Author: "Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE)" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE)"' showing total 191 results

Start Over Author "Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE)"

191 results on '"Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE)"'

1. Inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii in dry sausage and processed pork, and quantification of the pathogen in pig tissues prior to production

Author: Dámek, Filip, Fremaux, Bastien, Aubert, Dominique, Thoumire, Sandra, Delsart, Maxime, Martin, Jean-Luc, Vuillermet, Sandra, Opsteegh, Marieke, Jokelainen, Pikka, Le Roux, Delphine, Boireau, Pascal, Villena, Isabelle, Blaga, Radu, Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut du Porc (IFIP), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Centre National de Référence (CNR) Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center (BRC) (CNR Toxoplasmose-Toxoplasma BRC), CHU Limoges, Epidémiologie des maladies animales infectieuses (EpiMAI USC), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Epidémiologie (EPI), Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Statens Serum Institut [Copenhagen], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), This work was supported by funding from the France-Agri-Mer: contract number 0917003490 and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under grant agreement No 773830: One Health European Joint Programme (projects ToxSauQMRA and TOXOSOURCES)., and European Project: 773830, H2020-SFS-2017-1 ,One Health EJP(2018)
Subjects: [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, meat, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, nitrate, Epidemiology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, viability, distribution, salt, Parasitology, nitrite
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondiiis an important zoonotic foodborne parasite. Meat of infected animals appears to be a major source of infection in Europe. Pork is the most consumed meat in France, with dry sausages well represented. The risk of transmission via consumption of processed pork products is largely unknown, mainly since processing will affect viability but may not entirely inactivate allT. gondiiparasites. We investigated the presence and concentration ofT. gondiiDNA in the shoulder, breast, ham, and heart of pigs orally inoculated with 1000 oocysts (n= 3) or tissue cysts (n = 3) and naturally infected pigs (n= 2), by means of magnetic capture qPCR (MC-qPCR). Muscle tissues of experimentally infected pigs were further used to evaluate the impact of manufacturing processes of dry sausages, including different concentrations of nitrates (0, 60, 120, 200 ppm), nitrites (0, 60, 120 ppm), and NaCl (0, 20, 26 g/kg), ripening (2 days at 16-24 °C) and drying (up to 30 days at 13 °C), by a combination of mouse bioassay, qPCR and MC-qPCR. DNA ofT. gondiiwas detected in all eight pigs, including in 41.7% (10/24) of muscle samples (shoulder, breast and ham) and 87.5% (7/8) of hearts by MC-qPCR. The number of parasites per gram of tissue was estimated to be the lowest in the hams (arithmetic mean (M) = 1, standard deviation (SD) = 2) and the highest in the hearts (M = 147, SD = 233). However, theT. gondiiburden estimates varied on the individual animal level, the tissue tested and the parasitic stage used for the experimental infection (oocysts or tissue cysts). Of dry sausages and processed pork, 94.4% (51/54) were positive forT. gondiiby MC-qPCR or qPCR, with the meanT. gondiiburden estimate equivalent to 31 parasites per gram (SD = 93). Only the untreated processed pork sample collected on the day of production was positive by mouse bioassay. The results suggest an uneven distribution ofT. gondiiin the tissues examined, and possibly an absence or a concentration below the detection limit in some of them. Moreover, the processing of dry sausages and processed pork with NaCl, nitrates, and nitrites has an impact on the viability ofT. gondiifrom the first day of production. Results are valuable input for future risk assessments aiming to estimate the relative contribution of different sources ofT. gondiihuman infections.
Published: 2023

2. MALDI-TOF: A new tool for the identification of Schistosoma cercariae and detection of hybrids

Author: Antoine Huguenin, Julien Kincaid-Smith, Jérôme Depaquit, Jérôme Boissier, Hubert Ferté, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie (LPM), IFR 53, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-CHU Maison Blanche-UPRES EA 2070, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), This research was funded by the program HySWARM (ANR-18-CE35-0001) from the French Research National Agency., and ANR-18-CE35-0001,HySWARM,Hybrid Swarm: rôle de l'hybridation dans les capacités invasives, l'épidémiologie et le diagnostic de la schistosomiase(2018)
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: Schistosomiasis is a neglected water-born parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma affecting more than 200 million people. Introgressive hybridization is common among these parasites and raises issues concerning their zoonotic transmission. Morphological identification of Schistosoma cercariae is difficult and does not permit hybrids detection. Our objective was to assess the performance of MALDI-TOF for the specific identification of cercariae in human and non-human Schistosoma and for the detection of hybridization between S. bovis and S. haematobiumSpectra were collected from laboratory reared molluscs infested with strains of S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. bovis, S. rodhaini and S. bovis x S. haematobium natural (Corsican hybrid) and artificial hybrids. Cluster analysis showed a clear separation between S. haematobium, S. bovis, S. mansoni and S. rodhaini. Corsican hybrids are classified with those of the parental strain of S. haematobium whereas other hybrids formed a distinct cluster. In blind test analysis the developed MALDI-TOF spectral database permits identification of Schistosoma cercariae with high accuracy (94%) and good specificity (S. bovis: 99.59%, S. haematobium 99.56%, S. mansoni and S. rodhaini: 100%). Most misidentifications were between S. haematobium and the Corsican hybrids. The use of machine learning permits to improve the discrimination between these last two taxa, with accuracy, F1 score and Sensitivity/Specificity > 97%. In multivariate analysis the factors associated with obtaining a valid identification score (> 1.7) were absence of ethanol preservation (p < 0.001) and a number of 2-3 cercariae deposited per well (p < 0.001). Also spectra acquired from S. mansoni cercariae are more likely to obtain a valid identification score than those acquired from S. haematobium (pMALDI-TOF is a reliable technique for high-throughput identification of Schistosoma cercariae of medical and veterinary importance and could be useful for field survey in endemic areas.Author SummarySchistosomoses are neglected tropical diseases, affecting approximately 200 million people worldwide. They are transmitted during contact with water contaminated with the infesting stage of the parasite (the cercaria stage). Species-level recognition of cercariae present in water has important implications for field campaigns aimed at eradicating schistosomiasis. In addition, Schistosomes are able to hybridize between different species. Identification of Schistosomes cercariae on microscopy is difficult because of their similarity, and it does not allow hybrids to be distinguished. Molecular biology techniques allow a reliable diagnosis but are expensive. MALDI-TOF is a recent technique that permits an inexpensive identification of micro-organisms in a few minutes. In this paper, we evaluate MALDI-TOF identification of Schistosomes cercariae.We have implemented a database of MALDI-TOF cercariae spectra obtained from parental strains and hybrids of species of medical or veterinary interest, allowing reliable identification with an accuracy of 94%. The identification errors mainly come from confusion between the natural Corsican hybrid (S. haematobium x S. bovis) and S. haematobium. The use of machine learning algorithms permits to obtain an accuracy of more than 97% in the recognition of these two parasites. In conclusion, MALDI-TOF is a promising tool for the identification of Schistosome cercariae.
Published: 2023

3. Assessing vector competence of mosquitoes from northeastern France to West Nile virus and Usutu virus

Author: Jean-Philippe Martinet, Chloé Bohers, Marie Vazeille, Hubert Ferté, Laurence Mousson, Bruno Mathieu, Jérôme Depaquit, Anna-Bella Failloux, Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale (IPPTS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), This study was funded by the ANSES APR-EST Grant N° 2020/01/129 (JPM, JD, BM, ABF) and the Laboratoire d'Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases' (grant n°ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) (ABF)., and ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are two arthropod-borne viruses that circulate in mainland France. Assessing vector competence has only been conducted so far with mosquitoes from southern France while an increasingly active circulation of WNV and USUV has been reported in the last years. The main vectors are mosquitoes of theCulexgenus and the common mosquitoCulex pipiens. Here, we measure the vector competence of five mosquito species (Aedes rusticus, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles plumbeus, Culex pipiensandCuliseta longiareolata) present in northeastern France. Field-collected populations were exposed to artificial infectious blood meal containing WNV or USUV and examined at different days post-infection. We show that (i)Cx. pipienstransmitted WNV and USUV, (ii)Ae. rusticusonly WNV, and (iii) unexpectedly,Ae. albopictustransmitted both WNV and USUV. Less surprising,An. plumbeuswas not competent for both viruses. Combined with data on distribution and population dynamics, these assessments of vector competence will help in developing a risk map and implementing appropriate prevention and control measures.Author summaryWest Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are on the rise in Europe and in France. WNV is reported in France as early as the 1960s in the Camargue and USUV more recently, in 2015 in eastern France. The re-emergence of WNV infections in the Camargue is associated with an expansion towards the North which is also favorable to maintain a viral transmission cycle. USUV frequently co-circulates with WNV sharing the same mosquito vectors.Culex pipiens, able to feed on birds and humans, is considered to be the main vector in France. Our study is the first to investigate the vector competence to WNV and USUV of five different mosquito species collected in northeastern France. We ascertain that FrenchCx. pipiensmosquitoes are competent to both WNV and USUV. More surprisingly, the mosquitoAedes albopictusfrom northeastern France was able to transmit WNV and USUV. Based on our result, we propose that surveillance of mosquitoes combined with viral detections must be implemented in northeastern France to allow early viral detection and timely intervention to prevent outbreaks of these two neurological diseases.
Published: 2023

4. IgM triplet in neonatal diagnosis by immunoblotting and its potential use as a diagnostic marker for congenital toxoplasmosis

Author: Peyclit, Lucie, Villard, Odile, Paris, Luc, Fricker-Hidalgo, Hélène, Houzé, Sandrine, Cimon, Bernard, Deleplancque, Anne-Sophie, Tournus, Céline, Pelloux, Hervé, Villena, Isabelle, Pomares, Christelle, L’ollivier, Coralie, Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale [Strasbourg], Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CHU Grenoble, AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Service Parasitologie Mycologie CHU Angers, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHRU LIlle], Institut de Microbiologie [CHRU Lille], Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis [Ile-de-France], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Hôpital Archet 2 [Nice] (CHU), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA)
Subjects: IgM triplet, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Congenital toxoplasmosis, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Toxoplasma gondii Congenital toxoplasmosis Neonatal diagnosis Immunoblotting IgM triplet, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Immunoblotting, Toxoplasma gondii, Neonatal diagnosis
Abstract: International audience; Primary infection during pregnancy by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii can be worrisome because transmission to the fetus may lead to congenital toxoplasmosis (CT). Neonatal diagnosis is usually performed by serological profile comparison of the mother and newborn. As previously reported in 2012 by C. L’Ollivier et al., three IgM bands at 75, 90 and 100 kDa called the “IgM triplet” has caught our attention and seems to be pathognomonic of CT. This retrospective multicenter study involved nine reference laboratories included in the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis network and concerned determining the specificity and sensitivity of this IgM triplet. On this basis, we were able to propose a new read of the comparison of IgG and IgM immunoblot profiles of mother and infant to increase the sensitivity of this diagnostic marker. The effect of the trimester of pregnancy at the time of infection, but also of maternal treatment with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine/folinic acid on the presence of this IgM triplet in the infant, could be studied. The presence of the triplet appears pathognomonic for the diagnosis of CT, and it increased the sensitivity of the immunoblot assay from 55.04% to 72.48%. As a result, it would be wise to enhance conventional immunoblot reading by adding the presence of the three IgM bands in the infant pattern for neonatal diagnosis of CT.; La primo-infection pendant la grossesse par le protozoaire Toxoplasma gondii peut se révéler préoccupante car la transmission au fœtus peut conduire à une toxoplasmose congénitale (TC). Un diagnostic néonatal est généralement réalisé par comparaison des profils sérologiques de la mère et du nouveau-né. Comme précédemment rapporté en 2012 par C. L’Ollivier et al. , l’association de trois bandes d’IgM à 75, 90, et 100 kDa appelée la « triplette IgM » a retenu notre attention et semble être pathognomonique de la TC. Cette étude rétrospective multicentrique impliquant neuf laboratoires de référence inclus dans le réseau du Centre National de Référence pour la Toxoplasmose a permis de déterminer la spécificité et la sensibilité de cette triplette IgM. Ainsi, cela a permis de proposer une nouvelle lecture de la comparaison des profils d’immunoblot IgG et IgM de la mère et du nourrisson pour augmenter la sensibilité de ce marqueur diagnostique. L’effet du trimestre de la grossesse au moment de l’infection mais aussi du traitement maternel par pyriméthamine/sulfadiazine/acide folinique sur la présence de la triplette IgM chez l’enfant a pu être analysé. La présence de cette triplette semble pathognomonique pour le diagnostic de TC et elle permet d’augmenter la sensibilité du test immunoblot de 55,04 % à 72,48 %. Ainsi, il pourrait être judicieux d’améliorer la lecture conventionnelle de l’immunoblot en ajoutant la présence des trois bandes IgM dans le schéma du nourrisson pour le diagnostic néonatal de TC.
Published: 2023

5. Protozoan Parasites and Leafy Greens in Marrakech: Study of Occurrence Using a Molecular Method

Author: Eva Nast, Jamaleddine Hafid, Laila Hoummadi, Dominique Aubert, Atika Madline, Isabelle Villena, Salma Berrouch, Stéphanie La Carbona, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Marrakech, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), and ACTALIA [Villers-Bocage]
Subjects: Giardiasis, Veterinary medicine, Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, Animals, Humans, Parasites, Leafy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030306 microbiology, Protozoan diseases, Oocysts, Toxoplasma gondii, DNA, Protozoan, Contamination, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Giardia duodenalis, Parasitology, Toxoplasma, Contaminated food
Abstract: Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the presence of T. gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, and G. duodenalis cysts, in three leafy greens (coriander, lettuce, and parsley) commonly consumed raw. Despite the recognition of the association between the parasitic illnesses and the consumption of contaminated food, there is still a lack of studies investigating the occurrence of parasitic contamination in food matrices. Methods A total of 152 leafy green samples were collected in Marrakech from April 2018 to October 2019. Parasites were eluted and concentrated before detection of their DNA by real-time qPCR. Results The analysis revealed an overall rate of contamination of 32.2% (49/152), with 29.6% (45/152) positive for T. gondii and 2.6% (4/152) for G. duodenalis, while none was positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Conclusion The results showed that humans can be exposed to protozoan parasites through vegetables consumption. Further investigations can be performed to acquire new epidemiological data to assess the public health impact of these protozoan diseases in Morocco.
Published: 2021

6. Toxoplasmose pendant la grossesse : proposition actuelle de prise en charge pratique

Author: Renaud Piarroux, Florent Fuchs, F. Peyron, Luc Paris, Coralie L'Ollivier, Jérôme Massardier, Isabelle Villena, Martine Wallon, Laurent Mandelbrot, François Kieffer, Norbert Winer, Patricia Garcia-Méric, Olivier Picone, Guillaume Benoist, Fuchs, Florent, Hôpital Louis Mourier - AP-HP [Colombes], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse [CHU - HCL], Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Institut Desbrest de santé publique (IDESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve [CHRU Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Hôpital de la Conception [CHU - APHM] (LA CONCEPTION), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, 030106 microbiology, Prenatal diagnosis, [SDV.MHEP.GEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Gynecology and obstetrics, Congenital, 03 medical and health sciences, Folinic acid, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Spiramycin, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Seroconversion, Sulfonamides, medicine.diagnostic_test, Diagnostic anténatal, Mother-to-child transmission, business.industry, Foetopathies, Incidence (epidemiology), Obstetrics and Gynecology, medicine.disease, Toxoplasmosis, 3. Good health, Fetal therapy, [SDV.MHEP.GEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Gynecology and obstetrics, Pyrimethamine, Fetal infection, Reproductive Medicine, Prophylaxie, Amniocentesis, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: International audience; The burden of congenital toxoplasmosis has become small in France today, in particular as a result of timely therapy for pregnant women, fetuses and newborns. Thus, the French screening and prevention program has been evaluated and recently confirmed despite a decline over time in the incidence of toxoplasmosis. Serological diagnosis of maternal seroconversion is usually simple but can be difficult when the first trimester test shows the presence of IgM, requiring referral to an expert laboratory. Woman with confirmed seroconversion should be referred quickly to an expert center, which will decide with her on treatment and antenatal diagnosis. Although the level of proof is moderate, there is a body of evidence in favor of active prophylactic prenatal treatment started as early as possible (ideally within 3 weeks of seroconversion) to reduce the risk of maternal-fetal transmission, as well as symptoms in children. The recommended therapies to prevent maternal-fetal transmission are: (1) spiramycin in case of maternal infection before 14 gestational weeks; (2) pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine (P-S) with folinic acid in case of maternal infection at 14 WG or more. Amniocentesis is recommended to guide prenatal and neonatal care. If fetal infection is diagnosed by PCR on amniotic fluid, therapy with P-S should be initiated as early as possible or continued in order reduce the risk of damage to the brain or eyes. Further research is required to validate new approaches to preventing congenital toxoplasmosis.
Published: 2021

7. Gradient concentration strip–specific epidemiological cut-off values of antifungal drugs in various yeast species and five prevalent Aspergillus species complexes

Author: Victor Mercier, Valérie Letscher-Bru, Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux, Laurence Delhaes, Francoise Botterel, Danièle Maubon, Frédéric Dalle, Alexandre Alanio, Sandrine Houzé, Eric Dannaoui, Carole Cassagne, Sophie Cassaing, Marie-Fleur Durieux, Arnaud Fekkar, Jean-Philippe Bouchara, Jean-Pierre Gangneux, Julie Bonhomme, Damien Dupont, Damien Costa, Boualem Sendid, Taieb Chouaki, Nathalie Bourgeois, Antoine Huguenin, Sophie Brun, Caroline Mahinc, Lilia Hasseine, Solène Le Gal, Anne-Pauline Bellanger, Eric Bailly, Florent Morio, Céline Nourrisson, Nicole Desbois-Nogard, Estelle Perraud-Cateau, Anne Debourgogne, Hélène Yéra, Laurence Lachaud, Milène Sasso, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Dynamique des interactions hôte pathogène (DIHP), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques - Fungal Biology and Pathogenicity (BPF), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin [Bordeaux], Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux [Bordeaux] (CRCTB), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Dynamic Microbiology - EA 7380 (DYNAMIC), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est (UPE)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) (IAB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Laboratoire de parasitologie mycologie (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut Agro Dijon, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Hopital Saint-Louis [AP-HP] (AP-HP), Mycologie moléculaire - Molecular Mycology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques - National Reference Center Invasive Mycoses & Antifungals (CNRMA), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU HEGP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), CHU Limoges, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Infections Respiratoires Fongiques (IRF), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Brest (UBO), SFR UA 4208 Interactions Cellulaires et Applications Thérapeutiques (ICAT), Université d'Angers (UA), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU Angers], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Département de microbiologie [CHU Rouen], CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), UNIROUEN - UFR Santé (UNIROUEN UFR Santé), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 (UGSF), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Amiens-Picardie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice), Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologiede [CHRU Brest], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), Service de parasitologie et mycologie [CHRU de Besançon], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), CHU Trousseau [Tours], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l'Immunité (IICiMed), Nantes Université - UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques (Nantes Univ - UFR Pharmacie), Nantes Université - pôle Santé, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Santé, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne (CRNH d'Auvergne)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Infection Inflammation et Interaction Hôtes Pathogènes [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (3IHP ), Direction de la recherche clinique et de l’innovation [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (DRCI), CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France], Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Ecologie et biologie des interactions (EBI), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes (SIMPA), Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Service de parasitologie-mycologie [CHU Cochin], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Gradient concentration strip–specific, Infectious Diseases, Aspergillus, Epidemiological cut-off values, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General Medicine, Antifungal susceptibility, Candida
Abstract: International audience; Objectives: To determine the epidemiological cut-off values (ECVs) of ten antifungal agents in a wide range of yeasts and Aspergillus spp. using gradient concentration strips.Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations for amphotericin B, anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, isavuconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole, determined with gradient concentration strips at 35 French microbiology laboratories between 2002 and 2020, were retrospectively collected. Then, the ECVs were calculated using the iterative method and a cut-off value of 97.5%.Results: Minimum inhibitory concentrations were available for 17 653 clinical isolates. In total, 48 ECVs (including 32 new ECVs) were determined: 29 ECVs for frequent yeast species (e.g. Candida albicans and itraconazole/flucytosine, and Candida glabrata species complex [SC] and flucytosine) and rare yeast species (e.g. Candida dubliniensis, Candida inconspicua, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Cryptococcus neoformans) and 19 ECVs for Aspergillusflavus SC, Aspergillusfumigatus SC, Aspergillusnidulans SC, Aspergillusniger SC, and Aspergillusterreus SC.Conclusions: These ECVs can be added to the already available gradient concentration strip-specific ECVs to facilitate minimum inhibitory concentration interpretation and streamline the identification of nonwild type isolates.
Published: 2022

8. MALDI-TOF MS Limits for the Identification of Mediterranean Sandflies of the Subgenus Larroussius, with a Special Focus on the Phlebotomus perniciosus Complex

Author: Huguenin, Antoine, Pesson, Bernard, Kaltenbach, Matthieu, Diarra, Adama, Parola, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme, Randrianambinintsoa, Fano, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), and Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille)
Subjects: Larroussius, Phlebotomus Larroussius species complex MALDI-TOF MS identification high-throughput identification molecular biology, high-throughput identification, Phlebotomus, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MALDI-TOF MS, identification, molecular biology, species complex
Abstract: International audience; Leishmania infantum is the agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin. It is transmitted by sandflies of the subgenus Larroussius. Although Phlebotomus perniciosus is the most important vector in this area, an atypical Ph. perniciosus easily confused with Ph. longicuspis has been observed in North Africa. MALDI-TOF MS, an important tool for vector identification, has recently been applied for the identification of sandflies. Spectral databases presented in the literature, however, include only a limited number of Larroussius species. Our objective was to create an in-house database to identify Mediterranean sandflies and to evaluate the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to discriminate close species or atypical forms within the Larroussius subgenus. Field-caught specimens (n = 94) were identified morphologically as typical Ph. perniciosus (PN; n = 55), atypical Ph. perniciosus (PNA; n = 9), Ph. longicuspis (n = 9), Ph. ariasi (n = 9), Ph. mascittii (n = 3), Ph. neglectus (n = 5), Ph. perfiliewi (n = 1), Ph. similis (n = 9) and Ph. papatasi (n = 2). Identifications were confirmed by sequencing of the mtDNA CytB region and sixteen specimens were included in the in-house database. Blind assessment on 73 specimens (representing 1073 good quality spectra) showed a good agreement (98.5%) between MALDI-TOF MS and molecular identification. Discrepancies concerned confusions between Ph. perfiliewi and Ph. perniciosus. Hierarchical clustering did not allow classification of PN and PNA. The use of machine learning, however, allowed discernment between PN and PNA and between the lcus and lcx haplotypes of Ph. longicuspis (accuracy: 0.8938 with partial-least-square regression and random forest models). MALDI-TOF MS is a promising tool for the rapid and accurate identification of field-caught sandflies. The use of machine learning could allow to discriminate similar species.
Published: 2022

9. Evaluation of eimeria spp. Parasites as surrogates for the study of toxoplasma gondii oocyst inactivation

Author: Augendre, Laure, Escotte-Binet, Sandie, Aubert, Dominique, Silvestre, Anne, Répérant, Jean-Michel, Villena, Isabelle, Dumètre, Aurélien, La Carbona, Stéphanie, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Actalia [Saint-Lô], and This work is supported by UMT ACTIA Protorisk (grant CIFRE)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract: International audience; Foodborne diseases are a global public health concern. Toxoplasma gondii is considered as one of the most of concern parasites in the world due to its multiple routes of transmission, high prevalence, and global distribution. The T. gondii oocyst the environmental form of the parasite, is known to remain infective for very long periods in soils and waters. These reservoirs can be sources of contamination during the primary production of vegetables, fruits, and seafood. In order to reduce human exposure, food industries implement control measures whose efficiency to inactivate the pathogens in the food matrix requires evaluation. However, for T. gondii, such studies face methodological and financial constraints. Indeed, sourcing infective oocysts in large quantities and measuring their infectivity are costly, require specific expertise and authorizations, and raise ethical and biohazard issues. Therefore, identifying and characterizing organisms that could be used as surrogates for T. gondii oocysts is a critical issue for the agri-food industry.The ideal surrogate should be non-pathogenic, easy to produce in large quantities and its viability/infectivity easily measured in the laboratory to assess control measures inactivation efficiency. The surrogate should display comparable or less inactivation to T. gondii oocysts, as well as similar inactivation kinetics. Whenever possible, the model should be equivalent in structure and size to the target pathogen and have a similar mode of transmission in the matrices to be studied. In this study, oocysts of the genus Eimeria were evaluated as surrogates of T. gondii. Physical and chemical treatments were applied to Eimeria acervulina and Toxoplasma oocysts and their impact on their structure was evaluated by flow cytometry and microscopy. The following parameters were studied: integrity (size/granulometry) and permeability, measured by the incorporation of different markers such as lectins. The first data obtained suggest that Eimeria acervulina would be a good model to study T. gondii for certain treatments.
Published: 2022

10. Supportive care in the acute phase of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

Author: Neil H. Shear, P. Joly, Alain Brassard, P. Wolkenstein, Kanade Shinkai, L. S. Vidal, K. Zaghbib, C. Salavastru, J. Newman, A. Colin, J.N. Bouwes Bavinck, N. Hama, Arturo R. Dominguez, J. T. Schulz, Roni P. Dodiuk-Gad, Lars E. French, Emanual Michael Maverakis, D. Meyersburg, Chia-Yu Chu, K. Pallesen, M. C. Brüggen, R. Le Floch, Robert G. Micheletti, E. Bequignon, B. Milpied, Tetsuo Shiohara, Benjamin H. Kaffenberger, Paolo Romanelli, C. Bodemer, S. L. Chua, Arash Mostaghimi, E. Howard, Elizabeth J. Phillips, Annamari Ranki, Mirjam Nägeli, R. Sheridan, J. Gueudry, S. Ingen-Housz-Oro, Barbara Horváth, A. Toussi, Amy S. Paller, Jonathan Cotliar, Anette Bygum, Danielle M. Tartar, N. de Prost, Robert S. Stern, S. Walsh, Wen-Hung Chung, Scott Worswick, Riichiro Abe, M. Arden-Jones, Megan H. Noe, C. Moss, George-Sorin Tiplica, E. Brezinova, B. Didona, S. T. Le, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Epidemiology in Dermatology and Evaluation in Therapeutics (EpiDermE), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), HUS Inflammation Center, Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, Helsinki University Hospital Area, University of Helsinki, Translational Immunology Groningen (TRIGR), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Consensus, education, MEDLINE, Dermatology, Phase (combat), 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Multidisciplinary approach, Humans, Medicine, Infection control, Child, Retrospective Studies, computer.programming_language, Modalities, business.industry, Research, Stevens johnson, 16. Peace & justice, medicine.disease, Toxic epidermal necrolysis, 3. Good health, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Family medicine, business, computer, [SDV.MHEP.DERM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Dermatology, Delphi
Abstract: Background Supportive care is the cornerstone of management of adult and paediatric Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). However, consensus on the modalities of supportive care is lacking.Objectives Our aim in this international multicentric Delphi exercise was to establish a multidisciplinary expert consensus to standardize recommendations regarding supportive care in the acute phase of SJS/TEN.Methods Participants were sent a survey via the online tool SurveyMonkey, consisting of 103 statements organized into 11 topics: multidisciplinary team composition, suspect drug management, infection prevention, fluid resuscitation and prevention of hypothermia, nutritional support, pain and psychological distress management, management of acute respiratory failure, local skincare, ophthalmological management, management of other mucosa, and additional measures. Participants evaluated the level of appropriateness of each statement on a scale of 1 (extremely inappropriate) to 9 (extremely appropriate). The results were analysed according to the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method.Results Forty-five participants from 13 countries (on three continents) participated. After the first round, a consensus was obtained for 82.5% of the 103 initially proposed statements. After the second round, a final consensus was obtained for 102 statements.Conclusions We have reached an international Delphi-based consensus on best supportive care practice for SJS/TEN. Our expert consensus should help guide physicians in treating patients with SJS/TEN and thereby improve short-term prognosis and the risk of sequelae.
Published: 2021

11. Epilepsy in the Sanaga‐Mbam valley, an onchocerciasis‐endemic region in Cameroon: electroclinical and neuropsychological findings

Author: Cédric B Chesnais, Eric Samuel Chokote, Maxime Guillaume, Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo, Thierry Tchoumi, Ghislain Nokam, Guillaume Wyart, Dominique Parain, Robert Colebunders, Michel Boussinesq, Tatah Y. Godwin, Alexandre Morin, Alfred K. Njamnshi, Gilles Gargala, Leonard Ngarka, Wepnyu Y. Njamnshi, Mary Bello Nkinin, Department of neurology, university hospital of Rouen, École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS), Recherches Translationnelles sur le VIH et les maladies infectieuses endémiques et émergentes (TransVIHMI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Yaoundé I-Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, neuropsychology, Epilepsy, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Humans, Medicine, Cameroon, RC346-429, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, nodding syndrome, business.industry, Nodding Syndrome, onchocerciasis, Neuropsychology, Electroencephalography, electrophysiology, medicine.disease, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Neurology, Full‐length Original Research, epilepsy, Human medicine, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, Neurology (clinical), business, Onchocerciasis
Abstract: Objective Epilepsy is highly prevalent in onchocerciasis-endemic African regions. Various types of epilepsy have been described in such regions based essentially on clinical characteristics. Methods We conducted a clinical, neurophysiological and neuropsychological study of epilepsy in the onchocerciasis-endemic region of Ntui, Sanaga-Mbam area, Cameroon. Results One hundred and eighty-seven persons with presumed epilepsy were recruited in an epilepsy clinic in Ntui. Epilepsy was clinically confirmed in 144 (79%) subjects, 69 (46.0%) of them met the onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE) criteria, and 51 of 106 tested (48.1%) presented Ov16 antibodies. Electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded in 91 participants, of which 36 (33%) were considered abnormal and 27 of 36 (75%) revealed bifrontotemporal spike and slow waves. Concerning the neuropsychological evaluation, 29% showed severe global cognitive impairment, 28% severe episodic memory impairment, and 66% severe frontal cognitive impairment. Half of the persons with epilepsy (PWE) suffered from a mental disorder. Significance In PWE in the Sanaga-Mbam area in Cameroon, we observed EEG patterns similar to those described among persons with OAE, including nodding syndrome in other onchocerciasis-endemic areas. Most PWE presented with severe cognitive impairment. We hypothesize that onchocerciasis may induce neurocognitive disorders and epilepsy via a mechanism that involves mainly the frontal and temporal regions of the brain.
Published: 2021

12. Toxoplasmosis in patients with an autoimmune disease and immunosuppressive agents: A multicenter study and literature review

Author: Marie-Fleur Durieux, Jean-Guillaume Lopez, Maher Banjari, Karine Passebosc-Faure, Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart, Luc Paris, Gilles Gargala, Sabine Berthier, Julie Bonhomme, Cathy Chemla, Isabelle Villena, Pierre Flori, Emilie Fréalle, Coralie L’Ollivier, Florian Lussac-Sorton, José Gilberto Montoya, Estelle Cateau, Christelle Pomares, Loïc Simon, Dorothée Quinio, Florence Robert-Gangneux, Hélène Yera, Marc Labriffe, Anne-Laure Fauchais, Marie-Laure Dardé, Hôpital Dupuytren [CHU Limoges], Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Service de Parasitologie Mycologie [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) (IAB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université (SU), COVID-Mucor study group, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (ABTE), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Service de Microbiologie [CHU Caen], Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Service des Agents Infectieux et Hygiène [CHU Saint-Etienne], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM), Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHRU LIlle], Institut de Microbiologie [CHRU Lille], Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux]-Groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie (CHU de Poitiers), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Nice, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre méditerranéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Groupe de Recherche en Informatique, Image et Instrumentation de Caen (GREYC), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Strasbourg, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], and The French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis received financial support by Santé Publique France (the national public health agency, https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr) for genotyping study, but no author has personally received grant.
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Humans, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Toxoplasma, Immunosuppressive Agents, Autoimmune Diseases
Abstract: Background Cases of Toxoplasma reactivation or more severe primary infection have been reported in patients receiving immunosuppressive (IS) treatment for autoimmune diseases (AID). The purpose of this study was to describe features of toxoplasmosis occurring in patients with AID treated by IS therapy, excluded HIV-positive and transplant patients. Methods A multicenter descriptive study was conducted using data from the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis (NRCT) that received DNA extracts or strains isolated from patients, associated with clinical data. Other cases were retrieved through a questionnaire sent to all French parasitology and internal medicine departments. Furthermore, a systematic literature review was conducted. Results 61 cases were collected: 25 retrieved by the NRCT and by a call for observations and 36 from a literature review. Half of the cases were attributed to reactivation (50.9%), and most of cases (49.2%) were cerebral toxoplasmosis. The most common associated AID were rheumatoid arthritis (28%) and most frequent treatments were antimetabolites (44.3%). Corticosteroids were involved in 60.7% of cases. Patients had a favorable outcome (50.8%) but nine did not survive. For 12 cases, a successful Toxoplasma strain characterization suggested the possible role of this parasitic factor in ocular cases. Conclusion Although this remains a rare condition, clinicians should be aware for the management of patients and for the choice of IS treatment.
Published: 2022

13. Early symptomatic neurosyphilis and ocular syphilis: A comparative study between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients

Author: Vero Rasoldier, Luc Paris, Martine Pestel-Caron, M. Muraine, B. Bodaghi, François Caron, C. Chapuzet, J. Gueudry, Roland Tubiana, Eric Caumes, Hôpital Charles Nicolle [Rouen], Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), VILLIER, Venceslas, CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual acuity, Visual Acuity, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV Infections, medicine.disease_cause, Eye Infections, Bacterial, Ocular syphilis, Serology, Uveitis, Neurosyphilis, Sexual and Gender Minorities, 03 medical and health sciences, Cerebrospinal fluid, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Internal medicine, HIV Seropositivity, medicine, Humans, Meningitis, Paresthesia, Syphilis, ocular syphilis, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Cranial Nerves, HIV, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 3. Good health, Treatment Outcome, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Female, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: International audience; Objectives: Since the 2000s, there has been an increase in prevalence of neurosyphilis (NS) and ocular syphilis (OS). As data about symptomatic NS/OS is limited, this study aims to assess the characteristics of symptomatic NS/OS, according to HIV status.Methods: We compared the clinical and biological presentation of early symptomatic NS/OS and its outcome in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients.Results: Ninety-six patients (93% men, 49% HIV-positive) were included from 2000 to 2016 in two centers, with 67 (69%) having OS, 15 (16%) NS, and 14 (14%) both. HIV-positive patients were younger (P = 0.006) and more likely to be males having sex with males (P = 0.00048) or to have a history of syphilis (P = 0.01). Among 81 OS, there were 43 posterior uveitis (57%), and bilateral involvement was more common in HIV-positive patients (62% versus 38%, P = 0.045). Among 29 NS there were 21 cases of cranial nerve involvement (72%), seven meningitis (24%) and 11 paresthesia (38%). Involvement of the VIIIth cranial nerve was the most common (16 cases). Treponemal tests were more commonly found positive in cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-positive patients (88% versus 76%, P = 0.04). Visual acuity (VA) always improved after treatment (initial VA logMAR 0.8 ± 0.8 versus 0.1 ± 0.1 at 3 months), but 32% and 18% of the patients still had neurological or ocular impairment respectively six and 12 months after treatment. Non-treponemal serological reversion was observed in 43/50 patients (88%) at six months.Conclusion: HIV infection has no consequence on the outcome of NS and OS. Sequelae are common, emphasizing the importance of prevention, and screening, and questioning enhanced treatment.
Published: 2021

14. Évaluation des parasites protozoaires Eimeria spp. comme modèles d’étude de l’inactivation des oocystes de Toxoplasma gondii

Author: Augendre, Laure, Escotte-Binet, Sandie, Aubert, Dominique, Silvestre, Anne, Répérant, Jean-Michel, Villena, Isabelle, Dumètre, Aurélien, Carbona, Stephanie, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Actalia [Saint-Lô], and SFP - SFMM
Subjects: [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology
Abstract: National audience; Les maladies d’origine alimentaire constituent un problème de santé publique à l’échelle mondiale. La sécurité alimentaire s’inscrit dans une approche intégrée dite de la fourche à la fourchette qui prend en considération chacun des maillons de la chaîne en intégrant des mesures d’évaluation et de maîtrise des dangers.Selon l’EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), chaque année, plus de 1000 cas humains d’infections parasitaires d'origine alimentaire sont signalées dans l'Union Européenne. Toxoplasma gondii est considéré comme l'un des parasites les plus préoccupants au monde en raison des multiples voies d'infection, de sa forte prévalence et de sa distribution mondiale. L’oocyste de T. gondii, forme environnementale du parasite, est connu pour être résistant et survivre pendant de très longues périodes dans les environnements telluriques et hydriques. Ces réservoirs peuvent représenter des sources de contamination lors de la production primaire des légumes, fruits et coquillages. Afin de réduire l’exposition de l’Homme, les industriels de l’agroalimentaire mettent en place des mesures de maîtrise qui visent à inactiver les pathogènes potentiellement présents dans les matières premières. Ces procédés peuvent être chimiques et/ou physiques et leur efficacité doit être évaluée pour chacun des dangers identifiés pour un aliment donné. Cependant, les études menées sur T. gondii sont entravées par des contraintes méthodologiques et financières. En effet, l’approvisionnement en oocystes infectieux en quantités importantes et la mesure du caractère infectieux s’avèrent compliqués, coûteux, requièrent une expertise spécifique et soulèvent des problèmes d’éthique et de risques biologiques. Par conséquent, identifier et caractériser des organismes qui pourraient être utilisés comme substituts aux oocystes de T. gondii constitue un enjeu essentiel pour l'industrie agroalimentaire.L’organisme modèle idéal serait non pathogène, produit aisément en grandes quantités et sa viabilité/infectiosité pourrait être plus facilement mesurée en laboratoire afin d’évaluer sa résistance aux traitements. Ce modèle doit mimer le comportement du pathogène cible et donc présenter des niveaux de résistance comparables ou supérieurs, ainsi que des cinétiques d’inactivation similaires. Dans la mesure du possible, le modèle doit présenter une structure et une taille équivalentes à la cible et avoir un mode de transmission similaire à celui du pathogène cible dans les matrices que l’on souhaite étudier. Il est très important de sélectionner et de valider soigneusement les substituts potentiels afin d’éviter unesurestimation de l’efficacité des technologies de décontamination et un biais dans l’évaluation de l’exposition.Dans cette étude, les oocystes du genre Eimeria ont été évalués comme modèles de T. gondii. Différents traitements physiques et chimiques ont été appliqués sur des oocystes d’Eimeria et de Toxoplasma et leur impact sur la structure a été évalué par cytométrie en flux et microscopie. Les paramètres suivants ont été étudiés : intégrité (taille/granulométrie) et perméabilité, mesurée par l’incorporation de différents marqueurs (lectines). Les premières données obtenues suggèrent qu’Eimeria acervulina serait un bon modèle d’étude de T. gondii pour certains traitements.
Published: 2022

15. Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks linked to the public water supply in a military camp, France

Author: Stéphanie Watier-Grillot, Damien Costa, Cédric Petit, Romy Razakandrainibe, Sébastien Larréché, Christelle Tong, Gwenaëlle Demont, David Billetorte, Damien Mouly, Didier Fontan, Guillaume Velut, Alexandra Le Corre, Jean-Christophe Beauvir, Audrey Mérens, Loïc Favennec, Vincent Pommier de Santi, Service de Santé des Armées, CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Expérimentales (UPTE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Begin, Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées [Marseille] (CESPA), Agence Nationale de la Santé Publique [Saint-Maurice] (ANSP), CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Drinking Water, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Oocysts, Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium, Disease Outbreaks, Gastroenteritis, Infectious Diseases, Military Personnel, Water Supply, RNA, Ribosomal, 18S, Animals, Humans
Abstract: Introduction Contaminated drinking and recreational waters account for most of the reported Cryptosporidium spp. exposures in high-income countries. In June 2017, two successive cryptosporidiosis outbreaks occurred among service members in a military training camp located in Southwest France. Several other gastroenteritis outbreaks were previously reported in this camp, all among trainees in the days following their arrival, without any causative pathogen identification. Epidemiological, microbiological and environmental investigations were carried out to explain theses outbreaks. Material and methods Syndromic diagnosis using multiplex PCR was used for stool testing. Water samples (100 L) were collected at 10 points of the drinking water installations and enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts performed. The identification of Cryptosporidium species was performed using real-time 18S SSU rRNA PCR and confirmed by GP60 sequencing. Results A total of 100 human cases were reported with a global attack rate of 27.8%. Cryptosporidium spp. was identified in 93% of stool samples with syndromic multiplex PCR. The entire drinking water network was contaminated with Cryptosporidium spp. The highest level of contamination was found in groundwater and in the water leaving the treatment plant, with >1,000 oocysts per 100 L. The same Cryptosporidium hominis isolate subtype IbA10G2 was identified in patients’ stool and water samples. Several polluting activities were identified within the protection perimeters of the water resource. An additional ultrafiltration module was installed at the outlet of the water treatment plant. After several weeks, no Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in the public water supply. Conclusions After successive and unexplained gastroenteritis outbreaks, this investigation confirmed a waterborne outbreak due to Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2. Our study demonstrates the value of syndromic diagnosis for gastroenteritis outbreak investigation. Our results also highlight the importance of better assessing the microbiological risk associated with raw water and the need for sensitive and easy-to-implement tools for parasite detection.
Published: 2022

16. Make visible the invisible: Optimized development of an environmental DNA metabarcoding tool for the characterization of trematode parasitic communities

Author: Philippe Douchet, Jérôme Boissier, Stephen Mulero, Hubert Ferté, Margot Doberva, Jean‐François Allienne, Eve Toulza, Kévin Bethune, Olivier Rey, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Plateforme technologique BioEnvironnement, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, cryptic diversity, Ecology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], parasites, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, biodiversity assessment, 03 medical and health sciences, water-sediment interface, metabarcoding, Genetics, 14. Life underwater, Trematoda, freshwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, parastes, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: International audience; The world's parasitic and mutualistic biodiversity is undergoing major upheavals related to modifications in host community structures, changes in interactions between species, and through coextinction events. Trematodes are an important component of this invisible biodiversity, in terms of species richness, but also because of their role in ecosystems functioning and in the emergence of associated diseases. Together, these elements point to the need for a better assessment and understanding of the structure and dynamics of trematode diversity. In this context, our aim was to develop an optimized eDNA-based metabarcoding approach to detect trematodes and characterizetheir communities, most of which associated to aquatic environments. The efficiency of this newly developed tool was first assessed by exhaustive in silico and in vitro validation steps. We next assessed the ability of our eDNA-based approach to reconstruct trematode communities compared to a classical trematode monitoring method over four freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Our eDNA-based monitoring tool displayed a high amplification enrichment of trematode DNA, a 100% detection score for tracking back an in vitro mock community composed of 28 trematode species, and high genetic resolution which makes it relevant to discriminate between even phylogenetically close trematode species. Over the four natural ecosystems screened in natura, 33 OTUs were generated from the eDNA-based approach, from which 11 trematode species were identified. In comparison, we identified fivetrematode species using the classical monitoring method, three of which were also detected by the eDNA-based approach. We believe that this new eDNA-based metabarcoding tool will open new perspectives for fundamental and applied research in community ecology, conservation, and healthsurvey.
Published: 2022

17. Evaluation of real-time qPCR-based methods to detect the DNA of the three protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii in the tissue and hemolymph of blue mussels (M. edulis)

Author: Loïc Durand, Catherine Cazeaux, Marco Lalle, Jitender P. Dubey, Stéphanie La Carbona, Dominique Aubert, Isabelle Villena, Alain Geffard, Loïc Favennec, ACTALIA [Villers-Bocage], Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory [Beltsville, USA], United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-USDA Agricultural Research Service [Beltsville, Maryland], USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service-USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS)
Subjects: Mytilus edulis, Biology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Hemolymph, Animals, Trypsin, Shellfish, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Cryptosporidium parvum, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, fungi, Giardia, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium, DNA, Protozoan, biology.organism_classification, DNA extraction, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Seafood, Protozoa, Giardia lamblia, Toxoplasma, Food Science
Abstract: The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii can be transmitted to humans through shellfish consumption. No standardized methods are available for their detection in these foods, and the performance of the applied methods are rarely described in occurrence studies. Through spiking experiments, we characterized different performance criteria (e.g. sensitivity, estimated limit of detection (eLD95METH), parasite DNA recovery rates (DNA-RR)) of real-time qPCR based-methods for the detection of the three protozoa in mussel's tissues and hemolymph. Digestion of mussels tissues by trypsin instead of pepsin and the use of large buffer volumes was the most efficient for processing 50g-sample. Trypsin digestion followed by lipids removal and DNA extraction by thermal shocks and a BOOM-based technique performed poorly (e.g. eLD95METH from 30 to >3000 parasites/g). But trypsin digestion and direct DNA extraction by bead-beating and FastPrep homogenizer achieved higher performance (e.g. eLD95METH: 4-400 parasites/g, DNA-RR: 19-80%). Direct DNA recovery from concentrated hemolymph, by thermal shocks and cell lysis products removal was not efficient to sensitively detect the protozoa (e.g. eLD95METH: 10-1000 parasites/ml, DNA-RR ≤ 24%). The bead-beating DNA extraction based method is a rapid and simple approach to sensitively detect the three protozoa in mussels using tissues, that can be standardized to different food matrices. However, quantification in mussels remains an issue.
Published: 2022

18. Hygiene measures as primary prevention of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: A systematic review

Author: Karl Wehbe, Lucille Pencole, Martin Lhuaire, Jeanne Sibiude, Laurent Mandelbrot, Isabelle Villena, Olivier Picone, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Hôpital Louis Mourier - AP-HP [Colombes], Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
Subjects: [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, 030231 tropical medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hygiene, Toxoplasmosis, Congenital, 3. Good health, Primary Prevention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Reproductive Medicine, Pregnancy, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, Humans, Female, 030212 general & internal medicine, Toxoplasmosis, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Background Hygiene measures are recommended to prevent toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, although screening for seroconversion in pregnant women currently are debated and practices vary among countries. Objectives The purpose of this systematic literature review was to assess the effectiveness of hygiene measures during pregnancy to prevent toxoplasmosis infection. Search Strategy We followed the standard MOOSE and PRISMA criteria when conducting this systematic review and reporting the results. Selection criteria A systematic literature search was conducted for studies focused on congenital toxoplasmosis prevention, toxoplasmosis prevention during pregnancy, toxoplasmosis prevention and hygiene measures, which were published between 1970 and August 2020, using the databases of PubMed, Scope Med, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library. Data collection and analysis Our literature search identified 3964 articles, 3757 were excluded after review of title or abstract and 67 studies were considered relevant to the subject. We reviewed risk factors for toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy and for congenital toxoplasmosis, preventive measures for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, including: dietary recommendations, pet care measures, environmental measures, knowledge of risk factors and ways to control toxoplasmosis infection, knowledge of risk factors for infection by health professionals, knowledge of primary prevention measures by pregnant women. Conclusion: Hygiene measures are effective and applicable primary prevention to reduce toxoplasmosis and avoid congenital toxoplasmosis and its consequences. Funding No.
Published: 2022

19. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Amazonia, French Guiana, 2018

Author: Estelle Menu, Emilie Mosnier, Arnaud Cotrel, Loic Favennec, Romy Razakandrainibe, Stéphane Valot, Denis Blanchet, Frédéric Dalle, Damien Costa, Mélanie Gaillet, Magalie Demar, Franck de Laval, Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales (UMIT), Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Sciences Economiques et Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale (SESSTIM - U1252 INSERM - Aix Marseille Univ - UMR 259 IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Université de Guyane (UG), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut Agro Dijon, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées [Marseille] (CESPA), Service de Santé des Armées, COMBE, Isabelle, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA)
Subjects: Male, RC955-962, Cryptosporidiosis, Social Sciences, Disease Outbreaks, Feces, Medical Conditions, Law Enforcement, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Natural Resources, Water Quality, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Waterborne Diseases, Medicine and Health Sciences, Child, Protozoans, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Eukaryota, Pollution, Police, French Guiana, [SDV.MHEP.CSC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, Professions, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Water Resources, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, [SDV.MP.PAR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Research Article, Diarrhea, Adolescent, Cryptosporidium, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Immunocompromised Host, Young Adult, Signs and Symptoms, Rivers, [SDV.MHEP.CSC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Cardiology and cardiovascular system, Surface Water, parasitic diseases, Parasitic Diseases, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Retrospective Studies, Cryptosporidium parvum, Drinking Water, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Water Pollution, Organisms, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biology and Life Sciences, Infant, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Parasitic Protozoans, People and Places, Earth Sciences, Law and Legal Sciences, Population Groupings, Hydrology, Clinical Medicine, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Criminal Justice System
Abstract: Background Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in South America are poorly documented. In March 2018, 51 cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported in Maripasoula, a village located in a remote forest area along the border between Surinam and French Guiana. Method To identify the origin of the epidemic, we performed epidemiological, microbiological, and environmental investigations. Only the cases involving diarrhoea and Cryptosporidium-positive stool were considered as bona fide, while cases involving diarrhoea and close contact with a confirmed case were classified as “possible”. Results We identified 16 confirmed cases and 35 possible ones. Confirmed cases comprised nine children (median age of 18 months, range: 6–21), one immunocompromised adult and six soldiers. One child required a hospitalisation for rehydration. All 16 Cryptosporidium stools were PCR positive, and sequencing of the gp60 gene confirmed only one Cryptosporidium hominis subtype IbA10G2. Tap water consumption was the only common risk factor identified. Contamination of the water network with Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIdA19G2 was found. Conclusion Water quality is a major public health issue in Amazonian French Guiana, especially for population at risk (children, people with comorbidity, travelers). For them, alternative water supply or treatment should be implemented.
Published: 2022

20. Evaluation of the Bio-Evolution Microsporidia generic and typing real-time PCR assays for the diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis

Author: Moniot, Maxime, Nourrisson, Céline, Bonnin, Virginie, Damiani, Céline, Argy, Nicolas, Bonhomme, Julie, Fréalle, Emilie, Angebault, Cécile, Debourgogne, Anne, Sitterlé, Emilie, Flori, Pierre, Brunet, Julie, Dalle, Frédéric, Favennec, Loïc, Poirier, Philippe, Microsporidiosis Network, French, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie [CHU Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Gabriel Montpied [Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Infection Inflammation et Interaction Hôtes Pathogènes [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (3IHP ), Direction de la recherche clinique et de l’innovation [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (DRCI), Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne (CRNH d'Auvergne)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de parasitologie et de mycologie médicales [CHU Amiens], CHU Amiens-Picardie, Agents infectieux, résistance et chimiothérapie - UR UPJV 4294 (AGIR ), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-CHU Amiens-Picardie, AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (ABTE), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Service de Microbiologie [CHU Caen], Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHRU LIlle], Institut de Microbiologie [CHRU Lille], Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique [CHU Lille], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie [Créteil], Département de Prévention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections [Créteil], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Henri Mondor-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Henri Mondor, Dynamic Microbiology - EA 7380 (DYNAMIC), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est (UPE)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Service de Microbiologie [Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris], Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne (CHU de Saint-Etienne), Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale [Strasbourg], Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Laboratoire de parasitologie mycologie (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut Agro Dijon, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre national de référence des Cryptosporidioses, CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 261), CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Henri Mondor [Créteil]-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Henri Mondor [Créteil], Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes (SIMPA), Université de Lorraine (UL), Laboratoire de Microbiologie Clinique [AP-HP Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades], CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), 'Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation (DRCI)' of the Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie et Pathogénicité fongiques (BPF), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)
Subjects: Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Enterocytozoon, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Infectious Diseases, Insect Science, Bio-Evolution, Microsporidia, Microsporidiosis, Humans, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, Real-time PCR
Abstract: Cases of intestinal microsporidiosis infection are underestimated and affect both immunocompromized and immunocompetent patients. Real-time PCR is superseding microscopic examination for its diagnosis in medical analysis laboratories. However, few manufacturers include microsporidia in their PCR panel for the diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis. Here, we evaluated the performances of the real-time PCR assays microsporidia generic and microsporidia typing (Bio-Evolution, France) on the Rotor-Gene Q real-time PCR cycler (Qiagen, France). We included 45 negative and 44 positive stool samples for Enterocytozoon bieneusi (n = 34, with various genotypes), Encephalitozoon intestinalis (n = 4), Encephalitozoon hellem (n = 4), and Encephalitozoon cuniculi (n = 2). We also studied a four-year survey of an inter-laboratory quality control program including 9 centers that used this commercial assay. Sensitivity and specificity of the microsporidia generic assay were 86.4% and 93.3%, respectively. Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon cuniculi were detected by the microsporidia generic PCR assay but not by the microsporidia typing PCR assay. These results were consistent with the results of the inter-laboratory quality control program. In conclusion, Bio-Evolution Real-time PCR assays are useful tools for intestinal microsporidiosis, but negative results for microsporidia typing assays require supplementary analyses to confirm E. hellem or E. cuniculi infections.Évaluation des tests de PCR en temps réel Bio-Evolution Microsporidia generic et typing pour le diagnostic de la microsporidiose intestinale.Les microsporidioses intestinales sont des infections sous-estimées affectant à la fois les patients immunodéprimés et immunocompétents. Le diagnostic microscopique en laboratoire médical est aujourd’hui supplanté par la PCR en temps réel. Cependant, peu de fabricants incluent les microsporidies dans leurs panels PCR pour le diagnostic des gastro-entérites infectieuses. Ici, nous avons évalué les performances des tests PCR en temps réel microsporidia generic et microsporidia typing (Bio-Evolution, France) sur le thermocycleur PCR en temps réel Rotor-Gene Q (Qiagen, France). Nous avons inclus 45 échantillons de selles négatifs et 44 échantillons positifs pour Enterocytozoon bieneusi (n = 34, avec divers génotypes), Encephalitozoon intestinalis (n = 4), Encephalitozoon hellem (n = 4) et Encephalitozoon cuniculi (n = 2). Nous avons également analysé les résultats sur 4 ans d’un programme de contrôle qualité inter-laboratoires dont 9 centres ont utilisé ces kits commerciaux. La sensibilité et la spécificité du kit microsporidia generic étaient respectivement de 86,4 % et 93,3 %. Encephalitozoon hellem et E. cuniculi ont été détectés par le kit microsporidia generic mais pas par le kit microsporidia typing. Ces résultats étaient cohérents avec ceux du programme de contrôle de qualité inter-laboratoires. En conclusion, les tests de PCR en temps réel Bio-Evolution sont des outils intéressants pour la microsporidiose intestinale, mais un résultat négatif pour le test de typage microsporidia nécessite une analyse supplémentaire pour confirmer les infections à E. hellem ou E. cuniculi.
Published: 2022

21. Seroprevalence and incidence of Puumala orthohantavirus in its bank vole (Myodes glareolus) host population in northeastern France: Between-site and seasonal variability

Author: E, Monchatre-Leroy, F, Sauvage, F, Boué, D, Augot, P, Marianneau, V, Hénaux, L, Crespin, Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Seenovate, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de Lyon [ANSES], Université de Lyon-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Unité Mixte de Recherche d'Épidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), This work was supported by the AFSSET (now ANSES), program EST-07-75 Sauvage, and INSERM/MATE (No. EN99115)
Subjects: index, Arvicolinae, Epidemiology, Bank voles, Incidence, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Seroprevalence, Puumala virus, Microbiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Infectious Diseases, Puumala orthohantavirus, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Virology, Animals, Generalized estimating equations, Parasitology, Suppress normalized difference vegetation, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, France, Seasons
Abstract: International audience; Given the difficulty of measuring pathogen transmission in wildlife, epidemiological studies frequently rely on cross-sectional seroprevalence. However, seropositivity indicates only exposure to a pathogen at an unknown time. By allowing to obtain repeated test results from individuals sampled multiple times over an extended period, longitudinal data help reduce this uncertainty. We used capture-mark-recapture data on bank vole (Myodes glareolus) individuals collected at four sites over ten years in northeastern France to investigate the impact of environmental variables on seroprevalence and incidence of Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV). PUUV causes a chronic infection without apparent symptoms, that may however impair survival of its rodent host in the wild. Viral transmission between rodents may occur through direct contact or via the environment. Principal component analysis was used to deal with multicollinearity among environmental variables. Incidence and seroprevalence were investigated with either generalized estimating equations or Poisson regression models depending on the number of observations for each season. In spring, only the factor site was found to be significant for seroprevalence, while a principal component including meteorological conditions of the previous winter and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of both the previous winter and spring had a significant effect on incidence. In autumn, only the factor site was significant for incidence, while two principal components, including either the meteorological conditions of the autumn and previous spring or NDVI of the autumn significantly affected seroprevalence. We discuss these results in light of the particular demography of small mammals. We encourage other researchers to investigate the relationships between demographic parameters of wild host populations and the environment, by using both incidence and seroprevalence.
Published: 2022

22. Survival and infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts bioaccumulated by Dreissena polymorpha

Author: Stéphane Betoulle, Aurélie Bigot-Clivot, S. La Carbona, Gilles Gargala, Angélique Rousseau, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Loïc Favennec, Elodie Géba, Isabelle Villena, Dominique Aubert, Jitender P. Dubey, A. Le Guernic, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), ACTALIA [Villers-Bocage], USDA Agricultural Research Service [Beltsville, Maryland], USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims)
Subjects: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Dreissena, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Bioassay, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Feces, 030304 developmental biology, Cryptosporidium parvum, Infectivity, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030306 microbiology, Oocysts, Water, Toxoplasma gondii, General Medicine, Mussel, biology.organism_classification, 6. Clean water, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Biodegradation, Environmental, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Zebra mussel, Toxoplasma, Biotechnology
Abstract: Aims The study was aimed to understand the depuration process of Cryptosporidium parvum and Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), to consider the use of the zebra mussel as a bioremediation tool. Materials and methods Two experiments were performed: (i) individual exposure of mussel to investigate oocyst transfers between bivalves and water and (ii) in vivo exposure to assess the ability of the zebra mussel to degrade oocysts. Results (i) Our results highlighted a transfer of oocysts from the mussels to the water after 3 and 7 days of depuration; however, some oocysts were still bioaccumulated in mussel tissue. (ii) Between 7 days of exposure at 1000 or 10 000 oocysts/mussel/day and 7 days of depuration, the number of bioaccumulated oocysts did not vary but the number of infectious oocysts decreased. Conclusion Results show that D. polymorpha can release oocysts in water via (pseudo)faeces in depuration period. Oocysts remain bioaccumulated and infectious oocyst number decreases during the depuration period in zebra mussel tissues. Results suggest a degradation of bioaccumulated C. parvum and T. gondii oocysts. Significance and impact of the study This study highlighted the potential use of D. polymorpha as a bioremediation tool to mitigate of protozoan contamination in water resources.
Published: 2020

23. Cryptosporidiosis after treatment with fingolimod: a case report and pharmacovigilance review

Author: Frédéric Dalle, M. Lamothe, Ahmed Abou-Bacar, Loïc Favennec, F. Sellal, M. Alt Tebacher, Damien Costa, Julie Brunet, M. Mohseni Zadeh, Martin Martinot, Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar, Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale (IPPTS), and Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)
Subjects: Diarrhea, 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Abdominal pain, Fever, 030106 microbiology, 030231 tropical medicine, Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium, Case Report, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Multiple sclerosis, Feces, Immunocompromised Host, Pharmacovigilance, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Medical microbiology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Antiparasitic Agents, biology, Fingolimod Hydrochloride, business.industry, [SDV.MHEP.HEG]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Hépatology and Gastroenterology, Nitazoxanide, Fingolimod, Middle Aged, Nitro Compounds, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Abdominal Pain, 3. Good health, Thiazoles, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.SP.PHARMA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences/Pharmacology, Female, medicine.symptom, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background Cryptosporidium sp. are common intracellular parasites responsible of severe diarrhea in T-cell-immunocompromised patients. We report the first case of a woman who contracted cryptosporidiosis after treatment with fingolimod, a drug labeled for multiple sclerosis and responsible for marked lymphopenia. Case presentation A 60-year-old woman was admitted for abdominal pain diarrhea and fever. The patient suffered from multiple sclerosis and had been treated with fingolimod from august 2017 to september 2018 time of occurrence of the first digestive symptoms. Stool culture was negative but parasitological examination was positive for Cryptosporidium sp. Blood biological examination profound lymphopenia of 240/mm3 [17 CD4/mm3 (7%) and 32 CD8/mm3 (14%)]. Fingolimod was stopped, and the patient was put on nitazoxanide 500 mg bid for 7 days. The diarrhea resolved and no relapse was observed. Six other cases were found in the Pharmacovigilance database. Conclusion Physicians should be aware of this association and screen for Cryptosporidium in cases of diarrhea in patients treated with fingolimod. Patients should be aware of this risk and advise to take appropriate measures to avoid such contamination.
Published: 2020

24. Detection methods and prevalence of transmission stages of Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in fresh vegetables: a review

Author: Sandie Escotte-Binet, Salma Berrouch, Rajae Harrak, Isabelle Villena, Antoine Huguenin, Loïc Favennec, Jamaleddine Hafid, Pierre Flori, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims)
Subjects: Giardiasis, 0301 basic medicine, Veterinary medicine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, 030106 microbiology, Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium, Food Contamination, Review Article, Parasitic infection, 03 medical and health sciences, Human health, 0302 clinical medicine, parasitic diseases, Vegetables, Parasitic Diseases, Prevalence, Animals, Parasite hosting, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Parasites, 2. Zero hunger, biology, Transmission (medicine), Giardia, Toxoplasma gondii, biology.organism_classification, Infectious Diseases, Giardia duodenalis, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Toxoplasma, Toxoplasmosis
Abstract: One of the ways of human parasitic infection is the accidental ingestion of vegetables contaminated with parasites, which represents a major human health hazard. This non-exhaustive review aims to evaluate studies carried out on five types of vegetables (lettuce, parsley, coriander, carrot and radish) since 2000, particularly the methods used for recovery, concentration, detection and identification of protozoan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., and the results of each work. Various studies have determined the presence of pathogenic parasites in fresh vegetables with different rates; this variation in rate depends particularly on the detection method used which is related to each parasite and each vegetable type. The variation in parasitic prevalence in food could be due to different factors such as the geographical location, the size of analysed samples and the methods used for parasite detection.
Published: 2020

25. Comment on Xu et al. Isolation and Identification of a Novel Phlebovirus, Hedi Virus, from Sandflies Collected in China. Viruses 2021, 13, 772

Author: Rémi N. Charrel, Jérôme Depaquit, Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: Phlebovirus, China, Genome, Viral, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Virus Replication, Microbiology, Virus, Virology, Animals, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Phylogeny, biology, Whole Genome Sequencing, Comment, Genomics, biology.organism_classification, Isolation (microbiology), QR1-502, n/a, Infectious Diseases, Phlebotomus Fever, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, RNA, Viral, Identification (biology), Psychodidae
Abstract: We report the isolation of a newly recognized phlebovirus, Hedi virus (HEDV), from
Published: 2021

26. COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Fungemia, and Pneumocystosis in the Intensive Care Unit: a Retrospective Multicenter Observational Cohort during the First French Pandemic Wave

Author: Bretagne, Stéphane, Sitbon, Karine, Botterel, Françoise, Dellière, Sarah, Letscher-Bru, Valérie, Chouaki, Taieb, Bellanger, Anne-Pauline, Bonnal, Christine, Fekkar, Arnault, Persat, Florence, Costa, Damien, Bourgeois, Nathalie, Dalle, Frédéric, Lussac-Sorton, Florian, Paugam, André, Cassaing, Sophie, Hasseine, Lilia, Huguenin, Antoine, Guennouni, Nadia, Mazars, Edith, Le Gal, Solène, Sasso, Milène, Brun, Sophie, Cadot, Lucile, Cassagne, Carole, Cateau, Estelle, Gangneux, Jean-Pierre, Moniot, Maxime, Roux, Anne-Laure, Tournus, Céline, Desbois-Nogard, Nicole, Le Coustumier, Alain, Moquet, Olivier, Alanio, Alexandre, Dromer, Françoise, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques - National Reference Center Invasive Mycoses & Antifungals (CNRMA), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Génomique évolutive, modélisation et santé (GEMS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU Saint Louis, Paris], Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Mycologie moléculaire - Molecular Mycology, CHU Henri Mondor [Créteil], Laboratoire de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale [Strasbourg], Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Laboratoire de parasitologie et de mycologie médicales [CHU Amiens], CHU Amiens-Picardie, Service de parasitologie et mycologie [CHRU de Besançon], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de parasitologie et mycologie médicale [Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon], Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse [CHU - HCL], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie (CHU de Montpellier), Pôle Biologie-Pathologie [CHRU Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Laboratoire de parasitologie mycologie (CHU de Dijon), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Nice, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Imagine - Institut des maladies génétiques (IHU) (Imagine - U1163), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Centre hospitalier [Valenciennes, Nord], Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologiede [CHRU Brest], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), Hôpital Universitaire Carémeau [Nîmes] (CHU Nîmes), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Service de Parasitologie [Avicenne], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Avicenne [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CHU Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré [AP-HP], Hôpital Ambroise Paré [AP-HP], Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis [Ile-de-France], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique [Fort-de-France, Martinique], Centre Hospitalier de Beauvais, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The NRCMA is supported by Santé Publique France and Institut Pasteur, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Génomique évolutive, modélisation et santé (CNRS-UMR2000), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Henri Mondor, Service de parasitologie - mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Centre d'Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université d'Angers (UA), Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Gestionnaire, Hal Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Hôpital Henri Mondor, Laboratoire de parasitologie et mycologie médicale [CHU Strasbourg], CHU Strasbourg, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie[Bichat], and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris]
Subjects: Male, Antifungal Agents, [SDV.MHEP.PSR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pulmonology and respiratory tract, Mannans, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: COVID-19, aspergillosis, MESH: Treatment Outcome, MESH: Aged, [SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, MESH: Middle Aged, fungemia, Coinfection, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis, Middle Aged, QR1-502, Intensive Care Units, Treatment Outcome, Aspergillus, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, MESH: Pulmonary Aspergillosis, France, Research Article, MESH: Galactose, Microbiology, pneumocystosis, MESH: Mannans, MESH: Critical Care, MESH: Fungemia, Humans, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, Aged, Retrospective Studies, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, MESH: Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Galactose, COVID-19, MESH: Retrospective Studies, MESH: Antifungal Agents, MESH: Male, MESH: Coinfection, MESH: France, critical care, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.MHEP.PSR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Pulmonology and respiratory tract, MESH: Intensive Care Units, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Pulmonary Aspergillosis, MESH: Female, MESH: Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
Abstract: International audience; The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic means, host factors, delay of occurrence, and outcome of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and fungal coinfections in the intensive care unit (ICU). From 1 February to 31 May 2020, we anonymously recorded COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), fungemia (CA-fungemia), and pneumocystosis (CA-PCP) from 36 centers, including results on fungal biomarkers in respiratory specimens and serum. We collected data from 154 episodes of CAPA, 81 of CA-fungemia, 17 of CA-PCP, and 5 of other mold infections from 244 patients (male/female [M/F] ratio = 3.5; mean age, 64.7 ± 10.8 years). CA-PCP occurred first after ICU admission (median, 1 day; interquartile range [IQR], 0 to 3 days), followed by CAPA (9 days; IQR, 5 to 13 days), and then CA-fungemia (16 days; IQR, 12 to 23 days) (P < 10-4). For CAPA, the presence of several mycological criteria was associated with death (P < 10-4). Serum galactomannan was rarely positive (
Published: 2021

27. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: Practical Management

Author: Mandelbrot, Laurent, Kieffer, F., Wallon, M., Winer, Norbert, Massardier, J., Picone, O., Fuchs, Florent, Peyron, F., Benoist, G., Garcia-Meric, P., L’ollivier, C., Paris, L., Piarroux, R., Villena, I., Hôpital Louis Mourier - AP-HP [Colombes], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse [CHU - HCL], Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Institut Desbrest de santé publique (IDESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve [CHRU Montpellier], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN), Hôpital de la Conception [CHU - APHM] (LA CONCEPTION), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique [Hôpital Louis-Mourier - APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, Service de Gynécologie et Obstétrique [Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse - HCL], Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Service de parasitologie - mycologie [CHU Pitié-Salpétrière], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: Sulfonamides, Diagnostic anténatal, Mother-to-child transmission, Foetopathies, Prenatal diagnosis, Amniocentèse, Traitement in utero, [SDV.MHEP.GEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Gynecology and obstetrics, Toxoplasmose, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Congenital, Fetal therapy, Grossesse, Spiramycine, Pyrimethamine, Pyriméthamine, Fetal infection, Congénitale, Pregnancy, Transmission mère-enfant, Prophylaxie, Spiramycin, Amniocentesis, Sulfamides, Toxoplasmosis
Abstract: International audience; The burden of congenital toxoplasmosis has become small in France today, in particular as a result of timely therapy for pregnant women, fetuses and newborns. Thus, the French screening and prevention program has been evaluated and recently confirmed despite a decline over time in the incidence of toxoplasmosis. Serological diagnosis of maternal seroconversion is usually simple but can be difficult when the first trimester test shows the presence of IgM, requiring referral to an expert laboratory. Woman with confirmed seroconversion should be referred quickly to an expert center, which will decide with her on treatment and antenatal diagnosis. Although the level of proof is moderate, there is a body of evidence in favor of active prophylactic prenatal treatment started as early as possible (ideally within 3 weeks of seroconversion) to reduce the risk of maternal-fetal transmission, as well as symptoms in children. The recommended therapies to prevent maternal-fetal transmission are: (1) spiramycin in case of maternal infection before 14 gestational weeks; (2) pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine (P-S) with folinic acid in case of maternal infection at 14 WG or more. Amniocentesis is recommended to guide prenatal and neonatal care. If fetal infection is diagnosed by PCR on amniotic fluid, therapy with P-S should be initiated as early as possible or continued in order reduce the risk of damage to the brain or eyes. Further research is required to validate new approaches to preventing congenital toxoplasmosis.
Published: 2021

28. Epidemiological and clinical study of microsporidiosis in French kidney transplant recipients from 2005 to 2019: TRANS‐SPORE registry

Author: Dumond, Clément, Aulagnon, Florence, Etienne, Isabelle, Heng, Anne‐Elisabeth, Bougnoux, Marie‐Elisabeth, Favennec, Loic, Kamar, Nassim, Iriart, Xavier, Pereira, Bruno, Büchler, Mathias, Desoubeaux, Guillaume, Kaminski, Hannah, Lussac‐Sorton, Florian, Gargala, Gilles, Anglicheau, Dany, Poirier, Philippe, Scemla, Anne, Garrouste, Cyril, Labbe, Franck, Damiani, Céline, Le Govic, Yohann, Totet, Anne, De Gentile, Ludovic, Lemoine, Jean‐Philippe, Bellanger, Anne Pauline, Accoceberry, Isabelle, Delhaes, Laurence, Gabriel, Frédéric, Millet, Pascal, Le Gal, Solène, Nevez, Gilles, Bonhomme, Julie, Capitaine, Agathe, Demar, Magalie, Moniot, Maxime, Nourrisson, Céline, Angebault, Cécile, Botterel, Françoise, Foulet, Françoise, Basmaciyan, Louise, Dalle, Frédéric, Valot, Stéphane, Desbois‐Nogard, Nicole, Robert, Gladys, Deleplancque, Anne‐Sophie, Frealle, Emilie, Leroy, Jordan, Ajzenberg, Daniel, Durieux, Marie‐Fleur, Chapey‐Picq, Emmanuelle, Dupont, Damien, Menotti, Jean, Rabodonirina, Meja, Lollivier, Coralie, Bastien, Patrick, Debourgogne, Anne, Machouart, Marie, Lavergne, Rose‐Anne, Morio, Florent, Delaunay, Pascal, Pomares, Christelle, Simon, Loïc, Sasso, Milène, Argy, Nicolas, Houze, Sandrine, Yera, Hélène, Dannaoui, Eric, Sitterle, Emilie, Kapel, Nathalie, Tantaoui, Ilhame, Thellier, Marc, Belkadi, Ghania Belkacem, Moreno‐Sabater, Alicia, Hamane, Samia, Nicolas, Muriel, Perraud, Estelle, Chemla, Cathy, Villena, Isabelle, Autier, Brice, Costa, Damien, Flori, Pierre, Brunet, Julie, BERRY, Antoine, Chesnay, Adélaïde, Artur, Fabienne, Verdurme, Laura, Foulquier, Jean‐Baptiste, Prigent, Gwenole, Chatelain, Rémi, Lesthelle, Sophie, Groupe d'Étude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), Université d'Angers (UA), SFR UA 4208 Interactions Cellulaires et Applications Thérapeutiques (ICAT), Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologiede [CHRU Brest], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), CHU Trousseau [Tours], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], Infection Inflammation et Interaction Hôtes Pathogènes [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (3IHP ), Direction de la recherche clinique et de l’innovation [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (DRCI), CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Opportunistic infection, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030230 surgery, Microsporidiosis, Gastroenterology, Albendazole, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Fumagillin, Registries, Kidney transplantation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Aged, 0303 health sciences, Transplantation, biology, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Enterocytozoon, Middle Aged, Spores, Fungal, fumagillin, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Kidney Transplantation, 3. Good health, immunosuppressive regimen, Diarrhea, Infectious Diseases, medicine.symptom, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Introduction Microsporidiosis is an emerging opportunistic infection in renal transplantation (RT) recipients. We aimed to describe its clinical presentation and treatment. Materials and methods We collected microsporidiosis cases identified in RT recipients between 2005 and 2019 in six French centers from the Crystal, Divat and Astre prospective databases. Results We report 68 RT recipients with intestinal microsporidiosis; the patients were predominantly male (61.8%), with a median age of 58 (46-69) years. Infection occurred at a median time of 3 (0.8-6.8) years posttransplant. Only Enterocytozoon bieneusi was found. Microsporidiosis manifested as diarrhea (98.5% of patients) with weight loss (72.1%) and acute renal injury (57.4%) without inflammatory biological parameters. The therapeutic approaches were no treatment (N = 9), reduction of the immunosuppressive regimen (∆IS) (N = 22), fumagillin alone (N = 9), fumagillin and ∆IS (N = 19), and albendazole or nitazoxanide and ∆IS (N = 9). Overall clinical remission was observed in 60 patients (88.2%). We observed no acute kidney rejection, renal transplant failure or death within 6 months after microsporidiosis. Conclusion E. bieneusi is an underestimated opportunistic pathogen in RT recipients, and infection with E. bieneusi leads to diarrhea with important dehydration and acute renal injury. The treatment is based on the reduction of the immunosuppressive regimen and the administration of fumagillin if available. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Published: 2021

29. Puumala Virus Variants Circulating in Forests of Ardennes, France: Ten Years of Genetic Evolution

Author: Franck Boué, Jordi Serra-Cobo, Séverine Murri, Mathilde Couteaudier, Dominique Pontier, Philippe Marianneau, Noël Tordo, Viviane Hénaux, Guillaume Castel, Denis Augot, Frank Sauvage, Marc López-Roig, Elodie Monchatre-Leroy, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat - Biodiversity Research Institute [Barcelona, Spain] (IRBio UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Department de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, University of Barcelona, Laboratoire de Lyon [ANSES], Université de Lyon-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Morphogénèse et antigénicité du VIH et du virus des Hépatites (MAVIVH - U1259 Inserm - CHRU Tours ), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours)-Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Seenovate, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LabEx Ecofect, Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), This research was internally funded by the participating teams and received additional funding from ANSES (Afsset grant EST-2007-75) as well as EU grants FP7-261504 EDENext and FP7-278976 ANTIGONE and the LABEX ECOFECT (ANR-11-LABX-0048) of Université de Lyon., ANR-11-LABX-0048,ECOFECT,Dynamiques eco-évolutives des maladies infectieuses(2011), European Project: 261504,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2010-single-stage,EDENEXT(2011), European Project: 278976,EC:FP7:HEALTH,FP7-HEALTH-2011-two-stage,ANTIGONE(2011), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU TOURS), Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANSES (Afsset grant EST-2007-75), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Marchal-Mauer, Sophie, Dynamiques eco-évolutives des maladies infectieuses - - ECOFECT2011 - ANR-11-LABX-0048 - LABX - VALID, Biology and control of vector-borne infections in Europe - EDENEXT - - EC:FP7:HEALTH2011-01-01 - 2015-06-30 - 261504 - VALID, and ANTIcipating the Global Onset of Novel Epidemics - ANTIGONE - - EC:FP7:HEALTH2011-11-01 - 2016-10-31 - 278976 - VALID
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Orthohantavirus, Rodent, Population, Zoology, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, [SDV.BID.SPT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Myodes glareolus, evolution, Nephropathia epidemica, medicine, population dynamics, Immunology and Allergy, Seroprevalence, education, Virus Orthohantavirus, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.MP.VIR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, seroprevalence, 030306 microbiology, Microevolution, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Bank vole, Infectious Diseases, microdiversity, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Medicine, Puumala virus, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract: International audience; In Europe, Puumala virus (PUUV) transmitted by the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) is the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. In France, very little is known about the spatial and temporal variability of the virus circulating within bank vole populations. The present study involved monitoring of bank vole population dynamics and PUUV microdiversity over a ten-year period (2000–2009) in two forests of the Ardennes region: Elan and Croix-Scaille. Ardennes region is characterised by different environmental conditions associated with different NE epidemiology. Bank vole density and population parameters were estimated using the capture/marking/recapture method, and blood samples were collected to monitor the overall seroprevalence of PUUV in rodent populations. Phylogenetic analyses of fifty-five sequences were performed to illustrate the genetic diversity of PUUV variants between forests. The pattern of the two forests differed clearly. In the Elan forest, the rodent survival was higher, and this limited turn-over resulted in a lower seroprevalence and diversity of PUUV sequences than in the Croix-Scaille forest. Uncovering the links between host dynamics and virus microevolution is improving our understanding of PUUV distribution in rodents and the NE risk.
Published: 2021

30. Survival and cause-specific mortality of European wildcat (Felis silvestris) across Europe

Author: Malte Gotz, Saskia Jerosch, Pedro Monterroso, Marco Heurich, Markus Dietz, Zsolt Biró, Olaf Simon, Elena Bertos-Martín, Francisco Díaz-Ruiz, Matteo Luca Bastianelli, Dominique Pontier, Tobias Kuemmerle, Sabrina Streif, Andrea Sforzi, Manfred Trinzen, Karsten Hupe, Carsten F. Dormann, José María López-Martín, Estelle Germain, Lolita Bizzarri, Axel Krannich, José Miguel Barea-Azcón, Fermín Urra, Marie-Lazarine Poulle, Analena Severon, José María Gil-Sánchez, Marcos Moleón, Mathias Herrmann, René Janssen, Pablo Ferreras, Elena Ballesteros-Duperón, Stefano Anile, J.J.A. Dekker, Joseph Premier, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Bavarian Forest National Park, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), German Academic Exchange Service, Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport (Germany), Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales (España), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Ministério da Educação e Ciência (Portugal), and Universidad de Málaga
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Survival, biology.animal_breed, Population, Roadkill, Human-caused mortality, Wildlife crossing, Densidad de las carreteras, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, European wildcat, 03 medical and health sciences, Gato montés europeo, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Muertes en la carretera, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Supervivencia, biology, Felis, Poaching, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Paisajes antropogénicos, 3. Good health, Mortalidad causada por el hombre, Geography, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Habitat, Disturbance (ecology), Road density, Anthropogenic landscapes, Demography
Abstract: Humans have transformed most landscapes across the globe, forcing other species to adapt in order to persist in increasingly anthropogenic landscapes. Wide-ranging solitary species, such as wild felids, struggle particularly in such landscapes. Conservation planning and management for their long-term persistence critically depends on understanding what determine survival and what are the main mortality risks. We carried out the first study on annual survival and cause-specific mortality of the European wildcat with a large and unique dataset of 211 tracked individuals from 22 study areas across Europe. Furthermore, we tested the effect of environmental and human disturbance variables on the survival probability. Our results show that mortalities were mainly human-caused, with roadkill and poaching representing 57% and 22% of the total annual mortality, respectively. The annual survival probability of wildcat was 0.92 (95% CI = 0.87–0.98) for females and 0.84 (95% CI = 0.75–0.94) for males. Road density strongly impacted wildcat annual survival, whereby an increase in the road density of motorways and primary roads by 1 km/km2 in wildcat home-ranges increased mortality risk ninefold. Low-traffic roads, such as secondary and tertiary roads, did not significantly affect wildcat's annual survival. Our results deliver key input parameters for population viability analyses, provide planning-relevant information to maintain subcritical road densities in key wildcat habitats, and identify conditions under which wildcat-proof fences and wildlife crossing structures should be installed to decrease wildcat mortality., This research was funded by: the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI) as part of the mFund project “WilDa—Dynamic Wildlife–Vehicle Collision warning, using heterogeneous traffic, accident and environmental data as well as big data concepts” grant number 19F2014B; the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) Research Grants, Short-Term Grants, 2020 (57507441); the Deutsche Wildtier Stiftung (DeWiSt). The data from Cabañeros National Park were collected in the frame of the project OAPN 352/2011 funded by Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales. MM was supported by a research contract Ramón y Cajal from the MINECO (RYC-2015-19231). FDR was supported by a postdoctoral contract funded by the University of Málaga through the grants program “Ayudas para la Incorporación de Doctores del I Plan Propio de Investigación de la Universidad de Málaga (Call 2019)”. PM was supported by UIDB/50027/2020 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds.
Published: 2021

31. Etest ECVs/ECOFFs for detection of resistance in prevalent and three non-prevalent Candida spp. to triazoles and amphotericin B and Aspergillus spp. to caspofungin: Further assessment of modal variability

Author: Damien Dupont, John D. Turnidge, J Fuller, Maiken Cavling Arendrup, A Forastiero, M Dehais, Emilia Cantón, Hélène Guegan, Nathalie Bourgeois, Ana Espinel-Ingroff, Guillermo Garcia-Effron, Laurence Delhaes, B. Bouteille, Teresa Peláez, J Garcia, Cornelia Lass-Flörl, Jesús Guinea, Arnaud Fekkar, Nelesh P. Govender, Françoise Botterel, Eric Dannaoui, Gloria M. González, R Magobo, Sophie Cassaing, Michaela Lackner, Milène Sasso, Sandrine Houzé, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Hôpital Lapeyronie [Montpellier] (CHU), University of Adelaide, Statens Serum Institut [Copenhagen], CHU Henri Mondor, CHU Limoges, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU HEGP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], Hospices Civils de Lyon, Departement de Neurologie (HCL), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), University of Western Ontario (UWO), Universidad Nacional del Litoral [Santa Fe] (UNL), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon [Mexique] (UANL), National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Hospital General Universitario 'Gregorio Marañón' [Madrid], Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 216), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Paris (UP), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Universidad de Oviedo [Oviedo], CHU Henri Mondor [Créteil], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Mère et enfant en milieu tropical : pathogènes, système de santé et transition épidémiologique (MERIT - UMR_D 261), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Posaconazole, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Aspergillus fumigatus, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Amphotericin B, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, caspofungin, Candida albicans, triazoles, Etest, Candida, Aspergillus spp., Candida, ECOFFS, ECVs, ERG11 mutants, amphotericin B, antifungal resistance, caspofungin, nonprevalent Candida, triazoles, Pharmacology, Voriconazole, ECOFFS, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030306 microbiology, ERG11 mutants, antifungal resistance, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, bacterial infections and mycoses, amphotericin B, Aspergillus spp, nonprevalent Candida, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, ECVs, Caspofungin, Fluconazole, medicine.drug
Abstract: International audience; Susceptibility testing is an important tool in the clinical setting; its utility is based on the availability of categorical endpoints, breakpoints (BPs) or epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs/ECOFFs). CLSI and EUCAST have developed antifungal susceptibility testing, BPs and ECVs for some fungal species. Although the Concentration Gradient Strip BioMerieux Etest is useful for routine testing in the clinical laboratory, ECVs are not available for all agent/species; the lack of clinical data precludes development of BPs. We re-evaluated and consolidated Etest data points from three previous studies, and included new data. We defined ECOFFinder Etest ECVs for three sets of species/agent combinations: fluconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole and 8 Candida spp.; amphotericin B and 3 non-prevalent Candida spp.; and caspofungin and 5 Aspergillus spp. The total of Etest MICs from 23 laboratories (Europe, the Americas, South Africa) included (antifungal agent/dependent): 17,242 Candida albicans, 244 C. dubliniensis, 5,129 C. glabrata species complex (SC), 275 C. guilliermondii (Meyerozyma guilliermondii), 1,133 C. krusei (Pichia kudriavzevii), 933 C. kefyr (Kluyveromyces marxianus), 519 C. lusitaniae (Clavispora lusitaniae), 2,947 C. parapsilosis SC, 2,214 C. tropicalis, 3,212 Aspergillus fumigatus, 232 A. flavus, 181 A. niger, and 267 A. terreus SC isolates. Triazole MICs for 66 confirmed non-wild-type (non-WT) Candida isolates were available (ERG11 point mutations). Distributions fulfilling CLSI ECV criteria were pooled and ECOFFinder Etest ECVs were established for triazoles (9 Candida spp.); amphotericin B (3 less-prevalent Candida spp.) and caspofungin (4 Aspergillus spp.). Etest fluconazole ECVs could be good detectors of Candida non-WT isolates (59/61 Non-WT: 4 of 6 species).
Published: 2021

32. Evolution, systematics and historical biogeography of sand flies of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) inferred using restriction-site associated DNA markers

Author: Cruaud, Astrid, Lehrter, Véronique, Genson, Guenaëlle, Rasplus, Jean-Yves, Depaquit, Jérôme, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: RC955-962, Whole Genome Amplification, Disease Vectors, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Medical Conditions, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, DNA extraction, Leishmaniasis, Phylogeny, Data Management, Protozoans, Leishmania, Geography, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Eukaryota, Phylogenetic Analysis, Genomics, Phylogenetics, Insects, Infectious Diseases, Biogeography, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Research Article, Genetic Markers, Computer and Information Sciences, Arthropoda, Evolution, Molecular, Middle East, Extraction techniques, parasitic diseases, Genetics, Animals, Humans, Evolutionary Systematics, Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Diptera, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Organisms, Gene Amplification, Biology and Life Sciences, Invertebrates, Parasitic Protozoans, Insect Vectors, Sand Flies, Research and analysis methods, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, Species Interactions, Phlebotomus, Earth Sciences, Zoology, Entomology, Animal Distribution
Abstract: Phlebotomine sand flies are the main natural vectors of Leishmania, which cause visceral and tegumentary tropical diseases worldwide. However, their taxonomy and evolutionary history remain poorly studied. Indeed, as for many human disease vectors, their small size is a challenge for morphological and molecular works. Here, we successfully amplified unbiased copies of whole genome to sequence thousands of restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) markers from single specimens of phlebotomines. RAD markers were used to infer a fully resolved phylogeny of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (11 species + 5 outgroups, 32 specimens). The subgenus was not recovered as monophyletic and we describe a new subgenus Artemievus subg. nov. Depaquit for Phlebotomus alexandri. We also confirm the validity of Ph. riouxi which is reinstated as valid species. Our analyses suggest that Paraphlebotomus sensu nov. originated ca 12.9–8.5 Ma and was possibly largely distributed from peri-Mediterranean to Irano-Turanian regions. Its biogeographical history can be summarized into three phases: i) a first split between Ph. riouxi + Ph. chabaudi and other species that may have resulted from the rise of the Saharan belt ca 8.5 Ma; ii) a Messinian vicariant event (7.3–5.3 Ma) during which the prolonged drought could have resulted in the divergence of main lineages; iii) a recent radiation event (3–2 Ma) that correspond to cycles of wet and dry periods in the Middle East and the East African subregions during the Pleistocene. Interestingly these cycles are also hypothetical drivers of the diversification of rodents, in the burrows of which Paraphlebotomus larvae develop. By meeting the challenge of sequencing pangenomics markers from single, minute phlebotomines, this work opens new avenues for improving our understanding of the epidemiology of leishmaniases and possibly other human diseases transmitted by arthropod vectors., Author summary Phlebotomine sand flies are tiny insects transmitting unicellular parasites called Leishmania worldwide. They are bad flyers and are known to be a group dispersing according to historical events. No invasive species are known within Phlebotomine sandflies. Their taxonomy includes about 40 genera. In the Old World, the subgenus Paraphlebotomus includes the main vectors of Leishmania tropica, the agent of a cutaneous leishmaniasis mostly in North Africa visceral and the Middle West. The goal of this study was to explore the phylogeny and the biogeographical history of this subgenus using a new generation sequencing technique. We successfully amplified DNA copies from the selected DNA extracts, some of them being more than 20 years old. We fully resolved the phylogeny of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus who was not recovered as monophyletic, meaning it does not include all the ascendants of last common ancestor. Consequently, the taxonomy was revised with the creation of a new subgenus. We also suggest that Paraphlebotomus originated about 10 million years ago. After a first split isolating North African species, the Messinian crisis caused by the aridification of the Tethys (the ancestor of the Mediterranean Sea) occurring 7 million years ago allowed the divergence of the main lineages including that of Phlebotomus sergenti the most important vector of the group. Most recent radiation events occurred during the Pleistocene. The historical biogeography of these Phlebotomine sandflies are closely related to that of the Leishmania they transmit.
Published: 2021

33. AMIDE v2: High-Throughput Screening Based on AutoDock-GPU and Improved Workflow Leading to Better Performance and Reliability

Author: Arnaud Renard, Jean-Hugues Renault, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Stéphanie Baud, Laurence Voutquenne-Nazabadioko, Luiz Angelo Steffenel, Dominique Aubert, Pierre Darme, Isabelle Villena, Manuel Dauchez, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims - UMR 7312 (ICMR), SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Matrice extracellulaire et dynamique cellulaire - UMR 7369 (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Plateau Technique de Modélisation Moléculaire Multi-échelle (P3M), Laboratoire d'Informatique en Calcul Intensif et Image pour la Simulation (LICIIS), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), and Centre National de référence de la Toxoplasmose (CNRT)
Subjects: Computer science, GPU, Ligands, 01 natural sciences, Molecular Docking Simulation, Workflow, Reduction (complexity), [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Biology (General), Throughput (business), Spectroscopy, 0303 health sciences, 010304 chemical physics, General Medicine, AutoDock, Supercomputer, Computer Science Applications, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Preparations, [INFO.INFO-DC]Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC], Algorithms, [CHIM.CHEM]Chemical Sciences/Cheminformatics, QH301-705.5, Graphics processing unit, Toxoplasma gondii, Catalysis, Article, Computational science, Inorganic Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, parallelization, 0103 physical sciences, Computer Graphics, Humans, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, QD1-999, 030304 developmental biology, screening, Organic Chemistry, Proteins, Reproducibility of Results, molecular docking, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, High-Throughput Screening Assays, high performance computing, Docking (molecular), Software
Abstract: Molecular docking is widely used in computed drug discovery and biological target identification, but getting fast results can be tedious and often requires supercomputing solutions. AMIDE stands for AutoMated Inverse Docking Engine. It was initially developed in 2014 to perform inverse docking on High Performance Computing. AMIDE version 2 brings substantial speed-up improvement by using AutoDock-GPU and by pulling a total revision of programming workflow, leading to better performances, easier use, bug corrections, parallelization improvements and PC/HPC compatibility. In addition to inverse docking, AMIDE is now an optimized tool capable of high throughput inverse screening. For instance, AMIDE version 2 allows acceleration of the docking up to 12.4 times for 100 runs of AutoDock compared to version 1, without significant changes in docking poses. The reverse docking of a ligand on 87 proteins takes only 23 min on 1 GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), while version 1 required 300 cores to reach the same execution time. Moreover, we have shown an exponential acceleration of the computation time as a function of the number of GPUs used, allowing a significant reduction of the duration of the inverse docking process on large datasets.
Published: 2021

34. Congenital toxoplasmosis in humans: an update of worldwide rate of congenital infections

Author: Fernando H.A. Murata, Oliver C.H. Kwok, Jitender P. Dubey, Isabelle Villena, Camila K. Cerqueira-Cézar, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory [Beltsville, USA], United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-USDA Agricultural Research Service [Beltsville, Maryland], USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service-USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, 030106 microbiology, India, Disease, Communicable Diseases, Toxoplasmosis, Congenital, Screening programme, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, biology, Toxoplasma gondii, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Congenital toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasmosis, 3. Good health, Congenital infections, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Female, Congenital transmission, Toxoplasma
Abstract: The morbidity due to congenital toxoplasmosis in humans is very high. Most of these infected children are likely to develop symptoms of clinical toxoplasmosis. Sequelae in fetus resulting from Toxoplasma gondii infections in women who become infected with this parasite during pregnancy can be devastating and enormous efforts are directed in some countries to prevent these consequences. Here, an update on congenital toxoplasmosis in humans, especially the rate of congenital infections in humans worldwide, is provided. Although several countries have surveillance programmes, most information on the rate of congenital transmission is from France and Brazil. Because of compulsory national screening programme in France to detect and treat women with recently acquired T. gondii infection with anti-toxoplasma therapy, the rate of congenital transmission and the severity of disease in children are declining. Infections by this parasite are widely prevalent in Brazil. The severity of clinical toxoplasmosis in Brazilian children is very high and may be associated with the genetic characteristics of T. gondii isolates prevailing in animals and humans in Brazil. Virtually little or no information is available on this topic from China, India and other countries in Asia.
Published: 2021

35. Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)-A bioindicator of marine water contamination by protozoa: Laboratory and in situ approaches

Author: Elodie Géba, Benoit Xuereb, Isabelle Bonnard, Dominique Aubert, Houssem Chalghmi, Isabelle Villena, Catherine Cazeaux, Aurélie Bigot-Clivot, Alain Geffard, Jitender P. Dubey, Stéphanie La Carbona, Fanny Bastien, Loïc Durand, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Frank Le Foll, Mélissa Palos Ladeiro, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ACTALIA [Villers-Bocage], Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory [Beltsville, USA], United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-USDA Agricultural Research Service [Beltsville, Maryland], USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service-USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims)
Subjects: animal structures, Mytilus edulis, Zoology, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidiosis, Cryptosporidium, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, bivalve, marine water, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Ecosystem, Cryptosporidium parvum, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, biology, Environmental Biomarkers, fungi, Water, General Medicine, Mussel, Contamination, biology.organism_classification, Mytilus, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, 13. Climate action, Bioaccumulation, biomonitoring, Protozoa, Laboratories, Bioindicator, Blue mussel, Biotechnology, Giardia duodenalis
Abstract: International audience; Aims: The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii are identified as public health priorities and are present in a wide variety of environments including the marine ecosystem. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that the marine bivalve blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) can be used as a tool to monitor the contamination of marine waters by the three protozoa over time. Methods and Results: In order to achieve a proof of concept, mussels were exposed to three concentrations of G. duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum/T. gondii oocysts for 21 days, followed by 21 days of depuration in clear water. Then, natural contamination by these protozoa was sought for in wild marine blue mussels along the northwest coast of France to validate their relevance as bioindicators in the field. Our results highlighted that: (a) blue mussels bioaccumulated the parasites for 21 days, according to the conditions of exposure, and parasites could still be detected during the depuration period (until 21 days); (b) the percentage of protozoa-positive M. edulis varied under the degree of protozoan contamination in water; (c) mussel samples from eight out of nine in situ sites were positive for at least one of the protozoa. Conclusions: The blue mussel M. edulis can bioaccumulate protozoan parasites over long time periods, according to the degree of contamination of waters they are inhabiting, and can highlight recent but also past contaminations (at least 21 days). Significance and Impact of the Study: Mytilus edulis is a relevant bioaccumulators of protozoan (oo)cysts in laboratory and field conditions, hence its potential use for monitoring parasite contamination in marine waters.
Published: 2021

36. Comparative Performance of Eight PCR Methods to Detect Cryptosporidium Species

Author: Damien Costa, Frédéric Dalle, Loïc Favennec, Romy Razakandrainibe, Gilles Gargala, Louise Basmaciyan, Louise Soulieux, Stéphane Valot, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), and Santé publique France, Ile de France, Paris, France (SpF-Ile de France)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), diagnosis, detection, Cryptosporidium, specificity, Cryptosporidium species, Article, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, Immunology and Allergy, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Detection limit, 0303 health sciences, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, 030306 microbiology, Felis, biology.organism_classification, sensitivity, Infectious Diseases, PCR, Parasitology, Medicine
Abstract: Diagnostic approaches based on PCR methods are increasingly used in the field of parasitology, particularly to detect Cryptosporidium. Consequently, many different PCR methods are available, both “in-house” and commercial methods. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of eight PCR methods, four “in-house” and four commercial methods, to detect Cryptosporidium species. On the same DNA extracts, performance was evaluated regarding the limit of detection for both C. parvum and C. hominis specificity and the ability to detect rare species implicated in human infection. Results showed variations in terms of performance. The best performance was observed with the FTD® Stool parasites method, which detected C. parvum and C. hominis with a limit of detection of 1 and 10 oocysts/gram of stool respectively, all rare species tested were detected (C. cuniculus, C. meleagridis, C. felis, C. chipmunk, and C. ubiquitum), and no cross-reaction was observed. In addition, no cross-reactivity was observed with other enteric pathogens. However, commercial methods were unable to differentiate Cryptosporidium species, and generally, we recommend testing each DNA extract in at least triplicate to optimize the limit of detection.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

37. Anatomical distribution of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally and experimentally infected lambs

Author: Myriam Thomas, Dominique Aubert, Sandie Escotte-Binet, Benoît Durand, Céline Robert, Régine Geers, Annie Alliot, Guillaume Belbis, Isabelle Villena, Radu Blaga, Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), and École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)
Subjects: Meat, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, lambs, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, parasitic diseases, Animals, MESH: Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, MESH: Red Meat, MESH: Meat, MESH: Toxoplasmosis, Animal, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Sheep, MESH: Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, toxoplasma gondii, MESH: Toxoplasma, Red Meat, Infectious Diseases, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, Insect Science, anatomical distribution, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Toxoplasma
Abstract: Consumption of raw or undercooked meat containing Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts is one of the main sources of infection for humans worldwide. Among the various species intended for human consumption, sheep appear to be a high risk for human infection. The present study focused on the detailed anatomical distribution of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally and experimentally infected lambs using fresh and frozen samples of various pieces of meat, from a public health perspective. The first objective was to rank the edible parts intended for human consumption according to the detectable parasite burden by real-time PCR targeting the 529-bp repeated element. The second objective was to evaluate the impact of freezing by comparing the detection efficiency of the quantitative PCR between fresh and frozen tissues, as imports of lamb carcasses/cuts may arrive frozen or chilled. The highest estimated parasite loads were observed in skeletal muscles, and more particularly in edible portions such as quadriceps femoris muscle, intercostal muscles, deltoid muscle and diaphragm, with a significant difference in detectable parasite burden between fresh and frozen samples (p 0.0001) or natural and experimental infection (p 0.0001). Thoracic and pelvic limbs (3278-1048 parasites/g muscle) were ranked at the top of the list. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in all the edible parts of lamb studied. These results suggest that lamb meat represents a risk for consumers. Further investigations are needed in order to confirm these differences in larger numbers of animals and in different breeds.Distribution anatomique de Toxoplasma gondii chez des agneaux infectés naturellement et expérimentalement.La consommation de viande crue ou insuffisamment cuite contenant des kystes tissulaires de Toxoplasma gondii est l’une des principales sources d’infection pour l’homme dans le monde. Parmi les différentes espèces destinées à la consommation humaine, le mouton apparaît à haut risque d’infection humaine. La présente étude s’est concentrée sur une distribution anatomique détaillée de Toxoplasma gondii chez des agneaux infectés naturellement et expérimentalement à l’aide d’échantillons frais et congelés de divers morceaux de viande, du point de vue de la santé publique. Classer les parties comestibles destinées à la consommation humaine, selon la charge parasitaire détectable par une PCR en temps réel ciblant l’élément répété de 529 pb était un premier objectif. Un second objectif était d’évaluer l’impact de la congélation en comparant l’efficacité de détection de la PCR quantitative entre les tissus frais et congelés, car les importations de carcasses/coupes d’agneau peuvent arriver congelées ou réfrigérées. Les charges parasitaires estimées les plus élevées ont été observées dans les muscles squelettiques et plus particulièrement dans les parties comestibles telles que le quadriceps fémoral, les muscles intercostaux, le deltoïde et le diaphragme avec une différence significative de charge parasitaire détectable entre les échantillons frais et congelés (p 0,0001) ou l’infection naturelle et expérimentale (p 0,0001). Les membres thoraciques et pelviens (3278 à 1048 parasites/g de muscle) ont été classés en tête de liste. L’ADN de T. gondii a été détecté dans toutes les parties comestibles étudiées de l’agneau. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’agneau représente un risque pour les consommateurs. Des investigations supplémentaires doivent être effectuées afin de confirmer les différences mentionnées ci-dessus chez plus d’animaux et dans différentes races.
Published: 2021

38. « Hyperpion » de silicone : histoire naturelle et traitement, à propos d’un cas

Author: Pasquier, L., Pereira, E., Gueudry, J., Muraine, M., Lorenzi, U., Hôpital Charles Nicolle [Rouen], Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
Subjects: [SDV.MHEP.OS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Sensory Organs
Abstract: International audience; « Hyperpion » de silicone : histoire naturelle et traitement, à propos d'un cas Case report of silicone oil ''hyperpion'': Natural history and management
Published: 2021

39. Risk factors for sporadic giardiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Anne Thébault, Ursula Gonzales-Barron, Vasco Cadavez, Loïc Favennec, Pauline Kooh, Isabelle Villena, Direction de l'Evaluation des Risques (DER), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), Centro de Investigação de Montanha [Bragança, Portugal] (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, 030106 microbiology, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Breastfeeding, Protective factor, Specific risk, Meta-regression, 02 engineering and technology, Case-control Study, Research synthesis, 03 medical and health sciences, Personal hygiene, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Environmental health, medicine, Risk factor, Cohort Study, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, biology, MESH: Giardiasis, Transmission (medicine), business.industry, Giardia, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Gastroenteritis, 3. Good health, 020801 environmental engineering, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, business, Giardia duodenalis
Abstract: International audience; Giardia duodenalis is an important source of gastroenteritis worldwide. Endemic cases have been described in developing and industrialized countries. We analyzed risk factors for sporadic giardiasis by a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature. From 72 studies, contact with an infected person, lack of personal hygiene, and attending a child daycare center were identified as risk factors in children and adults.Feco-oral transmission was significantly associated with exposure to human sewage/waste water, untreated drinking water and recreational waters. Travel abroad was a risk factor in industrialized countries. No handwashing before eating or preparing food, eating unwashed vegetables, or composite food were significant risk factors. Breastfeeding was a protective factor in developing countries. Interestingly, contact with pets was found as a significant risk factor in children in this meta-analysis. This could be explored in future studies with the comparison of the Giardia assemblage isolated from humans and pets. In the future, it would be interesting to investigate more precisely the type of water, vegetable, and whenever possible the method of preparation/treatment. Environmental and epidemiological investigations of specific risk factors by assemblages and types of Giardia spp. should be further studied. Finally, host factors in relationship with the severity and sequelae of giardiasis deserve future research.
Published: 2021

40. Pattern of latrine use by domestic cats on dairy farms and the implications for Toxoplasma gondii transmission

Author: Simon, Julie Alice, Chancel, Eva, Hubert, Pauline, Aubert, Dominique, Villena, Isabelle, Poulle, Marie-Lazarine, Lambert, Sébastien, Ezanno, Pauline, Garel, Mathieu, Gilot-Fromont, Emmanuelle, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Biodémographie évolutive, Département écologie évolutive [LBBE], Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Protozooses Transmises par l'Alimentation (Cryptosporidiose, Giardose et Toxoplasmose) : Mode de Contamination et Pathogénie (PROTAL) - EA 3800 (PROTAL), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 1300 Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse du Risque, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (ONIRIS)-Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse du Risque (BioEpAR)-Santé animale (S.A.), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Veterinary medicine, Biology, Cat Diseases, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Host-Parasite Interactions, law.invention, Soil, 03 medical and health sciences, law, medicine, Animals, Sexual maturity, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Feces, Population Density, 0303 health sciences, CATS, Behavior, Animal, General Veterinary, 030306 microbiology, Zoonosis, Toxoplasma gondii, General Medicine, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Toxoplasmosis, Dairying, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, Transmission (mechanics), Cats, Linear Models, Latrine, Female, Parasitology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is the parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, a highly prevalent zoonosis that affects humans and warm-blooded animals. Faeces of infected cats can contain millions of T. gondii oocysts, which remain infectious in the environment for months. Sites repeatedly used by cats for defecation ('latrines') are recognised as hotspots of T. gondii soil contamination, but this contamination varies from one latrine to another. To understand this spatial heterogeneity, camera traps were deployed in 39 cat latrines on three dairy farms with high-density cat populations and programmed to record visits during sixteen 10-day sessions, rotating between three farms over a period of a year. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used to test the effects of cat sexual maturity, latrine location and season on the number of cat faeces deposited and on the number of cats defecating per latrine, as determined from the analysis of 41,282 video recordings. Sexually immature cats defecated 6.60-fold (95% CI = [2.87-15.25]) more often in latrines located close to a feeding site than in other latrines. This pattern was also observed for mature males (odds ratio [OR] = 9.42, 95% CI = [3.29-26.91]), especially during winter, but not for mature females (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = [0.80-3.94]). The number of defecating cats was also 2.67-fold (95% CI = [1.66-4.30], P 0.001) higher in latrines located close to a feeding point than in those located far from it, regardless of cat category and season. Visits by intermediate T. gondii hosts (micromammals, birds and others) were also recorded. Out of the 39 latrines, 30 (76.92%) were visited by at least one intermediate host during the study period, and some latrines were highly frequented (up to 8.74 visits/day on average). These results provide evidence that the location of food resources in dairy farms influences the latrine use pattern by cats. Highly frequented latrines can be of high risk of T. gondii infection for definitive and intermediate hosts.
Published: 2019

41. Panorama des altérations limbiques cornéennes

Author: Marc Muraine, F. Majo, A. Delcampe, Julie Gueudry, Service d'ophtalmologie [Rouen], CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Hôpital Charles-Nicolle, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Conjunctiva, genetic structures, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Épithélium limbique, Tumeurs de la surface oculaire, Biology, Limbal stem cell deficiency, Cornée, Corneal limbus, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Stroma, Cornea, Corneoscleral Limbus, medicine, Cornea Conjunctiva, Ultraviolet radiation, Stem cell, Ocular surface tumors, Limbal epithelium, Conjonctive, eye diseases, 3. Good health, Cell biology, Limbe cornéoscléral, Ophthalmology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cellules souches, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, sense organs
Abstract: International audience; The corneal limbus is a privileged region on the border between two quite different microenvironments, where corneal epithelial stem cells, numerous melanocytes, and antigen-presenting cells are all concentrated within a richly vascularized and innervated stroma. This situation within the ocular surface confers on it the key functions of barrier, epithelial renewal and defense of the cornea. As an immunological crossroads and since the corneoscleral limbus is directly exposed to external insults such as caustic agents, ultraviolet radiation, microbial agents, and allergens, it is the potential site of many tumoral, degenerative or inflammatory pathologies and may progress under certain conditions to limbal stem cell deficiency.; Le limbe cornéoscléral est une région privilégiée, frontière entre deux environnements tout à fait différents, où se concentrent tout à la fois les cellules souches épithéliales de la cornée en surface et de nombreux mélanocytes ainsi que les cellules de Langerhans présentatrices d’antigène au sein d’un stroma richement vascularisé et innervé. Cette situation au niveau de la surface oculaire lui confère des fonctions clés de barrière, de renouvellement épithélial et de défense de la cornée. Véritable carrefour immunologique et directement exposé aux agressions extérieures (agents caustiques, rayonnement ultraviolet, agents microbiens, allergènes …), il est le siège potentiel de très nombreuses pathologies tumorales, dégénératives ou inflammatoires et peut évoluer dans certaines conditions vers le syndrome de déficit en cellules souches limbiques.
Published: 2019

42. Tacrolimus pommade dans la prise en charge de la kératoconjonctivite atopique

Author: A. Delcampe, O Bauvin, D. Benaim, F. Tétart, P. Joly, Marc Muraine, Julie Gueudry, Service d'ophtalmologie [Rouen], Hôpital Charles-Nicolle-CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de dermatologie [Rouen], CHU Rouen, Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
Subjects: Keratitis Conjunctivitis, Atopie, 03 medical and health sciences, Ophthalmology, 0302 clinical medicine, Atopy, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Kératite, 030221 ophthalmology & optometry, Conjonctivite, Tacrolimus, 3. Good health
Abstract: International audience; Introduction: Atopic keratoconjunctivitis is associated with eyelid eczema. It may require the use of local corticosteroids which if prolonged can be a source of ocular complications. Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant used in cutaneous application in atopic dermatitis. The aim of this study was to measure the efficacy and tolerance of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in palpebral application in atopic keratoconjunctivitis.Patients and methods: This retrospective, single-center study was conducted between June 2014 and February 2017. Patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis not controlled by first-line medical treatments were included. The primary endpoint was the evolution of functional signs as assessed by the NEI-VFQ25 and OSDI quality of life scores. Secondary endpoints were visual acuity and local corticosteroid use.Results: Among the 18 patients included, the mean age was 37.9 ± 16.8 years. The first follow-up visit was on average 68.3 ± 55.3 days after initiation of treatment. The NEI-VFQ25 score was significantly improved for seven of its sub-scores (P < 0.05) and the mean OSDI decreased significantly from 52.3 ± 26.2 to 22.0 ± 27.0 (P < 0.001) showing a decrease in eye discomfort. A significant reduction was observed in the number of patients using local corticosteroids. There was no significant change in visual acuity.Conclusion: Tacrolimus ointment 0.1% in palpebral application appears to be an effective treatment for the management of atopic keratoconjunctivitis.; Introduction : la kératoconjonctivite atopique est fréquemment associée à un eczéma palpébral. Elle peut nécessiter le recours aux corticoïdes locaux dont l’utilisation prolongée est source de complications oculaires. Le tacrolimus est un immunosuppresseur, utilisé en application cutanée dans la dermatite atopique. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer l’efficacité et la tolérance du tacrolimus 0,1 % pommade en application palpébrale dans la kératoconjonctivite atopique.Patients et méthodes : il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective, monocentrique, réalisée entre juin 2014 et février 2017. Les patients présentant une kératoconjonctivite atopique non contrôlée par les traitements médicaux de première intention ont été inclus. Le critère de jugement principal a été l’évolution des signes fonctionnels évaluée par les scores de qualité de vie NEI-VFQ25 et OSDI. Les critères secondaires ont été l’acuité visuelle et la consommation de corticoïdes locaux.Résultats : parmi les 18 patients inclus, l’âge moyen était de 37,9 ± 16,8 ans. La première consultation de contrôle survenait en moyenne 68,3 ± 55,3 jours après l’initiation du traitement. Le score NEI-VFQ25 était amélioré significativement pour sept de ses sous-scores (p < 0,05) et l’OSDI moyen diminuait significativement de 52,3 ± 26,2 à 22,0 ± 27,0 (p < 0,001) témoignant d’une diminution de la gêne oculaire. Une réduction significative du nombre de patients ayant recours à une corticothérapie locale a été observée. Il n’y avait pas de modification significative de l’acuité visuelle.Conclusion : le tacrolimus pommade 0,1 % en application palpébrale semble être un traitement efficace dans la prise en charge de la kératoconjonctivite atopique.
Published: 2019

43. Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains shaped by commensal communities of small mammals

Author: Carine Brouat, Dominique Aubert, Camille Dubois, Marie-Laure Dardé, Mamadou Kane, Gereon Schares, Aurélien Mercier, Lokman Galal, Daniel Ajzenberg, Youssoupha Niang, Aliou Sow, Thomas Cuny, Claire Stragier, Azra Hamidović, Clément Glodas, Mamoudou Diallo, Philippe Vignoles, Thao Rohart, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Institute of Epidemiology (IfE), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), CHU Limoges, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD [Sénégal]), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR project IntroTox) : 17-CE35-0004, University of Limoges, France, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region (Directorate of Research, Higher Education and Technology Transfer), and ANR-17-CE35-0004,IntroTox,PHENOMÈNES D'INTROGRESSIONS DANS L'ÉTUDE DE LA DIVERSITÉ GÉNÉTIQUE DU TOXOPLASME ENTRE LA FRANCE ET L'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST ET CENTRALE : DES INFLUENCES HUMAINES ET ENVIRONEMENTALES(2017)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Genotype, Genotyping Techniques, Rodent, 030231 tropical medicine, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Zoology, Rodentia, Introduced species, Biology, Rodents, Genetic diversity, House mouse, Serology, Rodent Diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, biology.animal, West Africa, parasitic diseases, Prevalence, Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Hammondia, [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, Genetic Variation, biology.organism_classification, Biota, Senegal, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, House mice, Toxoplasma, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract: International audience; Commensal rodent species are key reservoirs for Toxoplasma gondii in the domestic environment. In rodents, different T. gondii strains show variable patterns of virulence according to host species. Toxoplasma gondii strains causing non-lethal chronic infections in local hosts will be more likely to persist in a given environment, but few studies have addressed the possible role of these interactions in shaping the T. gondii population structure. In addition, the absence of validated techniques for upstream detection of T. gondii chronic infection in wild rodents hinders exploration of this issue under natural conditions. In this study, we took advantage of an extensive survey of commensal small mammals in three coastal localities of Senegal, with a species assemblage constituted of both native African species and invasive species. We tested 828 individuals for T. gondii chronic infection using the modified agglutination test for antibody detection in serum samples and a quantitative PCR assay for detection of 7'. gondii DNA in brain samples. The infecting 7'. gondii strains were genotyped whenever possible by the analysis of 15 microsatellite markers. We found (i) a very poor concordance between molecular detection and serology in the invasive house mouse, (ii) significantly different levels of prevalence by species and (iii) the autochthonous T. gondii Africa 1 lineage strains, which are lethal for laboratory mice, only in the native African species of commensal small mammals. Overall, this study highlights the need to reconsider the use of MAT serology in natural populations of house mice and provides the first known data about T. gondii genetic diversity in invasive and native species of small mammals from Africa. In light of these results, we discuss the role of invasive and native species, with their variable adaptations to different T. gondii strains, in shaping the spatial structure of 7'. gondii genetic diversity in Africa.
Published: 2019

44. Species Identification and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Paecilomyces/Purpureocillium Species Isolated from Clinical Respiratory Samples: A Multicenter Study

Author: Lorra Monpierre, Nawel Aït-Ammar, Isabel Valsecchi, Anne-Cécile Normand, Juliette Guitard, Arnaud Riat, Antoine Huguenin, Christine Bonnal, Boualem Sendid, Lilia Hasseine, Hélène Raberin, Marion Dehais, Stéphane Ranque, Christophe Hennequin, Renaud Piarroux, Eric Dannaoui, Françoise Botterel, Dynamic Microbiology - EA 7380 (DYNAMIC), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est (UPE)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Mucoviscidose: physiopathologie et phénogénomique [CRSA], Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle - UMR 8576 (UGSF), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice (CHU Nice), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne [CHU Saint-Etienne] (CHU ST-E), UNIROUEN - UFR Santé (UNIROUEN UFR Santé), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Vecteurs - Infections tropicales et méditerranéennes (VITROME), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie [CHU HEGP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), and Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Paecilomyces variotii, Paecilomyces maximus, Purpureocillium lilacinum, antifungal susceptibility testing, molecular identification, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, MSI 2, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Plant Science, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Paecilomyces spp. are emerging fungal pathogens, where Paecilomyces lilacinus and Paecilomyces variotii are the most reported species. Taxonomic and phylogenetic revisions in this genus have shown that P. variotii represents a species complex, whereas P. lilacinus is related to another genus called Purpureocillium. The aims of this study were to identify clinical isolates of Paecilomyces spp. at the species level, and to determine their antifungal susceptibility profiles. 70 clinical Paecilomyces spp. isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (MS) and by multilocus rDNA genes sequencing including ITS and the D1/D2 genes. Among the 70 Paecilomyces spp. isolates, 28 were identified as P. lilacinum, 26 as P. variotii stricto sensu, and 16 as P. maximus. For antifungal susceptibility testing, Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) or Minimal Effective Concentrations (MECs) were determined for 8 antifungals. All P. lilacinum isolates had high MICs and MECs of amphotericin B and echinocandins, respectively, unlike P. variotii and P. maximus. For azole drugs, MICs were molecule- and species- dependent. The differences in in vitro susceptibility to antifungals underline the importance of accurate species identification. The MALDI–TOF MS can be a good alternative in routine laboratory to ensure fast identification of Paecilomyces spp. and P. lilacinum.
Published: 2022

45. Benefit of cetuximab addition to a platinum–fluorouracil-based chemotherapy according to KRAS-LCS6 variant in an unselected population of recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck cancers

Author: Cristian Moldovan, Nicolas Bon-Mardion, Dorel Manu, Vianney Bastit, Jean-Michel Picquenot, Arnaud François, Frédéric Di Fiore, Agnès Loeb, Sébastien Thureau, Vinciane Rainville, Fabrice Jardin, Jean-Paul Marie, Florian Clatot, UNIROUEN - UFR Santé (UNIROUEN UFR Santé), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Génomique et Médecine Personnalisée du Cancer et des Maladies Neuropsychiatriques (GPMCND), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Equipe de Recherche sur les Rationalités Philosophiques et les Savoirs (ERRAPHIS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Equipe Quantification en Imagerie Fonctionnelle (QuantIF-LITIS), Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Traitement de l'Information et des Systèmes (LITIS), Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences appliquées Rouen Normandie (INSA Rouen Normandie), and Normandie Université (NU)
Subjects: Male, Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], medicine.medical_treatment, Population, Cetuximab, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, medicine.disease_cause, Carboplatin, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, medicine, Humans, 030223 otorhinolaryngology, education, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Retrospective Studies, education.field_of_study, Chemotherapy, Performance status, business.industry, Head and neck cancer, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Progression-Free Survival, 3. Good health, Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Fluorouracil, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Female, KRAS, Cisplatin, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, business, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, medicine.drug
Abstract: To evaluate the benefit of cetuximab (Cx) addition to platinum-based and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy (PFU) in unselected recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck cancer patients (R/MHNC) according to KRAS-LCS6 variant status. All patients who received at least two PFU ± Cx cycles from 2004 to 2014 were retrospectively included into to two distinct study periods according to Cx implementation: patients treated by PFU alone before 2009 and those treated by PFU + Cx from 2009. Primary objective was to evaluate the progression-free survival (PFS) between the two groups. Secondary objectives were to analyze the overall survival (OS) between the two groups and the prognostic impact of KRAS-LCS6 variant. Factors associated with survival were determined by a Cox multivariate analysis including age, WHO performance status (PS), type of treatment, KRAS-LCS6 variant, Charlson’s score and p16 status. Overall, 134 patients were included: 59 (44%) in PFU group and 75 (56%) in PFU + Cx group. Baseline characteristics were well balanced including 30% of patients with 2–3 PS. Median PFS was significantly improved in PFU + Cx group compared to PFU group (6.1 vs 4.4 months, respectively, HR 0.68, p = 0.02) and with a trend for better OS. A KRAS-LCS6 variant was found in 27 (25%) of samples without prognostic impact neither in whole population nor according to treatment. In multivariate analysis, addition of Cx to PFU was the only factor significantly associated with a better PFS (p = 0.01, HR 0.6). Our results suggest that PFU + Cx combination may be effective in unselected population of R/MHNC regardless the KRAS-LCS6 variant status.
Published: 2018

46. Systemic efficacy on Cryptosporidium parvum infection of aminoxanide (RM-5061), a new amino-acid ester thiazolide prodrug of tizoxanide

Author: Jean-Francois Rossignol, Loïc Favennec, Gilles Gargala, Arnaud François, Andrew V. Stachulski, Damien Costa, Romy Razakandrainibe, El Hadji Ibrahima Diawara, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), CHU Rouen, Normandie Université (NU), University of Liverpool, and Romark laboratories
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Drug, media_common.quotation_subject, Metabolite, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030106 microbiology, Biology, Pharmacology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, In vivo, parasitic diseases, medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, Cryptosporidium, Nitazoxanide, Prodrug, biology.organism_classification, Tizoxanide, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Cryptosporidium parvum, chemistry, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, medicine.drug
Abstract: Cryptosporidiosis is a gastrointestinal illness with profuse diarrhoea. Although there are no other Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved alternatives for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis, nitazoxanide (NTZ) can be qualified as partially effective. In immunosuppressed conditions, severe and/or disseminated cryptosporidiosis may occur and patients should be treated parenterally. To achieve the goal of developing parenteral treatment for cryptosporidiosis, the current study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anticryptosporidial activity of aminoxanide. This new l-tert-leucyl thiazolide is a soluble prodrug of tizoxanide (TIZ), the main metabolite of NTZ. Confirming the good efficacy of aminoxanide in Cryptosporidium parvum-infected HCT-8 cells with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 1.55 μm (±0.21), in immunosuppressed C. parvum-infected Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), a 5-day treatment with a daily intramuscular dose of 100 mg kg−1 aminoxanide resulted in a 72.5% oocyst excretion inhibition, statistically equivalent to 75.5% in gerbils treated with a 4-fold lower oral dose of NTZ. Cryptosporidium parvum-induced intestinal pathology and inflammation were improved. Aminoxanide provides an injectable form of TIZ that NTZ was unable to do and is a promising drug for which optimization of the formulation should be further explored. These results represent a first promising step towards the goal of developing a parenteral treatment for cryptosporidiosis.
Published: 2021

47. Implementation of an Enzyme Membrane Reactor to Intensify the α

Author: Andreïa Texeira, Florent Allais, Irina Ioannou, Jean-Hugues Renault, Thomas Marié, Gaëlle Willig, Eduardo Gazaneo Barboza, Pierre Darme, Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), AgroParisTech, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims - UMR 7312 (ICMR), SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-SFR CAP Santé (Champagne-Ardenne Picardie Santé), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IOANNOU, Irina, and Nosheen Akhtar
Subjects: Glycosylation, endocrine system diseases, enzymatic O-glycosylation, [CHIM.THER] Chemical Sciences/Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Science, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:RS1-441, 02 engineering and technology, enzyme membrane reactor, Resveratrol, resveratrol, 01 natural sciences, Article, Enzyme catalysis, lcsh:Pharmacy and materia medica, chemistry.chemical_compound, Drug Discovery, process intensification, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Solubility, cyclodextrins, Membrane reactor, 010405 organic chemistry, organic chemicals, lcsh:R, [CHIM.CATA] Chemical Sciences/Catalysis, food and beverages, Permeation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Combinatorial chemistry, 0104 chemical sciences, Membrane, chemistry, Yield (chemistry), Molecular Medicine, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: The O-glycosylation of resveratrol increases both its solubility in water and its bioavailability while preventing its oxidation, allowing a more efficient use of this molecule as a bioactive ingredient in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Resveratrol O-glycosides can be obtained by enzymatic reactions. Recent developments have made it possible to selectively obtain resveratrol α-glycosides from the β-cyclodextrin–resveratrol complex in water with a yield of 35%. However, this yield is limited by the partial hydrolysis of the resveratrol glycosides produced during the reaction. In this study, we propose to intensify this enzymatic reaction by coupling the enzymatic reactor to a membrane process. Firstly, membrane screening was carried out at the laboratory scale and led to the choice of a GE polymeric membrane with a cut-off of 1 kDa. This membrane allowed the retention of 65% of the β-cyclodextrin–resveratrol complex in the reaction medium and the transfer of 70% of the resveratrol α-O-glycosides in the permeate. In a second step, this membrane was used in an enzymatic membrane reactor and improved the yield of the enzymatic glycosylation up to 50%.
Published: 2021

48. Experimental infection with Toxoplasma gondii in broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus): seroconversion, tissue cyst distribution, and prophylaxis

Author: Zsuzsa Kalmár, Gereon Schares, Adriana Györke, Cristina Laura Ştefănuţ, Ivana Klun, Vasile Cozma, Viorica Mircean, Zsuzsa Friss, Maria E Nedişan, Andra Toma-Naic, Olgica Djurković-Djaković, Radu Blaga, Isabelle Villena, Amandine Blaizot, Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), and Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)
Subjects: Male, Antibodies, Protozoan, Artemisia annua, 030308 mycology & parasitology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, Random Allocation, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Parasite hosting, Tissue Distribution, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0303 health sciences, biology, Triazines, Antibody titer, Brain, Heart, General Medicine, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Seroconversion, Female, Antibody, Toxoplasma, Tissue cysts, Genotype, 030231 tropical medicine, TOXOSOURCES, Toxoplasma gondii, Pectoralis Muscles, 03 medical and health sciences, Mouse bioassay, Diclazuril, Nitriles, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Poultry Diseases, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Plants, Medicinal, General Veterinary, Broiler, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasmosis, Animal, chemistry, Insect Science, biology.protein, Cats, Coccidiostats, Parasitology, Chickens
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread zoonotic protozoan that infects most species of mammals and birds, including poultry. This study aimed to investigate the course of T. gondii infection and the efficacy of diclazuril and Artemisia annua in preventing infection in experimentally infected chickens. Seventy-five 1-month-old chickens, female and male, were randomly divided into five groups (n = 15 each) as follows: (1) uninfected untreated (negative control, NC); (2) infected with T. gondii genotype II/III isolated from a wild cat (group WC); (3) infected with T. gondii genotype II isolated from a domestic cat (group DC); (4) infected with T. gondii domestic cat strain and treated with the anticoccidial diclazuril (group DC-D); and (5) infected with T. gondii domestic cat strain and treated with the medicinal plant Artemisia annua (group DC-A). Clinical signs, body temperature, mortality rate, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, hematological parameters, and the presence of T. gondii–specific IgY antibodies were recorded in all groups. Five chickens per group were euthanized 28 days post-infection (p.i.) and their brains, hearts, and breast muscle tested for T. gondii by mouse bioassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No clinical signs related to the experimental infection were observed throughout the study period. T. gondii–specific antibodies were detected by day 28 p.i., but not in all infected chickens. Overall, T. gondii DNA was detected (bioassay or tissue digests) in all infected and untreated chickens (10/10), while viable parasite (bioassay) was isolated from 7 out of 10 chickens. The parasite was most frequently identified in the brain (7/10). There were no differences in the T. gondii strains regarding clinical infection and the rate of T. gondii detection in tissues. However, higher antibody titers were obtained in chickens infected with T. gondii WC strain (1:192) comparing with T. gondii DC strain (1:48). A. annua reduced replication of the parasite in 3 out of 5 chickens, while diclazuril did not. In conclusion, broiler chickens were resistant to clinical toxoplasmosis, irrespective of the strain (domestic or wild cat strain). The herb A. annua presented prophylactic efficacy by reduced parasite replication. However, further studies are required aiming at the efficacy of diclazuril and A. annua for the prevention of T. gondii infection in chickens using quantitative analysis methods.
Published: 2021

49. Ancylostoma ceylanicum as the second most frequent hookworm species isolated in France in travellers returning from tropical areas

Author: Alexander W. Pfaff, Brigitte Degeilh, Samia Hamane, Marie-Fleur Durieux, Julie Brunet, Valentin Greigert, Yohann Le Govic, Cécile Ramade, Guillaume Desoubeaux, Ermanno Candolfi, Ahmed Abou-Bacar, Victor Gerber, Cathy Chemla, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Groupe d'Étude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (GEIHP), Université d'Angers (UA), Institut des Agents Infectieux [Lyon] (IAI), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Hopital Saint-Louis [AP-HP] (AP-HP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), CHU Trousseau [Tours], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), CHU Limoges, and CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes]
Subjects: Ancylostomatoidea, medicine.medical_specialty, Ancylostoma, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], education, 030231 tropical medicine, Zoology, 03 medical and health sciences, Feces, 0302 clinical medicine, parasitic diseases, Medicine, Travel medicine, Animals, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, 0303 health sciences, integumentary system, biology, business.industry, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, France, business
Abstract: Ancylostoma ceylanicum is the second most common hookworm species infecting humans in Southeast Asia and Oceania. We performed a 3 years multicenter study to assess its frequency in hookworm infecting patients returning from tropical areas to France and found that A. ceylanicum was the second most frequent hookworm species isolated.
Published: 2021

50. Cryptosporidium -Biofilm Interactions: a Review

Author: Romy Razakandrainibe, Damien Costa, M. Lefebvre, Loïc Favennec, Isabelle Villena, Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims)
Subjects: [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, biology, 030306 microbiology, Chemistry, animal diseases, fungi, Biofilm, Cryptosporidium, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Environmental chemistry, parasitic diseases, Waterborne pathogen, Minireview, 030212 general & internal medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract: Biofilms are increasingly implicated as suspected to play a major role in waterborne cryptosporidiosis. This review aims to synthesize all currently available data on interactions between Cryptosporidium oocysts and biofilms. Initially described following a waterborne outbreak, the integration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in biofilm has been well demonstrated. Biofilms appear important in the dissemination/protection of oocysts in the environment. Consequently, it has been suggested that substrate-associated biofilms should be systematically considered in oocyst water quality assessment. The influence of physicochemical parameters has been studied on oocyst biofilm retention. Biofilm surface roughness, ionic concentration (especially Ca2+), laminar/turbulent flow, shear stress and electrostatic repulsion forces appear important to consider regarding oocyst release from biofilm. However, data analysis carried out during this review, also revealed important gaps in biological interactions within biofilms offering many perspectives for future works.
Published: 2021

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Database

Publisher

191 results on '"Epidémiosurveillance de protozooses à transmission alimentaire et vectorielle (ESCAPE)"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources