compared to NC calves (P < 0.001). Calf fecal microbiota changed over time, and we found preliminary evidence that fecal microbiota is affected by the type of CCC, as reflected by differences in relative abundances of taxa including Lactobacillus in FC calves compared to NC and PC calves except on days 7 and 66. The FC calves had a greater average daily gain in body weight than NC and PC calves (P = 0.002). Cow health was not affected by the type of CCC, although in the first 7 weeks of lactation FC cows had a lower machine-gained milk yield accompanied by a lower fat percentage than NC and PC cows (P < 0.001). These results indicate that full contact posed a challenge for calf health, presumably because the housing conditions of FC calves in this experimental context were suboptimal. Secondly, ad libitum suckling leads to higher weight gains and negatively affected milk fat content besides machine-gained yields. More research into strategies to improve cow-calf housing and management in CCC systems is warranted.
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- 2022
30. Ecological impact of changes in intrinsic growth rates of species at different trophic levels
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Selakovic, Sanja, Säterberg, Torbjörn, Heesterbeek, Hans, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, and dFAH I&I
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Ecology ,intrinsic growth rate ,Laboratory of Nematology ,ecosystems ,quasi extinction ,Laboratorium voor Nematologie ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,infection - Abstract
Decreased and increased intrinsic growth rate and abundance of a single species can severely and negatively impact other species in the same food web. Here we compare the wider system effects of decreased and increased intrinsic growth rates of species occupying different trophic levels. Specifically, we derive the change in growth rate of a single (focal) species necessary to cause a 90% reduction in the abundance – a quasi-extinction – of another species in model communities. We find that even relatively small changes, negative as well as positive, in the growth rate of the focal species can cause quasi-extinctions of others. Furthermore, the magnitude of change needed to cause a quasi-extinction depends on the trophic level of the perturbed species. The potential ecosystem impact of such ‘negative' and ‘positive' changes is largely unknown. We argue that such a targeted decrease or increase could be induced by human interference, such as hunting or harvesting, but also by an outbreak or fade-out of an infectious disease. As ecosystems maintain many and diverse infectious agents, these results suggest that these agents may play an important role in the structure and balance of ecosystems.
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- 2022
31. Infection dynamics and persistence of hepatitis E virus on pig farms – a review
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Meester, M, Tobias, T J, Bouwknegt, Martijn, Kusters, N E, Stegeman, J A, van der Poel, Wim H M, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, FAH GZ varken, dFAH AVR, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, FAH GZ varken, dFAH AVR, and dFAH I&I
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Veterinary medicine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Environmental contamination ,viruses ,animal diseases ,Biosecurity ,Review ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Persistence (computer science) ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Zoonosis ,Hepatitis E virus ,Food Animals ,Veterinary public health ,medicine ,Transmission ,Small Animals ,lcsh:SF1-1100 ,030304 developmental biology ,2. Zero hunger ,Hepatitis ,0303 health sciences ,lcsh:Veterinary medicine ,Transmission (medicine) ,Risk mitigation ,virus diseases ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,Compartmental model ,3. Good health ,Virology & Molecular Biology ,Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie ,Vaccination ,veterinary (miscalleneous) ,On-farm persistence ,Risk factors ,HEV ,lcsh:SF600-1100 ,Animal Science and Zoology ,lcsh:Animal culture - Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 and 4 is a zoonosis that causes hepatitis in humans. Humans can become infected by consumption of pork or contact with pigs. Pigs are the main reservoir of the virus worldwide and the virus is present on most pig farms. Main body Though HEV is present on most farms, the proportion of infected pigs at slaughter and thus the level of exposure to consumers differs between farms and countries. Understanding the cause of that difference is necessary to install effective measures to lower HEV in pigs at slaughter. Here, HEV studies are reviewed that include infection dynamics of HEV in pigs and on farms, risk factors for HEV farm prevalence, and that describe mechanisms and sources that could generate persistence on farms. Most pigs become infected after maternal immunity has waned, at the end of the nursing or beginning of the fattening phase. Risk factors increasing the likelihood of a high farm prevalence or proportion of actively infected slaughter pigs comprise of factors such as farm demographics, internal and external biosecurity and immunomodulating coinfections. On-farm persistence of HEV is plausible, because of a high transmission rate and a constant influx of susceptible pigs. Environmental sources of HEV that enhance persistence are contaminated manure storages, water and fomites. Conclusion As HEV is persistently present on most pig farms, current risk mitigation should focus on lowering transmission within farms, especially between farm compartments. Yet, one should be aware of the paradox of increasing the proportion of actively infected pigs at slaughter by reducing transmission insufficiently. Vaccination of pigs may aid HEV control in the future.
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- 2021
32. High specificity of the Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum rapid plate agglutination test despite vaccinations against Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium
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Ter Veen, Christiaan, Feberwee, Anneke, Augustijn, Marieke, de Wit, Sjaak, and FAH veterinaire epidemiologie
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Salmonella typhimurium ,Salmonella ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Serial dilution ,Salmonella enteritidis ,specificity ,Salmonella Enteritidis ,Biology ,vaccination ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Serology ,Vaccination ,Agglutination (biology) ,Food Animals ,cross-reactions ,Direct agglutination test ,Salmonella Pullorum Gallinarum ,medicine ,rapid plate agglutination test ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Flock - Abstract
In Europe, monitoring of breeding stock for Salmonella Pullorum (SP) or Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) infections is compulsory at the point of lay. Vaccinations against Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) are increasingly administered in Europe. These vaccines might induce cross-reactions in the rapid plate agglutination (RPA) SP/SG test due to shared O-antigens, possibly resulting in a lower test specificity. The extent to which the specificity of SP/SG serological tests is influenced by SE and/or ST vaccinations in the field has not been reported. In this paper, we report the diagnostic and flock specificity of the commercially available RPA SP/SG test using 1:2-1:16 serum dilutions on four panels of sera: SPF sera, field sera from flocks of varying age and SE/ST vaccination status, and reference sera from an international proficiency testing scheme. The results showed that the use of live SE/ST vaccines did not influence the specificity of the RPA SP/SG test. Inactivated vaccines showed a drop of the diagnostic specificity to 96.54% and a flock specificity of 34.1% when the 1:2 serum dilution was used. The 1:8 serum dilution showed a diagnostic specificity of 99.41% and a flock specificity of 86.4%. In conclusion, the use of SE/ST vaccines has either no effect or a modest effect on the specificity of the RPA SP/SG test used to monitor flocks. The main factors are the type of vaccine, and the serum dilution used for testing and a cut-off.
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- 2021
33. Northern Ireland farm-level management factors for recurrent bovine tuberculosis herd breakdowns
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Doyle, L P, Courcier, E A, Gordon, A W, O'Hagan, M J H, Johnston, P, McAleese, E, Buchanan, J R, Stegeman, J A, Menzies, F D, and FAH veterinaire epidemiologie
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Farms ,Epidemiology ,Case-Control Study ,Northern Ireland ,Mycobacterium bovis ,Infectious Diseases ,Risk Factors ,Case-Control Studies ,Mustelidae ,Animals ,Chronic breakdowns ,Cattle ,bovine tuberculosis ,Tuberculosis, Bovine - Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic, infectious and zoonotic disease of domestic and wild animals caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis. This study investigated farm management factors associated with recurrent bTB herd breakdowns (n = 2935) disclosed in the period 23 May 2016 to 21 May 2018 and is a follow-up to our 2020 paper which looked at long duration bTB herd breakdowns. A case control study design was used to construct an explanatory set of farm-level management factors associated with recurrent bTB herd breakdowns. In Northern Ireland, a Department of Agriculture Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) Veterinarian investigates bTB herd breakdowns using standardised guidelines to allocate a disease source. In this study, source was strongly linked to carryover of infection, suggesting that the diagnostic tests had failed to clear herd infection during the breakdown period. Other results from this study associated with recurrent bTB herd breakdowns were herd size and type (dairy herds 43% of cases), with both these variables intrinsically linked. Other associated risk factors were time of application of slurry, badger access to silage clamps, badger setts in the locality, cattle grazing silage fields immediately post-harvest, number of parcels of land the farmer associated with bTB, number of land parcels used for grazing and region of the country.
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- 2022
34. Evaluation of Non-Invasive Sampling Methods for Detection of Hepatitis E Virus Infected Pigs in Pens
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Meester, Marina, Rademaker, Aniek, Bouwknegt, M., Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H. M., Tobias, Tijs, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, FAH GZ varken, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and FAH GZ varken
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Microbiology (medical) ,pig farms ,pooled faecal droppings ,specificity ,oral fluid ,three Rs ,sensitivity ,Microbiology ,boot sock ,animal experiments ,Virology & Molecular Biology ,Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie ,HEV ,Virology ,refinement - Abstract
OHEJP Project: BIOPIGEE Pigs are a reservoir of hepatitis E virus (HEV), which causes hepatitis in humans. To study the epidemiology of HEV in pig farms, sampling methods are currently used that cause discomfort to pigs, such as rectal sampling. In line with the 3Rs principle, we aimed to evaluate non-invasive methods to detect pens with HEV-shedding pigs. Twenty-eight pens of one farm were sampled cross-sectionally. Individual rectal swabs (IRS) were collected to determine prevalence within pens. Four pen-level samples were compared: a pool of IRS per pen (P), boot socks (BS), oral fluid (OF) and pooled faecal droppings (FD). Each sample was tested by RT-PCR and the sensitivity and specificity of each method was determined by Bayesian latent class analysis. According to IRS, 19/28 pens were HEV positive. BS had a sensitivity of 95% and detected HEV in pens with 10% of pigs shedding; however, specificity was below 30%. FD were comparably accurate to P, with a sensitivity and specificity of 94% and 86%, respectively. BS sampling is thus advised to detect early shedding of HEV or pen contamination, and FD to determine the duration of shedding. This study demonstrates that non-invasive sampling can replace rectal swabs in research on HEV in pigs.
- Published
- 2023
35. Longitudinal Training and Workload Assessment in Young Friesian Stallions in Relation to Fitness: Part 2—An Adapted Training Program
- Author
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Siegers, Esther, van den Broek, Jan, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh - Oosterbaan, Marianne, Munsters, C.C.B.M., CS_Welfare & emerging diseases, Equine Internal Medicine, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, CS_Welfare & emerging diseases, Equine Internal Medicine, and FAH theoretische epidemiologie
- Subjects
Friesian horses ,training ,General Veterinary ,Animal Science and Zoology ,standardized exercise test ,performance ,workload - Abstract
Young Friesian stallions have to complete a 10-week training program (70-day test) for acceptance as a breeding stallion. Part one of this study showed that the 70-day test was too intense and led to reduced fitness. In the present (part two) study, the effects of an adapted training program were studied. Training frequency and minutes of cantering per week were lowered compared with part one. The external workload (EW) of sixteen stallions (3.4 ± 0.8 years) was monitored during the 6-weeks before testing (preparation period) as well as during the 70-day test. Standardized exercise tests (SETs) were performed in week 1 (SET-I), 6 (SET-II), and 10 (SET-III) of the 70-day test, measuring heart rate (HR) and plasma lactate concentration (LA). Linear mixed effect models were used to analyze the EW, and the HR and LA related to the SETs. The EW increased from the preparation period to the 70-day test; this increase in the EW was lower compared with the original training program. The horses showed lower HR and LA levels in SET-III compared with SET-I. The young Friesian horses were at risk to be overtrained in part one, but the adapted training program resulted in increased fitness. This study shows that a carefully chosen program is necessary to improve the performance and welfare of (young) horses.
- Published
- 2023
36. Bromide Dose in Dogs With Epilepsy Living Close to Coastal Areas and Living More Inland: A Retrospective Observational Study
- Author
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Lichtenauer, Esther A, Evers, Bas, van den Broek, Jan, Mandigers, Paul J J, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, CS_Genetics, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, and CS_Genetics
- Subjects
sea ,General Veterinary ,potassium bromide ,epilepsy ,salt ,anticonvulsant ,aerosols - Abstract
Potassium bromide is a frequently used antiseizure medication with a half-life time of over 25 days. Oral intake of sodium chloride as well as renal function influence this half-life time and may have an influence on the needed dose to get proper serum levels. The hypothesis is that dogs living close to coastal areas require a greater potassium bromide dose than dogs living more inland. The main study objective was to determine the relationship between bromide dose, serum bromide concentration, treatment duration, type of food, concurrent therapies and the proximity of the dog's residency to a coastal area. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 658 bromide serum measurements were retrieved from the veterinary faculty's laboratory archive, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Information on the bromide dose, renal function, treatment period, type of food, concurrent therapies and residence was obtained retrospectively from owners of all dogs using a postal survey. A dataset of 220 unique study units was created. The dogs were grouped based on their residence (proximity to the coast > or ResultsAlthough not statistically significant there is a trend that dogs living in close proximity to the sea may require a higher dose of potassium bromide to maintain therapeutic concentrations compared to dogs living more inlands. Additional studies are needed to further explore this observation.
- Published
- 2022
37. Estimated all-day and evening whole-brain radiofrequency electromagnetic fields doses, and sleep in preadolescents
- Author
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Cabré-Riera, Alba, van Wel, Luuk, Liorni, Ilaria, Koopman-Verhoeff, M Elisabeth, Imaz, Liher, Ibarluzea, Jesús, Huss, Anke, Wiart, Joe, Vermeulen, Roel, Joseph, Wout, Capstick, Myles, Vrijheid, Martine, Cardis, Elisabeth, Röösli, Martin, Eeftens, Marloes, Thielens, Arno, Tiemeier, Henning, Guxens, Mònica, One Health Chemisch, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, LS IRAS EEPI ME (Milieu epidemiologie), One Health Chemisch, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, LS IRAS EEPI ME (Milieu epidemiologie), European Commission, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychology, and Erasmus MC other
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Evening ,Technology and Engineering ,SYMPTOMS ,DEVICES ,animal structures ,Wireless technology ,Adolescent ,Population ,Audiology ,Biochemistry ,PHONE BASE STATIONS ,Phone ,Environmental Science(all) ,Medicine ,Humans ,QUALITY ,EXPOSURE ,education ,Child ,ADOLESCENT SLEEP ,General Environmental Science ,education.field_of_study ,Sleep disorder ,business.industry ,Radio waves ,TECHNOLOGY USE ,Brain ,Electromagnetic fields ,Environmental Exposure ,medicine.disease ,Sleep time ,Mobile phone ,MEDIA USE ,technology ,Telecommunications ,Wireless ,UPDATE ,Generation R ,Sleep (system call) ,RF-EMF ,business ,Sleep ,Cell phone use ,Cell Phone - Abstract
[EN] Objective: To investigate the association of estimated all-day and evening whole-brain radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) doses with sleep disturbances and objective sleep measures in preadolescents. Methods: We included preadolescents aged 9-12 years from two population-based birth cohorts, the Dutch Generation R Study (n = 974) and the Spanish INfancia y Medio Ambiente Project (n = 868). All-day and evening overall whole-brain RF-EMF doses (mJ/kg/day) were estimated for several RF-EMF sources including mobile and Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) phone calls (named phone calls), other mobile phone uses, tablet use, laptop use (named screen activities), and far-field sources. We also estimated all-day and evening whole-brain RF-EMF doses in these three groups separately (i.e. phone calls, screen activities, and far-field). The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children was completed by mothers to assess sleep disturbances. Wrist accelerometers together with sleep diaries were used to measure sleep characteristics objectively for 7 consecutive days. Results: All-day whole-brain RF-EMF doses were not associated with self-reported sleep disturbances and objective sleep measures. Regarding evening doses, preadolescents with high evening whole-brain RF-EMF dose from phone calls had a shorter total sleep time compared to preadolescents with zero evening whole-brain RF-EMF dose from phone calls [-11.9 min (95%CI -21.2; -2.5)]. Conclusions: Our findings suggest the evening as a potentially relevant window of RF-EMF exposure for sleep. However, we cannot exclude that observed associations are due to the activities or reasons motivating the phone calls rather than the RF-EMF exposure itself or due to chance finding. This work was supported by the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013 No. 603794 GERoNiMO project) . Arno Thielens is a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) under grant agreement no. 12U1417N. INMA-Sabadell: This study was funded by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176; CB06/02/0041; PI041436; PI081151 incl. FEDER funds; PI12/01890 incl. FEDER funds; CP13/00054 incl. FEDER funds, MS13/00054, CPII18/00018; PI17/01340 incl. FEDER funds) , CIBERESP, Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, Generalitat de Catalunya-AGAUR (2009 SGR 501, 2014 SGR 822) , Fundacio La Marato de TV3 (090430) , Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2012-32991 incl. FEDER funds) , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (EST-2016 RF-21, EST/2013/2/22) , EU Commission (261357, 308333, 603794 and 634453) .We also acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency through the "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023" Program (CEX2018-000806-S) , and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program". INMA-Gipuzkoa: This study was funded by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS-PI13/02187) , CIBERESP, Department of Health of the Basque Government (2015111065) , and the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (DFG15/221) and annual agreements with the municipal-ities of the study area (Zumarraga, Urretxu, Legazpi, Azkoitia y Azpeitia y Beasain) . The Generation R Study: The general design of the Generation R Study is supported by the Erasmus Medical Center-Rotterdam, the Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, and the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, and the Stichting Trombosedienst and Artsenlaboratorium Rijnmond. This study was funded by a grantfromthe Netherlands organization for Health Research and Development (85500036) . Henning Tiemeier was sup-ported by a grant of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO/ZonMW grant 016.VICI.170.200) and of Erasmus Medical Center Efficiency Grant (MRC-2013-169) .
- Published
- 2022
38. Long-chain glucomannan supplementation modulates immune responsiveness, as well as intestinal microbiota, and impacts infection of broiler chickens with Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis
- Author
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Meijerink, Nathalie, de Oliveira, Jean E., van Haarlem, Daphne A., Lamot, David M., Velkers, Francisca C., Smidt, Hauke, Stegeman, J. Arjan, Rutten, Victor P.M.G., Jansen, Christine A., dI&I RA-I&I I&I, Immunologie, FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, dI&I RA-I&I I&I, Immunologie, FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and dFAH AVR
- Subjects
intestinal microbiota ,Veterinary medicine ,T cells ,NK cells ,CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Serogroup ,Mannans ,SF600-1100 ,Animals ,MolEco ,Poultry Diseases ,VLAG ,broiler chickens ,Salmonella Infections, Animal ,General Veterinary ,poultry ,Salmonella Enteritidis ,immunity ,veterinary(all) ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Dietary Supplements ,Long-chain glucomannan ,IELs ,Chickens ,Research Article - Abstract
The zoonotic pathogen Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) causes severe disease in young chickens. Restriction on antibiotic use requires alternative SE control strategies such as nutritional solutions to improve the resistance of chickens. In this study, chickens were fed long-chain glucomannan (GM) or standard diet and challenged with SE at seven days of age. During 21 days post-infection (dpi), we determined numbers and responsiveness of natural killer (NK) and T cells in ileum and spleen, and SE-specific antibody titers in serum. Microbiota compositions in ileum and caeca were determined, as well as correlations of these with numbers and function of immune cells. Some of the samples in the control group had numerically higher CFUs than the GM-treated group. In addition, the relative abundance of SE based on DNA assessment was significantly lower at 21 dpi upon GM supplementation. At 3 dpi, numbers of intraepithelial NK cells were significantly higher, while activation of intraepithelial NK cells (7 dpi), numbers of intraepithelial cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (14 dpi) and SE-specific antibodies (14 dpi) were numerically higher. Furthermore, relative abundance of the commensal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) significantly increased with GM supplementation post-infection. Higher relative abundance of streptococci was associated with reduced SE in ileal and caecal contents at 21 dpi. Relative abundance of streptococci negatively correlated with SE counts and positively correlated with NK cell activation and SE-specific antibodies, which suggests involvement of the commensal LAB in NK cell responsiveness. These results indicate that GM supplementation modulates the immune system, intestinal microbiota and impacts SE infection of young chickens. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13567-022-01026-z.
- Published
- 2022
39. Second compartment widens plasmid invasion conditions : Two-compartment pair-formation model of conjugation in the gut
- Author
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Alderliesten, Jesse B, Zwart, Mark P, de Visser, J Arjan G M, Stegeman, Arjan, Fischer, Egil A J, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH AVR, Microbial Ecology (ME), dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and dFAH AVR
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Statistics and Probability ,Gene Transfer, Horizontal ,Population ,Mucosal environment ,Parameter space ,Laboratorium voor Erfelijkheidsleer ,Biochemistry ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Plan_S-Compliant-OA ,Plasmid ,Plasmid dynamics ,Modelling and Simulation ,Immunology and Microbiology(all) ,Animals ,Humans ,Compartment (pharmacokinetics) ,education ,education.field_of_study ,Bacteria ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all) ,Mathematical modelling ,Chemistry ,Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all) ,Applied Mathematics ,Dynamics (mechanics) ,national ,Drug Resistance, Microbial ,General Medicine ,Horizontal gene transfer ,PE&RC ,Pair formation ,Conjugation, Genetic ,Modeling and Simulation ,Mating pair ,Biophysics ,Laboratory of Genetics ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Plasmids ,Lumen (unit) ,Genetics and Molecular Biology(all) - Abstract
Understanding under which conditions conjugative plasmids encoding antibiotic resistance can invade bacterial communities in the gut is of particular interest to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance within and between animals and humans. We extended a one-compartment model of conjugation to a two-compartment model, to analyse how differences in plasmid dynamics in the gut lumen and at the gut wall affect the invasion of plasmids. We compared scenarios with one and two compartments, different migration rates between the lumen and wall compartments, and different population dynamics. We focused on the effect of attachment and detachment rates on plasmid dynamics, explicitly describing pair formation followed by plasmid transfer in the pairs. The parameter space allowing plasmid invasion in the one-compartment model is affected by plasmid costs and intrinsic conjugation rates of the transconjugant, but not by these characteristics of the donor. The parameter space allowing plasmid invasion in the two-compartment model is affected by attachment and detachment rates in the lumen and wall compartment, and by the bacterial density at the wall. The one- and two-compartment models predict the same parameter space for plasmid invasion if the conditions in both compartments are equal to the conditions in the one-compartment model. In contrast, the addition of the wall compartment widens the parameter space allowing invasion compared with the one-compartment model, if the density at the wall is higher than in the lumen, or if the attachment rate at the wall is high and the detachment rate at the wall is low. We also compared the pair-formation models with bulk-conjugation models that describe conjugation by instantaneous transfer of the plasmid at contact between cells, without explicitly describing pair formation. Our results show that pair-formation and bulk-conjugation models predict the same parameter space for plasmid invasion. From our simulations, we conclude that conditions at the gut wall should be taken into account to describe plasmid dynamics in the gut and that transconjugant characteristics rather than donor characteristics should be used to parameterize the models.
- Published
- 2022
40. Within-Household Transmission and Bacterial Diversity of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
- Author
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Wegener, Alice, Duim, Birgitta, van der Graaf-van Bloois, Linda, Zomer, Aldert L, Visser, Caroline E, Spaninks, Mirlin, Timmerman, Arjen J, Wagenaar, Jaap A, Broens, Els M, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention
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Microbiology (medical) ,Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,whole genome sequencing ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Bacteriologie ,bacterial diversity ,transmission ,Bacteriology ,Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,S. pseudintermedius ,Infectious Diseases ,Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,Immunology and Allergy ,zoonotic ,Molecular Biology ,One health - Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius can be transmitted between dogs and their owners and can cause opportunistic infections in humans. Whole genome sequencing was applied to identify the relatedness between isolates from human infections and isolates from dogs in the same households. Genome SNP diversity and distribution of plasmids and antimicrobial resistance genes identified related and unrelated isolates in both households. Our study shows that within-host bacterial diversity is present in S. pseudintermedius, demonstrating that multiple isolates from each host should preferably be sequenced to study transmission dynamics.
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- 2022
41. Defining Fatty Acid Changes Linked to Rumen Development, Weaning and Growth in Holstein-Friesian Heifers
- Author
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Taylor, Emma N, Han, Jiwan, Fan, Congying, Beckmann, Manfred, Hewinson, Glyn, Rooke, David, Koets, Ad P, Mur, Luis A J, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, and dFAH I&I
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Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,Epidemiologie ,rumen development ,Epidemiology ,Bioinformatica & Diermodellen ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,growth ,weaning ,metabolomics ,fatty acids ,eicosanoids ,Bacteriologie ,Bacteriology ,Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,Biochemistry ,Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,Diabetes and Metabolism ,Endocrinology ,Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen ,Bio-informatics & Animal models ,Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models ,Molecular Biology - Abstract
After birth, as effectively monogastric animals, calves undergo substantial physiological changes to become ruminants by 3 months of age and reach sexual maturity at approximately 15 months of age. Herein, we assess longitudinal metabolomic changes in Holstein-Friesian (HF) heifers from birth until sexual maturity during this developmental process. Sera from 20 healthy, HF heifers were sampled biweekly from 2 weeks of age until 13 months of age and then monthly until 19 months of age. Sera were assessed using flow infusion electrospray high-resolution mass spectrometry (FIE-HRMS) on a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer for high-throughput, sensitive, non-targeted metabolite fingerprinting. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) of the derived metabolomes indicated changes detectable in heifers’ sera over time. Time series analyses identified 30 metabolites that could be related to rumen development and weaning at ~3 months of age. Further time series analysis identified 40 metabolites that could be correlated with growth. These findings highlight the role of acetic acid and 3-phenylpropionate (3-PP) in rumen development and growth, suggest that weaning induces elevated levels of fatty acyls in response to a post-weaning stress-induced innate immune response and demonstrate the utilization of fatty acyls in growth. The identified metabolites offer serum metabolites which could inform the nutrition and healthy development of heifers.
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- 2022
42. Pesticide research on environmental and human exposure and risks in sub-saharan africa: A systematic literature review
- Author
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Fuhrimann, Samuel, Wan, Chenjie, Blouzard, Elodie, Veludo, Adriana, Holtman, Zelda, Chetty-Mhlanga, Shala, Dalvie, Mohamed Aqiel, Atuhaire, Aggrey, Kromhout, Hans, Röösli, Martin, Rother, Hanna Andrea, dIRAS RA-2, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, and IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents
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Insecticides ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,agriculture ,environmental risks ,exposure risks ,food production ,organochlorine ,organophosphate ,pesticides ,plant protection products ,public health ,SDG 2 ,SDG 12 ,SSA ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Review ,010501 environmental sciences ,Organochlorine ,01 natural sciences ,Exposure risks ,South Africa ,Food production ,Organophosphate ,Humans ,Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Longitudinal Studies ,Pesticides ,Child ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Plant protection products ,2. Zero hunger ,Public health ,Environmental risks ,Environmental and Occupational Health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Agriculture ,Environmental Exposure ,15. Life on land ,Pollution ,3. Good health ,Health ,13. Climate action ,Medicine ,Female - Abstract
On the African continent, ongoing agriculture intensification is accompanied by the increas-ing use of pesticides, associated with environmental and public health concerns. Using a systematic literature review, we aimed to map current geographical research hotspots and gaps around environmental and public health risks research of agriculture pesticides in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Studies were included that collected primary data on past and current-used agricultural pesticides and assessed their environmental occurrence, related knowledge, attitude and practice, human exposure, and environmental or public health risks between 2006 and 2021. We identified 391 articles covering 469 study sites in 37 countries in SSA. Five geographical research hotspots were identified: two in South Africa, two in East Africa, and one in West Africa. Despite its ban for agricultural use, organochlorine was the most studied pesticide group (60%; 86% of studies included DDT). Current-used pesticides in agriculture were studied in 54% of the study sites (including insecticides (92%), herbicides (44%), and fungicides (35%)). Environmental samples were collected in 67% of the studies (e.g., water, aquatic species, sediment, agricultural produce, and air). In 38% of the studies, human subjects were investigated. Only few studies had a longitudinal design or assessed pesticide’s environmental risks; human biomarkers; dose-response in human subjects, including children and women; and interventions to reduce pesticide exposure. We established a research database that can help stakeholders to address research gaps, foster research collaboration between environmental and health dimensions, and work towards sustainable and safe agriculture systems in SSA. ISSN:1660-4601 ISSN:1661-7827
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- 2022
43. Conserved developmental trajectories of the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens in a field study
- Author
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Kers, Jannigje G, Velkers, Francisca C, Fischer, Egil A J, Stegeman, J Arjan, Smidt, Hauke, Hermes, Gerben D A, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, FAH GZ pluimvee, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, FAH GZ pluimvee, and FAH veterinaire epidemiologie
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intestinal ,WIMEK ,Ecology ,Microbiota ,poultry ,microbiome ,Animal Feed ,Microbiology ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Diet ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Animals ,gut ,MolEco ,16S rRNA ,microbial community ,Cecum ,Chickens ,VLAG - Abstract
There is great interest in identifying gut microbiota development patterns and underlying assembly rules that can inform strategies to improve broiler health and performance. Microbiota stratification using community types helps to simplify complex and dynamic ecosystem principles of the intestinal microbiota. This study aimed to identify community types to increase insight in intestinal microbiota variation between broilers and to identify factors that explain this variation. A total of 10 well-performing poultry flocks on four farms were followed. From each flock, the cecal content of nine broilers was collected at 7, 14, and 35 days posthatch. A total of two robust community types were observed using different clustering methods, one of which was dominated by 7-day-old broilers, and one by 35-day-old broilers. Broilers, 14-day-old, were divided across both community types. This is the first study that showed conserved cecal microbiota development trajectories in commercial broiler flocks. In addition to the temporal development with age, the cecal microbiota variation between broilers was explained by the flock, body weight, and the different feed components. Our data support a conserved development of cecal microbiota, despite strong influence of environmental factors. Further investigation of mechanisms underlying microbiota development and function is required to facilitate intestinal health promoting management, diagnostics, and nutritional interventions.
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- 2022
44. SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats and dogs in infected mink farms
- Author
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van Aart, Anna E, Velkers, Francisca C, Fischer, Egil A J, Broens, Els M, Egberink, Herman, Zhao, Shan, Engelsma, Marc, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Harders, Frank, de Rooij, Myrna M T, Radstake, Carien, Meijer, Paola A, Munnink, Bas B Oude, de Rond, Jan, Sikkema, Reina S, van der Spek, Arco N, Spierenburg, Marcel, Wolters, Wendy J, Molenaar, Robert-Jan, Koopmans, Marion P G, van der Poel, Wim H M, Stegeman, Arjan, Smit, Lidwien A M, FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., dI&I I&I-4, Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dFAH AVR, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, Virology, FAH GZ pluimvee, dFAH I&I, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., dI&I I&I-4, Virologie, dI&I I&I-1, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dFAH AVR, and dIRAS RA-I&I RA
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,dogs ,viruses ,animal diseases ,Kwantitatieve Veterinaire Epidemiologie ,Cat Diseases ,SARS‐CoV‐2 ,Serology ,0403 veterinary science ,Dog Diseases ,Mink ,Letter to the Editor ,0303 health sciences ,CATS ,biology ,Transmission (medicine) ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Virology & Molecular Biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,epidemiology ,Farms ,Bioinformatica & Diermodellen ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Short Communication ,Animals, Wild ,Virus ,Interspecies transmission ,03 medical and health sciences ,one health ,Throat ,biology.animal ,Immunology and Microbiology(all) ,Bio-informatics & Animal models ,medicine ,Humans ,Animals ,Epidemiology, Bio-informatics & Animal models ,030304 developmental biology ,Epidemiologie ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,SARS-CoV-2 ,cats ,mink ,COVID-19 ,Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology ,Serum samples ,veterinary(all) ,Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie ,Epidemiologie, Bioinformatica & Diermodellen ,WIAS - Abstract
Animals like mink, cats and dogs are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the Netherlands, 69 out of 127 mink farms were infected with SARS-CoV-2 between April and November 2020 and all mink on infected farms were culled after SARS-CoV-2 infection to prevent further spread of the virus. On some farms, (feral) cats and dogs were present. This study provides insight into the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 positive cats and dogs in ten infected mink farms and their possible role in transmission of the virus. Throat and rectal swabs of 101 cats (12 domestic and 89 feral cats) and 13 dogs of ten farms were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using PCR. Serological assays were performed on serum samples from 62 adult cats and all 13 dogs. Whole Genome Sequencing was performed on one cat sample. Cat-to-mink transmission parameters were estimated using data from all ten farms. This study shows evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in twelve feral cats and two dogs. Eleven cats (19%) and two dogs (15%) tested serologically positive. Three feral cats (3%) and one dog (8%) tested PCR-positive. The sequence generated from the cat throat swab clustered with mink sequences from the same farm. The calculated rate of mink-to-cat transmission showed that cats on average had a chance of 12% (95%CI 10% to 18%) of becoming infected by mink, assuming no cat-to-cat transmission. As only feral cats were infected it is most likely that infections in cats were initiated by mink, not by humans. Whether both dogs were infected by mink or humans remains inconclusive. This study presents one of the first reports of interspecies transmission of SARS-CoV-2 that does not involve humans, namely mink-to-cat transmission, which should also be considered as a potential risk for spread of SARS-CoV-2.
- Published
- 2022
45. Pathological findings in stranded harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) with special focus on anthropogenic causes
- Author
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IJsseldijk, Lonneke, Leopold, Mardik, Begeman, Lineke, Kik, Marja, Wiersma, Lidewij, Morell, Maria, Bravo Rebolledo, Elisa L, Jauniaux, Thierry, Heesterbeek, Hans, Gröne, Andrea, VPDC pathologie, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, VP pathologie, LS Pathologie, Virology, VPDC pathologie, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, VP pathologie, and LS Pathologie
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Global and Planetary Change ,Business Manager projecten Midden-Noord ,Marine debris ,Ocean Engineering ,Aquatic Science ,Cetacean ,bycatch ,post-mortem investigation ,Oceanography ,infectious diseases ,Onderzoeksformatie ,SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being ,ship strike ,SDG 14 - Life Below Water ,Business Manager projects Mid-North ,hearing damage ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Humans impact natural systems at an unprecedented rate. The North Sea is one of the regions in the world with the highest levels of anthropogenic activity. Here, the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is an abundant species and is often regarded as an ecosystem sentinel. A post-mortem surveillance program was established in the Netherlands aimed at increasing knowledge of the effects of human activities on harbor porpoises. In this study, we describe the pathological findings related to anthropogenic and natural causes of death categories in 612 harbor porpoises that stranded between 2008 and 2019, and assess their relations to age, sex, season, and location. The largest anthropogenic category was bycatch (17%), with mainly juveniles affected and peak periods in March and September–October. Other, infrequently diagnosed anthropogenic causes of death were trauma (4%), largely most likely due to ship collisions, and marine debris ingestion and entanglement (0.3%). The risk of dying from anthropogenic causes was highest for juveniles. Lesions compatible with noise-induced hearing loss were investigated in carcasses which were fresh enough to do so (n = 50), with lesions apparent in two porpoises. Non-direct human-induced threats included infectious diseases, which were by far the largest cause of death category (32%), and affected mainly adults. Also, gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) attacks were a frequently assigned cause of death category (24%). There were more acute predation cases in the earlier study years, while porpoises with lesions that suggested escape from gray seal attacks were diagnosed more recently, which could suggest that porpoises adapted to this threat. Our study contributes to understanding porpoise health in response to persisting, new, emerging, and cumulative threats. Building up such knowledge is crucial for conservation management of this protected species.
- Published
- 2022
46. Repeated cross-sectional sampling of pigs at slaughter indicates varying age of hepatitis E virus infection within and between pig farms
- Author
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Meester, Marina, Bouwknegt, Martijn, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate, Vernooij, Hans, Houben, Manon, van Oort, Sophie, van der Poel, Wim H M, Stegeman, Arjan, Tobias, Tijs, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, FAH GZ varken, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, and FAH GZ varken
- Subjects
Swine Diseases ,Aging ,Farms ,General Veterinary ,seroprevalence ,Swine ,batch sampling ,Age Factors ,within-farm transmission ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,virus ,zoonosis ,population infection dynamics ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Hepatitis E ,Virology & Molecular Biology ,Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,HEV ,Hepatitis E virus ,Animals ,Cluster Analysis ,Abattoirs - Abstract
Humans can become infected with hepatitis E virus (HEV) by consumption of undercooked pork. To reduce the burden of HEV in humans, mitigation on pig farms is needed. HEV is found on most pig farms globally, yet within-farm seroprevalence estimates vary considerably. Understanding of the underlying variation in infection dynamics within and between farms currently lacks. Therefore, we investigated HEV infection dynamics by sampling 1711 batches of slaughter pigs from 208 Dutch farms over an 8-month period. Four farm types, conventional, organic, and two types with strict focus on biosecurity, were included. Sera were tested individually with an anti-HEV antibody ELISA and pooled per batch with PCR. All farms delivered seropositive pigs to slaughter, yet batches (resembling farm compartments) had varying results. By combining PCR and ELISA results, infection moment and extent per batch could be classified as low transmission, early, intermediate or late. Cluster analysis of batch infection moments per farm resulted in four clusters with distinct infection patterns. Cluster 1 farms delivered almost exclusively PCR negative, ELISA positive batches to slaughter (PCR−ELISA+), indicating relatively early age of HEV infection. Cluster 2 and 3 farms delivered 0.3 and 0.7 of batches with intermediate infection moment (PCR+ELISA+) respectively and only few batches with early infection. Cluster 4 farms delivered low transmission (PCR−ELISA−) and late infection (PCR+ELISA−) batches, demonstrating that those farms can prevent or delay HEV transmission to farm compartments. Farm type partly coincided with cluster assignment, indicating that biosecurity and management are related to age of HEV infection.
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- 2022
47. The role of different Culex mosquito species in the transmission of West Nile virus and avian malaria parasites in Mediterranean areas
- Author
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Ferraguti, Martina, Heesterbeek, Hans, Martínez-de la Puente, Josué, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Vázquez, Ana, Ruiz, Santiago, Llorente, Francisco, Roiz, David, Vernooij, Hans, Soriguer, Ramón, Figuerola, Jordi, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, dFAH AVR, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Junta de Andalucía, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Sociedad de Etología y Ecología Evolutiva (España), Fundación BBVA, Ferraguti, Martina, Heesterbeek, Hans, Martínez-de la Puente, Josué, Jiménez-Clavero, Miguel Ángel, Vázquez, Ana, Llorente, Francisco, Roiz, David, Vernooij, Hans, Soriguer, Ramón C., Figuerola, Jordi, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, FAH theoretische epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, FAH Evidence based Veterinary Medicine, and dFAH AVR
- Subjects
Emerging infectious diseases ,Vector-borne pathogens ,viruses ,Antibodies, Viral ,Plasmodium ,Mosquitoes ,Zoonosis ,flavivirus ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Taverne ,Culex pipiens ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Mediterranean Region ,vector-bornepathogens ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Flavivirus ,Culex ,Basic reproduction number R0 ,West Nile virus ,Sparrows ,Culex perexiguus ,Malaria, Avian ,Population ,Zoology ,Mosquito Vectors ,Haemosporidia ,emerging infectious diseases ,Avian malaria ,Immunology and Microbiology(all) ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Passer domesticus ,Animals ,Culex modestus ,education ,mosquitoes ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Feeding Behavior ,zoonosis ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,veterinary(all) ,Spain ,Vector (epidemiology) ,West Nile Fever - Abstract
11 Pág.. Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Vector-borne diseases, especially those transmitted by mosquitoes, have severe impacts on public health and economy. West Nile virus (WNV) and avian malaria parasites of the genus Plasmodium are mosquito-borne pathogens that may produce severe disease and illness in humans and birds, respectively, and circulate in an endemic form in southern Europe. Here, we used field-collected data to identify the impact of Culex pipiens, Cx. perexiguus and Cx. modestus, on the circulation of both WNV and Plasmodium in Andalusia (SW Spain) using mathematical modelling of the basic reproduction number (R0 ). Models were calibrated with field-collected data on WNV seroprevalence and Plasmodium infection in wild house sparrows, presence of WNV and Plasmodium in mosquito pools, and mosquito blood-feeding patterns. This approach allowed us to determine the contribution of each vector species to pathogen amplification. Overall, 0.7% and 29.6% of house sparrows were positive to WNV antibodies and Plasmodium infection, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of Plasmodium was higher in Cx. pipiens (2.0%), followed by Cx. perexiguus (1.8%) and Cx. modestus (0.7%). Three pools of Cx. perexiguus were positive to WVN. Models identified Cx. perexiguus as the most important species contributing to the amplification of WNV in southern Spain. For Plasmodium models, R0 values were higher when Cx. pipiens was present in the population, either alone or in combination with the other mosquito species. These results suggest that the transmission of these vector-borne pathogens depends on different Culex species, and consequently, their transmission niches will present different spatial and temporal patterns. For WNV, targeted surveillance and control of Cx. perexiguus populations appear as the most effective measure to reduce WNV amplification. Also, preventing Culex populations near human settlements, or reducing the abundance of these species, are potential strategies to reduce WNV spillover into human populations in southern Spain., This study was funded by projects CGL2015-65055-P and PGC2018-095704-B-I00 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, P11-RNM-7038 from the Junta de Andalucía, and CP13/00114 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. MF was funded by a FPU grant and a Juan de la Cierva 2017 Formación contract (FJCI-2017-34394) from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and partially financed by a grant from the Spanish Society of Ethology and Evolutionary Ecology (SEEEE Research Grant, Call 2017). JMP was funded by a 2017 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation. The BBVA Foundation accepts no responsibility for the opinions, statements and contents included in the project and/or the results thereof, which are entirely the responsibility of the authors. We are grateful to Alberto Pastoriza, Manuel Vázquez, Manolo Lobón, Óscar González, Carlos Moreno, Cristina Pérez, Esmeralda Pérez, Juana Moreno Fernández and Antonio Magallanes Martín de Oliva for their help during the fieldwork and with mosquito capture and identification, and to Isabel Martín, Francisco M. Miranda, Olaya García, María del Carmen Barbero Ameller, Laura Herrero and Antonio Sanz for their help with the laboratory analyses.
- Published
- 2020
48. SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020
- Author
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Oreshkova, Nadia, Molenaar, Robert Jan, Vreman, Sandra, Harders, Frank, Oude Munnink, Bas B, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Gerhards, Nora, Tolsma, Paulien, Bouwstra, Ruth, Sikkema, Reina S, Tacken, Mirriam GJ, de Rooij, Myrna MT, Weesendorp, Eefke, Engelsma, Marc Y, Bruschke, Christianne JM, Smit, Lidwien AM, Koopmans, Marion, van der Poel, Wim HM, Stegeman, Arjan, LS Virologie, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, LS IRAS EEPI GRA (Gezh.risico-analyse), LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, dFAH AVR, LS Virologie, Veterinair Pathologisch Diagnostisch Cnt, VPDC pathologie, Sub GZ Herkauwer, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, LS GZ Landbouwhuisdieren, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, and Virology
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Epidemiology ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,animal diseases ,viruses ,030106 microbiology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,Diagnostics & Crisis Organization ,03 medical and health sciences ,biology.animal ,Virology ,Pandemic ,medicine ,Mink ,Coronavirus ,Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,interstitial pneumonia ,biology ,Diagnostiek & Crisisorganisatie ,Transmission (medicine) ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Bacteriologie ,mink ,transmission ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Outbreak ,Bacteriology ,Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,biology.organism_classification ,Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,Virology & Molecular Biology ,Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie ,030104 developmental biology ,Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,Betacoronavirus - Abstract
Respiratory disease and increased mortality occurred in minks on two farms in the Netherlands, with interstitial pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in organ and swab samples. On both farms, at least one worker had coronavirus disease-associated symptoms before the outbreak. Variations in mink-derived viral genomes showed between-mink transmission and no infection link between the farms. Inhalable dust contained viral RNA, indicating possible exposure of workers. One worker is assumed to have attracted the virus from mink.
- Published
- 2020
49. Clinical and Pathological Findings in SARS-CoV-2 Disease Outbreaks in Farmed Mink (Neovison vison)
- Author
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Molenaar, Robert Jan, Vreman, Sandra, Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W, Zwart, Rob, de Rond, Jan, Weesendorp, Eefke, Smit, Lidwien A M, Koopmans, Marion, Bouwstra, Ruth, Stegeman, Arjan, van der Poel, Wim H M, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, dFAH AVR, Virology, LS Theoretische Epidemiologie, IRAS OH Epidemiology Microbial Agents, dIRAS RA-I&I RA, FAH veterinaire epidemiologie, dFAH I&I, and dFAH AVR
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,viruses ,Neovison ,Diagnostics & Crisis Organization ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,biology.animal ,Medicine ,pneumonia ,Mink ,Diffuse alveolar damage ,Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,Lung ,General Veterinary ,biology ,Diagnostiek & Crisisorganisatie ,business.industry ,Respiratory disease ,Bacteriologie ,mink ,Outbreak ,COVID-19 ,Bacteriology ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction & Diagnostics ,respiratory system ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,respiratory disease ,Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,respiratory tract diseases ,Virology & Molecular Biology ,Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie ,zoonoses ,body regions ,Pneumonia ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Acute Interstitial Pneumonia ,Bacteriologie, Host Pathogen Interactie & Diagnostiek ,business ,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 - Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, caused respiratory disease outbreaks with increased mortality in 4 mink farms in the Netherlands. The most striking postmortem finding was an acute interstitial pneumonia, which was found in nearly all examined mink that died at the peak of the outbreaks. Acute alveolar damage was a consistent histopathological finding in mink that died with pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 infections were confirmed by detection of viral RNA in throat swabs and by immunohistochemical detection of viral antigen in nasal conchae, trachea, and lung. Clinically, the outbreaks lasted for about 4 weeks but some animals were still polymerase chain reaction–positive for SARS-CoV-2 in throat swabs after clinical signs had disappeared. This is the first report of the clinical and pathological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in mink farms.
- Published
- 2020
50. A dynamic concept of animal welfare: The role of appetitive and adverse internal and external factors and the animal’s ability to adapt to them
- Author
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Arndt, Saskia, Goerlich, Vivian, van der Staay, Franz Josef, AISS Animal Behaviour, and FAH theoretische epidemiologie
- Subjects
domestication ,behavior ,health, domestication, welfare assessment, behavior, emotions, animals under human care, adaptation, robustness ,welfare assessment ,health ,adaptation ,robustness ,animals under human care ,emotions - Abstract
Animal welfare is a multifaceted issue that can be approached from different viewpoints, depending on human interests, ethical assumptions, and culture. To properly assess, safeguard and promote animal welfare, concepts are needed to serve as guidelines in any context the animal is kept in. Several different welfare concepts have been developed during the last half decade. The Five Freedoms concept has provided the basis for developing animal welfare assessment to date, and the Five Domains concept has guided those responsible for safeguarding animal welfare, while the Quality of Life concept focuses on how the individual perceives its own welfare state. This study proposes a modified and extended version of an earlier animal welfare concept - the Dynamic Animal Welfare Concept (DAWCon). Based on the adaptability of the animal, and taking the importance of positive emotional states and the dynamic nature of animal welfare into account, an individual animal is likely in a positive welfare state when it is mentally and physically capable and possesses the ability and opportunity to react adequately to sporadic or lasting appetitive and adverse internal and external stimuli, events, and conditions. Adequate reactions are elements of an animal’s normal behavior. They allow the animal to cope with and adapt to the demands of the (prevailing) environmental circumstances, enabling it to reach a state that it perceives as positive, i.e., that evokes positive emotions. This paper describes the role of internal as well as external factors in influencing welfare, each of which exerts their effects in a sporadic or lasting manner. Behavior is highlighted as a crucial read-out parameter. As most animals under human care are selected for certain traits that may affect their behavioral repertoire it is crucial to have thorough ethograms, i.e., a catalogue of specific behaviors of the species/strain/breed under study. DAWCon highlights aspects that need to be addressed when assessing welfare and may stimulate future research questions.
- Published
- 2022
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