Search

The egg is one of the fundamental parts of the life cycle of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae, and this stage involves the acanthor larva. It is also the infection phase for the intermediate host. Under normal conditions, the larva inside the egg can survive for months in the environment; however, information regarding this phase of life of the parasite is scarce. In addition, there is no quantitative information about the structural composition of the parasite's body from a histological point of view. Such information is essential in order to support decisions aimed at controlling infestations by these parasites in fish farming. This study aimed to present a detailed description of the stages of embryonic development of N. buttnerae eggs, as well as a stereological evaluation of the body of adult females of the parasite. Three phases of development characterized the eggs: cell division (with four stages), formation of the internal nuclear mass (with four stages) and formation of the acanthor larva (with five stages). The ovary comprised 26.61% of the volume of the animal and most of it contained eggs (21.28%), ovarian balls (3.88%) and empty spaces (1.45%). These results are of great importance and will support future studies that seek to interrupt the life cycle of this parasite.

Till date 34 species of Pallisentis have been validated with almost negligible studies on its molecular phylogeny. The discovered species of the genus Pallisentis are confined only to the Asian continent. Many different species of Acanthocephala infecting commercially important freshwater as well as the marine fishes have been recorded from India mainly on the basis of morphology. The original record of morphological characteristics of Pallisentis nagpurensis (Bhalerao 1931) Baylis, 1933 can be traced back to the Bhalerao, 1931 from Channa striata (Ophiocephalus striatus) from the state of Uttar Pradesh, India without the separate documentation of male and female characteristics. Same species has also been reported to infect Channa striata from different parts of India as well as from the Indonesia and Ceylon (Baylis, 1933 and Fernando and Furtado, 1963). The present study compiles the morphological characteristics of male and female P. nagpurensis along with the comparison with similar species from same geographical region. This study also reports the first record of 18S, 28S rRNA and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 gene sequences of P. nagpurensis generated for analyzing the phylogeny within this taxonomic group. P. nagpurensis together with the other species of Pallisentis reported from India distinctly formed a sub-clade separating it from the other members of same genus.

Pallisentis(Pallisentis)nandaiSarkar, 1953 is a freshwater fish parasite restricted to the Indian subcontinent in the Ganga River and its tributaries. It was described from the leaffish,Nandus nandus(Hamilton) from the Ganga River delta at Calcutta. We recovered variant specimens from the same host species from the Ganga near its headwaters at Bijnor about 1500 km away. Our specimens were clearly identifiable asP. nandaibut varied considerably from those in the original description, especially in the size of proboscis hooks, receptacle and lemnisci. The original description was incomplete (missing line drawings of female trunk and reproductive system, male trunk, complete proboscis, hooks and hook roots) and inaccurate (proboscis, hooks, receptacle wall), and some measurements were lumped together for both sexes. We provide a complete description and include new morphological information including the first description of para-receptacle structure in the genusPallisentisVan Cleave, 1928, scanning electron microscopy and microscope images, molecular analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) of hooks and spines of our specimens for the first time. Additional details of proboscis hook roots, trunk spines, micropores and micropore distribution are described. The unique metal composition of hooks (EDXA) demonstrated a considerably high but variable level of sulphur and negligible level of calcium in collar and trunk spines and hook tips, but a higher level of sulphur and calcium at the hook basal arch than at the hook tip and edge. A comparison with the EDXA pattern of another species ofPallisentis,P. İndicaMital & Lal, 1976, were considerably different. The phylogenetic position ofP. nandaiwithin Eoacanthocephala was generated to assess the molecular characterization based on 18S and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 ribosomal DNA sequences. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses placedP. nandaiin a clade with otherPallisentisspecies under the family Quadrigyridae. This is the first report based on molecular evidence forP. nandai.

One new species of Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 is described from Channa punctatus (Bloch) from Gomti River (tributary of the Ganga River), in Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow district, India. Pallisentis thapari n. sp. is characterized morphologically by individuals having a globular proboscis armed with rooted hooks in 4 circles of 8–10 hooks each, the first circle more than 100 long and hooks gradually declining in size posteriorly. The trunk is cylindrical, with collar spines comprised of 15–17 complete circles of spines, each ring with 12–22 spines. As common in members of the genus, a narrow spine-free zone lies in between the rings of collar and trunk spines. Field of spines extends posteriorly to half of the body length, ending above the level of testes in males and slightly past mid-body in females; trunk spines have an optically-dense Y-shaped core. The trunk is only slightly wider at the anterior end. The syncytial cement gland of males contained 23–30 nuclei. Individuals of Channa striatus Bloch from the same locality also were infected with the new species. A second species of Acanthocephala, Acanthosentis seenghalae Chowhan, Gupta, Khera, 1988, was found as a parasite of Puntius sophore (Hamilton) from the same locality. The proboscis is short, globular, with 3 circles of hooks each circle bearing 6 hooks. The trunk is broad in the middle and tapered at both ends, with the posterior end narrower than the anterior end. Twelve to 16 circles of spines, each with 21–40 spines, extend from anterior end to just past mid-body in males and only to mid-body in females. The syncytial cement gland of males contains 6–10 nuclei. The analysis of 18s rDNA identified two clades of a monophyletic Pallisentis and placed the isolate of P. thapari n. sp. within that clade; previously established subgenera were not supported by the results of the analysis.

Pallisentis thapari n. sp. (Figs. 1–8 and 15–18) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 294DD60F- 1233-47 D0-A85E-CDC3B24FABC1 Type host: Spotted snakehead Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793) (Perciformes, Channidae). Type locality: Nabi Panah Pond, Malihabad, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India (26.5830° N, 80.4322° E). Additional host: Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) (Perciformes, Channidae). Site of infection: Intestine. Specimens deposited: Holotype deposited in Gangetic Plane Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Patna, India- male ZSI / GPRC, IV–4356a and allotype female ZSI / GPRC, IV–4356 b. Paratypes deposited at the Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, U.P., India- males LU /Z/2019/1– LU /Z/2019/07 and females LU /Z/2019/08– LU /Z/2019/014. Zoobank Registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: 53DFA57F-4D6A-49DE- 8664-0C8B080C58E8 Etymology: The new species is named in honor of the late Dr. Gobind Singh Thapar, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India, for his outstanding contributions in Helminthology. Diagnosis: Quadrigyridae, Pallisentinae, with characters of the genus Pallisentis as diagnosed by Amin et al. (2000). Worms cylindrical, relatively large sized, range of length of males and females overlapping but mean length of males slightly longer than females. Trunk with Y-shaped spines in rings, with anterior set of 14–17 closely spaced rings of collar spines and posterior set of 14–41 more widely spaced rings of trunk spines; posterior set reaching posteriorly only to mid body. Anterior and posterior sets of trunk spines separated by a narrow region lacking spines. Trunk spines conical with an optically-dense Y-shaped core. Proboscis short, broadly ovoid, wider anteriorly, with 4 circles of 8–10 hooks each, hooks decreasing in size posteriorly. Proboscis receptacle single-walled, with cerebral ganglion located at base. Lemnisci cylindrical, much longer than the receptacle, posterior ends hanging loose in body cavity, about equal in length. In males, testes dollioform-depressed in shape (width to length ratio 1.0:3.3), contiguous and slightly overlapping. Cement gland oblong-very depressed in shape, width to length ratio 1:6, syncytial, about as long as testicular field, containing 23–30 giant nuclei. Cement reservoir and Saefftigen’s pouch present. Parasites of freshwater fishes in India. Description: Material examined: seven male and seven female specimens, and two specimens for SEM. Male. Worms relatively large in size (Fig. 1). Trunk 4.9–8.0 (6.6) mm long, 420–560 (484) µm a widest point. Anterior part of trunk (about 1/2) (Fig. 1) covered with 29–58 rings of tegmental spines, pointing posteriorly (Figs. 1 and 16), number of spines per ring declining in numbers from anterior to posterior. Circles of spines separated into two fields, anterior set composed of 15–17 closely spaced rings, each ring consisting of 12–22 spines, called collar spines, and posterior set of 21–41 more widely spaced rings of trunk spines, each anteriormost ring composed of 12–16 spines (Figs. 16 and 17). Area covered by collar spines 340–800 (457) long. Anterior and posterior groups of spines separated by narrow spine-free zone 100–180 (139) in length. Circles of trunk spines reaching posteriorly only to mid-body, ending anterior to testicular field. Individual spines 40–50 (47) long, 20–40 (30) wide at the base. Proboscis globular, broadly ovoid in shape, wider anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly, 230–280 (243) long, 220–260 (241.4) wide anteriorly (Figs. 1, 3 and 15). Proboscis with rooted hooks in 4 circles of 8–10 hooks each (Fig. 3). Hooks longest in first circle, decreasing in size posteriorly in succeeding rings (Figs. 3, 4 and 15). Blades of hooks in anterior circles relatively straight and oriented laterally because of position of insertion point or root; blades increasingly curved posteriorly. Length of hooks from anterior to posterior, 100–130 (112), 80–110 (96), 40–70 (52), 30–50 (34); size ratios anterior to posterior 1.0:0.9:0.5:0.3. Neck short, robust, 150–290 (199) long, 160–290 (213) wide posteriorly. Proboscis receptacle 340–890 (547) long by 130–220 (161) wide. Lemnisci paired, cylindroid, much longer than the receptacle and almost equal sized; right lemniscus 730–2450 (1560) long, 40–60 (52) wide posteriorly, left lemniscus 1200–2450 (1625) long, 40–60 (52) wide. Reproductive system in posterior half of trunk. Testes dollioform-depressed in shape, contiguous with slight overlap. Anterior testis 440–720 (521) long, 140–210 (161) wide; posterior testis 440–730 (53) long, 140–220 (167) wide. Cement gland contiguous with testes, about size of testicular field, 680–1550 (1061) long by 130–240 (180) wide, containing 23–30 nuclei. Cement reservoir contiguous with cement gland, branching posteriorly into two ducts, 550–1070 (824) long, 140–230 (184) wide. Saefftigen’s pouch obdeltoid/very narrowly spatulate in shape, 160–340 (272) long, 130–200 (17) wide anteriorly. Seminal vesicle 400–800 (596) long, 70–140 (104) wide. Gonopore terminal (Figs. 1 and 2). Bursa, when extended (Figs. 1, 2 and 18), 200–300 (183) long and 100–240 (164) wide. Female. Worms slightly smaller in size than males (Fig. 6). Trunk 4.0–7.7 (6.3) mm long, 490–590 µm (503) µm at widest point.Anterior part of trunk (approximately anterior half) (Fig. 6) covered with 30–41 rings of tegmental spines, pointing posteriorly (Fig. 5), number of spines per ring declining in number from anterior to posterior. Circles of spines separated into two fields, anterior set composed of 14–15 closely spaced rings, called collar spines, each ring composed of 16–26 spines and posterior set of 14–40 more widely spaced rings of trunk spines, each ring made up of 12–24 spines. Length of trunk covered by collar spines 430–570 (530) long. Spine-free zone narrow 100–190 (147) in length. Circles of trunk spines reaching posteriorly only to mid-body, ending anterior to testicular field. Individual spines 40–51 (48) long, 20–40 (31) wide at the base. Proboscis globular, broadly ovoid in shape, wider anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly, 180–260 (213) long, 190–250 (220) wide anteriorly (Fig. 6). Proboscis with rooted hooks in 4 circles of 8–10 hooks each (Fig. 6). Hooks longest in first circle, hooks decreasing in size posteriorly in succeeding rings (Figs. 6). Blades of hooks in anterior circles relatively straight and oriented laterally because of position of insertion point or root; blades increasingly curved posteriorly. Length of hooks of proboscis of paratype female, from anterior to posterior, 140, 120, 70, 40; size ratios anterior to posterior 1.0:0.9:0.5:0.3. Neck short, robust, 170–460 (296) long, 160–240 (197) wide posteriorly. Proboscis receptacle 440–840 (643) long, 80–250 (173) wide. Lemnisci paired, cylindroid, much longer than the receptacle and equal in size, 1,600 –2,600 (2,110 ± 500.0) long, 40–60 (53) wide posteriorly. Reproductive system in posterior end of trunk, uterine bell cylindrical shaped, 240–330 (280) long and 50–110 (78) wide (Fig. 7). Uterus 50–260 (110) long, 30–110 (63) wide. Vagina 30–90 (53.3 ± 20.7) long, 30–50 (38.3 ± 9.8) wide. Ovarian balls present in some females, 40–80 (59) long, 20–60 (41) wide. Eggs 15–20 (18) long, 10–10 wide (Fig. 8) (width to length ratio about 2:3). Gonopore ventro-terminal (Figs. 6 and 7). Remarks: Amin et al. (2000) re-described Pallisentis and provided a more detailed diagnosis for the genus. The new species is placed in Pallisentis because it has an anterior set of closely arranged rings of collar spines (15–17 rings) and a posterior set of more widely spaced rings of trunk spines (14–41) separated from the collar spines by a region lacking spines. Giant hypodermal nuclei are present in the trunk wall, the proboscis is broadly ovoid in shape with rooted hooks in 4 circles of 8–10 hooks in each, and the proboscis receptacle is single-walled with the cerebral ganglion located near the base. The lemnisci are much longer than the receptacle, and the syncytial cement gland is long (about as long as the testicular field) with many giant nuclei. The new species is placed in this genus because it shares these characters. If the subgenera of Pallisentis established by Amin et al. (2000) is accepted, P. thapari n. sp. is similar to species previously assigned to the subgenus P. (Pallisentis) Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc, and Doanh, 2000 because the longest hooks are in first circle and the hooks of succeeding circles decrease in size posteriorly (Amin et al. 2000). The new species can be distinguished from all known species of Pallisentis because the trunk spines do not extend to the posterior end of either sex, the proboscis hooks in first circles are more than 100 long, and the average length of the proboscis receptacle is more than 500 long. Pallisentis thapari n. sp. is most similar in form to P. clupei Gupta and Gupta, 1979); the length of the first hook in both is about 100, but P. clupei is reported to have conical trunk spines and the new species has spines with a Yshaped core (Gupta & Gupta 1979). In P. clupei, the number of circles of collar spines (12–13 circles in males and 13–14 in females) is similar bit less than that of the new species (15–17 in males and 14–15 in females), although the number of spines per circle in males of P. clupei overlaps with that of the new species (14–20 spines vs. 12–22, respectively). The number of circles of trunk spines in males in both species overlaps (P. clupei 28–30; P. thapari n. sp. 21–41), but the number of circles of trunk spines in females of P. clupei (61) is greater than for females of the new species (14–40). The number of trunk spines in P. clupei and that of the new species also overlaps (males 8–16; females 10–16 vs. males 12–16; females 12–24, respectively). Additionally, the new species can be distinguished from P. clupei in that the trunk spines of the new species extend only to mid-body but they extend to the posterior end in P. clupei. The number of spines in each circle of trunk spines in P. clupei (8–16 in males and 10–16 in females) is less than in P. thapari n. sp. (12–16 in males and 12–24) in females, although there is some overlap in range. Finally, in males, the size and position of testes and the size of the cement gland are similar in P. clupei (1390–1550 long) and the new species (680–1550 long), but in P. clupei there are 9–16 giant nuclei in the cement gland and that of the new species has 23–30 nuclei. Seven species of Pallisentis have been reported to have spines that are Y-shaped (Amin et al. 2000; Gautam et al. 2019): P. basiri Farooqi, 1958; P. cavasii Gupta and Verma, 1980; P. fasciata Gupta and Verma, 1980; P. guptai Gupta and Fatma, 1986; P. indica Mithal and Lai, 1981; P. mehrai Gupta and Fatma, 1986; P. panadei Rai, 1967; and P. unnaoensis Gautam, Misra, and Saxena, 2019 (Farooqi 1958; Rai 1967; Gupta & Verma 1980; Mithal & Lal 1981; Gupta & Fatma 1986; Gautam et al. 2019). In some species the spines are more flattened and evidence of the Y-shape core can be seen externally (Gautam et al. 2019). In the new species the spines are conical but with the Yshaped core (Figs. 5 and 17). Comparisons among species of Pallisentis are difficult because many of the type specimens are not available and one must rely on descriptions in the literature. However, the new species can be distinguished from the abovementioned species by various features. Pallisentis thapari n. sp. is larger than P. cavasii, P. fasciata, and P. unnaoensis (4.9–8.0 mm vs. 2.1–3.0, 2.9–4.0, and 3.4–4.4, respectively) and the new species has more nuclei in the cement gland (23–30 vs. 6–8, 8–10, and 7–8, respectively), and the proboscis hooks of the first row of the new species are longer (100–130) than those of P. cavasii (50–51), P. fasciata (60–70), and P. panadei (70–50) and they are shorter than those of P. unnaoensis (220). The hooks in the first row of the new species and those of P. basiri are about the same size (approximately 100), but the roots of the hooks of the new species are elongate and those of P. basiri are described as being knob-like (Amin et al. 2000). The cement gland of males of the new species is longer than that of P. guptai (680–1550 vs. 500–580, respectively) and the number of nuclei is greater (28–30 vs. 10–12, respectively). Males of the new species have more nuclei in the cement gland than those of P. indica (23–30 vs. 9–18) (Amin et al. 2017a). The trunk spines of the new species reach posteriorly only to about mid-body but those of P. mehrai reach to the posterior end in both males and females. Finally, in results of the molecular analysis, P. unnaoensis is the sister taxa to the clade comprised of the three specimens of the new species. The new species is similar to P. unnaoensis in the number of rings and spines per ring of collar and trunk spines, but the cement gland is longer in the new species (680–1550 vs. 380–520) and the number of nuclei in the cement gland is greater (23–30 vs. 7–8).

The family Neoechinorhynchidae includes seven species ofNeoechinorhynchusfrom freshwater fishes of Brazil. Although severalNeoechinorhynchusspecies are cited infecting different fish species in Brazil, there is a lack of information concerning to their life cycle and the identification of the intermediate hosts. Thus, the aim of the present study was to describe the development ofNeoechinorhynchus buttneraein its intermediate host collected in a fish farm located in Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas, Brazil. To verify the presence ofN. buttneraein the fish pond, twentyColossoma macropomumwere captured and analyzed, being corroborated the presence of this parasite species. Samples of plankton were also collected, finding the ostracodCypridopsis viduaas the intermediate host. For the description of the larvae development, a laboratory experimental procedure was conducted by feeding the collected ostracods with the eggs of the adult specimens taken from the sampled fish. To observe the stages of development an artificial hatch was performed. Every stage of development was photographed, measured, drawn and described. The time of development of the immature stages ofN. buttneraewas 29 days, reporting the stages: acanthor, acanthella (with eight developmental changes) and cystacanth. As high infections byN. buttneraecauses morphological damages to the intestine and may compromise the quality ofC. macropomumand in consequence the production of fish farmers in the Brazilian Amazon region, the knowledge of its intermediate host and the understanding of its life cycle represents a useful information to prevent and combat infections by this parasite.

The first data on the histology and ultrastructure of ligament of acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus beringianus have been reported. The analyzed acanthocephalans are shown to have a single ligament, which is assumed to be connected to the cutaneous muscles by its anterior part. The ligament wall is composed of a muscle tissue, which is similar to that of cutaneous muscles. The existing assumption regarding the identification of a ligament cavity as a coelom is discussed.

Gorytocephalus talaensis Vizca��no & Lunaschi, 1987 (nec Vizca��no & Lunaschi, 1988) Actinopterygii Steindachnerina biornata (Braga & Azpelicueta) (Characiformes, Curimatidae) (type host). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: Los Talas. R: Vizca��no and Lunaschi (1987), Lunaschi et al. (2012). C: holotype (MLP-He 1257), allotype (ML-He 1249), paratypes (MLP-He 1242, 1245, 1246, 1250���1256, 1258���1270, 1272)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Vizcaino, S. I. & Lunaschi, L. I. (1987) Acantocefalos de peces argentinos I. Gorytocephalus talaensis sp. nov. (Neoechinorhynchidae) parasita de Curimata biornata (Pisces-Curimatidae). Neotropica, 33 (89), 51 - 56.","Lunaschi, L. I., Merlo Alvarez, V. H. & Damborenea, C. (2012) Type material housed in the Helminthological Collection of the Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Zootaxa, 3199, 1 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3199.1.1"]}

Gorytocephalus cf. elongorchis Thatcher, 1979 Actinopterygii Hypostomus commersonii Valenciennes (Siluriformes, Loricariidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W); Entre R��os Province: Paran��-Guaz�� River (33��54���S, 58��52���W). R: Arredondo (2013)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Thatcher, V. E. (1979) Uma nova especie de Gorytocephalus Nickol e Thatcher, 1971 (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) do acari bodo (Pices: Locariidae) da Amazonia, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 9 (1), 199 - 202. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921979091199","Arredondo, N. J. (2013) Platyhelminthes (Digenea, Proteocephalidea) y Acanthocephala parasitos de peces teleosteos de la cuenca del Rio Parana: diversidad, especificidad y morfologia. PhD thesis. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 267 pp."]}

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) macronucleatus Machado Filho, 1954 Actinopterygii Lycengraulis grossidens (Spix & Agassiz) (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Entre R��os Province: Paran��-Guaz�� River (33��54���S, 58��52���W). R: Arredondo and Gil de Pertierra (2012), Arredondo (2013). C: voucher (MANC-Pa 518/1-2)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Machado Filho, D. A. (1954) Uma nova especie do genero Neoechinorhynchus (Hamann) (Neoechinorhynchidae, Acanthocephala). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 14, 55 - 57.","Arredondo, N. J. & Gil de Pertierra, A. A. (2012) A new species of Neoechinorhynchus (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Pachyurus bonariensis (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) from the Parana River basin in Argentina, with comments on two other species of the genus. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 119 (4), 425 - 439. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 150202","Arredondo, N. J. (2013) Platyhelminthes (Digenea, Proteocephalidea) y Acanthocephala parasitos de peces teleosteos de la cuenca del Rio Parana: diversidad, especificidad y morfologia. PhD thesis. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 267 pp."]}

Neoechinorhynchus (Hebesoma) colastinense Arredondo & Gil de Pertierra, 2012 Actinopterygii Pachyurus bonariensis Steindachner (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) (type host). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo and Gil de Pertierra (2012), Arredondo (2013). C: holotype (MACN-Pa 517/1), allotype (MACN-Pa 517/2), paratype (MACN-Pa 517/3; MHNG-PLAT 79181)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Arredondo, N. J. & Gil de Pertierra, A. A. (2012) A new species of Neoechinorhynchus (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Pachyurus bonariensis (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) from the Parana River basin in Argentina, with comments on two other species of the genus. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 119 (4), 425 - 439. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 150202","Arredondo, N. J. (2013) Platyhelminthes (Digenea, Proteocephalidea) y Acanthocephala parasitos de peces teleosteos de la cuenca del Rio Parana: diversidad, especificidad y morfologia. PhD thesis. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 267 pp."]}

Quadrigyrus machadoi Fabio, 1983 Actinopterygii Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch) (Characiformes, Erythrinidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: San Javier River. R: Chemes and Brusa (2013). C: vouchers (MACN-Pa 548���549; MFA-ZI 05���06). Pimelodus maculatus Lac��p��de (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: San Javier River. R: Chemes and Brusa (2013). C: vouchers (MFA-ZI 07���08)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Fabio, S. P. (1983) Sobre alguns Acanthocephala parasitos de Hoplias malabaricus. Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 6, 173 - 180.","Chemes, S. B. & Brusa, R. G. (2013) Description of Quadrigyrus machadoi (Fabio, 1983) (Acanthocephala, Quadrigyridae) in native fish of wetlands associated with the San Javier River, Santa Fe, Argentina. Neotropical Helminthology, 7 (2), 187 - 194."]}

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) pimelodi Brasil-Sato & Pavanelli, 1998 Actinopterygii Pimelodus albicans (Valenciennes) (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo and Gil de Pertierra (2012), Arredondo (2013). C: voucher (MANC-Pa 519/1). Pimelodus argenteus Perugia (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo and Gil de Pertierra (2012), Arredondo (2013). C: voucher (MANC-Pa 519/2). Pimelodus maculatus Lacep��de (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo and Gil de Pertierra (2012), Arredondo (2013). C: voucher (MANC-Pa 519/3)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Brasil-Sato, M. C. & Pavanelli, G. C. (1998) Neoechinorhynchus pimelodi sp. n. (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) parasitizing Pimelodus maculatus Lacepede, mandi-amarelo (Siluroidei: Pimelodidae) from the basin of the Sao Francisco river, Tres Marias, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 15 (4), 1003 - 1011. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751998000400019","Arredondo, N. J. & Gil de Pertierra, A. A. (2012) A new species of Neoechinorhynchus (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Pachyurus bonariensis (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) from the Parana River basin in Argentina, with comments on two other species of the genus. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 119 (4), 425 - 439. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 150202","Arredondo, N. J. (2013) Platyhelminthes (Digenea, Proteocephalidea) y Acanthocephala parasitos de peces teleosteos de la cuenca del Rio Parana: diversidad, especificidad y morfologia. PhD thesis. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 267 pp."]}

Acanthogyrus(Acanthosentis)maroccanus(Dollfus, 1951), an insufficiently described quadrigyrid acanthocephalan of cyprinid fishes from Northwest Africa, is redescribed based on recently collected specimens from the Algerian barbLuciobarbus callensis(Valenciennes) in Algeria. Newly observed morphological features forA.(A.)maroccanusinclude the arrangement of proboscis hooks (not in regular circles), the male reproductive structures extending into the copulatory bursa and the presence of a para-receptacle structure and vaginal sleeve. The mechanism of copulation of this acanthocephalan is described based on several copulating pairs. The phylogenetic position ofA.(A.)maroccanuswithin Eoacanthocephala was assessed based on partial 28S rDNA sequences. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses placedA.(A.)maroccanusin a clade withPalliolisentis(Demidueterospinus)ophiocephalus(Thapar, 1931), both species included in the Quadrigyridae, the only family within the Gyracanthocephala.

Subfamily Pallisentinae Van Cleave, 1928 Genus Palliolisentis Machado Filho, 1960, Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Machado Filho, D. A. (1960) Um novo genero da familia Quadrigyridae Van Cleave, 1920 (Metacanthocephala, Palaeacanthocephala). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 20, 79 - 84."]}

Floridosentis mugilis (Machado Filho, 1951) Bullock, 1962 Actinopterygii Mugil liza Valenciennes (Mugiliformes, Mugilidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: Salado River Relief Channel (35��50���10������S, 57��50���20������W), San Clemente del Tuy�� (36��16���S, 57��00���W��� 36��18���S, 56��47���W), Aj�� River (36��20���12������S, 56��54���17������W), Mar Chiquita Lagoon (37��32���S, 57��19���W). R: Suriano et al. (2000), Alarcos and Etchegoin (2010), Montes and Martorelli (2015). C: vouchers (MACN-Pa 38; MLP- He, accession numbers not provided by Montes and Martorelli 2015). Note. Host reported as Mugil platanus by Alarcos and Etchegoin (2010), but the current accepted name is Mugil liza., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Machado Filho, D. A. (1951) Uma nova especie do genero Atactorhynchus Van Cleave, 1935 (Neoechinorhynchidae, Acanthocephala). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 11, 29 - 31.","Bullock, W. L. (1962) The status of the acanthocephalan genera Floridosentis Ward. 1953, and Atactorhynchus Chandler, 1935. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 29 (2), 217 - 218.","Suriano, D. M., Cuburu, M. L. & Labriola, J. B. (2000) Floridosentis mugilis (Machado Filho, 1951) (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Mugil platanus Gunther, 1880 (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) in San Clemente del Tuyu, Buenos Aires Province, Atlantic cost, Argentina. Research and Reviews in Parasitology, 60 (3 - 4), 107 - 112.","Alarcos, A. J. & Etchegoin, J. A. (2010) Parasite assemblages of estuarine-dependent marine fishes from Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). Parasitology Research, 107 (5), 1083 - 1091. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 010 - 1974 - z","Montes, M. M. & Martorelli, S. R. (2015) An ecological and comparative analysis of parasites in juvenile Mugil liza (Pisces, Mugilidae) from two sites in Samborombon bay, Argentina. Iheringia, 105 (4), 403 - 410. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1678 - 476620151054403410"]}

Gracilisentis variabilis (Diesing, 1851) Petrochenko 1956 (syn. Echinorhynchus variabilis Diesing, 1851; Neoechinorhynchus variabilis Diesing, 1851) (nec Diesing, 1856) Actinopterygii Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes) (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Corrientes Province: Paran�� River. R: Hamann and Lombardero (1981 ���1982), Hamann (1982b), Chemes and Takemoto (2011). Note. The host was reported as Prochilodus platensis by Hamann (1982b), but the current accepted name is Prochilodus lineatus. The acanthocephalans collected in this fish were reported as Neoechinorhynchus variabilis by Hamann (1982b)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Diesing, K. M. (1851). Systema Helminthum. Vol. 2. Wilhelmum Braumuller, Vindobonae, 679 pp.","Petrochenko, V. I. (1956) Acanthocephala of Domestic and Wild Animals. Vol. 1. Izdatel'stvo Akad. Nauk SSSR., Moscow, 355 pp. [In Russian, translated by the Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1971, 465 pp.]","Hamann, M. I. & Lombardero, O. J. (1981 - 1982) La helmintiasis de los peces del rio Parana superior. Veterinaria, 2 (4 - 5), 161 - 172.","Hamann, M. I. (1982 b) Parasitos del sabalo (Prochilodus platensis Holmberg, 1889) del rio Parana medio, Republica Argentina (Pisces, Tetragonopteridae). Historia Natural, 2 (26), 233 - 237.","Chemes, S. B. & Takemoto, R. M. (2011) Diversity of parasites from Middle Parana system freshwater fishes, Argentina. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 3 (7), 249 - 266."]}

Palliolisentis cf. ornatus Machado Filho, 1960 Actinopterygii Triportheus paranensis (G��nther) (Characiformes, Triportheidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo (2013)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Machado Filho, D. A. (1960) Um novo genero da familia Quadrigyridae Van Cleave, 1920 (Metacanthocephala, Palaeacanthocephala). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 20, 79 - 84.","Arredondo, N. J. (2013) Platyhelminthes (Digenea, Proteocephalidea) y Acanthocephala parasitos de peces teleosteos de la cuenca del Rio Parana: diversidad, especificidad y morfologia. PhD thesis. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 267 pp."]}

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) villoldoi Vizca��no, 1992 Actinopterygii Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns) (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae) (type host). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: Villoldo Stream (35��15���S, 57��14���W). R: Vizca��no (1992), Lunaschi et al. (2012). C: syntypes (MLP-He 1537, 1539, 1541���1544, 1547���1550). Austrolebias bellottii (Steindachner) (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: Magdalena (35��04.865���S, 57��31.627���W), Punta Indio (35��18.932���S, 057��13.176���W). R: Montes et al. (2017). C: vouchers (MLP-He 7150)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Vizcaino, S. I. (1992) Especie nueva del genero Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala-Neoechinorhynchidae) parasita de peces de Argentina. Anales del Instituto de Biologia Serie Zoologia, 63 (2), 179 - 184.","Lunaschi, L. I., Merlo Alvarez, V. H. & Damborenea, C. (2012) Type material housed in the Helminthological Collection of the Museo de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Zootaxa, 3199, 1 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3199.1.1","Montes, M. M., Barneche, J., Garcia, I., Preisz, S. & Martorelli, S. R. (2017) New data on the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus villOldoi Vizcaino, 1992 (Neoechinorhynchidae: Acanthocephala), based on specimens found in Austrolebias bellottii (Steindachner, 1881) (Rivulidae: Cyprinodontiformes) from Punta Indio, Argentina. Check List, 13 (4), 53 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.4.53"]}

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) pterodoridis Thatcher, 1981 Actinopterygii Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes) (Siluriformes, Doradidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo (2013)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Thatcher, V. E. (1981) Neoechinorhynchus pterodoridis n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) do pacu liso (Pterodoras granulosus) da Amazonia brasileira. Acta Amazonica, 11 (3), 443 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1809 - 43921981113445","Arredondo, N. J. (2013) Platyhelminthes (Digenea, Proteocephalidea) y Acanthocephala parasitos de peces teleosteos de la cuenca del Rio Parana: diversidad, especificidad y morfologia. PhD thesis. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 267 pp."]}

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) curemai Noronha, 1973 Actinopterygii Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes) (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo (2013)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Noronha, D. (1973) Sobre Neoechinorhynchus curemai sp. n. (Acanthocephala-Neoechinorhynchidae). Atas da Sociedade de Biologia do Rio de Janeiro, 17 (1), 19 - 21.","Arredondo, N. J. (2013) Platyhelminthes (Digenea, Proteocephalidea) y Acanthocephala parasitos de peces teleosteos de la cuenca del Rio Parana: diversidad, especificidad y morfologia. PhD thesis. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 267 pp."]}

Quadrigyrus sp. Actinopterygii Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz) (Characiformes, Erythrinidae). SI: caeca, intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo (2013). Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch) (Characiformes, Erythrinidae). SI: caeca, intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo (2013). Luciopimelodus pati (Valenciennes) (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W); Entre R��os Province: Paran��-Guaz�� River (33��54���S, 58��52���W). R: Arredondo (2013). Megalonema platanum (G��nther) (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo (2013). Pimelodus albicans (Valenciennes) (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo (2013). Pimelodus maculatus Lacep��de (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo (2013). Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Linnaeus) (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo (2013). Sorubim lima (Bloch & Schneider) (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W). R: Arredondo (2013). Ageneiosus inermis (Linnaeus) (Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Santa Fe Province: Colastin�� River (31��40���S, 60��46���W); Entre R��os Province: Paran��-Guaz�� River (33��54���S, 58��52���W). R: Arredondo (2013)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Arredondo, N. J. (2013) Platyhelminthes (Digenea, Proteocephalidea) y Acanthocephala parasitos de peces teleosteos de la cuenca del Rio Parana: diversidad, especificidad y morfologia. PhD thesis. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 267 pp."]}

Wolffhugelia matercula Maň��-Garz��n & Dei-Cas, 1974 Actinopterygii Australoheros facetus (Jenyns) (Perciformes, Cichlidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: ���La Saladita��� Lagoon, Avellaneda. R: Lunaschi and Drago (1995). C: vouchers (MLP-He accession numbers not provided). Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns) (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: ���La Saladita��� Lagoon, Avellaneda. R: Lunaschi and Drago (1995). C: vouchers (MLP-He accession numbers not provided). Hyphessobrycon meridionalis Ringuelet, Miquelarena & Menni (Characiformes, Characidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: ���La Saladita��� Lagoon, Avellaneda. R: Lunaschi and Drago (1995), Drago (1997). C: vouchers (MLP-He accession numbers not provided). Jenynsia lineata (Jenyns) (Cyprinodontiformes, Anablepidae). SI: intestine. SD: adult. L: Buenos Aires Province: ���La Saladita��� Lagoon, Avellaneda. R: Lunaschi and Drago (1995). C: vouchers (MLP-He accession numbers not provided). Odontesthes bonariensis (Valenciennes) (Atheriniformes, Atherinopsidae). SI: intestine. SD: juvenile. L: Buenos Aires Province: Lacombe Lagoon (35��49���S, 57��49���W), Salada Grande Lagoon (36��55���S, 56��58���W). R: Drago (2012). C: vouchers (MLP-He accession numbers not provided)., Published as part of Hern��ndez-Orts, Jes��s S., Kuchta, Roman, Semenas, Liliana, Crespo, Enrique A., Gonz��lez, Ra��l A. & Aznar, Francisco J., 2019, An annotated list of the Acanthocephala from Argentina, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 4663 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4663.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3772372, {"references":["Mane-Garzon, F. & Dei-Cas, E. (1974) Un Acanthocephale nouveau Wolffhugelia matercula n. gen., n. sp. de l'intestin de Fitzroyia lineata (Jenyns) (Poisson) en Uruguay. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 49 (1), 83 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1974491083","Lunaschi, L. I. & Drago, F. (1995) Wolffhugelia matercula Mane-Garzon y Dei-Cas, 1974 (Neoechinorhynchidae-Gracilisentinae) en peces de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Gayana Zoologia, 59 (2), 109 - 115.","Drago, F. B. (1997) Dinamica estacional y ecologia de las poblaciones de parasitos de Hyphessobrycon meridionalis Ringuelet, Miquelarena & Menni, 1978 (Pisces-Characidae). Gayana, 61 (1), 15 - 22.","Drago, F. B. (2012) Community structure of metazoan parasites of silverside, Odontesthes bonariensis (Pisces, Atherinopsidae) from Argentina. Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 102 (1), 26 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212012000100004"]}

A detailed list of acanthocephalans from Argentina was generated based on 205 published records. The list includes 52 named and 35 undetermined species of Acanthocephala infecting 6 species of invertebrate (2 amphipods, 3 decapods and 1 insect) and 155 species of vertebrate (one cartilaginous fish, 95 bony fishes, 10 amphibians, 3 reptiles, 13 birds and 33 mammals) host species in the Argentinean territory. The present list contains information on the invertebrate and vertebrate host(s), site of infection, developmental stage and locality(ies) of the acanthocephalans listed and references. For some species of acanthocephalans, information about repositories of the type material, voucher specimens, and DNA sequences of individual taxa are also presented. Finally, a host-Acanthocephala list is also provided. The data compiled revealed considerable gaps in the knowledge of the diversity, taxonomy, distribution, and life cycles of the acanthocephalans from Argentina. Fil: Hernández-Orts, Jesús S.. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni". - Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni". Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro de Investigación Aplicada y Transferencia Tecnológica en Recursos Marinos "Almirante Storni"; Argentina Fil: Kuchta, Roman. Biology Centre Of The Academy Of Sciences Of The Czech Republic. Institute Of Parasitology. Laboratory Of Fish Protistology; República Checa Fil: Semenas, Liliana. Lab de Parasitologã­a-inibioma (conicet); Argentina Fil: Crespo, Enrique Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos; Argentina Fil: González, Raul Alberto Candido. Universidad Nacional del Comahue; Argentina Fil: Aznar, Francisco J.. Universidad de Valencia; España

The mitogenome of Brentisentisyangtzensis is 13,864 bp in length and has the circular structure typical of metazoans. It contains 36 genes: 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and 12 protein-encoding genes (PCGs). All genes are transcribed from the same strand. Thirteen overlapping regions were found in the mitochondrial genome. The overall A+T content of B.yangtzensis is 68.3% versus 31.7% of G+C content (A = 27.8%, T = 40.5%, C = 9.0%, G = 22.7%). B.yangtzenensis (Illiosentidae) and Leptorhynchoidesthecatus (Rhadinorhynchidae) form a sister clade, showing the relatively close relationship between the Illiosentidae and the Rhadinorhynchidae. The mitochondrial gene arrangements of acanthocephalan species are relatively conserved, with only a few translocations of tRNAs (trnS1, trnS2, trnV, and trnK) detected. An identical gene order was found both in a sister clade (Centrorhynchusaluconis and Plagiorhynchustransversus) and across different classes (B.yangtzensis (Palaeacanthocephala), Acanthosentischeni (Eoacanthocephala) and Macracanthorhynchushirudinaceus (Archiacanthocephala), Oncicolaluehei and L.thecatus (Palaeacanthocephala)). More studies and more sequences of acanthocephalan species are needed to gain a clear understanding of the phylogenetic relationships.

This work describes a new species of the genus Neoechinorhynchus, a parasite found in the Siluriformes fish, Ageneiosus inermis collected in Catalão Lake. This species is most closely related to N. (N.) pterodorides and N. (N.) pimelodis than other species registered in Brazil. The size of its trunk, hooks and male reproductive system distinguish it from these 2 species. This work contributes to increase the knowledge of the biodiversity of fish parasites in the Amazon. © 2017 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología

The Acanthocephala is a phylum of obligate endoparasitic animals comprising four classes (Archiacanthocephala, Palaeacanthocephala, Eoacanthocephala and Polyacanthocephala), although the phylogenetic interrelationships of these classes still remains unresolved. To investigate phylogenetic relationships of major acanthocephalan groups, we characterized the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two palaeacanthocephalan species Centrorhynchus aluconis and Prosthorhynchus transversus (representing two different families of the order Polymorphida), and Polyacanthorhynchus caballeroi (the first mitogenomic representative of the class Polyacanthocephala) and used these new sequences for phylogenetic analyses, along with 32 platyzoan mtDNAs, including 10 additional acanthocephalans. Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated amino acid sequences for 12 protein-coding genes with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods supported monophyly of Acanthocephala. Within the phylum, Archiacanthocephala was positioned as the sister to the clade containing all three other acanthocephalan classes, with the polyacanthocephalan species P. caballeroi nested within Eoacanthocephala. This result contradicts morphology-based classification systems that treated polyacanthorhynchids as one of the palaeacanthocephalan families, and instead suggests Polyacanthocephala is a member of Eoacanthocephala. Within the Palaeacanthocephala, Polymorphida monophyly was strongly supported and this is inconsistent with nuclear rDNA-based molecular hypotheses that suggest non-monophyly.

The phylum Acanthocephala is a small group of obligate parasites of animals. However, the current classifications of Acanthocephala are still under debate. Moreover, our present knowledge of the complete mitochondrial genome of this parasite group remains limited. To fill this knowledge gap, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Centrorhynchus milvus Ward, 1956 (Palaeacanthocephala: Polymorphida) was firstly sequenced and determined based on specimens collected from the red kite ( Milvus milvus ) in Pakistan. The mitochondrial genome of C. milvus is 14,314 bp in length and contains 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding (PCGs) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes ( rrn L and rrn S). To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of the four classes of Acanthocephala and the systematic position of C. milvus , phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 PCGs was performed using Bayesian inference (BI) . The results supported the monophyly of Archiacanthocephala and Palaeacanthocephala with strong support (BPP = 1) and also indicated that Archiacanthocephala is the sister clade to the remaining classes of Acanthocephala (Palaeacanthocephala, Eoacanthocephala and Polyacanthocephala). However, Polyacanthocephala with only one representative species ( P. caballeroi ) is nested within Eoacanthocephala. Our phylogenetic analysis also confirmed C. milvus as the member of the family Centrorhynchidae with a sister relationship to C. aluconis . Our present mt genomic data are very useful for studying the molecular epidemiology, population genetics and systematics of acanthocephalans.

This study evaluates the impact of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae on the productive and economic performance of "tambaqui" reared in ponds. Two fish farms were selected, one with infected fish (IF) and the other with non-infected fish (NIF). Biometry, age, initial weight and handling data were collected from each studied specimen. Our results show that IF presented lower weight, evident loss of body mass and body deformities, reflecting on a condition factor 300% smaller than NIF. Infection by acanthocephalans caused an impact bigger than 200% on growth and affected the gross income directly, resulting in a difference higher than 1000% between IF and NIF farms. We conclude that this impact could be even greater if we consider both income decrease and raising production costs due to the parasite infection.

2 Section of Hydrobiont Diseases, Pacifi c Research. Fisheries Center, Shevchenko str., 4, Vladivostok, 690950 Russia Taxonomic Status of Neoechinorhynchus agilis (Acanthocephala, Neoechinorhynchidae), with a De- scription of Two New Species of the Genus from the Atlantic and Pacifi c Mullets (Teleostei, Mugili- dae). Tkach, Ie. V., Sarabeev, V. L., Shvetsova, L. S. — Th e wide variability in morphological features, geographical and host ranges of mullet acanthocephalan parasite Neoechinorhynchus agilis (Rudolphi, 1819), raises the question of taxonomic status of this species. Rudolphi's type and Yamagutis voucher specimens, as well as our own material from the WW Pacifi c and NE Atlantic region were used herein to provide comparative morphological analysis. Th e study revealed three diff erent species of Neoechino- rhynchus, N. (N.) agilis and N. (H.) personatus Tkach, Sarabeev et Shvetsova, sp. n. in the Atlantic and N. (H.) yamagutii Tkach, Sarabeev et Shvetsova, sp. n. in the Pacifi c. Strong morphological and morpho- metric diff erences were found between three described herein species from diff erent hosts and regions. Th e dividing of N. agilis into three species, two of them are new, provides a basis for the further revision of host-geographical records of mullet acanthocephalan parasites. Таксономический статус Neoec hinorhynchus agilis (Acanthocephala, Neoechinorhynchidae), с описанием двух новых видов рода от кефалевых рыб (Teleostei, Mugilidae) Атлантики и Пацифики. Ткач Е. В., Сарабеев В. Л., Швецова Л. С. — Широкое географическое распространение, богатый список хозяев, а также значительная вариабельность метрических признаков аканто- цефалы Neoechinorhynchus agilis (Rudolphi, 1819) ставит вопрос о таксономическом статусе этого вида. Для проведения сравнительного морфологического анализа был использован типичный материал Рудольфи и ваучерные экземпляры Ямагути, а также собственный материал, собранный в западной части Тихого океана и северо-восточной Атлантике. В результате исследования было обнаружено три вида акантоцефал Neoechinorhynchus, в том числе два вида из Атлантики: N. (N.) agilis и N. (H.) personatus Tkach, Sarabeev et Shvetsova, sp. n., и один вид из Тихого океана, N. (H.) yamagutii Tkach, Sarabeev et Shvetsova, sp. n. Описанные в работе виды хорошо различаются как морфологически, так и метрически. Разделение N. agilis на три вида, два из которых описаны впервые, является основой для дальнейшего пересмотра находок этой акантоцефалы из разных регионов и от разных хозяев. Ключевые слова : Средиземное море, Азово-Черноморский бассейн, cеверо-восточная Атлан- ти ка, Chelon labrosus, Mugil cephalus.

In 1985, Amin presented a new system for the classification of the Acanthocephala in Crompton and Nickol's (1985) book 'Biology of the Acanthocephala' and recognized the concepts of Meyer (1931, 1932, 1933) and Van Cleave (1936, 1941, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952). This system became the standard for the taxonomy of this group and remains so to date. Many changes have taken place and many new genera and species, as well as higher taxa, have been described since. An updated version of the 1985 scheme incorporating new concepts in molecular taxonomy, gene sequencing and phylogenetic studies is presented. The hierarchy has undergone a total face lift with Amin's (1987) addition of a new class, Polyacanthocephala (and a new order and family) to remove inconsistencies in the class Palaeacanthocephala. Amin and Ha (2008) added a third order (and a new family) to the Palaeacanthocephala, Heteramorphida, which combines features from the palaeacanthocephalan families Polymorphidae and Heteracanthocephalidae. Other families and subfamilies have been added but some have been eliminated, e.g. the three subfamilies of Arythmacanthidae: Arhythmacanthinae Yamaguti, 1935; Neoacanthocephaloidinae Golvan, 1960; and Paracanthocephaloidinae Golvan, 1969. Amin (1985) listed 22 families, 122 genera and 903 species (4, 4 and 14 families; 13, 28 and 81 genera; 167, 167 and 569 species in Archiacanthocephala, Eoacanthocephala and Palaeacanthocephala, respectively). The number of taxa listed in the present treatment is 26 families (18% increase), 157 genera (29%), and 1298 species (44%) (4, 4 and 16; 18, 29 and 106; 189, 255 and 845, in the same order), which also includes 1 family, 1 genus and 4 species in the class Polyacanthocephala Amin, 1987, and 3 genera and 5 species in the fossil family Zhijinitidae.

Acanthocephalans are a small group of obligate endoparasites. They and rotifers are recently placed in a group called Syndermata. However, phylogenetic relationships within classes of acanthocephalans, and between them and rotifers, have not been well resolved, possibly due to the lack of molecular data suitable for such analysis. In this study, the mitochondrial (mt) genome was sequenced from Pallisentis celatus (Van Cleave, 1928), an acanthocephalan in the class Eoacanthocephala, an intestinal parasite of rice-field eel, Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793), in China. The complete mt genome sequence of P. celatus is 13 855 bp long, containing 36 genes including 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) as reported for other acanthocephalan species. All genes are encoded on the same strand and in the same direction. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that acanthocephalans are closely related with a clade containing bdelloids, which then correlates with the clade containing monogononts. The class Eoacanthocephala, containing P. celatus and Paratenuisentis ambiguus (Van Cleave, 1921) was closely related to the Palaeacanthocephala. It is thus indicated that acanthocephalans may be just clustered among groups of rotifers. However, the resolving of phylogenetic relationship among all classes of acanthocephalans and between them and rotifers may require further sampling and more molecular data.

The metazoan taxon Syndermata (Monogononta, Bdelloidea, Seisonidea, Acanthocephala) comprises species with vastly different lifestyles. The focus of this study is on the phylogeny within the syndermatan subtaxon Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms, obligate endoparasites). In order to investigate the controversially discussed phylogenetic relationships of acanthocephalan subtaxa we have sequenced the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of Echinorhynchus truttae (Palaeacanthocephala), Paratenuisentis ambiguus (Eoacanthocephala), Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Archiacanthocephala), and Philodina citrina (Bdelloidea). In doing so, we present the largest molecular phylogenetic dataset so far for this question comprising all major subgroups of Acanthocephala. Alongside with publicly available mt genome data of four additional syndermatans as well as 18 other lophotrochozoan (spiralian) taxa and one outgroup representative, the derived protein-coding sequences were used for Maximum Likelihood as well as Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. We achieved entirely congruent results, whereupon monophyletic Archiacanthocephala represent the sister taxon of a clade comprising Eoacanthocephala and monophyletic Palaeacanthocephala (Echinorhynchida). This topology suggests the secondary loss of lateral sensory organs (sensory pores) within Palaeacanthocephala and is further in line with the emergence of apical sensory organs in the stem lineage of Archiacanthocephala.

In the present study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Oncicola luehei (14,281bp), the first archiacanthocephalan representative and the second complete sequence from the phylum Acanthocephala. The complete genome contains 36 genes including 12 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rrnL and rrnS) as reported for other syndermatan species. All genes are encoded on the same strand. The overall nucleotide composition of O. luehei mtDNA is 37.7% T, 29.6% G, 22.5% A, and 10.2% C. The overall A+T content (60.2%) is much lower, compared to other syndermatan species reported so far, due to the high frequency (18.3%) of valine encoded by GTN in its protein-coding genes. Results from phylogenetic analyses of amino acid sequences for 10 protein-coding genes from 41 representatives of major metazoan groups including O. luehei supported monophyly of the phylum Acanthocephala and of the clade Syndermata (Acanthocephala+Rotifera), and the paraphyly of the clade Eurotatoria (classes Bdelloidea+Monogononta from phylum Rotifera). Considering the position of the acanthocephalan species within Syndermata, it is inferred that obligatory parasitism characteristic of acanthocephalans was acquired after the common ancestor of acanthocephalans diverged from its sister group, Bdelloidea. Additional comparison of complete mtDNA sequences from unsampled acanthocephalan lineages, especially classes Polyacanthocephala and Eoacanthocephala, is required to test if mtDNA provides reliable information for the evolutionary relationships and pattern of life history diversification found in the syndermatan groups.

Arredondo, Nathalia J., Gil de Pertierra, Alicia A. (2012): A new species of Neoechinorhynchus (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Pachyurus bonariensis (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) from the Paraná River basin in Argentina, with comments on two other species of the genus. Revue suisse de Zoologie 119 (4): 425-439, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.150202

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) schmidti Barger, Thatcher & Nickol, 2004 (Fig. 2 i) Mexico: TABASCO: 24 km to S of Villahermosa; Trachemys venusta (Barger 2004; Barger et al. 2004). Pantanos de Centla (18 �� 28 ��� 18.9 ������N 92 �� 39 ��� 14.9 ������W). Trachemys scripta (Mart��nez-Aquino et al. 2009; Garc��a-Varela et al. 2011). Specimens deposited. CNHE (6764), HWML (17667), USNPC (92883). Species delimitation through phylogenetic analysis and genetic divergence. To demonstrate the species boundaries among the species reported in this checklist, we sequenced a total of 269 individuals of the species: N. (N.) brentnickoli (81 individuals from 16 localities); N. (N.) roseum (two individuals from two localities); N. (N.) mamesi (22 individuals from seven localities); N. (N.) golvani (80 individuals from 11 localities); N. (N.) mexicoensis (47 individuals from eight localities); N. (N.) schmidti (five individuals from one locality); N. (N.) emyditoides (26 individuals from three localities); N. (N.) panucensis (four individuals from two localities); and N. (N.) chimalapasensis (two individuals from one locality). Additionally sequence of N. saginata plus Floridosentis mugilis and Floridosentis pacifica were aligned together, composing a data set of 806 bp with 274 terminals. Nucleotide frequencies for 28 S rDNA data set were 0.246 (A), 0.178 (C), 0.276 (G), and 0.298 (T). Phylogenetic analyses of the available sequences for the genus Neoechinorhynchus through the Bayesian consensus tree yielded the same branch pattern as the ML tree (Fig. 3). Both trees yielded that the ten species of Neoechinorhynchus are monophyletic with strong nodal support ranging from 72 to 100 % of bootstrap, and 1.0 of posterior probability (Fig. 3). Both trees yielded three major clades. The first clade contained four species N. (N.) roseum, N. saginata, N. (N.) schmidti and N. (N.) emyditoides. The second clade was composed of two species N. (N.) golvani and N. (N.) panucensis and had 100 % bootstrap support and 1.0 posterior probability. The third clade was composed of four species N. (N.) chimalapasensis, N. (N.) brentnickoli, N. (N.) mamesi and N. (N.) mexicoensis and received reliable bootstrap support and high values of posterior probability (Fig. 3). 67- 76 N. (N.) brentnickoli 10 D. latifrons Laguna de Tres Palos, Guerrero, M��xico FJ388991, 8178 FJ 968156 - FJ 968159, KR086219 - KR086223 * 77- 81 N. (N.) brentnickoli 5 D. latifrons R��o Tamarindo, Chautengo, Guerrero, KR086224 - KR086228 * 8179 M��xico 82 N. (N.) roseum 1 Achirus mazatlanus Laguna el Caimanero, Sinaloa, M��xico FJ 388999 6762, 633, 634 83 N. (N.) roseum 1 Citharichthys gilberti Estero La Tovara, Nayarit, M��xico FJ 389000 6763 84- 86 N. (N.) mamesi 3 D. latifrons Puente Manialtepec, Oaxaca KR086229 - KR086231 * ......continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued) Samples Species N Host Locality GenBank Specimensdeposited (DNA) CNHE 87- 91 N. (N.) mamesi 5 D. latifrons Estero Joaquin Amaro, Chiapas, M��xico JN 830770 - JN 830774 8183 92- 95 N. (N.) mamesi 4 D. latifrons Laguna la Conquista, Chiapas, M��xico JN 830766 - JN 830769 8184 96- 98 N. (N.) mamesi 3 D. latifrons Laguna Rion Pijijiapan, Chiapas, JN 830763 - JN 830765 8180, 8181, 8182 M��xico 99- 100 N. (N.) mamesi 2 D. latifrons Quebrada Ganados, Costa Rica KR086232 *, KR086233 * 8590 101- 102 N. (N.) mamesi 2 D. maculatus Playa Grande, Costa Rica KR086234 *, 8191 KR086235 * 103- 105 N. (N.) mamesi 3 D. latifrons Las lisas, Guatemala KR086236 - KR086238 * 106- 107 N. (N.) golvani 1 Parachromis Lago Jalapa, Costa Rica KR086239 * managuensis 108- 109 N. (N.) golvani 2 Parachromis loisellei Lago Jalapa, Costa Rica KR086240 *, KR086241 * 110- 111 N. (N.) golvani 2 Amphilophus Lago Jalapa, Costa Rica KR086242 *, KR086243 * 8592 longimanus 112 N. (N.) golvani 1 Heterotilapia Lago Jalapa, Costa Rica KR086244 * multiespinosa 113- 114 N. (N.) golvani 2 Archocentrus Lago Jalapa, Costa Rica KR086245 *, centrarchus KR086246 * 115- 116 N. (N.) golvani 2 Amatitlania Quebrada Puercos, Costa Rica FJ388998, 6757 nigrofasciata KR086247 * 117- 127 N. (N.) golvani 11 Vieja pearsei Presa Chicoasen, Chiapas, M��xico FJ 388995, FJ 968136 - FJ968138, 6755 KR086248 - KR086254 * 128- 132 N. (N.) golvani 5 V. pearsei Presa Nezahualcoyolt, Chiapas, M��xico FJ 388996, FJ 968141, FJ968142, 6756 KR086255 *, KR086256 * 133- 143 N. (N.) golvani 11 Parachromis Lago Canitzan, Tenosique, Tabasco, FJ 388994, FJ 968139, FJ968140, 6767 friedrichstalii M��xico KR086257 - KR086264 * 144- 153 N. (N.) golvani 10 Cichlasoma R��o Carrizal, Tabasco, M��xico FJ 388993, FJ 968134, FJ968135, 6754 urophthalmum KR086265 - KR086271 * 154- 156 N. (N.) golvani 3 C. urophthalmum Lago las Ilusiones, Tabasco, M��xico FJ 388992 - FJ 968144 157- 167 N. (N.) golvani 11 Paraneetroplus Lago de Catemaco, Veracruz, M��xico FJ 388986, FJ 968145, FJ 968146, 601, 603, 604, 606, 631, fenestratus KR086272 - KR086279 * 632, 6783 168- 172 N. (N.) golvani 5 C. urophthalmum Presa Temascal, Oaxaca, M��xico KR086280 - KR086284 * 8593 ......continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continued) The sequence divergence estimated among the nine species herein considered, plus an additional sequence available for a species that occurs in freshwater fishes in North America (N. saginata) ranged from 3.2 % to 48.7 % (Table 2). Instead, the intraspecific genetic divergence varied markedly among all the isolates sequenced for each acanthocephalan species and it was never higher than 3 % for all intraspecific comparisons. For instance, the divergence among 81 specimens of N. (N.) brentnickoli obtained from a wide geographic range, in 16 localities (localities 1-16 in Fig. 1) across the Pacific coast of northwestern Mexico, varied from 0 to 0.7 % (Table 2). In other example, N. (N.) roseum corresponding to two individuals of two localities 1) Laguna el Caimanero, Sinaloa and 2) Estero La Tovara, Nayarit (localities 17-18), had genetic divergence from 0 to 0.04 %. The species N. (N.) mamesi comprises 22 individuals from seven localities from Mexico, one of Guatemala and two from Costa Rica (localities 19-25 in Fig. 1), showing a genetic divergence from 0 to 1.3 %. N. (N.) golvani shows genetic divergence from 0 to 1.5 % among 80 specimens from 11 localities (see localities 26-36). The species N. (N.) mexicoensis corresponding to 47 individuals from eight localities (localities 37-44) from Gulf of Mexico shows a genetic divergence ranged from 0 to 3 %. N. (N.) schmidti shows low genetic divergence ranged from 0-0.02 % of specimens analyzed from the same locality. The species N. (N.) emyditoides corresponding three localities: 1) Lago de Catemaco, Veracruz, 2) R��o Papaloapan, Tlacotalpan, Veracruz and 3) Presa la Herradura, Monterrey (localities 46-48), showed a genetic divergence from 0 to1.3 %. The specimens of N. (N.) panucensis are from Axtlan de Terrazas, San Luis Potos��, and R��o Pantepec, Veracruz (localities 49-50), both localities are near of the type locality of N. (N.) panucensis. The genetic divergence among four isolates of N. (N.) panucensis ranged from 0.02���0.05 %. Finally, the two specimens of N. (N.) chimalapasensis showed a genetic divergence equal to zero (locality 51). 1 2 3 4 5 1. N. (N.) brentnickoli (n = 81) 0���0.7 42���43 8.1���9.8 21.9���23.7 7.3���10 2. N. (N.) roseum (n = 2) 0���0.04 40.9���42.9 41.1���43.1 39.7���43.2 3. N. (N.) mamesi (n = 22) 0���1.3 21���23.6 2.40���5.50 4. N. (N.) golvani (n = 80) 0���1.5 21.0��� 24.6 5. N. (N.) mexicoensis (n = 47) 0���3.0 6. N. (N.) schmidti (n = 5) 7. N. (N.) emyditoides (n = 26) 8. N. (N.) panucensis (n = 4) 9. N. (N.) chimalapasensis (n = 2) 10. N. saginata (n = 1) continued., Published as part of Pinacho-Pinacho, Carlos Daniel, Sereno-Uribe, Ana L., Le��n, Gerardo P��rez-Ponce De & Garc��a-Varela, Mart��n, 2015, Checklist of the species of Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in fishes and turtles in Middle-America, and their delimitation based on sequences of the 28 S rDNA, pp. 98-116 in Zootaxa 3985 (1) on pages 106-111, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3985.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/241079, {"references":["Barger, M. A., Thatcher, E. V. & Nickol, B. B. (2004) A new species of Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from a red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) in Mexico. Comparative Parasitology, 71 (1), 1 - 3. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1654 / 4099","Martinez-Aquino, A., Reyna-Fabian, M. E., Rosas-Valdez, R., Razo-Mendivil, U., Perez-Ponce de Leon, G. & Garcia-Varela, M. (2009) Detecting a complex of cryptic species within Neoechinorhynchus golvani (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) inferred from ITSs and LSU rDNA gene sequences. Journal of Parasitolology, 95 (5), 1040 - 1047. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / GE- 1926.1","Garcia-Varela, M., Garcia-Prieto, L. & Perez Rodriguez, R. (2011) Molecular identification and first description of the male of Neoechinorhynchus schmidti (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae), a parasite of Trachemys scripta (Testudines) in Mexico. Parasitology International, 60 (4), 433 - 439. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. parint. 2011.07.005"]}

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) chimalapasensis Salgado-Maldonado, Caspeta-Mandujano & Mart��nez-Ram��rez, 2010 (Fig. 2 b) Mexico: OAXACA: R��o Negro, Santa Mar��a Chimalapas (16 �� 53 ��� 54.7 ������N 94 �� 41 ��� 37.3 ������W); Awaous banana (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 2010) and (this study). R��o Grande, Vistahermosa (16 �� 47 ��� 29.76 ������N 95 ��01���01.17������W); Awaous banana (this study). Specimens deposited. CNHE (5018, 5019, 5020) Notes. This species was originally described solely based on morphology by Salgado-Maldonado et al. (2010), and not DNA sequences were generated., Published as part of Pinacho-Pinacho, Carlos Daniel, Sereno-Uribe, Ana L., Le��n, Gerardo P��rez-Ponce De & Garc��a-Varela, Mart��n, 2015, Checklist of the species of Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in fishes and turtles in Middle-America, and their delimitation based on sequences of the 28 S rDNA, pp. 98-116 in Zootaxa 3985 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3985.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/241079, {"references":["Salgado-Maldonado, G., Caspeta-Mandujano, J. M. & Martinez-Ramirez, E. (2010) Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) chimalapasensis n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from the freshwater fish Awaous banana (Valenciennes) (Gobiidae) in Mexico. Systematic Parasitology, 75 (3), 231 - 237. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 009 - 9218 - 2"]}

Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) panucensis Salgado-Maldonado, 2013 (Fig. 2 g) Mexico: HIDALGO: R��o Atlapexco (21 ��0��� 53 ������N 98 �� 20 ��� 24 ������W); Herichthys labridens, Amatitlania nigrofasciata and Herichthys cyanoguttatus (Salgado-Maldonado 2013). SAN LUIS POTOS��: Axtlan de Terrazas (21 �� 26 ��� 1 ������N 98 �� 52 ��� 28 ������W); Herichthys cyanoguttatus (Mart��nez-Aquino et al. 2009). VERACRUZ: R��o Pantepec (20 �� 53 ��� 35.8 ������N 97 �� 47 ��� 18.8 ������W); Herichthys sp. (this study). Specimens deposited. CNHE (8378, 8379, 8380). Notes. This species was erroneously identified as N. (N.) golvani by Salgado-Maldonado (2006). Mart��nez- Aquino et al. (2009) recognized the specimens from cichlids fishes from P��nuco river as independent lineages and based on this phylogenetic framework Salgado-Maldonado (2013), described these specimens as a new species., Published as part of Pinacho-Pinacho, Carlos Daniel, Sereno-Uribe, Ana L., Le��n, Gerardo P��rez-Ponce De & Garc��a-Varela, Mart��n, 2015, Checklist of the species of Neoechinorhynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in fishes and turtles in Middle-America, and their delimitation based on sequences of the 28 S rDNA, pp. 98-116 in Zootaxa 3985 (1) on page 106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3985.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/241079, {"references":["Salgado-Maldonado, G. (2013) Redescription of Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) golvani Salgado-Maldonado, 1978 (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) and description of a new species from freshwater cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae) in Mexico. Parasitology Research, 112 (5), 1891 - 1901. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00436 - 013 - 3374 - 7","Martinez-Aquino, A., Reyna-Fabian, M. E., Rosas-Valdez, R., Razo-Mendivil, U., Perez-Ponce de Leon, G. & Garcia-Varela, M. (2009) Detecting a complex of cryptic species within Neoechinorhynchus golvani (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) inferred from ITSs and LSU rDNA gene sequences. Journal of Parasitolology, 95 (5), 1040 - 1047. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1645 / GE- 1926.1"]}

Family Neoechinorhynchidae Neoechinorhynchus sp. Myocastor coypus, Louisiana, U.S.A., Babero & Lee (1961)., Published as part of Fugassa, Martin H., 2015, Checklist of helminths found in Patagonian wild mammals, pp. 271-328 in Zootaxa 4012 (2) on page 315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/192165