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Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer objective solutions in the elaboration of taxonomic keys, such as the processing of large numbers of samples, aiding in the species identification, and optimizing the time required for this process. We utilized ML to study the morphological data of eight species of Americabaetis Kluge 1992, a diverse genus in South American freshwater environments. Decision trees were employed, examining specimens from the Museu de Entomologia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFVB/Brazil) and literature data. Eleven morphological traits of taxonomic importance from the literature, including frontal keel, shape of the mouthparts, and abdominal color pattern, were analyzed. The decision tree obtained with the Gini algorithm effectively differentiates eight species (40% of the known species), using only eight morphological characters. Our analysis revealed distinct groups within Americabaetis alphus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996a, based on variations in abdominal tracheae pigmentation. This study introduces a novel approach, integrating AI techniques, biological collections, and literature data for aid in the Americabaetis species identification. It provides a valuable tool for taxonomic research on contemporary and extinct mayflies., (© 2024. Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil.)

Deep learning techniques have recently found application in biodiversity research. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera) and caddisflies (Trichoptera), often abbreviated as EPT, are frequently used for freshwater biomonitoring due to their large numbers and sensitivity to environmental changes. However, the morphological identification of EPT species is a challenging but fundamental task. Morphological identification of these freshwater insects is therefore not only extremely time-consuming and costly, but also often leads to misjudgments or generates datasets with low taxonomic resolution. Here, we investigated the application of deep learning to increase the efficiency and taxonomic resolution of biomonitoring programs. Our database contains 90 EPT taxa (genus or species level), with the number of images per category ranging from 21 to 300 (16,650 in total). Upon completion of training, a CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) model was created, capable of automatically classifying these taxa into their appropriate taxonomic categories with an accuracy of 98.7 %. Our model achieved a perfect classification rate of 100 % for 68 of the taxa in our dataset. We achieved noteworthy classification accuracy with morphologically closely related taxa within the training data (e.g., species of the genus Baetis, Hydropsyche, Perla). Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) visualized the morphological features responsible for the classification of the treated species in the CNN models. Within Ephemeroptera, the head was the most important feature, while the thorax and abdomen were equally important for the classification of Plecoptera taxa. For the order Trichoptera, the head and thorax were almost equally important. Our database is recognized as the most extensive aquatic insect database, notably distinguished by its wealth of included categories (taxa). Our approach can help solve long-standing challenges in biodiversity research and address pressing issues in monitoring programs by saving time in sample identification., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Djuradj Milosevic reports financial support was provided by Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are among the crucial water and habitat quality bioindicators. However, despite their intensive long-term use in various studies, more reliable mayfly DNA barcode data have been produced in a negligible number of countries, and only ~40% of European species had been barcoded with less than 50% of families covered. Despite being carried out in a small area, our study presents the second-most species-rich DNA reference library of mayflies from Europe and the first comprehensive view from an important biodiversity hotspot such as the Western Carpathians. Within 1153 sequences, 76 morphologically determined species were recorded and added to the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) database. All obtained sequences were assigned to 97 BINs, 11 of which were unique and three represented species never barcoded before. Sequences of 16 species with high intraspecific variability were divided into 40 BINs, confirming the presence of cryptic lineages. Due to the low interspecific divergence and the non-existing barcoding gap, sequences of six species were assigned to three shared BINs. Delimitation analyses resulted in 79 and 107 putative species respectively. Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenies confirmed the monophyly of almost all species and complexes of cryptic taxa and proved that DNA barcoding distinguishes almost all studied mayfly species. We have shown that it is still sufficient to thoroughly investigate the fauna of a small but geographically important area to enrich global databases greatly. In particular, the insights gained here transcend the local context and may have broader implications for advancing barcoding efforts., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The genus Languidipes is currently represented by three species distributed in southeastern Asia, India, and Sri Lanka. Languidipes corporaali is the most widely distributed species, and both, male and female imagos, as well as nymphs, are known. In contrast, the other species, L. taprobanes and L. lithophagus , are only known from nymphs. Here, we describe a new species, Languidipes janae sp nov, based on male imagos collected from Borneo, Indonesia. This new species is characterized by the presence of ommation on mesonotum, and penis almost completely divided, with sub-quadrate base and a small outer projection basal to the long and slender distal arms. This constitutes the first record of the genus for Borneo. A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Asthenopodinae supports its taxonomic status., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2024 Hankel and Molineri.)

According to the classification proposed in the previous publication by Kluge, the genus Teloganodes Eaton 1882 is divided into three subgenera distinguished only by tergalii number: the subgenus Teloganodes (with 5 pairs of tergalii on uromeres II-VI), the subgenus Dudgeodes Sartori in Sartori et al. 2008 (with 4 pairs of tergalii on uromeres II-V) and the subgenus Derlethina Sartori in Sartori et al. 2008 (with 3 pairs of tergalii on uromeres II-IV). All three subgenera are represented in Southern India. Based on the new material, additional descriptions are given to the following species: T. (Teloganodes) kodai Sartori in Sartori et al. 2008 (= Teloganodes barathyae Sivaruban et al. in Martynov et al. 2022, syn. n.); Teloganodes (Teloganodes) dentatus Navás 1932 (= T. sartorii Selvakumar et al. in Selvakumar et al. 2014, syn. n.); Teloganodes (Dudgeodes) palnius (Selvakumar et al. in Selvakumar et al. 2014) (= Dudgeodes bharathidasani Anbalagan et al. 2015, syn. n.; = Dudgeodes sartorii Srinivasan et al. 2021, syn. n.; = Dudgeodes molinerii Sivaruban et al. in Martynov et al. 2022, syn. n.); Teloganodes (Derlethina) tamiraparaniae (Selvakumar et al. in Selvakumar et al. 2014). A new species T. (Teloganodes) velutinus sp. n. is described from the Western Ghats based on larvae, female imagines reared from larvae and eggs.

Megaglena sivarubani sp. nov. is described based on the nymphs from the Puliyuthu falls of Tamil Nadu, Southern India. The number of species of Megaglena Peters Edmunds is now expanded to three and it is the first record of the genus from the Tamil Nadu part of Southern Western Ghats. Megaglena sivarubani sp. nov. can be distinguished from Indian species M. agasthiya Vasanth, Subramanian Selvakumar by the body size of the nymphs, shape of the labial palp segment III, and by the setation of foretibia. The morphological variations between all the known species of Megaglena are discussed and summarized.

Seven species of the genus Epeorus Eaton, 1881 are described so far from India of which redescription is attempted herein for 3 species viz. E. (C.) psi Eaton 1883, E. (E.) gilliesi Braasch 1981, E. (E.) petersi Sivaruban, Venkataraman Sivaramakrishnan 2013 based on the fresh collections. Four species viz., E. (E.) aculeatus Braasch 1990, E. (E.) bifurcatus Braasch Soldán 1979, E. (E.) unicornutus Braasch 2006 and E. (E.) unispinosus Braasch 1980 are new records to this country. Totally, 11 species of the genus Epeorus from India are dealt with herein of which six belongs to the subgenus Epeorus viz. E. (E.) aculeatus Braasch 1990, E. (E.) bifurcatus Braasch Soldán 1979, E. (E.) gilliesi Braasch, 1981 and E. (E.) petersi Sivaruban, Venkataraman Sivaramakrishnan 2013, E. (E.) unispinosus Braasch 1980, E. (E.) unicornutus Braasch 2006 and four to the subgenus Caucasiron viz., E. (C.) kapurkripalanorum Braasch 1983, E. (C.) papillatus Braasch, 2006a, E. (C.) psi Eaton 1883 which larva is described in details for the first time and E. (C.) suspicatus Braasch, 2006b . The subgeneric status of E. lahaulensis Kapur Kripalani 1963 cannot be fixed due to non-availability of larval description. A dichotomous key to the larvae of available species in India is presented. Distribution of subgenera and species within India is discussed.

Dudgeodes sartorii sp. nov. is described based on nymphs from the Megamalai hills of Western Ghats, Southern India. The nymph of Dudgeodes sartorii sp. nov. can be distinguished from other Indian species of Dudgeodes by i) prothorax with two rounded tubercles; (ii) outer margin of mesothorax with simple setae; (iii) distinct maculae in the distal region of femora; (iv) transverse row of setae on fore femora narrower with blunt apex and (v) dark brownish band on the 5th segment of cerci.

The genus Ephoron Williamson, 1802 is widely distributed around the world. In Thailand, only Ephoron indicus Pictet, 1843 was reported in 1961. In this study, a new Ephoron mayfly is described as Ephoron ookaewae sp. nov. In this new species description, the morphological characteristics of larvae and eggs in addition to adults are also shown in detail. Number of tubercles on mandibular tusks, and a median frontal process in larvae, distinguish Ephoron ookaewae sp. nov. from other Ephoron species. Their polar cap shape and a concave indentation in their eggs are also unusual. In addition, the mitochondrial DNA COI sequence data of the newly described Ephoron ookaewae sp. nov. is registered in GenBank. Registration of sequence data for the DNA barcode region of Ephoron mayflies inhabiting the Oriental region remains limited, however it will be useful for future research.

A new mayfly species Caenis maduraiensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from nymph and adults collected from lentic habitat around Madurai. The nymph can be distinguished by the following characters: anterior margin of labrum with row of bipectinate setae longer laterally and a group of highly fringed setae behind emargination; and hind claw long, slender and hooked with row of denticles. Adults are characterized by prosternal triangle with slightly concave sides, tip acutely pointed; apical part of forceps abruptly narrowed to the tip, with a long apical spine, and few trichomes on surface.

The twentieth anniversary of the first issue of Zootaxa (De Moraes Freire, 2001) provides an appropriate opportunity to reflect on some trends in global Ephemeroptera taxonomy publishing over the last two decades, with a focus on the description of new species and the outsized role of the journals Zootaxa and ZooKeys, in particular. Detailed reviews of world Ephemeroptera knowledge up to about 2000 were collected in a series of nine papers from a symposium on the subject, published together in the proceedings of the ninth International Conference on Ephemeroptera (Domínguez 2001). Domínguez Dos Santos (2014) provided updates and analysis for South America up to the year 2012. More recent detailed accounts of regional and taxonomic diversity, and other aspects of mayfly biology and ecology, were reviewed by Jacobus et al. (2019), while Ogden et al. (2019) discussed current issues involving higher classification.

The Hyrtanellini (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae: Ephemerellinae) from India and related regions are reviewed, including three new species viz., Serratella palatovi Martynov, Selvakumar Jacobus, sp. nov., Torleya simbalbarensis Selvakumar, Subramanian, Martynov Jacobus, sp. nov., and Torleya dibruensis Selvakumar, Martynov Jacobus, sp. nov.; and first country records of Teloganopsis jinghongensis (Xu, You Hsu, 1984) and Hyrtanella grandipennis (Zhou, Su Gui, 2000). Description of Serratella palatovi sp. nov. is based on material from Thailand, India and Nepal; Torleya simbalbarensis sp. nov. and Torleya dibruensis sp. nov. are described based on material from India. For now, the tribe Hyrtanellini in India comprises eight species from the genera Serratella Edmunds, 1959, Torleya Lestage, 1917, Teloganopsis Ulmer, 1939 and Hyrtanella Allen Edmunds, 1976. Additional records of Teloganopsis jinghongensis from Thailand, Torleya nepalica (Allen Edmunds, 1963) and Torleya coheri (Allen Edmunds, 1963) from Nepal also are provided here. All Indomalayan Hyrtanellini species are discussed to some extent.

A new mayfly species, Bleptus michinokuensis sp. nov. (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) is described on the basis of specimens of male and female adults and mature nymphs collected at a seepage zone of a small freshwater branch of the 'Tachiya-zawa-gawa' River located amongst the northern foothills of Mt. Gassan (Shonai-machi Town, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan). This new Bleptus species is characterized by its clear fore and hind wings. That is, they neither exhibit the distinct black band on the fore wings, nor the characteristic darkened margins along the edges of both the fore and hind wings. Rather it has a blackish colored terminal half of its fore legs (i.e., tibial, tarsal and pretarsal segments). These features differ clearly when comparing them to the other known species, Bleptus fasciatus Eaton. The information and data describing the habitat and distribution range of this new species are also noted. We also examined and discussed the genetic relationship of two Bleptus mayflies to settle the taxonomic status, inferred from the partially sequenced cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and large mitochondrial ribosomal subunit (16S rRNA) genes, and also the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) gene sequences. Consequently, phenetic and molecular phylogenetic analyses agreed well in terms of clustering.

A new species, Baetis majus Tiunova sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on larvae and reared adults discovered in the Russian Far East. The differential identification of this species was determined by the characteristics of other representatives of the genus Baetis Leach, including subgenera Baetis Leach and Tenuibaetis Kang Yang from Eastern and Western Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental regions. In addition to morphological studies, DNA barcoding of the described species with average intraspecific K2P distances to nearest neighbours is documented. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of all available cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of the subgenera of Baetis and Tenuibaetis from four regions. Bayesian analysis using 47 morphological characters additional to partial COI sequences did not allow to determine the species-group of the Baetis genus to which the described species belongs.

The current research on Ephemeroptera is mainly based on its morphology, since only small numbers of mitogenomes have been reported. In this study, the mitogenomes of Epeorus carinatus (15,338 bp) and E. dayongensis (15,609 bp) were sequenced, annotated and compared to genome data from congeners. Both mitogenomes had 23 tRNA genes including standard 22 and one extra tRNA Met . The duplicated tRNA Met gene had been found in other heptageniid species except Paegniodes cupulatus, suggesting it could be used as a molecular synapomorphy for partial Heptageniidae. The phylogenetic analyses based on Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) showed that Heptageniidae was monophyletic and the relationships among known Epeorus species were ((E. carinatus + E. herklotsi) + (E. dayongensis + E. sp. 1)), which implied the focal species E. carinatus and E. dayongensis should be grouped into different subgenera., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Miroculis is one of the most diversified Neotropical genera of Leptophlebiidae in South America with 26 species currently known. In this work we describe a new species of Miroculis based on imagos from Amazonas, and the unknown nymphs of Miroculis (Miroculis) caparaoensis and Miroculis (Ommaethus) misionensis, both associated with imagos. In addition, Miroculis (Ommaethus) misionensis is recorded for the first time from Brazil.

The Crato Formation (Araripe Basin) preserves one of the most diverse entomofaunas of the Cretaceous. Among the groups of insects, mayflies stand out in abundance, but among them oligoneuriids are especially rare. A newly discovered adult oligoneuriid from this unit is here described as Incogemina nubila gen. et sp. nov. and new subfamily Incogemininae. A phylogenetic analysis recovered the new taxon as the sister group to the species-rich and cosmopolitan Oligoneuriinae. The paratype of Colocrus indivicum, described as an "oligoneuriid" from the same unit, is here reviewed and considered as belonging to the family Hexagenitidae. The biogeographical and taxonomic implications of this discovery and the phylogenetic position of Incogemina nubila are discussed. Incogemina bridge an important morphological gap between the Oligoneuriinae and the extant Chromarcys. Also, it demonstrates that the divergence between Oligoneuriinae and Incogemininae probably occurred in South America., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The genus Cymbalcloeon gen. nov. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) is established for a new species Cymbalcloeon sartorii sp. nov. from Thailand, based on larval stage. This genus is unique among all of the Baetidae by the presence of three pairs of single gills on segments V-VII, ventrally oriented to cover the sterna VI-IX. Cymbalcloeon sartorii gen. nov. et sp. nov. presents unique or rare morphological characters such as a deeply concave margin between the prostheca and mola, without setae; a very large subtriangular process of the left mandible; a maxillary palp segment II with scarce and very long setae; almost completely fused labial palp segments II and III with numerous very long setae; elongate tarsal claw with two rows of teeth; a shagreen surface of the terga and paraproct; and a very reduced body size. The gills of the new genus move very quickly during respiration and present a near-synchronous protraction. Due to the very derived larval morphological character and the unknown imaginal stage, the exact phylogenetic position of the genus remains unclear; it most certainly belongs to the concept of Anteropatellata and is possibly closely related to the genus Baetopus., Competing Interests: NO-The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The evolution of winged insects revolutionized terrestrial ecosystems and led to the largest animal radiation on Earth. However, we still have an incomplete picture of the genomic changes that underlay this diversification. Mayflies, as one of the sister groups of all other winged insects, are key to understanding this radiation. Here, we describe the genome of the mayfly Cloeon dipterum and its gene expression throughout its aquatic and aerial life cycle and specific organs. We discover an expansion of odorant-binding-protein genes, some expressed specifically in breathing gills of aquatic nymphs, suggesting a novel sensory role for this organ. In contrast, flying adults use an enlarged opsin set in a sexually dimorphic manner, with some expressed only in males. Finally, we identify a set of wing-associated genes deeply conserved in the pterygote insects and find transcriptomic similarities between gills and wings, suggesting a common genetic program. Globally, this comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic study uncovers the genetic basis of key evolutionary adaptations in mayflies and winged insects.

A common hypothesis for the high biodiversity of mountains is the diversification driven by orogeny creating conditions for rapid in situ speciation of resident lineages. The Caucasus is a young mountain system considered as a biodiversity hotspot; however, the origin and evolution of its diversity remain poorly understood. This study focuses on mayflies of the subgenus Caucasiron, one of the most diversified stenotopic mayflies inhabiting various types of streams throughout the Caucasus. Using the time-calibrated phylogeny based on two mitochondrial (COI, 16S) and three nuclear (EF-1α, wg, 28S) gene fragments, we tested the role of Caucasian orogeny in biogeography, diversification patterns, and altitudinal diversification of Caucasiron mayflies. We found that orogeny promoted the lineage diversification of Caucasiron in the Miocene. The highest diversification rate corresponding with the uplift of mountains was followed by a significant slowdown towards the present suggesting minor influence of Pleistocene climatic oscillations on the speciation. The Caucasiron lineages cluster into three principal clades originating in the Upper Miocene. We found a strong support that one of the three clades diversified via allopatric speciation in the Greater Caucasus isolated in the Parathetys Sea. The other two clades originating most likely outside the Greater Caucasus diversified towards high and low altitude, respectively, indicating possible role of climatic factors and/or passive uplift on their differentiation. Current high Caucasiron diversity in the Greater Caucasus is a result of in situ speciation and later immigration from adjacent mountain ranges after the Parathetys Sea retreat. Our phylogeny supported the monophyly of Rhithrogeninae, Epeorus s.l., Caucasiron, and Iron. Epeorus subgenus Ironopsis was found paraphyletic, with its European representatives more closely related to Epeorus s.str. than to Iron. Therefore, we re-arranged taxa treated within Ironopsis to comply with the phylogeny recovered herein., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In stream ecosystems, waterfalls intercept the fluvial continuum and limit the dispersion of aquatic organisms. However, the barrier effect may be minimized or absent for insects whose life cycle is not restricted to the aquatic environment (i.e., winged adults), such as the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT). In this study, we investigated EPT diversity (abundance, richness, and composition) in savanna headwater streams (Cerrado Domain, Brazil) to investigate the hypothesis that large waterfalls have little effect on instream assemblage structure. During 2017 and 2018, we sampled EPTs and measured environmental conditions at reaches adjacent (downstream and upstream) to waterfalls (5 to 70 m high). We collected 2532 immature specimens of 33 genera, including the first record of 14 genera of Ephemeroptera, 11 Trichoptera, and three Plecoptera for the Tocantins State. Hydro-geomorphic and streambed conditions varied among sites, but they were not related to the presence of waterfalls. Assemblage structure was similar between downstream and upstream reaches, with no significant difference in taxa richness, abundance, and composition. This pattern was consistently observed considering all data combined, and each order separately. These results support the hypothesis that physical barriers have weak effects on EPT assemblages at small spatial scales, where strong dispersal and habitat similarity probably homogenizes the structure of local assemblages in stream corridors adjacent to large waterfalls. The study provides important information about factors driving the distribution of biodiversity in savanna streams, which are relevant to support conservation and management plans in the Brazilian Cerrado.

The distribution of aquatic insects has been poorly explored in quantitative analyses aiming at the historical reconstruction of area relationships in the Neotropics. Ephemeroptera is an ancient group, characterized by its low vagility, and of high richness and endemicity in this region. Systematic knowledge of the group has enormously increased in the last decades, achieving a sufficient background to explore biogeographical historical patterns. Our aim is to reconstruct area history in the Neotropics using the rationale of Barrier biogeography (Hovenkamp protocol). We present eleven mayfly phylogenies, representing groups that evolved independently at least from the Jurassic (i.e., not a one-taxon history). With these groups, we conducted independent biogeographical analyses (using Vicariance Inference Program), and extracted the events that repeated in two or more clades. We found fifty-eight TVEs (Traceable Vicariant Events), from which four were found at least twice, thus constituting SVEs (Supported Vicariant Events).

The assessment of biotic-habitat relationships provides key information to predict biotic responses to perturbations and important tools for river management and monitoring. This study aimed to assess the spatial distribution of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera in mountain streams of central Argentina. We evaluated the effect of seasonality and identified the variables conditioning the abundance of the assemblages and the habitat with the highest taxonomic richness. Sampling was carried out in four streams (Carcarañá River basin) during high and low water periods. Three lotic habitats were sampled: riffles, coarse substrate runs, and fine substrate runs; and physicochemical and habitat variables were measured. We found differences in assemblage composition, among the 25 genera of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera, at the habitat level. The most important variables affecting distribution patterns were substrate and flow type, but macroalgae and organic matter (twigs, leaves, and detritus) were also important predictors. Riffles maintained the highest richness but when considering only the Ephemeroptera taxa, fine substrate runs emerged also as an important habitat for these taxa. Our study provided valuable ecological information related to habitat preference of taxa with a key role in stream functioning and of great usefulness for the monitoring of lotic systems.

Species distribution area is determined by both biotic and abiotic factors. In particular, significant geological events influence the biodiversity and the genetic structures of the organisms inhabiting the area. The establishment of physical barriers (e.g., mountains, rivers), drives species differentiation by their interference with biological dispersal or gene flow. The Japanese Islands have a high degree of biodiversity. This study focused on the Kii Peninsula, which stands out as a region of exhibiting particularly high biodiversity, and also exceptionally high endemism. The Kii Peninsula has experienced active mountain formation ever since the Quaternary period. In this study, we investigate the influence of geological events on the establishment of genetic diversity. We focused on the mayfly, Dipteromimus tipuliformis. Phylogenetic analyses were performed utilizing the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA and COI regions, and the nuclear DNA histone H3, PEPCK and 28S rRNA regions. As a result, it was shown that this mayfly exhibits a genetic structure that strongly reflects the geological history of the Kii Peninsula, and detected their dispersal process across the Median Tectonic Line. This is a unique and significant study, in that it clearly shows the relationship between the phylogenetic evolution of this mayfly and the corresponding geological history in surprisingly geographic fine scale., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Stenonema, Stenacron, and Maccaffertium are three closely related genera of mayflies (Ephemeroptera:Heptageniidae) commonly found across North America. Due to their primarily aquatic life history and sensitivity to aquatic pollutants, these mayflies are often used as water quality indicators. However, there is little morphological variation within these genera, leading to difficulties in identification and rampant taxonomic confusion, limiting their utility as bioindicators. In an attempt to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of Stenonema, Stenacron, and Maccaffertium, and to clarify their higher-level classifications, we sequenced regions of two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and 16S ribosomal RNA (rrnl)) and two nuclear genes (Wingless (Wg) and histone H3) from 60 individuals representing most of the described species in these genera and included data from representatives of three heptageniid genera (Kageronia, Macdunnoa and Pseudiron) proposed in previous studies to be closely related to our focal taxa as well as two more distantly related heptageniid genera (Epeorus and Heptagenia) to root the phylogenies. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis were conducted on single-gene and concatenated multi-gene data sets and species tree methods were utilized to resolve relationships. These analyses resolved Stenacron as a monophyletic group sister to a clade comprising Macdunnoa, Maccaffertium and Stenonema. Maccaffertium was found to be paraphyletic, with Stenonema femoratum resolved within Maccaffertium as sister to M. mexicanum. Many relationships remained unresolved or varied across analyses, making revision of the classification based on phylogenetic considerations challenging. To minimize confusion while naming clades and acknowledging uncertainty in our phylogenetic conclusions, we redefine Stenonema to include Maccaffertium and propose three subgenera-Stenonema, Maccaffertium and Lewisa- for key well-supported clades., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Species of the Baetis rhodani group are among the most widespread mayflies of the Palearctic region. However, frequent occurrence of morphologically cryptic species complicates the identification of sympatric species. Here, we proposed and tested a method for the fast, accurate, and cost-effective assignment of a large number of individuals to their putative species, based on high resolution melting profiles of a standard mitochondrial gene fragment. We tested this method using a system of three recently identified cryptic species inhabiting the Tyrrhenian Islands (western Mediterranean basin)., Results: Highly species-specific high resolution melting profiles were obtained, allowing the unequivocal attribution of each individual to the respective species. This assay provides a convenient and easily customizable alternative to traditional barcoding approaches, provided that the mayfly taxa occurring within the geographic area of interest have been previously identified and their high resolution melting profiles assessed.

Tropical mountains are usually characterized by a vertically-arranged sequence of ecological belts, which, in contrast to temperate habitats, have remained relatively stable in space across the Quaternary. Such long-lasting patterning of habitats makes them ideal to test the role of environmental pressure in driving ecological and evolutionary processes. Using Sumatran freshwater mayfly communities, we test whether elevation, rather than other spatial factors (i.e. volcanoes, watersheds) structures both species within communities and genes within species. Based on the analysis of 31 mayfly (Ephemeroptera) communities and restriction-site-associated-DNA sequencing in the four most ubiquitous species, we found elevation as the major spatial component structuring both species and genes in the landscape. In other words, similar elevations across different mountains or watersheds harbor more similar species and genes than different elevations within the same mountain or watershed. Tropical elevation gradients characterized by environmental conditions that are both steep and relatively stable seasonally and over geological time scales, are thus responsible for both ecological and genetic differentiation. Our results demonstrate how in situ ecological diversification at the micro-evolutionary level might fuel alpha- and beta- components of diversity in tropical sky islands.

Mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) are prominent representatives of aquatic macroinvertebrates, commonly used as indicator organisms for water quality and ecosystem assessments. However, unambiguous morphological identification of EPT species, especially their immature life stages, is a challenging, yet fundamental task. A comprehensive DNA barcode library based upon taxonomically well-curated specimens is needed to overcome the problematic identification. Once available, this library will support the implementation of fast, cost-efficient and reliable DNA-based identifications and assessments of ecological status. This study represents a major step towards a DNA barcode reference library as it covers for two-thirds of Germany's EPT species including 2,613 individuals belonging to 363 identified species. As such, it provides coverage for 38 of 44 families (86%) and practically all major bioindicator species. DNA barcode compliant sequences (≥500 bp) were recovered from 98.74% of the analysed specimens. Whereas most species (325, i.e., 89.53%) were unambiguously assigned to a single Barcode Index Number (BIN) by its COI sequence, 38 species (18 Ephemeroptera, nine Plecoptera and 11 Trichoptera) were assigned to a total of 89 BINs. Most of these additional BINs formed nearest neighbour clusters, reflecting the discrimination of geographical subclades of a currently recognized species. BIN sharing was uncommon, involving only two species pairs of Ephemeroptera. Interestingly, both maximum pairwise and nearest neighbour distances were substantially higher for Ephemeroptera compared to Plecoptera and Trichoptera, possibly indicating older speciation events, stronger positive selection or faster rate of molecular evolution., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Brazilian floodplains have suffered great changes in their natural characteristics in recent decades, mainly in the flood pulse. The Upper Paraná River floodplain is one of the few places where are found remained areas in which such peculiar characteristics keep reflecting on its high biodiversity. Ephemeroptera nymphs are one of the higher density groups among benthic community, occurring in many water bodies like large rivers and secondary channels. We sought to understand which factors are needed for the species establishment and how much important is the species colonization, especially in environments with anthropogenic changes. The marginal areas, which are more structured with presence of macrophytes, showed the highest density and richness even in the Paraná River that has great human impact. We verified dominance of Americabaetis alphus, Tricorythopsis araponga, Tricorythopsis artigas on the Parana River, correlated with transparency, depth and electric conductivity, while the dominance of Traverella sp. was correlated with water temperature, especially in marginal areas. Consequently, the increasing transparency and electric conductivity due to the Porto Primavera dam in Parana River can be favoring those Ephemeroptera species. We demonstrated the importance of preserving the wetlands of Ivinhema River State Park mainly for Guajirolus sp., which was only registered in this region. Therefore, our study provides support for understanding gaps from previously studies using artificial substrates in three large rivers which are of great importance to the upper Paraná River floodplain.

Montane environments around the globe are biodiversity 'hotspots' and important reservoirs of genetic diversity. Montane species are also typically more vulnerable to environmental change than their low-elevation counterparts due to restricted ranges and dispersal limitations. Here we focus on two abundant congeneric mayflies (Baetis bicaudatus and B. tricaudatus) from montane streams over an elevation gradient spanning 1400 m. Using single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes, we measured population diversity and vulnerability in these two species by: (i) describing genetic diversity and population structure across elevation gradients to identify mechanisms underlying diversification; (ii) performing spatially explicit landscape analyses to identify environmental drivers of differentiation; and (iii) identifying outlier loci hypothesized to underlie adaptive divergence. Differences in the extent of population structure in these species were evident depending upon their position along the elevation gradient. Heterozygosity, effective population sizes and gene flow all declined with increasing elevation, resulting in substantial population structure in the higher elevation species (B. bicaudatus). At lower elevations, populations of both species are more genetically similar, indicating ongoing gene flow. Isolation by distance was detected at lower elevations only, whereas landscape barriers better predicted genetic distance at higher elevations. At higher elevations, dispersal was restricted due to landscape effects, resulting in greater population isolation. Our results demonstrate differentiation over small spatial scales along an elevation gradient, and highlight the importance of preserving genetic diversity in more isolated high-elevation populations.

Understanding ecological divergence of morphologically similar but genetically distinct species - previously considered as a single morphospecies - is of key importance in evolutionary ecology and conservation biology. Despite their morphological similarity, cryptic species may have evolved distinct adaptations. If such ecological divergence is unaccounted for, any predictions about their responses to environmental change and biodiversity loss may be biased. We used spatio-temporally replicated field surveys of larval cohort structure and population genetic analyses (using nuclear microsatellite markers) to test for life-history divergence between two cryptic lineages of the alpine mayfly Baetis alpinus in the Swiss Alps. We found that the more widespread and abundant cryptic lineage represents a 'generalist' with at least two cohorts per year, whereas the less abundant lineage is restricted to higher elevations and represents a 'specialist' with a single cohort per year. Importantly, our results indicate partial temporal segregation in reproductive periods between these lineages, potentially facilitating local coexistence and reproductive isolation. Taken together, our findings emphasize the need for a taxonomic revision: widespread and apparently generalist morphospecies can hide cryptic lineages with much narrower ecological niches and distribution ranges., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

High-throughput sequencing has laid the foundation for fast and cost-effective development of phylogenetic markers. Here we present the program discomark, which streamlines the development of nuclear DNA (nDNA) markers from whole-genome (or whole-transcriptome) sequencing data, combining local alignment, alignment trimming, reference mapping and primer design based on multiple sequence alignments to design primer pairs from input orthologous sequences. To demonstrate the suitability of discomark, we designed markers for two groups of species, one consisting of closely related species and one group of distantly related species. For the closely related members of the species complex of Cloeon dipterum s.l. (Insecta, Ephemeroptera), the program discovered a total of 78 markers. Among these, we selected eight markers for amplification and Sanger sequencing. The exon sequence alignments (2526 base pairs) were used to reconstruct a well-supported phylogeny and to infer clearly structured haplotype networks. For the distantly related species, we designed primers for the insect order Ephemeroptera, using available genomic data from four sequenced species. We developed primer pairs for 23 markers that are designed to amplify across several families. The discomark program will enhance the development of new nDNA markers by providing a streamlined, automated approach to perform genome-scale scans for phylogenetic markers. The program is written in Python, released under a public licence (GNU GPL version 2), and together with a manual and example data set available at: https://github.com/hdetering/discomark., (© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

A new genus and new species of Atalophlebiinae, Klugephlebia kodai Selvakumar, Subramanian & Sivaramakrishnan, are described based on male and female imagos and larvae from Palni hills of the southern Western Ghats of India. The imago of Klugephlebia gen. n. can be differentiated from all other genera of Atalophlebiinae by having the combination of vein MP forked slightly less than half of the distance from base to margin, MP2 attached at base to vein MP1 by a crossvein, a distinctive shape of the hindwing, dissimilar claws on each leg, and distinctive genitalia structures. The larva can be distinguished from other Atalophlebiinae larvae by having the combination of gills present on abdominal segments 1-7, dorsal and ventral portions of lamellae of gills 1 slender and lanceolate with branched tracheae, dorsal and ventral portions of lamellae of gills 2-7 wider & lanceolate and long & suddenly tapering at apex, fore and mid femora with regular rows of long thin setae on outer margins, denticles on claws progressively larger apically, a distinctive labrum, the maxillary palp short with long setae on third segment, and the third segment of the labial palp with distinct setation. The larvae cling to the underside of boulders in the middle of streams where the boulders lie amidst sand and silt. Updated keys to the genera of south Indian Leptophlebiidae are provided.

The nymphs of a new species of Eatonigenia have more modified labrum and smaller foreclaws than congeners, and the males have a more reddish-brown colored body, cerci, genitalia and more sclerotized projections of gonopores. These characters indicate a new species which is named E. zhangi sp. nov. The nymphs live in fine sandy/muddy substrates of large rivers.

Polyplocia nebulosa sp. nov. is described based on male and female imagos from Malaysia, Sabah State. Nymphs provisionally assigned to this species are also described. This species can be readily separated from P. vitalisi by the color pattern of the wings, with light brown longitudinal veins, narrow dark brown clouds on cross veins and margins of wings tinged with brown. The male genitalia are distinct from those of other species of Polyplocia: penes are broad, T-shaped, with large lateral projecting lobes, which are apically rounded, and with a small dorsolateral spine on each lobe; the styliger plate is short and not projected posteriorly. Eggs of the genus are described for the first time using scanning electron microscopy. Eggs are 265-267 µm in length, 170-186 µm in width, barrel-shaped, without polar caps or other attachment structures, with one visible micropyle and with chorion forming an irregular mesh with raised ridges (mesh between 3.8-8 µm). A key to male adults of Polyplocia is provided and additional records of Polyplocia from Thailand are given.

A new species of Prosopistoma (Ephemeroptera: Prosopistomatidae) is described on the basis of mature nymphs from Coorg, Karnataka, South India. Prosopistoma coorgum, new species can be readily distinguished from the other members of Prosopistoma by the following combination of characters: inner margin of outer canine near apex with 2-3 short spines, the length ratio of maxillary palp segments (3.3:4.8:1), ventral margin of fore tibia with 6-8 pectinate setae, and gill II leaf-like and cleft.

Two new species of Ulmeritoides Traver, 1959 from Northern Brazil are described based on male imagos. Ulmeritoides aurantifrons sp. nov. differs from all other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: mesonotum with a yellow spot in the apical and medial portions of the mesoscutal suture and a yellowish spot between the apex of the medioscutum and the posterior scutal protuberances, scutellum dark brown with base and apex yellow; forewing hyaline with two cross veins basal to bulla; penis lobes with a ventral groove, apically rounded. Ulmeritoides mirr sp. nov. differs from all other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: mesonotum with mesoscutal suture yellow; apex of the posterior scutal protuberance with a yellow transversal line; forewing hyaline, costal and subcostal areas tinged with light brown; penis lobes with a ventral groove, apically rounded.

Caenis Stephens, 1835 is a relatively diverse South American genus of Caenidae (Ephemeroptera), with 22 recorded species, but much of its diversity remains poorly explored in this region. In the present study, two new species of Caenis with apically pointed forceps are described: Caenis amacayacu sp. nov., based on male adults from Colombia; and C. elidioi sp. nov, based on all life stages from several localities in Brazil.

A newly discovered representative of Leptophlebiidae is described and illustrated from Thailand as Sangpradubina thailandica, gen. nov. and sp. nov., based on larvae and reared adults. This new species presents an interesting transitional position, being close to Choroterpes s.l. in the winged stages, but closer to Thraulus s.l. in the nymphal stage.   Nymphs are differentiated from those of all genera of the Thraulus lineage by the combination of gill I consisting of only a single and slender lamella, gills II-VII being fimbriate only in the distal half, each mandible having a tuft of setae only in the middle of the lateral margin, each maxilla having a well-developed anterolateral projection, fore- and middle femora each having a row of long setae on the outer margin, as well as tarsal claws having 4 denticles at the base and 9 in the apical position. Adults of the new genus barely differ from any genera of the Choroterpes lineage. The egg chorionic structure of Sangpradubina also appears to be unusual in that KCT's are concentrated on one pole.

A new tribe Labiobaetini tribus n. is established for a plesiomorphon Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge 1987 and a holophyletic taxon Pseudopannota Waltz & McCafferty 1987. New synonymy Pseudopannota Waltz & McCafferty 1987 = Ophelmatostoma Waltz & McCafferty 1987, syn. n. is proposed. A new species Pseudopannota pannota sp. n. closely related to P. berthrandi (Demoulin 1967) is described from Zambia based on imagoes of both sexes reared from larvae. Pseudopannota camerunense (Ulmer 1920) comb. n. is redescribed from Zambia based on imagoes of both sexes reared from larvae. A new species Pseudopannota fusca sp. n. is described from Uganda based on larvae and subimagoes of both sexes extracted from mature larvae. Pseudopannota maculosa (Crass 1947) is reported from Zambia based on larvae. Labiobaetis tenuicrinitus (Kopelke 1980) comb. n. (= Baetis spatulatus Gillies 1994 syn. n.) is redescribed from Uganda based on imagoes of both sexes reared from larvae.

Neoephemera eatoni sp. nov. is described based on nymphs, imagos, and eggs from North Carolina and Virginia, USA. Nymphs of the new species are associated only with hornleaf riverweed (Podostemum ceratophyllum) growing on the surfaces of cobbles and boulders in moderate to swift flows, at a depth of up to one meter. Life stages were associated by laboratory rearing. Nymphs of the new species are distinguished from other Nearctic Neoephemera by the following combination of characters: all legs are short and stout, with overall lengths subequal to each other; tibial and tarsal lengths are subequal on all legs; tarsal claws are sharply curved; anterolateral projections on the pronotum and mesonotum are reduced; and anterosubmedian tubercles are absent from the pronotum. Male and female imagos exhibit unique abdominal maculations; the anterior protuberance of the mesonotum is obovate; and distinct leg banding patterns are absent. Male imagos have the fore tibia at least 2× the length of mid and hind tibiae, and female imagos have all legs subequal in length. Our new species may be most closely related to N. youngi based on imagos of the two species each having a small spine posteromedially on abdominal tergum II and having annulated terminal filaments. An updated key to North American species is provided.

A new species of the genus Dudgeodes Sartori, 2008 is described from Thailand. It is the first representative of the genus reported from this country. The species is described based on mature nymphs. Dudgeodes romani sp. nov. differs from other species of the genus by the length of antennae; coloration of male eyes; shape of abdominal median tubercles; features of the tarsal claws, forefemora, gills and segments of the labial palps, and by chaetotaxy.

Background: Many species contain evolutionarily distinct groups that are genetically highly differentiated but morphologically difficult to distinguish (i.e., cryptic species). The presence of cryptic species poses significant challenges for the accurate assessment of biodiversity and, if unrecognized, may lead to erroneous inferences in many fields of biological research and conservation., Results: We tested for cryptic genetic variation within the broadly distributed alpine mayfly Baetis alpinus across several major European drainages in the central Alps. Bayesian clustering and multivariate analyses of nuclear microsatellite loci, combined with phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA, were used to assess population genetic structure and diversity. We identified two genetically highly differentiated lineages (A and B) that had no obvious differences in regional distribution patterns, and occurred in local sympatry. Furthermore, the two lineages differed in relative abundance, overall levels of genetic diversity as well as patterns of population structure: lineage A was abundant, widely distributed and had a higher level of genetic variation, whereas lineage B was less abundant, more prevalent in spring-fed tributaries than glacier-fed streams and restricted to high elevations. Subsequent morphological analyses revealed that traits previously acknowledged as intraspecific variation of B. alpinus in fact segregated these two lineages., Conclusions: Taken together, our findings indicate that even common and apparently ecologically well-studied species may consist of reproductively isolated units, with distinct evolutionary histories and likely different ecology and evolutionary potential. These findings emphasize the need to investigate hidden diversity even in well-known species to allow for appropriate assessment of biological diversity and conservation measures.

In this contribution, we provide a complementary description of the re-discovered lectotype of Siphloplecton macrops (Pictet-Baraban & Hagen, 1856). Additionally, complementary descriptions of S. barabani Staniczek & Godunko, 2012 and S. picteti Staniczek & Godunko, 2012 based on new material are given. Two new species, S. sartorii sp. nov. and S. gattolliati sp. nov., are described from male imagines and attributed to two newly defined species groups within Siphloplecton.

The taxon Paraleptophlebia Lestage 1917 is accepted here in generic rank, so rank of Neoleptophlebia Kluge 1997 is also raised from subgenus to genus, and the following new combinations are proposed: Neoleptophlebia adoptiva (McDunnough 1929) comb. n., N. assimilis (Banks 1914) comb. n., N. erratica (Kang & Yang 1994) comb. n., N. heteronea (McDunnough 1924) comb. n., N. japonica (Matsumura 1931) comb. n. (= Paraleptophlebia chocolata Imanishi 1937), N. mollis (Eaton 1871) comb. n., N. memorialis (Eaton 1884) comb. n., N. spina (Kang & Yang 1994) comb. n., N. swannanoa (Traver 1932) comb. n., N. temporalis (McDunnough 1926) comb. n., N. vladivostokica (Kluge 1982) comb. n. Larvae, male and female imagoes and eggs of Paraleptophlebia falcula Traver 1934 are described based on reared specimens from Siberia and Russian Far East; larvae and eggs are described for the first time. Characters of this species agree with diagnosis of Paraleptophlebia in the restricted sense; comparison of larva of P. falcula with other known larvae of Paraleptophlebia is given. Formerly this species was known as imagoes from limited area in Western Nearctic. According to the new data, it is widely distributed in northern part of Amphipacific Sector of Holarctic, and its area includes Polar Urals (Komi Republic), Siberia (Transbaikal Kray, Sakha Yakutia and Amurskaya Oblast' of Russia) and west of North America (Oregon, Idaho and Washington states of USA).

We present taxonomic contributions and new records for Neotropical Brachycercinae based on material from Brazil. We performed a phylogenetic analysis in order to test the relationship between Alloretochus Sun & McCafferty, 2008 and Latineosus Sun & Mc- Cafferty, 2008, and Alloretochus sigillatus was recovered in the Latineosus clade. Therefore, we propose a new combination, Latineosus sigillatus comb. n. The nymph of Latineosus sigillatus is described and is associated with imago through molecular tools. Moreover, Alloretochus peruanicus (Soldán, 1986) is reported for the first time from Brazil.

Two new species of Bungona, belonging to the subgenera Chopralla Waltz & McCafferty, 1987 and Centroptella Braasch & Soldán, 1980, are described based on larvae from Kalimantan (Borneo, Indonesia). Bungona (Centroptella) papilionodes n. sp. is the third species described for the subgenus. It can be distinguished from Bungona (Centroptella) longisetosa (Braasch & Soldán, 1980) and Bungona (Centroptella) soldani (Müller-Liebenau, 1983) by the length of the maxillary palp, the presence or absence of an additional small denticle on the lateral margin of the distal incisor, and the spination of the paraproct. This new report of the subgenus greatly increases its geographic range of distribution, as it was known only from Sri-Lanka and China. Bungona (Chopralla) bintang n. sp. is the seventh species described for the subgenus Chopralla and the second described from Borneo. It differs from others species of the subgenus and especially from Bungona (Chopralla) pusilla (Müller-Liebenau, 1984) (Borneo) by the combination of lacking hindwing pads, the particular spination of distal margins of tergites, and the shape of the maxillary palp. The two new species fit into the recently revised concepts of Chopralla and Centroptella and confirm the characters used to support these taxa as valid subgenera.

Daily emergence of mayflies in Neotropical rivers and their causes have been poorly studied. In temperate zones, this process is better known and attributed to several factors. In this work, we studied the daily emergence of subimagines of several Ephemeroptera genera in La Picón River of a Venezuelan Andean cloud forest and its relation with changes of environmental temperature. Four emergence traps were placed along a reach of 50 m of the stream, each one was examined each two hours in a 24 hr cycle to capture the newly emerged subimagos. This procedure was repeated for eight dates between November-2007 and February-2008 for a total of 32 observations in each sampling hour. The subimagos were reared to adults and identified to genus. The relative density of emergence per trap was calculated for each genus and sampling hour. Water and air temperature were measured each hour during the daily cycle of observation, and the averages of temperature and hour-degrees of air and water were calculated for each hour from the eight dates studied. Seven genera were identified: Leptohyphes Eaton, 1882 and Haplohyphes Allen 1966 (Leptophlebiidae); Prebaetodes Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, 1996, Andesiops Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, 1999, Baetodes Needham and Murphy, 1924 and Americabaetis Kluge, 1992 (Baetidae); and Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Leptophlebiidae); being the more abundant Leptohyphes (38.4 %) and Thraulodes (20.5 %). The emergence occurred between 11:00 am and 23:00 pm showing the following: a) an emergence initiated during daylight hours by organisms of Leptohyphes, Prebaetodes and Haplohyphes; b) a nocturnal emergence, in Thraulodes, Andesiops, Baetodes and Americabaetis; and c) two peaks: one diurnal produced by Leptohyphes and other nocturnal with predominance of Thraulodes. These results are the first records on the diurnal daily emergence in Andesiops, Prebaetodes, Americabaetis, Haplohyphes, and Leptohyphes, as well as the nocturnal emergence in Thraulodes. It was evidenced that Leptohyphes, with small nymphs (average head width = 1.05 mm) needed to accumulate less hour-degrees to initiate the emergence than those required by Thraulodes whose nymphs are larger (average head width = 2.01 mm). This disparity in the emergence energy requirements must be consequence of differences between the sizes of mature nymphs of both genera; facts which rely on the constancy of sizes shown by these taxa along an altitudinal-thermal gradient and the little daily and seasonal variability of water temperature in La Picón River. In the daily lapse when the emergence occurred, the air and water average temperatures were higher than those registered in the no-emergence lapse; therefore; it is suggested that during the daily lapse, when this process occurs, the environment is thermally favorable for the emergence of subimagos and their survival out of water.

Two new species of Ulmeritoides Traver, 1959 are described from Southeastern Brazil based on male and female imagos. Ulmeritoides angelus sp. nov. (Holotype male deposited in DZRJ: Minas Gerais State) differs from all other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: forewings hyaline, base dark brown and purplish; veins R1 light brown; dark brown spots on bullae of veins Sc and R2; apex of penis lobes somewhat rounded, each with one central spine. Ulmeritoides tamoio sp. nov. (Holotype male deposited in DZRJ: São Paulo State) differs from all other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: wings hyaline; veins C, Sc and R1 brownish; brownish spots on bullae of veins Sc and R2; apex of penis lobes straight, ending in rather acute apical and mesal projections. An updated key to the genera Ulmeritoides Traver, 1956 and Ulmeritus Traver, 1956 is also given.

Hermanella angeli sp. nov. (Holotype male deposited in MZUSP: Itacaré municipality, Cachoeira Bom Sossego, 14°20'05.2"S, 39°01'27.4"W, 31.VII.2012, Mariano, R, Almeida, E & Costa, S. leg.) is described based on imagos and nymphs from the State of Bahia, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished by the following combination of characteristics, in male imagos: (1) costal and subcostal area of forewing brown (Fig. 5b); (2) thorax and abdominal terga predominantly brown (Fig. 2-3); (3) penes divided in apical 1/8 (Fig. 8); (4) penis lobe with ventral, long, curved spine (Fig. 7); (5) prosternum narrow (Fig. 1). In nymphs: (1) tarsal claws with 2-3 accessory denticles (Fig. 19); (2) mandible without setae near basal articulation (Fig. 13a); (3) prostheca of left mandible with spines on inner margin (Fig. 13b); (4) plate-like gills terminated in a finger-like process (Fig. 11).