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Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer objective solutions in the elaboration of taxonomic keys, such as the processing of large numbers of samples, aiding in the species identification, and optimizing the time required for this process. We utilized ML to study the morphological data of eight species of Americabaetis Kluge 1992, a diverse genus in South American freshwater environments. Decision trees were employed, examining specimens from the Museu de Entomologia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFVB/Brazil) and literature data. Eleven morphological traits of taxonomic importance from the literature, including frontal keel, shape of the mouthparts, and abdominal color pattern, were analyzed. The decision tree obtained with the Gini algorithm effectively differentiates eight species (40% of the known species), using only eight morphological characters. Our analysis revealed distinct groups within Americabaetis alphus Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty 1996a, based on variations in abdominal tracheae pigmentation. This study introduces a novel approach, integrating AI techniques, biological collections, and literature data for aid in the Americabaetis species identification. It provides a valuable tool for taxonomic research on contemporary and extinct mayflies., (© 2024. Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil.)

During an ongoing project aiming to understand the dynamics of Ephemeroptera biodiversity in the Doce River Basin after the disaster, an unusual large number of Apobaetis Day, 1955 were analyzed. The occurrence of Apobaetis is quite relevant, since the combination of factors such as its small body size and its habitat preferences makes their collection difficult and its presence often neglected. For the first time in science, adults of Apobaetis irai De Lima, Massariol, Cruz & Hamada, 2022 and Apobaetis fiuzai Salles & Lugo-Ortiz, 2002 are described and diagnosed. Apobaetis irai can be easily distinguished, among other characteristics by turbinate portion of compound eyes touching each other along midline; abdominal terga II-III and V-VII with well-marked lines on lateral and posterior margins; posterior margin of subgenital plate with projection broadly rounded to slightly truncate. Apobaetis fiuzai are diagnosed by turbinate portion of compound eyes touching each other posteriorly; mesothorax brown, except for broad cream marks on anterior margin of PSp and SLS, SSLi tinged with white, posterior corner of SMS with a red spot; abdominal terga II-VI translucent orangish-brown, terga VII-X brown, terga II-III and VI with conspicuous red medial mark; posterior margin of subgenital plate with subtriangular projection, apex narrowly truncate; forceps base wider at base, inner irregular edges. The new records of A. irai and A. fiuzai extend the distribution of Apobaetis within Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo States, Brazil. Furthermore, it is reported for the first time cases of gynandromorphs for Apobaetis., (© 2024. Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil.)

Deep learning techniques have recently found application in biodiversity research. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera) and caddisflies (Trichoptera), often abbreviated as EPT, are frequently used for freshwater biomonitoring due to their large numbers and sensitivity to environmental changes. However, the morphological identification of EPT species is a challenging but fundamental task. Morphological identification of these freshwater insects is therefore not only extremely time-consuming and costly, but also often leads to misjudgments or generates datasets with low taxonomic resolution. Here, we investigated the application of deep learning to increase the efficiency and taxonomic resolution of biomonitoring programs. Our database contains 90 EPT taxa (genus or species level), with the number of images per category ranging from 21 to 300 (16,650 in total). Upon completion of training, a CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) model was created, capable of automatically classifying these taxa into their appropriate taxonomic categories with an accuracy of 98.7 %. Our model achieved a perfect classification rate of 100 % for 68 of the taxa in our dataset. We achieved noteworthy classification accuracy with morphologically closely related taxa within the training data (e.g., species of the genus Baetis, Hydropsyche, Perla). Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) visualized the morphological features responsible for the classification of the treated species in the CNN models. Within Ephemeroptera, the head was the most important feature, while the thorax and abdomen were equally important for the classification of Plecoptera taxa. For the order Trichoptera, the head and thorax were almost equally important. Our database is recognized as the most extensive aquatic insect database, notably distinguished by its wealth of included categories (taxa). Our approach can help solve long-standing challenges in biodiversity research and address pressing issues in monitoring programs by saving time in sample identification., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Djuradj Milosevic reports financial support was provided by Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The genus Languidipes is currently represented by three species distributed in southeastern Asia, India, and Sri Lanka. Languidipes corporaali is the most widely distributed species, and both, male and female imagos, as well as nymphs, are known. In contrast, the other species, L. taprobanes and L. lithophagus , are only known from nymphs. Here, we describe a new species, Languidipes janae sp nov, based on male imagos collected from Borneo, Indonesia. This new species is characterized by the presence of ommation on mesonotum, and penis almost completely divided, with sub-quadrate base and a small outer projection basal to the long and slender distal arms. This constitutes the first record of the genus for Borneo. A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Asthenopodinae supports its taxonomic status., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2024 Hankel and Molineri.)

Megaglena sivarubani sp. nov. is described based on the nymphs from the Puliyuthu falls of Tamil Nadu, Southern India. The number of species of Megaglena Peters Edmunds is now expanded to three and it is the first record of the genus from the Tamil Nadu part of Southern Western Ghats. Megaglena sivarubani sp. nov. can be distinguished from Indian species M. agasthiya Vasanth, Subramanian Selvakumar by the body size of the nymphs, shape of the labial palp segment III, and by the setation of foretibia. The morphological variations between all the known species of Megaglena are discussed and summarized.

Three new species of Thraulodes Ulmer (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Brazilian Amazonia are described: Thraulodes yara n. sp., Thraulodes yaciara n. sp. and Thraulodes ykamiaba n. sp., all based on imagoes. All three new species can be easily recognized by general color pattern and genitalia morphology. Thraulodes alboniger Kluge, 2020, known only from Peru, is recorded in Brazil. A remarkable gynandromorph case is presented for T. yara n. sp.

Dudgeodes sartorii sp. nov. is described based on nymphs from the Megamalai hills of Western Ghats, Southern India. The nymph of Dudgeodes sartorii sp. nov. can be distinguished from other Indian species of Dudgeodes by i) prothorax with two rounded tubercles; (ii) outer margin of mesothorax with simple setae; (iii) distinct maculae in the distal region of femora; (iv) transverse row of setae on fore femora narrower with blunt apex and (v) dark brownish band on the 5th segment of cerci.

The genus Ephoron Williamson, 1802 is widely distributed around the world. In Thailand, only Ephoron indicus Pictet, 1843 was reported in 1961. In this study, a new Ephoron mayfly is described as Ephoron ookaewae sp. nov. In this new species description, the morphological characteristics of larvae and eggs in addition to adults are also shown in detail. Number of tubercles on mandibular tusks, and a median frontal process in larvae, distinguish Ephoron ookaewae sp. nov. from other Ephoron species. Their polar cap shape and a concave indentation in their eggs are also unusual. In addition, the mitochondrial DNA COI sequence data of the newly described Ephoron ookaewae sp. nov. is registered in GenBank. Registration of sequence data for the DNA barcode region of Ephoron mayflies inhabiting the Oriental region remains limited, however it will be useful for future research.

A new mayfly species Caenis maduraiensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from nymph and adults collected from lentic habitat around Madurai. The nymph can be distinguished by the following characters: anterior margin of labrum with row of bipectinate setae longer laterally and a group of highly fringed setae behind emargination; and hind claw long, slender and hooked with row of denticles. Adults are characterized by prosternal triangle with slightly concave sides, tip acutely pointed; apical part of forceps abruptly narrowed to the tip, with a long apical spine, and few trichomes on surface.

A new species, Baetis majus Tiunova sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on larvae and reared adults discovered in the Russian Far East. The differential identification of this species was determined by the characteristics of other representatives of the genus Baetis Leach, including subgenera Baetis Leach and Tenuibaetis Kang Yang from Eastern and Western Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental regions. In addition to morphological studies, DNA barcoding of the described species with average intraspecific K2P distances to nearest neighbours is documented. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of all available cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of the subgenera of Baetis and Tenuibaetis from four regions. Bayesian analysis using 47 morphological characters additional to partial COI sequences did not allow to determine the species-group of the Baetis genus to which the described species belongs.

Miroculis is one of the most diversified Neotropical genera of Leptophlebiidae in South America with 26 species currently known. In this work we describe a new species of Miroculis based on imagos from Amazonas, and the unknown nymphs of Miroculis (Miroculis) caparaoensis and Miroculis (Ommaethus) misionensis, both associated with imagos. In addition, Miroculis (Ommaethus) misionensis is recorded for the first time from Brazil.

The Crato Formation (Araripe Basin) preserves one of the most diverse entomofaunas of the Cretaceous. Among the groups of insects, mayflies stand out in abundance, but among them oligoneuriids are especially rare. A newly discovered adult oligoneuriid from this unit is here described as Incogemina nubila gen. et sp. nov. and new subfamily Incogemininae. A phylogenetic analysis recovered the new taxon as the sister group to the species-rich and cosmopolitan Oligoneuriinae. The paratype of Colocrus indivicum, described as an "oligoneuriid" from the same unit, is here reviewed and considered as belonging to the family Hexagenitidae. The biogeographical and taxonomic implications of this discovery and the phylogenetic position of Incogemina nubila are discussed. Incogemina bridge an important morphological gap between the Oligoneuriinae and the extant Chromarcys. Also, it demonstrates that the divergence between Oligoneuriinae and Incogemininae probably occurred in South America., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The genus Cymbalcloeon gen. nov. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) is established for a new species Cymbalcloeon sartorii sp. nov. from Thailand, based on larval stage. This genus is unique among all of the Baetidae by the presence of three pairs of single gills on segments V-VII, ventrally oriented to cover the sterna VI-IX. Cymbalcloeon sartorii gen. nov. et sp. nov. presents unique or rare morphological characters such as a deeply concave margin between the prostheca and mola, without setae; a very large subtriangular process of the left mandible; a maxillary palp segment II with scarce and very long setae; almost completely fused labial palp segments II and III with numerous very long setae; elongate tarsal claw with two rows of teeth; a shagreen surface of the terga and paraproct; and a very reduced body size. The gills of the new genus move very quickly during respiration and present a near-synchronous protraction. Due to the very derived larval morphological character and the unknown imaginal stage, the exact phylogenetic position of the genus remains unclear; it most certainly belongs to the concept of Anteropatellata and is possibly closely related to the genus Baetopus., Competing Interests: NO-The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Insects were the first animals to take to the skies, and have been flying for over 320 million years. The order Ephemeroptera is, or at least is part of, the most early-diverging lineage of extant winged insects. The extant species present a very short adult life span, mainly dedicated to reproduction and dispersal of eggs. Mating and egg-laying behavior depend on flight. Wings are structures to fly and as such face a number of physical and physiological challenges. The convex curvature along the anterior-posterior axis of the wing generates a camber that must be carefully regulated. One of the most interesting ways of wing bending is provided by the bullae, which have been defined as short sections of flexible chitin, where the flexion lines cross veins. Although the bullae have been frequently used as taxonomic characters, there is no study focused on their morphology, although their prevalence on the wings of mayflies strongly suggests a role in flight. In order to identify evolutionary trends of these structures within Ephemeroptera, we constructed a matrix with comparative anatomy data of the bullae from whole mounts of the wings of 300 specimens belonging to 70 species of several mayfly families, as well as scanning microscopy samples of selected specimens. We also surveyed the number of bullae and their distribution in the wings of the different species within the South American Leptophlebiidae clade. We optimized the characters onto the latest published phylogeny for Leptophlebiidae., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Little is known about how design and testing methodologies affect the macroinvertebrate communities that are held captive in mesocosms. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a 32-d test to determine how seeded invertebrate communities changed once removed from the natural stream and introduced to the laboratory. We evaluated larvae survival and adult emergence in controls from 4 subsequent studies, as well as corresponding within-river community changes. The experimental streams maintained about 80% of the invertebrates that originally colonized the introduced substrates. Many macroinvertebrate populations experienced changes in numbers through time, suggesting that these taxa are unlikely to maintain static populations throughout studies. For example, some taxa (Tanytarsini, Simuliidae, Cinygmula sp.) increased in number, grew (Simuliidae), and possibly recruited new individuals (Baetidae) as larvae, while several also completed other life history events (pupation and emergence) during the 30- to 32-d studies. Midges and mayflies dominated emergence, further supporting the idea that conditions are conducive for many taxa to complete their life cycles while held captive in the experimental streams. However, plecopterans were sensitive to temperature changes >2 °C between river and laboratory. Thus, this experimental stream testing approach can support diverse larval macroinvertebrate communities for durations consistent with some chronic criterion development and life cycle assessments (i.e., 30 d). The changes in communities held captive in the experimental streams were mostly consistent with the parallel changes observed from in situ river samples, indicating that mesocosm results are reasonably representative of real river insect communities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2820-2834. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America., (Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.)

The objective of the present study was to compare cleaning methods for delicate insect specimens for investigations with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As typical specimens we used aquatic larvae of mosquitoes, springtails, larvae of mayflies and caterpillars because they are very fragile and large parts of their body consist of soft tissue. Additionally their cuticle is very often covered with dirt, soil particles or other materials. Cleaning with ultrasonic sound, as the most common cleaning method used for SEM, will destroy fragile insects. Therefore we tested different procedures to remove the dirt particles. In a first approach we compared cleaning with Potassium hydroxide (KOH), Proteinase K, and Triton X in aquatic larvae of flies, which were available in numbers and kept under the same conditions. As our results showed that the treatment with KOH gives the best results we treated in a second approach springtails, larvae of mayflies and caterpillars only with KOH. The springtails and caterpillars were largely free of particles after treatment with KOH; however, the larvae of mayflies were still covered with remnants of diatoms and precipitates of calcium carbonate of the algae. KOH dissolves organic impurities, on the other hand silicon dioxide and lime crusts are not solved. With this limitation, treatment with KOH is a simple technique for routine use as cleaning method for fragile insect specimens for SEM., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

For parasites with complex life cycles, the ecological traits determining host competence and seasonal changes in infection in natural habitats are often unclear, making it difficult to predict infection dynamics, including disease outbreaks. Hairworms (phylum Nematomorpha) require both aquatic and terrestrial hosts to complete their life cycle. Although hairworm host competencies have been tested in laboratory experiments, knowledge of the paratenic hosts (aquatic insect larvae) in their natural habitats is limited. This study clarified the species of aquatic insect larvae that are primarily infected by hairworms as paratenic hosts over a year in a mountain stream in central Honshu, Japan. The monthly prevalence and mean abundance of hairworm cysts were high in Ephemera japonica larvae (Ephemeridae: Ephemeroptera) throughout the study period (20.0-88.9 and 0.2-36.8%, respectively). These high prevalence and abundance values may be attributable to their filter-feeding behavior as well as their depositional habitat use. The hairworms also infected leptophlebiids (Ephemeroptera; scrapers), the perlid Calineulia sp., the chloroperlid Haploperla japonica (Plecoptera; predators), and chironomids (Diptera; filter-feeders or predators). The abundance of the cysts tended to be high in aquatic insects inhabiting pools rather than riffles, and the seasonality reflects the reproductive season of the hairworms as well as the phenology of their paratenic hosts. Filter-feeding ephemeropterans inhabiting pools were the major paratenic host of the hairworms in our study site, although their universality and effectiveness as the transporter to definitive hosts remain unclear.

A new genus and new species of Atalophlebiinae, Klugephlebia kodai Selvakumar, Subramanian & Sivaramakrishnan, are described based on male and female imagos and larvae from Palni hills of the southern Western Ghats of India. The imago of Klugephlebia gen. n. can be differentiated from all other genera of Atalophlebiinae by having the combination of vein MP forked slightly less than half of the distance from base to margin, MP2 attached at base to vein MP1 by a crossvein, a distinctive shape of the hindwing, dissimilar claws on each leg, and distinctive genitalia structures. The larva can be distinguished from other Atalophlebiinae larvae by having the combination of gills present on abdominal segments 1-7, dorsal and ventral portions of lamellae of gills 1 slender and lanceolate with branched tracheae, dorsal and ventral portions of lamellae of gills 2-7 wider & lanceolate and long & suddenly tapering at apex, fore and mid femora with regular rows of long thin setae on outer margins, denticles on claws progressively larger apically, a distinctive labrum, the maxillary palp short with long setae on third segment, and the third segment of the labial palp with distinct setation. The larvae cling to the underside of boulders in the middle of streams where the boulders lie amidst sand and silt. Updated keys to the genera of south Indian Leptophlebiidae are provided.

The nymphs of a new species of Eatonigenia have more modified labrum and smaller foreclaws than congeners, and the males have a more reddish-brown colored body, cerci, genitalia and more sclerotized projections of gonopores. These characters indicate a new species which is named E. zhangi sp. nov. The nymphs live in fine sandy/muddy substrates of large rivers.

Polyplocia nebulosa sp. nov. is described based on male and female imagos from Malaysia, Sabah State. Nymphs provisionally assigned to this species are also described. This species can be readily separated from P. vitalisi by the color pattern of the wings, with light brown longitudinal veins, narrow dark brown clouds on cross veins and margins of wings tinged with brown. The male genitalia are distinct from those of other species of Polyplocia: penes are broad, T-shaped, with large lateral projecting lobes, which are apically rounded, and with a small dorsolateral spine on each lobe; the styliger plate is short and not projected posteriorly. Eggs of the genus are described for the first time using scanning electron microscopy. Eggs are 265-267 µm in length, 170-186 µm in width, barrel-shaped, without polar caps or other attachment structures, with one visible micropyle and with chorion forming an irregular mesh with raised ridges (mesh between 3.8-8 µm). A key to male adults of Polyplocia is provided and additional records of Polyplocia from Thailand are given.

A new species of Prosopistoma (Ephemeroptera: Prosopistomatidae) is described on the basis of mature nymphs from Coorg, Karnataka, South India. Prosopistoma coorgum, new species can be readily distinguished from the other members of Prosopistoma by the following combination of characters: inner margin of outer canine near apex with 2-3 short spines, the length ratio of maxillary palp segments (3.3:4.8:1), ventral margin of fore tibia with 6-8 pectinate setae, and gill II leaf-like and cleft.

Two new species of Ulmeritoides Traver, 1959 from Northern Brazil are described based on male imagos. Ulmeritoides aurantifrons sp. nov. differs from all other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: mesonotum with a yellow spot in the apical and medial portions of the mesoscutal suture and a yellowish spot between the apex of the medioscutum and the posterior scutal protuberances, scutellum dark brown with base and apex yellow; forewing hyaline with two cross veins basal to bulla; penis lobes with a ventral groove, apically rounded. Ulmeritoides mirr sp. nov. differs from all other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: mesonotum with mesoscutal suture yellow; apex of the posterior scutal protuberance with a yellow transversal line; forewing hyaline, costal and subcostal areas tinged with light brown; penis lobes with a ventral groove, apically rounded.

Caenis Stephens, 1835 is a relatively diverse South American genus of Caenidae (Ephemeroptera), with 22 recorded species, but much of its diversity remains poorly explored in this region. In the present study, two new species of Caenis with apically pointed forceps are described: Caenis amacayacu sp. nov., based on male adults from Colombia; and C. elidioi sp. nov, based on all life stages from several localities in Brazil.

A newly discovered representative of Leptophlebiidae is described and illustrated from Thailand as Sangpradubina thailandica, gen. nov. and sp. nov., based on larvae and reared adults. This new species presents an interesting transitional position, being close to Choroterpes s.l. in the winged stages, but closer to Thraulus s.l. in the nymphal stage.   Nymphs are differentiated from those of all genera of the Thraulus lineage by the combination of gill I consisting of only a single and slender lamella, gills II-VII being fimbriate only in the distal half, each mandible having a tuft of setae only in the middle of the lateral margin, each maxilla having a well-developed anterolateral projection, fore- and middle femora each having a row of long setae on the outer margin, as well as tarsal claws having 4 denticles at the base and 9 in the apical position. Adults of the new genus barely differ from any genera of the Choroterpes lineage. The egg chorionic structure of Sangpradubina also appears to be unusual in that KCT's are concentrated on one pole.

A new tribe Labiobaetini tribus n. is established for a plesiomorphon Labiobaetis Novikova & Kluge 1987 and a holophyletic taxon Pseudopannota Waltz & McCafferty 1987. New synonymy Pseudopannota Waltz & McCafferty 1987 = Ophelmatostoma Waltz & McCafferty 1987, syn. n. is proposed. A new species Pseudopannota pannota sp. n. closely related to P. berthrandi (Demoulin 1967) is described from Zambia based on imagoes of both sexes reared from larvae. Pseudopannota camerunense (Ulmer 1920) comb. n. is redescribed from Zambia based on imagoes of both sexes reared from larvae. A new species Pseudopannota fusca sp. n. is described from Uganda based on larvae and subimagoes of both sexes extracted from mature larvae. Pseudopannota maculosa (Crass 1947) is reported from Zambia based on larvae. Labiobaetis tenuicrinitus (Kopelke 1980) comb. n. (= Baetis spatulatus Gillies 1994 syn. n.) is redescribed from Uganda based on imagoes of both sexes reared from larvae.

Neoephemera eatoni sp. nov. is described based on nymphs, imagos, and eggs from North Carolina and Virginia, USA. Nymphs of the new species are associated only with hornleaf riverweed (Podostemum ceratophyllum) growing on the surfaces of cobbles and boulders in moderate to swift flows, at a depth of up to one meter. Life stages were associated by laboratory rearing. Nymphs of the new species are distinguished from other Nearctic Neoephemera by the following combination of characters: all legs are short and stout, with overall lengths subequal to each other; tibial and tarsal lengths are subequal on all legs; tarsal claws are sharply curved; anterolateral projections on the pronotum and mesonotum are reduced; and anterosubmedian tubercles are absent from the pronotum. Male and female imagos exhibit unique abdominal maculations; the anterior protuberance of the mesonotum is obovate; and distinct leg banding patterns are absent. Male imagos have the fore tibia at least 2× the length of mid and hind tibiae, and female imagos have all legs subequal in length. Our new species may be most closely related to N. youngi based on imagos of the two species each having a small spine posteromedially on abdominal tergum II and having annulated terminal filaments. An updated key to North American species is provided.

A new species of the genus Dudgeodes Sartori, 2008 is described from Thailand. It is the first representative of the genus reported from this country. The species is described based on mature nymphs. Dudgeodes romani sp. nov. differs from other species of the genus by the length of antennae; coloration of male eyes; shape of abdominal median tubercles; features of the tarsal claws, forefemora, gills and segments of the labial palps, and by chaetotaxy.

Background: Many species contain evolutionarily distinct groups that are genetically highly differentiated but morphologically difficult to distinguish (i.e., cryptic species). The presence of cryptic species poses significant challenges for the accurate assessment of biodiversity and, if unrecognized, may lead to erroneous inferences in many fields of biological research and conservation., Results: We tested for cryptic genetic variation within the broadly distributed alpine mayfly Baetis alpinus across several major European drainages in the central Alps. Bayesian clustering and multivariate analyses of nuclear microsatellite loci, combined with phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA, were used to assess population genetic structure and diversity. We identified two genetically highly differentiated lineages (A and B) that had no obvious differences in regional distribution patterns, and occurred in local sympatry. Furthermore, the two lineages differed in relative abundance, overall levels of genetic diversity as well as patterns of population structure: lineage A was abundant, widely distributed and had a higher level of genetic variation, whereas lineage B was less abundant, more prevalent in spring-fed tributaries than glacier-fed streams and restricted to high elevations. Subsequent morphological analyses revealed that traits previously acknowledged as intraspecific variation of B. alpinus in fact segregated these two lineages., Conclusions: Taken together, our findings indicate that even common and apparently ecologically well-studied species may consist of reproductively isolated units, with distinct evolutionary histories and likely different ecology and evolutionary potential. These findings emphasize the need to investigate hidden diversity even in well-known species to allow for appropriate assessment of biological diversity and conservation measures.

In this contribution, we provide a complementary description of the re-discovered lectotype of Siphloplecton macrops (Pictet-Baraban & Hagen, 1856). Additionally, complementary descriptions of S. barabani Staniczek & Godunko, 2012 and S. picteti Staniczek & Godunko, 2012 based on new material are given. Two new species, S. sartorii sp. nov. and S. gattolliati sp. nov., are described from male imagines and attributed to two newly defined species groups within Siphloplecton.

The taxon Paraleptophlebia Lestage 1917 is accepted here in generic rank, so rank of Neoleptophlebia Kluge 1997 is also raised from subgenus to genus, and the following new combinations are proposed: Neoleptophlebia adoptiva (McDunnough 1929) comb. n., N. assimilis (Banks 1914) comb. n., N. erratica (Kang & Yang 1994) comb. n., N. heteronea (McDunnough 1924) comb. n., N. japonica (Matsumura 1931) comb. n. (= Paraleptophlebia chocolata Imanishi 1937), N. mollis (Eaton 1871) comb. n., N. memorialis (Eaton 1884) comb. n., N. spina (Kang & Yang 1994) comb. n., N. swannanoa (Traver 1932) comb. n., N. temporalis (McDunnough 1926) comb. n., N. vladivostokica (Kluge 1982) comb. n. Larvae, male and female imagoes and eggs of Paraleptophlebia falcula Traver 1934 are described based on reared specimens from Siberia and Russian Far East; larvae and eggs are described for the first time. Characters of this species agree with diagnosis of Paraleptophlebia in the restricted sense; comparison of larva of P. falcula with other known larvae of Paraleptophlebia is given. Formerly this species was known as imagoes from limited area in Western Nearctic. According to the new data, it is widely distributed in northern part of Amphipacific Sector of Holarctic, and its area includes Polar Urals (Komi Republic), Siberia (Transbaikal Kray, Sakha Yakutia and Amurskaya Oblast' of Russia) and west of North America (Oregon, Idaho and Washington states of USA).

We present taxonomic contributions and new records for Neotropical Brachycercinae based on material from Brazil. We performed a phylogenetic analysis in order to test the relationship between Alloretochus Sun & McCafferty, 2008 and Latineosus Sun & Mc- Cafferty, 2008, and Alloretochus sigillatus was recovered in the Latineosus clade. Therefore, we propose a new combination, Latineosus sigillatus comb. n. The nymph of Latineosus sigillatus is described and is associated with imago through molecular tools. Moreover, Alloretochus peruanicus (Soldán, 1986) is reported for the first time from Brazil.

Two new species of Bungona, belonging to the subgenera Chopralla Waltz & McCafferty, 1987 and Centroptella Braasch & Soldán, 1980, are described based on larvae from Kalimantan (Borneo, Indonesia). Bungona (Centroptella) papilionodes n. sp. is the third species described for the subgenus. It can be distinguished from Bungona (Centroptella) longisetosa (Braasch & Soldán, 1980) and Bungona (Centroptella) soldani (Müller-Liebenau, 1983) by the length of the maxillary palp, the presence or absence of an additional small denticle on the lateral margin of the distal incisor, and the spination of the paraproct. This new report of the subgenus greatly increases its geographic range of distribution, as it was known only from Sri-Lanka and China. Bungona (Chopralla) bintang n. sp. is the seventh species described for the subgenus Chopralla and the second described from Borneo. It differs from others species of the subgenus and especially from Bungona (Chopralla) pusilla (Müller-Liebenau, 1984) (Borneo) by the combination of lacking hindwing pads, the particular spination of distal margins of tergites, and the shape of the maxillary palp. The two new species fit into the recently revised concepts of Chopralla and Centroptella and confirm the characters used to support these taxa as valid subgenera.

Two new species of Ulmeritoides Traver, 1959 are described from Southeastern Brazil based on male and female imagos. Ulmeritoides angelus sp. nov. (Holotype male deposited in DZRJ: Minas Gerais State) differs from all other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: forewings hyaline, base dark brown and purplish; veins R1 light brown; dark brown spots on bullae of veins Sc and R2; apex of penis lobes somewhat rounded, each with one central spine. Ulmeritoides tamoio sp. nov. (Holotype male deposited in DZRJ: São Paulo State) differs from all other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: wings hyaline; veins C, Sc and R1 brownish; brownish spots on bullae of veins Sc and R2; apex of penis lobes straight, ending in rather acute apical and mesal projections. An updated key to the genera Ulmeritoides Traver, 1956 and Ulmeritus Traver, 1956 is also given.

Hermanella angeli sp. nov. (Holotype male deposited in MZUSP: Itacaré municipality, Cachoeira Bom Sossego, 14°20'05.2"S, 39°01'27.4"W, 31.VII.2012, Mariano, R, Almeida, E & Costa, S. leg.) is described based on imagos and nymphs from the State of Bahia, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished by the following combination of characteristics, in male imagos: (1) costal and subcostal area of forewing brown (Fig. 5b); (2) thorax and abdominal terga predominantly brown (Fig. 2-3); (3) penes divided in apical 1/8 (Fig. 8); (4) penis lobe with ventral, long, curved spine (Fig. 7); (5) prosternum narrow (Fig. 1). In nymphs: (1) tarsal claws with 2-3 accessory denticles (Fig. 19); (2) mandible without setae near basal articulation (Fig. 13a); (3) prostheca of left mandible with spines on inner margin (Fig. 13b); (4) plate-like gills terminated in a finger-like process (Fig. 11).

Revised characteristics of Cheleocloeon Wuillot & Gillies 1993 are given. This taxon occupies a separate position within Anteropatellata. The species described as Cheleocloeon mirandei Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty 1997 and Cheleocloeon sigiense Gillies 2001, as well as the species originally described as Centroptilum falcatum Crass 1947, do not belong to Cheleocloeon. Three new species, Ch. clavifolium sp. n., Ch. lancetofolium sp. n. and C. truncifolium sp. n. from Zambia and Uganda are described based on larvae, subimagoes, imagoes of both sexes and eggs associated by rearing. Additional characteristics of Ch. yolandae Wuillot 1993, Ch. carinatum Wuillot 1993 and Ch. soldani Gattolliat & Sartori 2008 are given based on new material. Some species of Cheleocloeon without formal names are reported from Zambia and Uganda.

We consider the genus Janohyphella Selvakumar, Sivaramakrishnan & Jacobus, 2014 (Ephemeroptera:Teloganodidae) to be a new junior synonym of Teloganella Ulmer, 1939 [=Janohyphella, syn. n.] based on comparative examination of new and previously studied materials from Malaysia and India. Thus, we propose the following new combination, Teloganella indica, comb. n., and provide new or modified diagnoses for this species, T. umbrata Ulmer, 1939 and the genus Teloganella Ulmer, 1939.

The genus Parakari was described from Guiana Highlands in southeastern Venezuela by Nieto & Derka in 2011 for two species inhabiting streams draining isolated, flat-topped table mountains called tepuis. A description of a third representative, Parakari roraimensis sp. n., is given here based on material collected from a coldwater stream at the foothills of Roraima-tepui (SE Venezuela). Detailed morphological descriptions of mature nymph and female adult are given. A differential diagnosis and a key to nymphs of the three Parakari species are provided.

In the present work, based on material from distinct mountain ranges in Brazil, 11 new species of Cloeodes with hind wings or hind wing pads are described, illustrated and discussed. Among the new species, in C. aiuruoca, C. amantykyra, C. atlanticus, C. boldrinii and C. ioachimi, the apex of the fore femora in the nymphs is extremely projected (a characteristic previously found only in two species of the genus). Cloeodes guara and C. tracheatus share the presence of unusual large and dark gills. Cloeodes melanotarsus is readily distinguished by conspicuous blackish tarsi, C. lucifer by the bright yellow coloration of tergum I, and C. xyrognathos by blade-like incisors. Cloeodes magnus, besides being the largest species of the genus, with a body size reaching 12 mm, possess short maxillary palp. Comments on the presence of C. irvingi and C. opacus in Brazil are also provided. An interactive online key is provided for the nymphs of all the species of Cloeodes in which hind wing pads are present.

In addition to the three so far known species of Prosopistoma Latreille, 1833 from West Palaearctic region, P. pennigerum (Müller, 1785), P. oronti Alouf, 1977 and P. orhanelicum Dalkıran, 2009, two new species are described based on larvae. Prosopistoma helenae sp. n. has been found in Iraq (Tigris River in Mosul) and Prosopistoma alaini sp. n. in Algeria (Oued Isser, Sidi Abdelli). Critical distinguishing characters of all West-Palaearctic species of Prosopistoma are discussed in detail.

Nine Baetiella species, including three new species, are reported from China. Baetiella lanpingensis n. sp. is diagnosed by the 2nd segment of labial palpus without inner-apical lobe, the posteromedian margin of terga I-VI each with a single protuberance, posterior margin of sterna V-IX each with a row of continuous long spatulate setae and median caudal filament with only one segment. Baetiella sexta n. sp. is characterized by the 2nd segment of labial palpus bearing an inner-apical lobe, the posteromedian margins of terga I-VI each with a single protuberance, posterior margins of sterna I-VII smooth and median caudal filament with 3-5 segments. Baetiella spathae n. sp. is distinguished from its congeners by the terminal segment of labial palpus asymmetric coniform, the posteromedian margin of terga I-IX each with a single protuberance and posterior margin of sterna V-IX each with a row of long spatulate setae. Additionally, B. macani (Müller-Liebenau, 1985) is removed from the synonymy with B. bispinosa (Gose, 1980) and considered as a valid species. B. marginata Braasch, 1983 is recorded for the first time from China. A key to fourteen species of Baetiella known from mature nymphal stages in the world is provided.

Three new species of the genus Oligoneuriella Ulmer, 1924 from Turkey are described, namely Oligoneuriella magna sp. nov., Oligoneuriella paulopilosa sp. nov. and Oligoneuriella pectinata sp. nov. Differential diagnostic characters are given with regard to the previously known Oligoneuriella species. Data on the affinities, biology, and distribution of the new species are also provided. New morphological characters (setation of mouthparts and gill plates) potentially useful for the taxonomy of the genus are introduced.

Oligoneuria (Yawari) anatina sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on nymphs and imagoes collected in the municipality of Serra do Navio, state of Amapá, Brazil. The main characteristics that can be used to distinguish the new species from other species of the genus are, in imagoes: 1) forewing with spectral cross veins between IRS and MP2 (male) or between IRS and IMP (female), 2) posterior margin of styliger plate distally rounded and with paired rounded projections; in nymphs: 1) vertex of head with two pairs of tubercles, 2) lateral margin of anterior projection of head straight. Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences were used to associate male imago and immature stages of the new species.

The objectives of this study were to describe a new species of Tricorythopsis based on adults, and to report for the first time the following species and genera in Amapá state, Brazil: Amanahyphes saguassu Salles & Molineri, Macunahyphes australis (Banks), Macunahyphes pemonensis Molineri, Grillet, Nieto, Dominguez & Guerrero, Tricorythodes yapekuna Belmont, Salles & Hamada, Tricorythopsis faeculopsis Belmont, Salles & Hamada, Tricorythopsis pseudogibbus Dias & Salles, Tricorythopsis rondoniensis (Dias, Cruz & Ferreira), Tricorythopsis yucupe Dias, Salles & Ferreira (Leptohyphidae), Coryphorus aquilus Peters (Coryphoridae) and Brasilocaenis (Caenidae). Macunahyphes pemonensis is recorded for the first time in Brazil. Tricorythopsis yusuaia sp. nov., can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characteristics: abdomen with black and reddish marks, a strongly sclerotized spine present on the base of the median filament, and the base and lateral margins of penes being sclerotized.

A new species of Macunahyphes Dias, Salles & Molineri (Leptohyphidae) is described based on male imagos collected in the Michelin Ecological Reserve, Igrapiúna, Bahia state, Brazil, located in a preserved area of Atlantic Forest. The male of the new species can be distinguished from all congeners by the shape of the penes, which have a pair of unusual spines, and are elongated with lateral hook-shaped projections distributed from the base to the middle region. This new species represents the first record for the genus from Bahia State.

Three new species of Terpides s.str. from Peru are described as larvae, reared subimagoes and imagoes of both sexes, and eggs extracted from female imagoes: T. ornatodermis sp. n., T. echinovaris sp. n. and T. contamanensis sp. n. Besides hitherto known characters, Terpides s.str. is characterized by unusual structure of eggs and differs from Fittkaulus and Tikuna by arrangement of microtrichia and microlepides on subimaginal legs. Tergalii and eggs of Tikuna bilineata (Needham & Murphy 1924) and eggs of Fittkaulus amazonicus (Kluge 2009) are described for the first time. Comments about structure, phylogenetic position and classification of Terpidinae are given.

Among mountain species of Heptageniidae from Central Asia, six species belonging to the taxa Cinygmula McDunnough 1933, Himalogena Kluge 2004 and Caucasiron Kluge 1997 have all claws of the winged stages (subimago and imago) pointed. In this area Cinygmula is represented by two species: C. hutchinsoni (Traver 1939) (with pointed claws) and C. joosti Braasch 1977 (with the more typical ephemeropteroid claws); for both species all stages of both sexes associated by rearing are redescribed. The Central Asian mountain taxon Himalogena includes seven species: Rhithrogena (Himalogena) tianshanica Brodsky 1930, Rh. (H.) pamirica sp. n., Rh. (H.) carnivora sp. n., Rh. (H.) semicarnivora sp. n., Rh. (H.) stackelbergi Sinitshenkova 1973, Rh. (H.) gunti sp. n. and Rh. (H.) nepalensis Braasch 1984; for five of them, all stages of both sexes associated by rearing are redescribed; Rh. (H.) semicarnivora is known as male imagoes reared from larvae; Rh. (H.) nepalensis formerly known only as larvae, is redescribed based on an anomalous female imago (with gynandromorphism caused by helminth in abdomen) reared from the larval stage. Among these species, Rh. (H.) tianshanica, Rh. (H.) pamirica, Rh. (H.) carnivora and Rh. (H.) semicarnivora have mandibles and the labrum modified for carnivorism, while the other three species have the usual Rhithrogena mouth apparatus. Imagoes and subimagoes of Rh. (H.) pamirica, Rh. (H.) carnivora, Rh. (H.) gunti and Rh. (H.) nepalensis, have both claws of each leg pointed, while the other species have ephemeropteroid claws. Corrections to the description of Rh. minima Sinitshenkova 1973 claw denticulation and to original figure references are given. The taxon Ironopsis/g1 is represented by two species in the Central Asian mountains: Epeorus (Caucasiron) guttatus (Braasch & Soldán 1979) (with pointed claws) and Epeorus (Ironopsis) rheophilus (Brodsky 1930) (with ephemeropteroid claws); for both species all stages of both sexes associated by rearing are redescribed. The character distribution patterns of pointed and ephemeropteroid claws within mayfly phylogeny leads one to assume that both types of claws repeatedly change back and forth within Ephemeroptera. However, within Heptageniidae, those species whose winged stages have pointed claws have overlapping ranges of distribution limited to high mountain systems of Central Asia; their larvae inhabit the same biotopes (stones in rapid streams), have the same habitat and can come into contact with one another when they aggregate on a stone. These observations allow for a hypothesis that explains the repeated change to pointed claws from ephemeropteroid claws among various Heptageniidae species via horizontal transfer of some hereditary factor during the evolutionary history of each of those species with the peculiar claw morphology.

The new species Gilliesia ratchaburiensis sp. nov. is described based on male and female imagos (some of them reared from nymphal stages), nymphs and eggs collected in western Thailand. The nymph of Gilliesia, which is described for the first time, has bifid gills, a dense patch of setae on the ventral side of the glossae, no posterolateral spines on abdominal segment VIII, maxillary palpi 3-segmented and very reduced maxillary canines. Compared to congeners, the male imagos of the new species have penis lobes more straight and with the apical portion bent laterally but not ventrally, and female abdominal sternum 9 with a U-shaped, deep, median cleft. Phylogenetically, Gilliesia seems to be more similar to Dipterophlebiodes than to Habrophlebiodes and other Leptophlebiinae. The present finding in Thailand expands the distribution of Gilliesia in tropical Southeast Asia.

As part of ongoing exploration of the mayflies of hill streams of southern Western Ghats, we describe two new species: Nigrobaetis paramakalyani Kubendran & Balasubramanian n. sp. and Labiobaetis jacobusi Kubendran & Balasubramanian n. sp. The genus Nigrobaetis is reported for the first time from India. Tenuibaetis frequentus (Müller-Liebenau & Hubbard 1985) n. comb. was also collected in this area and we provide the first description of this species at the imaginal stage. Brief ecological notes of the three species are added.