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As climate change becomes more central to geographers' thinking, climate geography as a field is developing a greater sense of self‐awareness. Whilst welcome, the historical legacy of geographic engagement with the climate brings both challenges and opportunities. As a discipline whose founding principle was to interrogate the nexus of the environmental – as well as a field with both appetite and aptitude for a radical interdisciplinarity – climate geographers are well positioned to interpret a world in which nature and human activity are increasingly inseparable. Yet what climate geographers bring in particular is a recognition of how the present landscape of knowledge reflects often contentious historical politics. By reflexively engaging with the history of the discipline and connecting this to present gaps in the landscape of environmental knowledge, climate geography as a field offers the opportunity for substantial innovation, not only as a means to interpret climate change, but as a site of action to address it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trakya Journal of Education is the property of Trakya Journal of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article reassesses Aristotle's views on the relationship between ethical character and the natural environment. The standard reading, to the effect that Aristotle endorsed environmental determinism, is rejected. The discussion invites a more careful examination of Aristotelian texts commonly adduced to support the orthodox reading, while also providing a clear account of what environmental determinism is. I argue that the textual evidence presented by defenders of the standard reading does not match that account. All in all, I conclude, we are not authorized to invoke Aristotle's views on the relationship between natural environment and human beings in order to discredit his ethical and political project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent years have witnessed increasing attention on the study of game ecology, the virtual environments, and underlying mechanics within games. Yet, these studies often focus on the active role that players have in changing game ecology, while overlooking the reciprocal influence between game ecology and players. Methods: This study investigates the potential impact of game ecology on player choices from an environmental determinism perspective—the development of humanity is shaped by the physical environment. This new perspective is substantiated by a case study of two strategy games, Sid Meier's Civilization VI and Humankind, using an immersive-participatory method to analyze their game mechanics. Results: This study identifies four major forms of game mechanics that use game ecology to influence player choices: spatial constraints, movement modifiers, uncommon events, and dynamic indexes. Discussion: This study discusses how the identified game mechanics reflect environmental determinism and contrast with the conventional ideology of cultural determinism. Additionally, environmental determinism in video games, derived from a broader social background, is constantly evolving into new forms. Conclusion: This study introduces a new perspective of environmental determinism for analyzing the interaction between game ecology and players. This approach has the potential to offer valuable insights into guiding future game design and research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic climate change, with co-factors, threatens civilization, and thus human health. I first show that climate change is an important element of a system of hazards called “Limits to Growth”. I then argue that the interaction of climate change and other Limits to Growth elements risks civilization “failure” and possibly its “collapse”. Either consequence, were one to occur, entails profound risks to global population health, yet appreciation of this is still largely outside the health literature. I then discuss these relationships (including with civilization's destiny) with bioethical schools. The oldest of these (also called medical ethics) is strongly related to health and medicine, but in a later (1970) formulation the prefix “bio” is broader than human biology, though this school also has roots in human health. Van Rensselaer Potter, widely recognized as the founder of this school, subtitled it “the science of survival”. This subtitle seems to acknowledge an at least implicit risk to civilization. I also briefly discuss environmental ethics. By calling for greater discussion of the risk of civilization failure (or its collapse) this paper makes an important and original contribution to bioethics, however conceptualized. The major scholarly contribution of this paper is its call for the human health literature to refresh its consideration of Limits to Growth, to reconsider aspects that have become marginalized in the health literature, and for health workers to deepen their engagement with related literatures, especially of human ecology. We must contemplate the unthinkable if we are to help avert it.

Over the past several decades since Frank Snowden published his seminal monograph Blacks in Antiquity, scholars have become increasingly interested in understanding the ethnic and racial frameworks deployed by ancient peoples. The intersections of race, color, and ethnicity in classical literature have long been debated, but ancient Jewish texts tend to be left out of these discussions. In this article, I first analyze 1 Enoch's Animal Apocalypse against the backdrop of Hellenistic-era environmental theory to show that it displays early forms of race-making through its differentiation of colored bulls. Although leading commentaries offered by Nickelsburg and Tiller reject racial readings of the Animal Apocalypse's colored bulls, Matthew Black's commentary from the 1980s does not. I show that ancient Hellenistic conceptions of peoples' color, ethnicity, and behaviors shaped by environmental determinism support Matthew Black's framework for understanding the Animal Apocalypse's use of color, namely his equating of Chapter 89's black bull with Ham, contra Nickelsburg and Tiller. Second, I stress that the Animal Apocalypse's schema of colored bulls reflects the view that all of humanity derives from white, red, and black ancestors and that this ordering of the three colors constitutes a hierarchal sequencing of humankind, classified into three different types of people in descending order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a special issue of the journal Small Wars & Insurgencies that focuses on the relationship between climate change and patterns of insurgency and terrorism. It discusses the lack of academic interest in this topic in the past, but highlights the growing recognition of climate change as a major political and institutional challenge. The article explores the complexity of studying climate change and its impact on conflict, and suggests three key questions for scholars to consider. It emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary dialogue and research in this area. Another text in the article discusses the negative impact of war on the environment, including soil degradation, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. It also discusses the need for a shift away from fossil fuel dependency in the military. The article further explores the potential impact of climate change on future conflicts, highlighting the complexity of analyzing this issue. It suggests that further research is needed to understand the relationship between climate change and various forms of conflict. [Extracted from the article]

The IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report warns in stark terms that many long inhabited parts of the world are now on course to become uninhabitable. As astronomers continue to search the universe for new habitable planets, it is equally essential to historicize the consequences of changing habitability on this one. This article reviews how scholars have engaged with the widely noted but rarely theorized categories of "habitability" and "uninhabitability." While tracing longer imperial genealogies, the primary focus is on notions of habitability in relation to European global empires in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and their postcolonial legacies. The article traces three key themes in the literature: that habitability was inherently limited, and beyond those limits allegedly lay uninhabitability; that habitability was differential and that certain places were habitable for some groups but not others (but that this might be changed by technological interventions); and finally, that the limits of habitability were not static, but could change for both better and worse. Here the links between colonialism and ideas of acclimatization, terraforming, "improvement," deliberate uninhabitability, and an "Anthropocene" have all been central to the literature. These have often been closely associated with insidious forms of environmental determinism, which are taking on new forms in an age of crisis (especially in narratives around climate and migration). By drawing together previously disparate literatures, this article ultimately calls on scholars to embrace habitability studies more widely, and to expand on their interdisciplinary potential for communicating the societal consequences of a changing climate. This article is categorized under:Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on Colombian engineer Miguel Triana's 1907 travelogue Por el sur de Colombia, this article discusses the role that labour, broadly understood, plays in the projects of state transformation of the Putumayo region, in the Colombian Amazon. The text analyses the role that physical effort plays in making possible the construction of infrastructural works such as roads in the Amazon space, but also in the concrete forms of land cultivation he observes in Indigenous peoples and in his own process of writing his travelogue. Theories of environmental determinism turn out to be key in Triana's understanding of labour as a way of transforming nature and bringing progress to the Colombian frontiers. The article makes clear the rhetorical process through which different forms of materiality – roads, bridges, books, cultivation – are seen as parallel forms of embodiment in the discourse of engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world of smart desktop approaches, it can be instructive to return to the roots of the discussion of whether it is possible to model the behaviour of small-scale human cultures based on environmental parameters. Present-day modellers appear to have forgotten this debate, which played such an important role in the anthropology of the early twentieth century. The question was never settled. Around the 1960s, a group of theoretical archaeological modellers decided that it was possible to model the landscape behaviour of hunter-gatherers based solely on the environmental data and thereby ignore social anthropological information supporting the opposing view. This was the beginning of a tradition of archaeological modelling that ignored differences in cultural landscape behaviour in similar environments and over time, the information provided by the developing discipline of landscape ecology, and with that the documented environmental complexity and its inherent small-scale dynamics. It is difficult to detect any scientific rationale behind this conscious archaeological isolation from relevant data provided by other disciplines, and the demand for cheap and fast management methods rather than science-based arguments appears the more likely driver. This presentation traces the history of this cultural “nature versus nurture” debate and discusses its implications.

Exporting is the most common mode of entry when firms want to expand their operations via internationalisation. In this study, a comparison of the exporting performance between firms in a developed country, New Zealand, and an emerging country, Indonesia, is undertaken. The study aims to better understand the relationship between firm performance and exporting decisions, and whether performance is a result of the firms' strategic choice or environmental pressure. Exporting firms from both New Zealand and Indonesia were targeted with a self-administered survey, and the companies involved ranged from low to high internationalised industries. Eighty-seven useable questionnaires were received from company owners and export managers, with 52 coming from New Zealand exporters and 35 from Indonesia. Regression analysis was conducted with the focus on two iterations, with the first being a test of the overall model, and the second iteration comparing the model to New Zealand and Indonesia data separately. With respect to the overall model, the study found that strategic choice is the significant factor when being compared to environmental pressure. When comparing differences between Indonesian and New Zealand exporters, the study found that the export performance of Indonesian firms was significantly linked between strategic choice and the age of the firm. The study indicates that as Indonesian firms mature, they improve the flexibility of their management systems to allow better strategic responses to international business opportunities. For New Zealand companies, the situation changes somewhat, with environmental uncertainty and the length of time to internationalise, being negatively associated with export performance. The less uncertainty of the environment and the less experience of the firm in the international market, the higher the export performance of New Zealand firms. With respect to different industries, firms that operate in highly internationalised industries can be pulled by the size and strength of industry networks, such as support from the association representing the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

George B. Cressey attempted to write a new geography of China, and served the United States and China as a missionary, geographer, and sinologist from the 1920s–1960s. Drawing on the archival materials of Cressey housed in the United States and China, this article examines academic mobility as a form of careering to focus on the international endeavors of a rarely recognized American geographer. I argue that the rejection of Cressey began with the Chinese Nationalist and the U.S. governments in the 1940s, and culminated in Communist China in the 1950s, entangled in political turmoil and debates over environmental determinism. This article diversifies the writing of the history of geography by breaking the dualism of centre and periphery following Cressey's career trajectory. The work also demonstrates the complexity of transnational academic mobility and its entanglements with politics. • Provides an alternative history of geography in China and the United States. • Draws on a wide range of unexplored archival evidence. • Illustrates the academic mobility existing between China and the United States from 1920s to 1940s. • Explores the USA-Sino relations between geography and politics during the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I examine the enlistment of Arctic ice to tell grand, universal stories about humanity's origins and endings. Specifically, I analyze 18th century Natural History musings that linked Arctic climate to race and human difference. I demonstrate that these musings are constitutive to an invention of pathologized migrancy across Arctic spaces that emerge as a consequence of the inability of ice to foster agricultural settlement. I call this phenomenon temperate-normativity, in which Arctic spaces of ice are produced as inferior, not meaningful on their own but read as where transit to temperate locales occurs and those who linger are consequentially rendered as aberrant. To upend temperate-normative ideals of landscape and livelihood, I analyze a poem titled "Exceeding Beringia" by Joan Naviyuk Kane (Inupiaq) wherein Inupiaq relations to more-than-human kin articulate transit and migration as a mutual, obligatory responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carpathian Basin has been the most significant Hungarian geographical notion. Despite its relatively short history, the concept has antecedents related to the long historical process of Hungary's (self-) recognition and (self-) definition in a mostly landlocked environment. Through a critical geopolitical lens, this article investigates how and why the Carpathian Basin emerged as a geographical concept and with what effects. Before even being fully explored, the Carpathians served as a solid reference point to demarcate Hungary at a time when it was not a sovereign state. From the 1910s till the 1940s, the gradually emerging notion of the Carpathian Basin was employed to preserve, and later claim, the territory it was designated to cover. Yet the environmentally determinist ideas of Hungarian geographers – partly based on a selective reading of foreign sources – were harshly countered by their colleagues elsewhere, whose arguments were similarly tendentious but drew less on geographical determinism. The Hungarian interwar establishment's staunch longing for the unity of the Carpathian Basin, though supported by many, also implied the mobilisation of the whole society towards this goal, pointing to links between foreign and domestic policy. • The Carpathian Basin has been the most crucial concept in Hungarian geographic thought. • Based on selected foreign and domestic ideas, it largely built on geographic determinism. • It served to demarcate Hungary at times when the country's extent was contested. • In the interwar period, it legitimised official claims to territories lost by Hungary. • Counternarratives emerged in the neighbouring countries that drew less on determinism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the 18th century, a new understanding emerged of the concept of consciousness and its opposite, the unconscious, and of mental illness. An interest arose in the correct treatment of mentally ill people, as well as new ideas for practical and healthy architectonic frameworks in these people's lives. In the years around 1800, various Danish architects submitted designs for a mental hospital in Copenhagen. The four proposals, from 1792, 1798, 1802 and 1805, have been interpreted as a clear illustration of a chronological development in hospital design for mentally ill people. However, this was not a case of evolution. The four architects -- Andreas Kirkerup, C.F. Harsdorff, Philip Lange and Jens Bang -- were given different conditions, and their individual ideas and approaches varied. The four projects should rather be seen as personal architectonic expressions, which succeeded to varying degrees, reflecting a line of thought that academic literature today would describe as environmental determinism, in other words how individuals are shaped by their physical environment. Kirkerup's project from 1792 was constrained by the demand to reuse existing buildings, yet it featured several pioneering solutions to practical problems, which the next two proposals dealt with less successfully. Harsdorff's complex consisted of three buildings, one of which with two adjacent wings with cells was reserved for mental health patients, although the project revealed a poor architectural grasp of mental health care. Lange's mental hospital from 1803, inspired by foreign designs, comprised a circular central building with three radiating wings, yet Lange was more interested in geometry than function. The 1805 proposal was the most advanced, not because it was the most recent, but because it was designed by Bang, who was both a trained architect, at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, and a qualified doctor. He practised medicine for thirty years, becoming the deputy mayor of healthcare in Copenhagen. Bang had the prerequisites to create functional, people-friendly architecture that lived up to the latest international principles. His design consisted of a fourbuilding complex, complemented on three sides by semi-circular wings. The fourth side featured a low portal and corner pavilions. The proposed hospital allowed patients to socialise yet enjoy a private life too, with fresh air, green surroundings, baths and other hygiene facilities. For various reasons his proposal for Sankt Hans Hospital was never built. Yet it was the first planned hospital in Denmark -- and even in Europe one of the first -- to embody modern concepts acknowledging the influence of architecture on mental health. These ideas today, in another theoretical framework, form the foundation in the field of healing architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many have recognised poem 63 as a study in contrasts – light versus darkness, masculine versus feminine, rationality versus madness, animal versus human, culture versus nature. Caught between these polarities is the figure of Attis, removed from everything bright, male, sane, human, and civilised by one impassioned act. The poem suggests that it is partly the nature of the place, its quasi-Hippocratic airs, waters, and places, that emasculates Attis, making him like a notha mulier, iuvenca, and famula. This article will use ecofeminist theory – in particular, Val Plumwood's Feminism and the Mastery of Nature – to investigate the logic of domination running between the poem's polarities and to show how a foreign 'Eastern' wilderness effeminises Greek Attis. Moreover, it will be shown that the characterisation of Attis and the galli as a dux and his comites associates the story with the Roman imperial endeavour, suggesting that we can read the poem alongside others that portray conquest (11, 29) and the experience of young men abroad on provincial cohorts (10, 28, 47). In this way, Catullus implies that the imperial project is also made weak and feminine by its very contact with foreign places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can we theorize the relationship between discourses that antagonize each other? In a recent article, Arponen et al. demonstrate the tension between two different research models, and spotlight the compelling impact these methods have on archaeological interpretation. In response to their observations, this paper theorizes how we can understand the position of the researcher in relation to the events they analyse. Using Michel Foucault's approach to the 'discursive formation' and Karen Barad's theory of agential realism, in this reaction I argue that focusing on a single and most important point (the crux) is problematic, and theoretically outline how creating conceptual space for polymorphous causality can aid the analysis of a 'dispersion of events'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current debates about building performance evaluation often emphasize the 'performance gap' between how buildings perform in practice and how performance was envisaged during the design stage. While such debates continue to be dominated by energy considerations, increasing attention is directed towards the subjective experiences of building users in terms of thermal comfort and wellbeing. The latter trends are undoubtedly to be welcomed, but buildings continue to be conceptualized as fixed physical objects rather than entities that are enacted in practice. With the aim of challenging current assumptions, research is described which sought to reclaim the concept of building appraisal as practised by the pioneering architectural practice DEGW. The concept of building appraisal differs from current notions of building performance evaluation in that the point of departure is not the supposedly fixed entity of the building, but the essential fluidity of the occupying organization and their aspirations in terms of space. Empirical data are derived from archival sources and through extensive interaction with the DEGW diaspora, many of whom remain active at the leading edge of international practice. It is concluded that the continued fixation with the 'performance gap' reinforces long-since discredited assumptions of environmental determinism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semple is recognized as a pioneer in the study of human-environment interaction. Her research also foreshadowed contemporary concerns with cultural and political ecology in the social sciences.

Abstract Aim Several ecological factors are predicted to affect beta diversity - the dissimilarity of communities among localities or through time. Considering the effect of primary productivity, there is a divergence in the literature concerning if it is positive, negative or hump-shaped. This is relevant considering the discussion on the role of primary productivity on deterministic and stochastic processes shaping ecological communities. The main goal of this study was to review ecological literature to explore causes for variation in the predominant relationship between beta diversity and primary productivity. Methods We have performed a scientometric analysis following the PRISMA statement for systematic reviews and the articles search was made through the ISI Web of Science® database. Results The number of articles approaching the relationship between beta diversity and primary productivity is growing more than expected by the natural growth in published articles. From the 465 articles found, only 38 directly dealt with beta diversity-productivity relationship. From them, we extracted 76 relationships, most of them positive, in almost all factors analyzed. Even so, the proportion of negative studies was higher in aquatic environments. In the Afrotropic region, only negative relationships in terrestrial studies were found. There is a clear inclination towards studies regarding large spatial scales, terrestrial environments, with vertebrates and in the Neartic or Paleartic regions. In aquatic environments there was a clear dominance of studies using small-body organisms, contrasting with terrestrial studies that used more often vertebrates and plants. Conclusions There is an increasing interest in studies concerning this relationship. Positive relations can be explained by several ecological factors, and the more common negative relationships in aquatic environments can be explained by the fact that productivity can cause eutrophication. We also pointed out gaps in the knowledge, especially considering studies in small and medium spatial scales, groups beyond plants and vertebrates in terrestrial environments, and aquatic studies in Afrotropic and Indo – Malaya regions.

Aim: I test whether species range size variation is driven by the age of the species, their intrinsic traits, environment or by historical‐geographical patterns (e.g. the location of climatic or environmental refugia). Location: Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of South Africa. Taxon: Angiosperms, Restionaceae (restios). Methods: I determined the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of all restios in the GCFR, and derive a list of "single‐site endemics" (SSE). I inferred a rate‐corrected and dated phylogeny which includes 98% of the species. I explored the correlates of range size variation with phylogenetically corrected regressions, focussing on likely candidate traits (dispersal and fire survival modes), habitats (soil drainage, elevation), climatic variables (rainfall and temperature) and history (age of species). I calculated the species richness, community mean range sizes and numbers of SSE for 49 sites and 938 10 m diameter circular relevés across the GCFR, and sought correlates of these, specifically testing for historical‐geographical patterns in relationship to the distance from the centre of the region. Results: Narrow‐range restios are correlated with higher elevations, rainfall and rainfall seasonality; are found more likely in marshes and seepages; and are more likely killed by fire and have to re‐establish from seed after fire. Wide‐ranging species are found in areas with lower rainfall, at lower elevations, in well‐drained habitats, and resprout after fire. Community mean ranges sizes are larger towards the eastern part of the GCFR; and relevé data show that sandstones, shale, laterite and granites are associated with wider distribution ranges, as are soils with pebbles or sandy soils without rocks, and limestones with smaller community mean ranges than other bedrock types. The number of SSE is largely correlated with species richness, except that SSE are more likely at higher elevations. Main Conclusion: Range size variation in the restios is largely driven by history (expressed as the distance from the Kogelberg region), suggesting that the Kogelberg region may have been most climatically stable during the Neogene and Pleistocene. The second‐most important driver is the environment (i.e. rock type, elevation, rainfall), generally with spatially restricted habitats hosting range‐restricted species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neglected tropical diseases are defined operationally as diseases that prevail in "tropical" regions and are under-researched, under-funded, and under-treated compared with their disease burden. By analysing the adjectives "tropical" and "neglected," I expose and interrogate the discourses within which the term "neglected tropical disease" derives its meaning. First, I argue that the term "tropical" conjures the notion of "tropicality," a form of Othering which erroneously explains the disease-prevalence of "tropical" regions by reference to environmental determinism, rather than colonialism and neocolonialism. Second, I examine the way in which this Othering enables the abjection of tropical regions and their peoples, leading to neglect. I recommend that the term "neglected tropical diseases" be more carefully contextualised within health scholarship, education, and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report uses a critique of the ontology of research on climate change and armed conflict to advance a positive and performative account of the ways in which peace could be sustained and expanded through a changing climate. Focussing on research into the relationships between climate change and armed conflict and peace, it argues that recent debates about the effect of climate change on conflagrations stem from deeper assumptions about the way the world is and can be known. The report then builds an alternative framing of peace as a phenomenon that is resilient to climate change by layering knowledge about the conditions under which peace prevails through environmental change with that on environmental peace-building and on the intersections between resilience and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Question: Dispersal limitation (neutral hypothesis) and deterministic factors (niche hypothesis) shape floristic gradients including between‐site patterns of species' dominance (co‐dominance). Because their relative importance remains poorly known, we ask how their comparative contribution to co‐dominance changes with elevation and geographical extent. Location: Madidi region, NW Bolivia. Methods: We analysed floristic composition and environmental factors of 90 plots spanning the gradient from Amazonian (<1,000 m) to montane forests at three elevations (1,200–1,500; 2,000–2,300; and 2,800–3,200 m) and two geographical extents: local (plots <12 km apart) and regional (38–120 km apart). We modelled distance decay within each elevational band with a neutral model, using two parameters (speciation rate and dispersal distance). Subsequently, we related the model's residuals to environmental differences using flexible machine learning models. Results: We found that 5–44% of the variability in floristic differences along the gradient studied can be explained by a neutral model of distance decay, while 18–50% can be explained by environmental differences. Montane forests showed an overall gradient in floristic composition that is congruent with an increase in elevation for both dispersal limitation and environmental filtering. However, Amazonian forest was more niche‐structured and more dispersal‐limited relative to its elevation and topography. Conclusions: Environmental differences explained floristic differences better than the neutral model, even giving preferential attribution to the more parsimonious neutral processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how Argentine intellectuals incorporated the natural environment into their accounts of the racial, cultural and political features of the nation. In the late nineteenth century environmental determinism, based on the assumption of a cause–effect relationship between geographical and racial factors, entered Argentina through three main routes: Lamarckism, Darwinism and Spencerianism. By the mid twentieth century, however, anti‐positivist philosophies had been fully incorporated into a body of work that analysed Argentina's socio‐historical foundations. This article examines the shift that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century in how those seeking to define race incorporated the environment into their arguments. The raza was commonly taken to be synonymous with nation. Selected works by sociologist and legal scholar Carlos Octavio Bunge (1875‐1918) and by writer and ensayista Bernardo Canal Feijóo (1897‐1982) will be analysed as influential yet overlooked examples of how 'the problem of Argentine culture' could not be separated from the question of nature understood in terms of both physical and human geography. The goal will be to reveal, firstly, the extent to which the notion of the interior as geographical and anthropological desert deeply informed the political vision of the early national period in relation to race and nation and, secondly, how later interpretations of the nation recast American nature as a foundational element of cultural authenticity based on a sentiment of geographical belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• V. rugosum presence was associated with seawater temperature. • PnTX G concentration in mussels was associated with seawater temperature and V. rugosum presence. • PnTX G persisted for several months in mussels and in seawater. • Predicted human health risk associated with PnTX G in mussels was maximum in the warmest periods of the year. Consumption of seafood contaminated by phycotoxins produced by harmful algae is a major issue in human public health. Harmful algal blooms are driven by a multitude of environmental variables; therefore predicting human dietary exposure to phycotoxins based on these variables is a promising approach in health risk management. In this study, we attempted to predict the human health risks associated with Vulcanodinium rugosum and its neurotoxins, pinnatoxins (PnTXs), which have been regularly found in Mediterranean lagoons since their identification in 2011. Based on environmental variables collected over 1 year in four Mediterranean lagoons, we developed linear mixed models to predict the presence of V. rugosum and PnTX G contamination of mussels. We found that the occurrence of V. rugosum was significantly associated with seawater temperature. PnTX G contamination of mussels was highest in summer but persisted throughout the year. This contamination was significantly associated with seawater temperature and the presence of V. rugosum with a time lag, but not with dissolved PnTX G in seawater. By using the contamination model predictions and their potential variability/uncertainty, we calculated the human acute dietary exposures throughout the year and predicted that 25% of people who consume mussels could exceed the provisional acute benchmark value during the warmest periods. We suggest specific recommendations to monitor V. rugosum and PnTX G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of História Unisinos is the property of Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Within the framework of a history of representations, this text addresses feelings as a significant aspect of the national conformation process during the "long nineteenth century" in Colombia. The article is intended as abroad panorama and a problematization of the link between factors such as otherness, climate, race and passions. Its purpose is to show the resignification of old forms of discrimination that, although based on apparently outdated scientific paradigms, today preserve some capacity to generate representations of otherness and hegemony. Starting from an imaginary configuration of the cold lands as a reference of a "civilized landscape", the text will show how the passions (joy and anger, fundamentally) constituted the apex of a new human geography based on the new principles of climate commensurability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]