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Resilience-based decision-making for urban water distribution systems (WDSs) is a challenge when WDS sensing data contain incomplete or missing values. This study investigated the impact of missing data imputation on a WDS resilience evaluation depending on missing data percentages. Incomplete datasets for the nodal pressure of the C-town WDS were developed with 10%, 30%, and 50% missing data percentages by manipulating a true dataset for normal operation conditions produced using EPANET. This study employed multiple imputation methods including classification and regression trees, predictive mean matching, linear regression regarding model error, and linear regression using projected values. Then, resilience values were evaluated and compared using unimputed and imputed datasets. An analysis of performance indicators based on NRMSE, NMAE, NR-Square, and N-PBIAS revealed that higher missing-data percentages led to increased deviation between the true and imputed datasets. The resilience evaluation using unimputed datasets produced significant deviations from the true resilience values, which tended to increase as the missing data percentages increased. However, the imputed datasets substantially contributed to reducing the deviations. These findings underscore the contributions of data imputation to enhancing resilience evaluation in WDS decision-making and suggest insights into advancing a resilience evaluation framework for urban WDSs with more reliable data imputation approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EPANET is a simulation software program developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) used to model water distribution systems. It is used by engineers and hydraulics specialists to design and analysis networks of pipes, tanks, pumps, valves and other components of water distribution systems. EPANET can simulate the distribution of water flow and pressures in each network component. The program performs a detailed hydraulic analysis, calculating water flows, pressures and storage levels in the network, and can simulate the dynamic behaviour of the network over time, allowing users to see how conditions vary based on changes in water demand or other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the water age in a drinking water distribution network (DWDN) using tracers and EPANET. The results indicate that all DWDN have residence times within the “short” time. established by the EPA and does not represent quality problems. These two techniques provided similar estimates of water age with small differences at points close to the treatment plant. This difference may be due to the fact that tracers can be retained in pipes, which overestimates the age of the water; meanwhile, EPANET could underestimate residence times due to the calibration or simplified representation of the network.

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of switching disinfectants from sodium hypochlorite bleach to chlorine dioxide (ClO2) in the water distribution system of Geyikbayiri, Antalya. For this purpose, bulk decay rates of ClO2 at various water temperatures were determined in laboratory studies. The study revealed ClO2 bulk decay rates of 0.12639 day−1, 0.17848 day−1, and 0.19621 day−1 at temperatures 15°C, 20°C, and 30°C, respectively. The EPANET, a widely employed computer program for simulating the extended‐period behavior of hydraulic and water quality in pressurized pipes, was utilized for the analysis of the fate and transport of ClO2. A hydraulic model was first developed, calibrated, and verified using distinct data sets. The Hazen‐Williams friction coefficient of the PSA was determined to be 120 by the trial‐and‐error method with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.408 m. A ClO2 model was then integrated with the calibrated and verified hydraulic model, revealing a wall decay rate of 0.01 m/day and an average MAE of 0.034 mg/l. After calibration and verification of the ClO2 model, several management scenarios were developed, and ClO2 dosing rates were determined. The study showed that ClO2 dosing rates of 0.40 mg/l and 0.45 mg/l should be applied to keep ClO2 concentrations within certain limits. Practitioner Points: Disinfectants must maintain a sufficient residual in water distribution systems.Chlorine dioxide requires less contact time and is not affected by pH fluctuations.Modeling serves as a decision‐making tool for the management of disinfectants.Bulk and wall decay rates of chlorine dioxide are crucial for management strategies.Chlorine dioxide is a good alternative as a disinfectant in such systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La concentración de cloro como desinfectante suministrado a la red de distribución de agua decae con el paso del tiempo debido a su interacción con microorganismos, metales y otras sustancias presentes en el agua. Los programas de computadora, como Epanet, se utilizan para simular el comportamiento hidráulico y la calidad del agua en las redes de distribución; con su ayuda se pueden representar modificaciones físicas y operativas en un modelo numérico para conocer el nuevo comportamiento sin comprometer la calidad del servicio. La calibración del modelo de cloro como desinfectante consiste en tomar como referencia la concentración en varios puntos de la red y ajustar los coeficientes de decaimiento en el modelo hasta lograr que las concentraciones simuladas coincidan con las medidas. En el presente artículo se muestra la automatización de este proceso haciendo uso de la técnica heurística algoritmos genéticos y la Toolkit de EPANET con MATLAB (2016). El proceso de calibración se realiza en un sector de la red de distribución de la ciudad de Guanajuato, obteniendo una correlación de 0.816 con un error promedio absoluto de 0.08 mg/l entre las concentraciones modeladas y medidas; y que como resultado permitirá conocer la concentración del cloro en diversos puntos de la red, asegurándose de brindar un servicio de calidad durante el abastecimiento.

O uso de equações empíricas em redes de distribuição de água gera discrepâncias entre o projeto e a obra. Logo, a calibração dos parâmetros é importante e contribui para melhor manutenção e expansão da rede. Neste trabalho, por meio de um procedimento iterativo, foi desenvolvido um método para calibração do coeficiente de rugosidade C de Hazen-Williams, utilizando o Environmental Protection Agency Network Evaluation Tool (Epanet) como ferramenta para simulação hidráulica, por meio de uma equação que relaciona as vazões da rede calibrada e da rede na qual as pressões mensuradas em campo dos com três valores iniciais de coeficiente C, além de demonstrarem como a escolha dos nós em que serão mensurados os dados impacta a calibração. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, alcançando pressões e coeficientes C próximos ao real na maior parte dos cenários. A calibração é mais eficaz ao se utilizarem número e distribuição de pressões mensuradas adequados.

Os sistemas de abastecimento de água têm como principal finalidade fornecer esse recurso com qualidade e quantidade compatível com a demanda dos consumidores. Este trabalho avalia os sistemas produtores de água que abastecem o Agreste pernambucano, através de modelagem hidráulica. Após a construção e calibração dos modelos, foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade do escoamento em relação ao comportamento do coeficiente C de Hazen-Williams. Além disso, foi verificada a capacidade dos sistemas adutores em operação para atender a futura demanda da cidade de Caruaru (PE). Nesse sentido, constatou-se que o Sistema Adutor Jucazinho não consegue atender a demanda da cidade. O Sistema Adutor Prata é capaz de atender a demanda atual, porém em relação às demandas futuras teria dificuldade em atendê-las. Verificou-se que, caso o Sistema Prata operasse em conjunto com o Sistema Adutor Jucazinho, a combinação seria suficiente para atender a necessidade futura de Caruaru. Por fim, é possível dizer que os modelos produzidos no software correspondem, em grau satisfatório, à realidade encontrada nos sistemas reais

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water distribution is a critical system that involves engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components to provide water supply to a continuously growing population. Ensuring a sufficient and uniform water supply through a well-designed network is essential to meet the increasing water demand. The present study focuses on analyzing the water demand of the public water supply to facilitate effective planning, development, and operation of water supply and distribution networks. The main objective of the study is to analyze the existing water distribution network at Variyav Headwork using the Environmental Protection Agency Network Evaluation Tool (EPANET). To conduct this analysis, various data points are needed, such as the population of the area, water demand, distribution network layout, and water tank information. Additionally, details regarding the length, nodes, and diameter of the pipes are essential for the analysis. These data are input into the EPANET software to perform analyses related to pressure, head loss, and elevation. The results of the analysis provide valuable information on pressure and elevation at different nodes and head loss along various pipes in the network. By comparing the results obtained from the EPANET with actual data, the study aims to achieve an improved water distribution network at Variyav Headwork. Therefore, in the overall conclusion, the modeled result outperforms the actual data in terms of flow and velocity, where the coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.924 and 0.986, and the correlation coefficient (CC) is 0.855 and 0.973, respectively. In contrast, the modeled head loss is significantly different with respect to the actual data output; R² is 0.219, and CC is 0.048. Therefore, we can say that the model satisfactorily simulated the flow and velocity and significantly reduced the head loss to 66.46 %. Hence, the insights gained from the analysis will aid in making informed decisions for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of the water supply system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a dedicated algorithm for the automatic generation of water distribution network (WDN) layouts in EPANET, utilizing exclusively the street layout information contained in CAD files. The methodology involves reading and converting all elements constituting street boundaries into lines, which are then mathematically processed through parametric equations of lines. Subsequently, the central street lines are extracted and extended to generate intersection points. These points are then employed to define the network nodes, and, upon verifying connectivity among them, the pipes are automatically generated. The model's efficacy was evaluated on two distinct street layouts, and for both, the algorithm exhibited satisfactory results, automatically generating 100% of the network layout in EPANET input file. The model demonstrated swift performance for the considered layouts, with an average execution time of only 0.30 s. Furthermore, a comparison was conducted with the results obtained by the model proposed by Costa and Rodrigues (Water Resour Manage 35:1299–1319, 2021), with the performance of the model proposed in this work proving superior in both layout quality and computational time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience-based decision-making for urban water distribution systems (WDSs) is a challenge when WDS sensing data contain incomplete or missing values. This study investigated the impact of missing data imputation on a WDS resilience evaluation depending on missing data percentages. Incomplete datasets for the nodal pressure of the C-town WDS were developed with 10%, 30%, and 50% missing data percentages by manipulating a true dataset for normal operation conditions produced using EPANET. This study employed multiple imputation methods including classification and regression trees, predictive mean matching, linear regression regarding model error, and linear regression using projected values. Then, resilience values were evaluated and compared using unimputed and imputed datasets. An analysis of performance indicators based on NRMSE, NMAE, NR-Square, and N-PBIAS revealed that higher missing-data percentages led to increased deviation between the true and imputed datasets. The resilience evaluation using unimputed datasets produced significant deviations from the true resilience values, which tended to increase as the missing data percentages increased. However, the imputed datasets substantially contributed to reducing the deviations. These findings underscore the contributions of data imputation to enhancing resilience evaluation in WDS decision-making and suggest insights into advancing a resilience evaluation framework for urban WDSs with more reliable data imputation approaches.

Nowadays, due to the expansion of cities as well as the increase in the urban population, the lack of drinking water of good quality is always one of the most important issues for the country's water and sewage authorities, especially the people. Delivering water for consumption is one of the important activities of water transmission lines. In this context, optimizing the route of transmission lines is important. In this research, the plan to transfer water from the balance tank near Khoshab's agricultural and industrial lands and Roza Dam in Madhim City to the cities of Tabas Messina, Asadiyeh, and Gazik, has been obtained as the optimal route in terms of technical and engineering, economic and passive defense, and environment. In this regard, the required information maps, such as topography, land use, rivers and roads, infrastructure, faults, geology, and population centers, were prepared in the form of raster maps in the GIS environment to obtain a cost map. Then, based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), these maps were weighted and integrated, and the cost map was obtained. Finally, from the cost map, five routes were determined as the best routes, and to optimize hydraulically, these routes were entered into the EPANET software. The hydraulic design of the routes was done in this software by linking it with the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm. Two technical and economic objective functions of Pareto curves for these routes were obtained in a MATLAB environment. By analyzing these curves, route 2 out of these 5 routes has a more appropriate drop and cost and has been obtained as the optimal route for this water transfer, and this route has a length of 112 km.

Intermittent water supply (IWS) is one of the effective methods to manage the consumption of urban water networks under water scarcity conditions. However, it is essential to minimize unfair water distribution in this method by defining a proper strategy. This study utilized the EPANET pressure-dependent hydraulic analysis and the gray wolf optimization algorithm to achieve maximum volumetric reliability under different scenarios in a district of the Hamedan urban water distribution network in Iran. The volumetric reliability of the network was evaluated in the IWS condition regardless of justice constraints, with the justice constraint, and by considering the leakage in the IWS network with the justice constraint. The first scenario demonstrated that the reliability decreased by an average of 4.6% for every meter of water level reduction in the tank. The second scenario revealed that the objective function was negligibly affected by the variation of the justice constraint; however, fluctuation of the water level in the tank significantly affected the volumetric reliability. In the third scenario, the objective function value was significantly impacted by leakage, ranging from 0 to 0.3 (representing the absence and presence of leakage in 30% of the nodes, respectively), resulting in an average decrease of about 17%. HIGHLIGHTS A pressure-dependent hydraulic analysis in the intermittent water supply (IWS) under various scenarios.; Volumetric reliability assessment in an IWS network.; Evaluating the justice index in the IWS network.; Investigating the effect of leakage on the performance of the equitable IWS.; Development of simulation-optimization model in IWS.;

In uneven terrain regions, the water tank location plays a significant role in pressure distribution and economical pipe sizes in the water distribution system. This study aimed to determine suitable tank locations by the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). Factors such as elevation, slope, population, land use land cover, and distance to the road are considered for this analysis. Thematic maps are created in ArcGIS and weights are determined using the AHP method. From the weighted overlay analysis, the result shows that 15.59, 52.36, 31.31, and 0.63% of the areas are suitable, moderately suitable, least suitable, and unsuitable, respectively. Since the area has an elevation range of 27–87 m, it is divided into three zones. An unsuitable location falls only under one zone; therefore, the results are tested in EPANET by locating the tanks in suitable and least suitable locations. Locating the tanks in suitable locations reduces the size of pipes economically and maintains the pressure successfully while locating the tanks in the least suitable locations creates a negative pressure and increases the pipe size. This study helps the designers to obtain an effective design of a water distribution network by evaluating suitable tank locations. HIGHLIGHTS Water tank location plays an effective role in reducing the size of pipes.; Effective design of the WDN can be achieved by locating water tanks in suitable locations.; Integration of AHP and GIS to determine the suitable location of a water tank.;

To have an efficient water distribution network, optimal design alternatives need to be identified and analysed using combined hydraulic modelling and optimization. This paper reports on the application of the fast-messy genetic algorithm (fmGA) coupled with hydraulic modelling tool EPANET to assess and select an optimum design and operational alternative for a water distribution pipe network. The sole objective of the optimization modelling was to minimize network costs subject to hydraulic and design constraints. The fmGA was first tested using the benchmark case study of the Hanoi network and then applied to the real network of Maun, Botswana which is considered as the case study. We have compared our results of the fmGA model application with other optimization techniques applied to the Hanoi network. The findings of the test revealed that the fmGA is superior to other popular metaheuristic optimization methods in terms of processing speed with comparable accuracy and pressure constraints fulfilled for all nodes. It also provides the best solution. For the water distribution network of Maun, the best pipeline configuration and route were determined, in which Configuration B is found to be the best and least cost solution to improve the water supply situation in Maun. HIGHLIGHTS A combined hydraulic modelling and optimization modelling has been employed to enable the design of an efficient water distribution network, where optimal design alternatives are identified and analysed.; This paper employs the fast-messy genetic algorithm (fmGA) coupled with the hydraulic modelling tool EPANET to assess and select an optimum design and operational alternative for a water distribution pipe network.;

Water distribution networks are complex systems that aid in the delivery of water to residential and non-residential areas. However, the networks can be affected by different types of faults, which could lead to the wastage of treated water. As such, there is a need to develop a reliable leakage detection and localization system that can detect leak occurrences in the network. This study, using a simulated dataset from EPANET, presents the application of supervised machine learning classifiers for leak detection and localization in the water distribution network of the University of Port Harcourt Choba campus. The study compared three machine learning classification tools that are used in pattern recognition analysis: the support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, and artificial neural network. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approach are compared with those of the performance of the classifiers for leakage detection in the network of the case study. The results show that the support vector machine performs the best, with 79% accuracy, while the respective accuracies for the remaining classifiers are 70% for the k-nearest neighbor and 61% for the artificial neural networks. The high accuracy demonstrated by the models shows that they are able to detect and address issues relating to fault detection in a water distribution network. This model could provide a leakage detection system to be applied to buildings for the efficient management of water in their networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's water infrastructures suffer from inefficiencies, such as high energy consumption and water losses due to inadequate management practices and feeble pressure regulation, leading to frequent water and energy losses. This strains vital water and energy resources, especially in the face of the worsening challenges of climate change and population growth. A novel method is presented that integrates micro-hydropower plants, with pumps as turbines (PATs), in the water network in the city of Funchal. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the microgrid's response to variations in the cost of energy components, showing favorable outcomes with positive net present value (NPV). PV solar and micro-wind turbines installed exclusively at the selected PRV sites within the Funchal hydro grid generate a combined 153 and 55 MWh/year, respectively, supplementing the 406 MWh/year generated by PATs. It should be noted that PATs consistently have the lowest cost of electricity (LCOE), confirming their economic viability and efficiency across different scenarios, even after accounting for reductions in alternative energy sources and grid infrastructure costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure the quantitative and qualitative safety of the drinking water supply to urban and rural areas, drinking water supply network managers are always concerned to improve the quality of the service provided to consumers and the continuity and quality of the water distributed. They are also concerned to ensure better management of all water supply systems. The development of computer software has made network modelling an essential part of the design and management of water supply systems. In this context, this study focuses on the operation of the Ain Regada water supply network. The simulation of the operation of the network in its current state is carried out using Epanet software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the EPANET software is used to parametrize the design, simulate and optimise the overall cost of building and running a reliable, sustainable and efficient communal Water Supply System. Considering a model community of forty houses with an average of six occupants per home, the developed optimization algorithm using the simulated annealing heuristics approach minimizes the total cost of continuous water distribution to the community through a system of pipe network in a way that satisfies the critical hydraulic rules and constraints for efficient water distribution. Thus, the controlled variables of the simulated system include volumetric flow, velocity and head loss. To realize the desired goal, the prototyped communal water distribution system was first simulated by water free fall i.e., only gravity feed under a peak demand flow condition. This facilitated the identification and localization of head-loss zones. Subsequently, virtual pump stations of various capacities were optimally introduced as boosters at identified nodal points to overcome critical head losses. The response of the system to varying capacities of the booster pumps was then used to analyse and determine the optimum capacity of the pump. Simulation outcome showed that the optimum least cost design for a sixtyyear system's life cycle is achieved by using a combination of gravity and 5 hp (3.73 kW) pump with optimum pipe diameter ranging from 60 - 150mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method of in‐situ leakage diagnosis of a water supply network using fire hydrant water flow measurements and simulation by EPANET software was established. A network with 1032 m of water distribution pipes and 350 user‐side water meters in Taipei was separated into five zones. The lowest volume of daily water flow occurred between 1:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m., with values ranging from 0.004 to 0.785 m3/min; these data can be regarded as a minimum value of water leakage in the network at midnight. The volume of water leakage was strongly correlated with observed pressure transients, enabling the measurement of the water leakage in the network, which ranged from 5.76 to 628 m3/d. The total water leakage simulated by EPANET was 1.48×103 m3/d in the network. Although this value deviated by 23% from the District Metered Area (DMA) results, both EPANET and DMA tools confirmed that zones 4 and 5 had severe water leakage problems. Simplifying valves and combining neighboring pipes of the same diameter during the EPANET simulation was efficiently tackle water leakage. EPANET allows for quick diagnosis of the water leakage areas, whereas the DMA tool allows for precise measurements of water volume and pressure. The costs of in‐situ diagnosis and EPANET simulation include instruments, labor, and time, and are estimated to be lower than those of the DMA tool. Furthermore, the methodology of this study can reduce the risks of underground working disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water supply system is an important infrastructure that needs improvement in water distribution networks efficiency, along with energy consumption and water losses. DMA Kalipuro 5 is formed to improve the management of water distribution system by monitoring the water flows into the district. This program is supported by pressure management, repairs, active leakage control, and asset management. Water balance is the first step to reduce the water losses. From the water balance of DMA Kalipuro 5 calculated in January and September 2022, the percentage of water losses decreases 7,02%, from 62,55% to 55,53%. The percentage of physical water losses also decreases 7,06%, from 62,32% to 55,26%. Pressure management is conducted in order to reduce the physical water losses by installing pressure reducing valve (PRV). From the simulation of existing water distribution network, installing PRV can reduce the highest pressure from 108,82 meters to 58,42 meters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing pressure management to reduce water leakage in water distribution systems (WDSs) is a top priority for water utilities worldwide. This engineering problem can be mathematically formulated as a nonlinear program (NLP), where the decision variables are valve settings and pump speed settings. By formulating and solving the NLP with given demand parameters, control quantities can be computed and applied to the system for effective control. However, in practice, demand parameters continuously change over time, and solving the NLP typically requires a significant computational time, making it unsuitable for real-time control systems. Therefore, the efficiency of obtaining the NLP solution quickly becomes crucial for improving the performance of the control system. In this study, we propose a new real-time scheme based on a sequential convex program (SCP) to compute approximate control profiles in response to changes in water demand patterns. Instead of solving the NLP with high accuracy for each new demand pattern, the proposed approach solves only one convex NLP within the computation framework of the SCP. This provides an approximate solution with acceptable accuracy, delivered in near real-time. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the real-time optimization scheme, we apply it to determine fast control quantities for a real-world WDS in Vietnam and a WDS benchmark for optimal pressure management. The results demonstrate that by applying this real-time optimization scheme, the obtained control profiles achieve acceptable accuracy and lead to a decrease in excessive pressure, with lower intensity of pressure fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being one of the highest water-risk ranked countries in the world, Kuwait is in an urgent need of new advanced techniques and methodologies to conserve and optimize its water infrastructure. Water consumption, water quality, and network design optimization are among the challenges that face Kuwait water distribution system. This study is a step forward towards the development of an EPANET-based model, which is widely used in various water systems applications worldwide, for different parts of Kuwait water networks. An EPANET model was developed and analyzed for a selected area in Kuwait. The study evaluated the water quality in the chosen area, in particular, the water age. Several realistic scenarios based on different population occupations were considered. The dependence of the water age and the water quality in water distribution networks on the occupation stages for the given area was highlighted. The analysis of the water network showed that partial occupation can hinder the water quality, hence different scenarios shall be included in the design phase of water networks.

Copyright of Bistua: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Basicas de la Universidad de Pamplona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)