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Background Antimicrobial autoantigenic glycoprotein 2 (GP2) is an important component of the innate immune system which originates from the exocrine pancreas as well as from the small intestines. The relationship of GP2 with the intestinal microbiome as well as the systemic implications of increased fecal GP2 levels are, however, still unclear. Therefore, fecal samples from 2,812 individuals of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) were collected to determine GP2 levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and gut microbiota profiles (16 S rRNA gene sequencing). These data were correlated and associated with highly standardised and comprehensive phenotypic data of the study participants. Results Fecal GP2 levels were increased in individuals with higher body mass index and smokers, whereas lower levels were found in case of preserved exocrine pancreatic function, female sex or a healthier diet. Moreover, higher GP2 levels were associated with increased serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, loss of gut microbial diversity and an increase of potentially detrimental bacteria (Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Clostridium XIVa, or Collinsella). At the same time, predicted microbial pathways for the biosynthesis of beneficial short-chain fatty acids or lactic acid were depleted in individuals with high fecal GP2. Of note, GP2 exhibited a stronger association to overall microbiome variation than calprotectin. Conclusion Fecal GP2 is a biomarker of gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated with increased systemic inflammation. The intestines may be more important as origin for GP2 than pancreatic acinar cells. Future studies need to investigate the potential clinical value in disease specific patient cohorts. Keywords: GP2, Exocrine, Pancreas, Pancreatitis, IBD, Biomarker, Author(s): Fabian Frost[sup.1], Stefan Weiss[sup.1,2], Johannes Hertel[sup.3], Malte Rühlemann[sup.4], Corinna Bang[sup.4], Andre Franke[sup.4], Matthias Nauck[sup.5], Marcus Dörr[sup.6], Henry Völzke[sup.7], Dirk Roggenbuck[sup.8,9], Peter Schierack[sup.8,9], Uwe Völker[sup.2], Georg Homuth[sup.2], Ali A. Aghdassi[sup.1], [...]

The human epidermal melanocyte (hEM) are melanin-producing cells that provide skin pigmentation and protection against ultraviolet radiation. Although purinergic signaling is involved in skin biology and pathology, the presence of NTPDase members, as well as the rate of nucleotides degradation by melanocytes were not described yet. Therefore, in this study we analyzed the expression of ectonucleotidases in hEM derived from discarded foreskin of male patients. The expression of purinergic enzymes was confirmed by mRNA and flow cytometry. Among the ectonucleotidases, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolasel (NTPDasel) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase were the ectoenzymes with higher expressions. The hydrolysis rate for ATP, ADP, and AMP was low in comparison to other primary cells already investigated. The amount of ATP in the culture medium was increased after a scratch wound and decreased to basal levels in 48 h, while the NTPDasel and P2X7 expressions increased. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that after cell injury, the ATP released by hEM into the extracellular space will be hydrolyzed by ectonucleotidases as the NTPDasel that will control the levels of nucleotides in the skin micro-environment. Key words: primary human epidermal melanocytes, NTPDases, CD73, NPPs, extracellular nucleotides, Introduction Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells, present in the basal layer of human epidermis, in hair, eye, inner ear, brain, lungs, heart, and adipose tissue (Quevedo and Fleischmann 1980; [...]

Tropical birds are usually placed in the 'slow' end of the life-history continuum, and much of their physiology matches the trade-off between lifespan and reproduction. For example, they demonstrate lower wholeanimal basal metabolic rates (BMR) and peak metabolic rates (PMR) compared with temperate birds, and at the cell level, tropical birds also have lower rates of oxygen consumption. Oxidative stress, a by-product of aerobic respiration, has yet to be fully elucidated to be linked to life-history theory. However, previous work suggests that tropical birds may have superior antioxidant capacity to birds that live in temperate areas. In the current study, we used muscle tissue from 35 species of tropical birds to measure total antioxidant capacity (hydroxyl scavenging capacity and peroxyl scavenging capacity), the activity of antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT), superoxide dismulase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipid damage (LPO). We correlated these measurements to body mass and found a significantly negative correlation between body mass and LPO and a marginally significant negative correlation with hydroxyl scavenging capacity. Interestingly, we also correlated our measurements to literature reported BMR measurements from 22 species included in our study and found no correlations. A negative correlation between body mass and LPO damage may be due to cellular muscle structure and mitochondrial content and structure within the muscle. Received 6 October 2021. Accepted 24 May 2022. Key words: basal metabolism, life-history, muscle, oxidative stress, tropical birds. Las aves tropicales generatmente se ubican en el extreme- 'lento' del eontinuo dc la historia de vida. y gran parte dc su fisiologia coincide con el equilibrio cntrc la vida util y la rcproduccion. Por ejemplo, las avcs dcmucstran tasas metabolicas basalcs (BMR) y tasas metabolicas maximas (PMR) de animal complcto mas bajas en comparacion con las avcs dc clima templado y. a nivel cclular. las aves tropicalcs tambicn tienen tasas mas bajas dc consume- dc oxtgeno. El estres oxidativo, tin subproducto dc la respiration aerobica. atin no sc ba dilucidado por complcto para vincularlo a la tcoria dc la historia dc vida. Sin embargo, trabajos previos stigicrcn que las aves tropicalcs ptieden tcner una capacidad antioxidamc superior a las aves que viven en areas templadas. En cste estudio. utilizamos tcjido muscular dc 35 especies dc avcs tropicalcs para medir su capacidad antioxidamc total (capacidad de captacion dc hidroxilo y capacidad dc captacion dc peroxilo), la actividad de la enzima anlioxidante catalasa (CAT), la superoxido dismutasa (SOD), la glutation peroxidasa (GPx) y el dano de It'pidos (LPO). Correlaeionamos cstas medicioncs con la masa corporal y encontramos una correlation signiticativamente negativa entre la masa corporal y la LPO, y una corrclacion ncgativa marginalmente significativa con la capacidad de captacion de hidroxilo. C'uriosamente. tambien correlaeionamos nuestras mediciones con mediciones de BMR encontradas en la litcrattira para 22 especies incluidas en nucstro estudio y no encontramos correlacioncs. Una corrclacion ncgativa cntre la masa corporal y el dano por LPO pucde debcrsc a la cstructura muscular cclular. y al contcnido y cstructura mitocondrial dentro del musculo. Palabras clave: avcs tropicalcs. estres oxidativo. historia dc vida, metabolismo basal, musculo,, Variation in life-history events, such as growth rate, maintenance, body size, reproductive output, and timing reflect the crux of life-history theory, which states that a differential allocation of resources may [...]

Byline: C. J. Yang, M. Jin, Y. Q. Zhang and Y. B. Duan Key Words: Poplar, PAL gene family, bioinformatics, Stem, Gene expression INTRODUCTION Phenylalanine. ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the crucial [...]

Many parameters used to investigate stress in vertebrates are temporally sensitive. The act of capture and sampling can influence them, hindering their functionality for evaluating the effects of stressors. Consequently, the investigation and subsequent incorporation of less time-sensitive parameters are necessary to better evaluate stressors affecting vertebrates. In this study, we investigated how capture stress and handling associated with sampling influence antioxidant status in American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1802); hereinafter Alligator), long-lived, top-trophic carnivores found in the southeastern United States, by measuring levels of two antioxidant enzymes in destructive (brain and pancreas) and nondestructive (tail scutes) tissues: superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1). Capture stress had no effect on pancreatic SOD1 and no effect on brain and pancreatic GPX1 (all p > 0.05). However, brain SOD1, scute SOD1, and scute GPX1 were all impacted by capture stress. These disparate results illustrate that the influence of capture stress on antioxidant enzymes in Alligators is tissue and marker dependent, necessitating further investigation. Our results provide a firm foundation to further investigate oxidative status in crocodilians. Key words: Crocodilian, time, oxidative status, health, condition, American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis De nombreux paramétres employes dans l'étude du stress chez les vertebres varient selon le moment. La capture et l'échantillonnage peuvent les influencer, réduisant du coup leur utilité pour évaluer les effets de facteurs de stress. Par consequent, l'étude, et l'intégration subséquente, de paramétres moins sensibles au moment sont nécessaires pour améliorer l'évaluation des facteurs de stress chez les vertébrés. Nous étudions l'influence du stress associé á la capture et de la manipulation associée á l'échantillonnage sur le statut oxydatif chez les alligators d'Amérique (Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1802)), des carnivores longévifs de niveau trophique supérieur présents dans le sud-est des ?‰tats-Unis, en mesurant les concentrations d'enzymes antioxydantes dans des tissus nécessitant (cerveau et pancréas) ou non (scutelles de la queue) la destruction du spécimen, soit la superoxyde dismutase 1 (SOD1) et la glutathion peroxydase 1 (GPX1). Le stress de capture n'a pas d'effet sur la SOD1 pancréatique ni sur la GPX1 cérébrale et pancréatique (p > 0,05 dans tous les cas). Il a toutefois une incidence sur la SOD1 cérébrale, la SOD1 scutellaire et la GPX1 scutellaire. Ces résultats disparates illustrent le fait que l'influence du stress de capture sur les enzymes antioxydantes chez les alligators dépend du tissu et du marqueur et nécessite donc des études plus poussées. Nos résultats constituent une base solide pour d'autres études du statut oxydatif chez les crocodiliens. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés : crocodilien, moment, statut oxydatif, santé, embonpoint, alligator d'Amérique, Alligator mississippiensis, Introduction Physiological biomarkers are often used as important tools to investigate health status and to determine the effects of stressors of wild animals. A large assortment of biomarkers have previously [...]