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SYNOPSIS Psychological entitlement is a sense that one deserves more than others and is correlated with a host of negative workplace behaviors. Because entitled individuals have a strong desire for the approval of others, we examine whether increasing the expectation of being monitored can limit some of these negative behaviors. We find that when the expectation of being monitored is low, psychological entitlement is associated with lower performance and higher misreporting. In contrast, when the expectation of being monitored is high, not only are these behaviors reduced, but performance increases and misreporting decreases for entitled individuals. Our results suggest that expectations of performance monitoring can be used to improve workplace outcomes for entitled employees.

With about 7.5 million people, the Korean diaspora is concentrated in China, Japan, North America, and the former Soviet Union. Since the 1990s, many ethnic Koreans have been “returning” to South Korea, their putative ethnic homeland. Significantly, their treatment by the state has been unequal: On issues of residency and employment rights, ethnic Koreans from China (Chosŏnjok) and the former Soviet Union were relegated to second-class status compared to those from North America. This inequality is encapsulated in the phrase, used by a number of scholars, the “hierarchy of nationhood.” Surprisingly, perhaps, the Chosŏnjok community challenged this unequal treatment by asserting rights based on colonial victimhood, ethnic sameness, and cultural authenticity. While such expressions of entitlement are not unusual among marginalized diasporic groups, the Chosŏnjok achieved something remarkable, namely, they succeeded in gaining political and economic rights initially denied by the Korean state. Simply put, they successfully challenged the hierarchy of nationhood. Using a discursive institutional framework, we endeavor to explain how and why entitlement claims by the Chosŏnjok were effective. More specifically, we argue that the struggle by Chosŏnjok to overturn the hierarchy of nationhood had little to nothing to do with a coercive, dyadic power struggle against the Korean state, but was instead a fundamentally discursive struggle, which itself is a product or reflection of discursive agency, both on the part of Chosŏnjok but also, crucially, on the part of their key allies—religious leaders and civic organizations—in South Korea.

This story traces the many adventures of a title, from Edward Jenkins’s 1870 novel, Ginx’s Baby, through colonial resistance to imperial copyright law in Canada, to the photograph of a distressed baby that Charles Darwin featured in The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals and that the art photographer Oscar Rejlander reproduced as popular cartes de visites. The reiterative use of the title across genres and oceans conjures an image of Victorian popular culture as an unregulated bazaar affording the surprising emergence of unintended creators. Copyright history, frame analysis, and name theory help explain how the title of a popular novel could lend itself to so many unrelated creative objects.

Epistemic entitlement is a species of internalist warrant that can be had without any evidential support. Unfortunately, for this kind of warrant the so-called problem of demarcation arises, a form of epistemic relativism. I first present entitlement theory and examine what the problem of demarcation is exactly, rejecting that it is either based on bizarreness or disagreement in favour of the thesis that the problem of demarcation is based on epistemic arbitrariness. Second, I argue that arbitrariness generates a problem for entitlement because it undermines epistemic warrant. Third, I draw out some of the consequences that arbitrariness has for an entitlement epistemology, notably that it threatens to generalise to all our beliefs. Finally, I examine how different solutions to the problem of demarcation fare with respect to the danger of arbitrariness. I argue that none of the considered options succeeds in dealing with the risks of arbitrariness.

Asian rainbow option is option on the minimum or the maximum of several average prices. In modern financial market, Asian rainbow option is an effective instrument for asset allocation and risk management. The investor with Asian rainbow option enjoys an entitlement to select a max or min from multiple assets with an exercise price at maturity date. The investor has to defray fee to acquire this right, which raises the option pricing issue. This paper mainly explores the pricing of Asian rainbow option in the uncertain financial environment, in which the underlying assets prices are treated as uncertain processes. Here, the pricing formulas of Asian rainbow option are derived under the condition that stock prices obey uncertain differential equations driven by independent Liu processes. Furthermore, some numerical examples are designed to compute the prices of these options.

We study the effect of entitlement on the willingness to lie. We set up a model of lying where individuals feel more or less entitled to their endowment depending on how they earned it. When given the opportunity to lie to keep their endowment, individuals who feel more entitled are encouraged to lie while others are discouraged. To test the model predictions we use a laboratory experiment where we compare the lying behavior of participants endowed with a high endowment and participants endowed with a low endowment. In one treatment, the allocation of the endowment is decided by participants’ performance, and in the other, it is determined by a random draw. Our study shows that deservingness influences lying in an intuitive direction: when participants performance determines income, those who earn less money lie less than those who earn more. We do not find differences in lying when participants perform the same task but lie to keep windfall endowments.

Published online: March 26 2021 The engine of value creation in the digital economy is network externalities, i.e. the phenomenon by which the value to a new user from adopting a good or service increases in the number of users who already adopted it. But network externalities are not manna from heaven. They are ‘sponsored’ by firms who make demand expanding investments. In areas with imperfect property institutions like the digital economy, a key business decision for profit maximizing firms consists in devising value capture strategies to appropriate their investments. This paper identifies three recurrent types of appropriation disputes in digital markets: Access to software platforms, limitations to the exploitation of raw data and claims over digital content. At the heart of each dispute lies the controversial exercise of an entitlement over a digital asset that is embedded in a context of or exhibits itself network externalities. The appropriation of this asset and its integration into the firm’s ecosystem could make the firm benefit from network efficiencies. Controlling the digital asset in question becomes a proxy. Appropriation strategies by proxy can have pro- and anti-competitive effects. This is why each dispute can not only be understood as a problem of appropriability, but also as a problem of potential harm to competition. And indeed, competition enforcers have brought forward various cases with underlying appropriation disputes. This paper tracks the influence of three of them on the appropriability of assets in the digital economy, and on digital firms’ strategies to capture the value of network externalities.

Adopting the methodology of conversation analysis, this study explores accounts in request sequences in mundane Mandarin conversations. It demonstrates that accounts are normatively due in request sequences, often placed in four sequential positions, namely pre-expansions, the request turn (either prior or subsequent to the request proper), insert expansions, and post-expansions. Accounts in these positions may accomplish four main interactional functions: soliciting pre-emptive offers, justifying the initiation of the request, forestalling a dispreferred response, and legitimising the initiated request. These functions can be managed through providing background information attributing to the requester’s trouble, his or her inability to fulfil/get the requested action/the requested object and expressing his or her immediate or future needs. Essentially, accounts display the requester’s normative orientation to which they are deployed as a device of showing the requester’s entitlement to make a request.

Tyler Burge notably offers a truth‐first account of perceptual entitlement in terms of a priori necessary representational functions and norms: on his account, epistemic normativity turns on natural norms, which turn on representational functions. This paper has two aims: first, it criticises Tyler Burge's truth‐first a priori derivation on functionalist and value‐theoretic grounds. Second, it develops a novel, knowledge‐first a priori derivation of perceptual entitlement. According to the view developed here, it is a priori that we are entitled to believe the deliverances of our perceptual belief formation system, in virtue of the latter's constitutive function of generating knowledge.

This article examines the role of international law in extending entitlement at sea and undermining the ocean commons. It suggests that entitlement through enclosure and territoriality has been a p...

When decision makers are informed about the decisions of their peers, does this make them more selfish or more generous? We study the effect of social information on selfishness (as measured by dictator game giving) in a twice-repeated setting. We vary whether or not dictators receive information about the allocation decisions of other dictators. Independently we vary whether being the dictator is determined randomly or earned. We find that dictators act more generously in the first round with than without social information in case dictator positions are randomly assigned; no such effect is found in case dictators’ positions are earned. Allocations in the second round are generally more selfish than those in the first round. This effect is significantly stronger with than without social information, indicating that being informed about the decisions of their peers makes dictators more selfish. These results indicate that transparency about allocation decisions is unlikely to make such decisions more generous.

We describe the rise in intergenerational narcissistic behavior amongst college students and educational issues that this trend creates in the classroom, including entitlement and academic dishones...

In the present study, we examined the relationship between academic entitlement, nomophobia, and cellular phone usage during class. Students reported the amount of time spent on their phones during...

It is clear from the plain words of the Article 76, paragraph 10, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that the questions involving the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautic...

Since the seminal paper of Hoffman et al. (1994), an entitlement effect is believed to exist in the Ultimatum Game, in the sense that proposers who have earned their role (as opposed to having it randomly allocated) offer a smaller share of the pie to their matched responder. The entitlement effect is at the core of experimental Public Choice – not just because it concerns the topics of bargaining and negotiations, but also because it relates to the question about under which circumstances actors behave more rational. We conduct three experiments, two in the laboratory and one online, with more than 1,250 participants. Our original motivation was to study gender differences, but ultimately we could not replicate the entitlement effect in the Ultimatum Game in any of our three experiments. Potential reasons for why the replication attempts fail are discussed.

How does market power affect consumer perceptions and purchase behavior? In the theoretically and pragmatically important context of price increases, we theorize that (i) consumer price fairness perceptions decline with market power when a price increase is due to costs; and (ii) this fairness difference arises due to greater perceptions of controllability and, in turn, exploitation by firms with higher market power. Consistent with our theorizing, we further argue that market power does not affect fairness (iii) when prices rise due to demand (which is perceived as equally exploitative and unfair regardless of firm power) or (iv) when price increases are clearly beyond the firm’s control (and perceived as equally fair for firms with high and low market power). We provide empirical support for these predictions in a series of behavioral experiments combined with an analysis of retail scanner data. Together, our findings shed light on how market power and pricing actions jointly drive consumer perceptions of unfairness, with implications for firms’ pricing strategies, competition in the retail marketplace, and the principle of dual entitlement as a community standard of fairness in pricing.

Asymmetric pricing is less prevalent, and perceived as less fair, in collectivist (vs. individualist) cultures because it violates communal norms (Chen et al. 2018). We replicate this cultural difference by directly measuring managers' asymmetric pricing decisions and by priming self-construal among individual consumers as well as using country as a proxy for culture. In addition, we identify tactics that managers can employ to mitigate consumer unfairness perceptions. Together, these findings replicate, generalize, and extend the results in Chen et al. (2018), thereby shedding light on the generalizability of the principle of dual entitlement (Kahneman et al. 1986a, 1986b), a cornerstone of behavioral pricing.

PURPOSE The ultimatum bargaining game has been devised by economists to measure fairness and generosity during negotiations. This study sought to adapt the game to classroom application with the intent of (a) determining whether the known outcomes would be replicated given modifications needed to make the game suitable as an educational tool and (b) sharing the resulting self-appraisal with students themselves. METHODS A total of 452 first-year dental students participated in this adaptation as part of a classroom exercise. Students, identified as donors, were allocated an imaginary stake of $100 and asked to share some amount of it with a recipient classmate by making a nonnegotiable, one-time offer. If the offer is accepted, the donor student retains any residual amount. If the offer is rejected, neither the donor nor recipient receives anything. The question being tested is whether student fairness and/or generosity change when the preferred donor status is assigned at random versus on the basis of an earned property entitlement represented here by a higher-class rank. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION When status as Group A donors was established at random, the majority of students offered their fictitious Group B counterpart the fairest possible amount of $50 (70.4% in 2020 and 61% in 2018). However, when students were told that their status as Group A donors would be established based on their ranking in the upper half of the class, the percentage offering the fairest amount declined to 49.5% in 2020 and to 51.8% in 2018. This outcome was available for immediate disclosure to students during the classroom session; it was consistent with results previously reported for the ultimatum bargaining game; and it showed that when a property entitlement is perceived as having been earned (manifested by a higher-class rank), fairness and generosity decline.

Chapter 1, Power, Privilege, and Entitlement, situates entitlement among related terms that help explain inequality, such as power and privilege. This chapter defines entitlement and details the way entitlement is measured. Experiments that assess entitlement find reliable differences in women’s and men’s sense of entitlement. Men tend to have an inflated sense of entitlement relative to women. White individuals tend to have a higher sense of entitlement compared to people of color. In addition to entitlement to pay, research on academic entitlement is examined as well. Academically entitled students hold attitudes toward learning and teachers that they should receive more from their academic experience than they put in; that professors should bend rules for them; that they should not have to work as hard as others. Academic entitlement is correlated with academic disengagement, cheating, and classroom incivility.

This chapter explores the ways in which entitlement facilitates ignorance, egocentrism, and inconsiderateness. People with power tend to engage in shoddy information processing. Compared to those who are marginalized, dominant group members think in shortcuts. Power emboldens people to be careless about repercussions, at least compared to those without power. Power holders do not feel compelled to view things from another person’s perspective and they do not feel obliged to know much about people with less power. For marginalized people, their very lives depend on understanding the idiosyncrasies of power holders and they understand these dynamics much better than powerful people. Power entitles people to conveniently and self-servingly assume they know more than they actually do when it comes to telling women and people of color how to think about sexism and racism (e.g., mansplaining and whitesplaining). At the same time, power entitles people to claim they know less than they actually do when they are called to account for sexual violence.

Chapter 2, Entitlement’s Cruel Cousins, surveys the psychological correlates of entitlement. What attitudes coincide with entitlement that perpetuate inequality? For example, entitlement is associated with overconfidence and immodesty. Entitlement is also associated with individualism and the belief in the myth of meritocracy. From poverty to sexual assault, those who value individualism and meritocracy tend to see bad things happening to people as their own fault. Entitlement is linked to narcissism as well. Finally, entitlement is also correlated with dangerous worldviews such as authoritarianism and social dominance orientation—both of which are necessary to examine given trends toward increased authoritarian political tactics in the United States and globally.

Invention of human is had significance and intention, as invention of a man and a woman. Both of them require each other, like in the family relationship. They have entitlement and obligation to be resposible for their life. If their family relationship has disharmony, as a problem (nusyu>z and syiqa>q). Al-Qur’an give solution to solve it effectively. As we know that the rule of the Qur’an will guide us for happy life in this world and hereafter. Actually Q. Al-Nisa>’ (4): 34 and 35 offer three phase of solution to finish nusyu>z and syiqa>q, like first phase is فَعِظُوهُنَّ, giving good advice or doing persuasive action, etc. The solution of the Qur’anic verses is proportional to make application in human life. So this verses can realize Islam Rahmatan lil ‘Alamîn with happy family, it’s means sakinah mawaddah wa rahmah.

Crispin Wright maintains that the architecture of perceptual justification is such that we can acquire justification for our perceptual beliefs only if we have antecedent justification for ruling out any sceptical alternative. Wright contends that this principle doesn't elicit scepticism, for we are non-evidentially entitled to accept the negation of any sceptical alternative. Sebastiano Moruzzi has challenged Wright's contention by arguing that since our non-evidential entitlements don't remove the epistemic risk of our perceptual beliefs, they don't actually enable us to acquire justification for these beliefs. In this paper I show that Wright's responses to Moruzzi are ineffective and that Moruzzi's argument is validated by probabilistic reasoning. I also suggest that Wright couldn't answer Moruzzi's challenge without weakening the support available for his conception of the architecture of perceptual justification.

The article presents the issue connected with the application of the mechanism of real property communalisation in Warsaw, raising a great deal of doubt in literature and diversely assessed in the case-law. The issue concerns the requirement adopted by the communist authorities in the decree of 26 October 1945 on ownership and usufruct of land on the area of Warsaw (so called the Warsaw decree) pursuant to which persons applying for (former) heritable building rights of superficies, and currently the right of perpetual usufruct were possessors of their former real properties. The decree communalised (nationalised) all land plots within Warsaw in order to rebuild the city destroyed by the war. A person fulfilling the condition of possession or their legal representative could have submitted within 6 months from taking possession of the land by the commune a request for establishing the right allowing the use of the real property compulsory taken over. Granting the possibility to submit requests for establishing the right to the land was to enable its former owners to take part in the reconstruction of the capital city. Granting the right involved essential obligations, for example in the form of the construction of a building or other facility as well as their maintenance in an appropriate condition. The main controversy concerns the fact whether the possession order as the condition for granting the right to use the land by the commune relates to former owners or only their legal successors (including mainly their heirs). If the interested party did not own the real property, they could not have claimed the right to establish the right to the land in an efficient way. The requirement concerning the ownership as the possibility to exercise efficiently the actual control over the real property was assessed under the rules of the Napoleonic Code applicable in the central parts of Poland, whereas later under the new Polish property law of 1946. The ownership as the condition for acquiring the right to the land was aimed at establishing the possibility to co-participate in the reconstruction of buildings destroyed as well as allowed the determination whether the persons entitled to the land were alive or had died during the years of war turmoil (in particular in the Holocaust). The article presents arguments for assuming the necessity to analyse the existence of the ownership lying with former owners (and not only with their legal successors). Nowadays, the problem is also essential due to practical reasons as requests submitted in the 1940s are being still currently processed, and failure to prove in that time the title to the land by requesters applying for granting the relevant right results also today in the necessity to reject establishing the right of perpetual usufruct.

Traditional real option theory model real estate development as a solely investor-controlled process. In reality, entitlement process is highly risky and out of control of the investors. Moreover, the real estate market in the U.S. has shown a trend towards more stringent entitlement regulation. We model entitlement process as a separate stage in development process where the investor has little control over the entitlement cost. In particular, we model the entitlement stage as a European style real option with a stochastic entitlement cost. We solved the model analytically. Our result implies interesting interaction between the entitlement risk and the developer’s investment decision.

Hartry Field distinguished two concepts of type‐free truth: scientific truth and disquotational truth. We argue that scientific type‐free truth cannot do justificatory work in the foundations of mathematics. We also present an argument, based on Crispin Wright's theory of cognitive projects and entitlement, that disquotational truth can do justificatory work in the foundations of mathematics. The price to pay for this is that the concept of disquotational truth requires non‐classical logical treatment. published

We consider two firms which pool some of their inventory. The pool is created by the firms' contributions, and a firm's entitlement for an allocation from the pool (if needed) is a function of its contribution. Transshipment from the pool is costly, but the firms can benefit from reduced risk through inventory sharing using the pool. We analyze the resulting non-cooperative game. We prove existence of a Nash equilibrium and compare it to a model with centralized control. An appropriate compensation cost for using the other firms contribution to the pool can induce the retailers to achieve centralized solutions. We also compare the optimal partial pooling strategy to the special cases of no pooling and complete pooling and discuss situations where it is likely that one of the special cases will be optimal. Numerical results confirm that in the prevalent practice of partial pooling the retailers can achieve higher expected profits than under no pooling or complete pooling and that there is a significant difference between a setting with independent players and a model of central control.

"Previous literature pointed out that narcissism affects the quality of interpersonal relationships. It has a negative impact on the functioning of the romantic dyads, determining higher levels of conflict and the use of maladaptive conflict resolution styles. However, the mechanisms linking narcissism and couple conflict are not sufficiently explored. This study expands the literature by examining the mediating role of the sense of relational entitlement. Participants in this study were 493 individuals (52.1 % women, M age = 22.39 years old) who were in a romantic relationship during the study (M relationship length = 26 months). The results indicated that some forms of relational entitlement mediated the link between narcissism and couple conflict. A person’s narcissism was related to their level of couple conflict, excessive and assertive entitlement. Both types of entitlement were related to conflict but in opposite directions. Higher excessive entitlement was associated with higher conflict, while higher assertive entitlement was associated with lower conflict. The indirect effects through both types of entitlement were significant. Restricted entitlement was not associated with narcissism or couple conflict. This study showed that although narcissism can lead to higher levels of relational entitlement and conflict, not all forms of entitlement negatively contributed to couple conflict."

© 2021 The Authors This study examines the interactional workings of multi-unit turns that have an initial turn-constructional unit that re-says the immediately prior single-unit turn produced by another speaker. Based on cases in English, Portuguese, and French, our analysis shows that resayings do confirming and also 1) index the speaker's rights over the propositional component of the words, and 2) support the extension of the turn. In addition to confirming, resayings thus claim rights to what has been said and demonstrate an entitlement to say more. The resayings thereby have both a retrospective and prospective function, the latter being closely related to turn-taking management. Our findings contribute to the existing literature on other-repeats by considering what these do in a multi-unit turn environment.