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ABSTRACTAmaranthus spp. was found a few centuries back as a highly auspicious plant species that might yield significant unsaturated fat, protein, and several other beneficial ingredients. Since that day, studies have mainly centered on different Amaranthus spp. Various journals with fundamental characteristics, including biological, pharmacological, technical, compositional, botanical along with health impacts have been published. This in-depth analysis focuses on constituents, anti-oxidant qualities, uses, and processing of amaranth. In addition to macro-components, the composition also contains vitamins, tocopherols, polyphenols, phytates, squalene, and other significant ingredients. Humankind has long been aware of the advantages plants have for supporting health. Amaranth is currently generating more scientific and commercial concern. This is because of its beneficial biological traits, diverse nutraceutical activity, and extensive phytoconstituents. Amaranth is a pseudo cereal plant that combines the qualities of a food and a health-improving commodity into one plant. This article addresses the most important biological and pharmacological activity of amaranth, in addition to its chemical makeup, status as a dietary ingredient, and effectiveness of its supplementation. The favorable biological features of amaranth formulations discussed in this work may serve as a catalyst for additional, deep scientific study in this area as well as for the advancement of new methods utilizing this pseudo cereal in the cosmetic & food sectors.

The establishment of innovative and sustainable ways to utilize the food moieties is the major concern of the society in modern world. However, there are variety of food components which are being neglected despite of the fact that they are the excellent source of nutritional and bioactive components. Maize (Zea mays L.) is the leading cereal crop in the world, with the highest productivity for feed, food, and industrial uses. It is a milling by-product produced from the outer layer of the maize kernel and an economical and sustainable source of dietary fiber and phenolic compounds. Maize bran is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including non-starch polysaccharides (arabinoxylans and feruloylated arabinoxylans), ferulic, p-coumaric, and syringic acid among other cereal bran. These bioactive compounds have been extracted using different methods and have been reported to reduce the severity of various chronic diseases, like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, oxidative damage, and neurodegenerative disorders. In the current review, we focused to conduct an integrative analysis of peer-reviewed research on maize bran; milling, nutritional profile, extraction of bioactive compounds, potential health benefits, and effects on the rheological and sensorial properties of the end product.

Type II diabetes prevalence rate is increasing globally. That’s why recently, our research group has worked on functional yogurts made from milk of different species by using functional ingredients to explore their α-amylase inhibitory activity relevant to management of type II diabetes. Sixteen yogurt treatments were made from milk of four species, cow, goat, buffalo, and camel by incorporating Stevia rebudiana (5 ml) and Cinnamomum verum (10 ml) extract. The physicochemical attributes and α-amylase inhibition rate of prepared functional yogurts were evaluated on 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st days of storage. Significant changes in physicochemical properties were observed in cinnamon and stevia camel milk yogurt. All yogurts showed increase in inhibition rate till 14th day and decline on 21st day of storage period. However, cinnamon camel milk yogurt showed 63% α-amylase inhibition on 1st day,cinnamon and stevia camel milk yogurt showed highest α-amylase inhibition (61.15%) on 14th day.

AbstractTriglyceride (TG) buildup in the liver is a hallmark of the metabolic disorder of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The four pathogenic categories mainly followed by the NAFLD pathway are hepatocellular carcinoma, non-alcoholic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and progressive fibrosis or cirrhosis. The likelihood of developing NAFLD rises with obesity and insulin resistance. Aging, gender, culture, and ethnicity are all associated with NAFLD, which substantially correlates to liver disorders in both kids and adults. It is prevalent throughout all age ranges. Visceral obesity appears to be exacerbated by poor lifestyle choices such as hypercaloric diets, particularly those high in trans-fat or saturated fat and cholesterol, and sugar-sweetened beverages. Decreasing calorie intake, boosting soy protein and whey ingestion, supplementing with monounsaturated fats, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber, and changing one’s lifestyle are the initial steps in managing this condition. Polyphenolic substances also have both therapeutic and preventative benefits. Activity and exercise that promotes weight loss and lessen liver fat formation are just as important as maintaining a balanced diet. The patients turn into susceptible to liver transplantation owing to improper concern (the end stage of NAFLD). Examining the impact of nutrition on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the goal of this review. Included in this is a result of an unbalanced intake of macronutrients. The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves nutrition. Individuals with NAFLD must be recommended to restrict calorie consumption and set intake limits when following low-fat/carbohydrate diets.

AbstractIn recent decades, nanotechnology has garnered significant attention for its diverse applications. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) biosynthesized using plant extracts as both reducing and capping agents offer versatile solutions to various biological challenges. This study aimed to advance ZnO nanoparticle synthesis using a low-toxicity, cost-effective phytochemical method employing Eucalyptus globulus leaf extracts. Optimization of key factors (time, temperature, plant extract volume, and reagent concentration) was conducted to achieve high yield, stability, and controlled size. Optimal conditions were determined as 4hours, 60°C, 1:1 ratio, and 1mM concentration. Characterization of the synthesized ZnO NPs was performed through UV-visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction (EDAX). UV—visible analysis revealed a characteristic absorbance peak at 370nm, confirming ZnO NP formation. SEM affirmed the spherical ZnO NPs with a particle size of 25–151nm. EDAX demonstrated high purity, highlighting Zinc (Zn) and Oxygen (O) atoms. FTIR spectroscopy identified key phytochemical bands, elucidating the nanoparticle’s ability to reduce Zn ions, including polyphenols (3739.97cm-1), surface hydroxyl groups (3419.79cm-1), and C-OH stretching (1575.84cm-1). As a result of this research, nanoparticle synthesis can be made eco-friendly and economically viable, making it useful for environmental and industrial purposes.

ABSTRACTThere is a significant load of degenerative and chronic illnesses, especially cancer, which is one of the main reasons for morbidity and death globally. Polyphenolic phytochemicals found in many plant diets have been shown in epidemiologic and preclinical studies to have chemopreventive activities against numerous cancer types. As a result, there is growing interest in possible cancer chemopreventive medicines derived from natural compounds, such as polyphenols, which may provide a novel, cost-effective way to reduce the global cancer burden. Various epidemiologic researchers have found a link between a soy-rich diet and tumor avoidance, which has been linked to the existence of genistein, a phenolic component found in soy-based diets. Genistein controlled strong anti-inflammatory actions through the blocking of different signaling pathways such as (PGs) Prostaglandins, pro-inflammatory (ROS) reactive oxygen species and cytokines, (iNOS) inducible nitric oxide synthase and (NF-κB) nuclear factor kappa-B. Furthermore, therapeutic effects of genistein have been conveyed in various pathological situations through modifying intracellular paths such as Akt, mTOR, PI3K, PPARγ, NF-κB, Nrf2 and AMPK. Genistein works as a chemotherapeutic drug against several cancers, primarily through modifying the cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, as well as limiting metastasis. Genistein also exhibits a synergistic attitude with renowned anticancer medicines including adriamycin, tamoxifen and docetaxel indicating a possible role in grouping treatment. The study presents the recent data available on genistein’s beneficial effects against various forms of cancers.

ABSTRACTChocolate is the most popular food type and flavor in this world. The key ingredient in many chocolate products is cocoa butter due to its unique fatty acid profile. Due to the expensive nature of cocoa butter, it has stimulated extensive research for fats that are cheaper and more easily available and can be used as cocoa butter substitutes. The mango (Mangifera indica) is known as the king of fruit due to its rich nutritive profile. The major parts of mango fruit are peel, pulp, and seed. Mango seed is usually discarded as waste which is a source of edible oil (7–12%). The current study was designed to produce chocolate with mango seed oil as a cocoa butter replacer. Mango seed oil was extracted using the soxhlet apparatus and its physiochemical properties were evaluated. Extracted oil was used in chocolate preparation with different proportions (0%, 30%, 70%, and 100%). Furthermore, chocolate was subjected to explore the effect of storage (21days) on product quality and sensory with 7days interval. Current results show that mango seed oil has a valuable fat profile containing palmitic acid (C16:0) 26%, stearic acid (C18:0) 36%, and oleic acid (C18:2) 33%. Moreover, innovative chocolate showed higher antioxidant activity as compared to control in different storage intervals. In addition, chocolate prepared with different proportions of mango seed oil showed higher sensory scores as compared to the control sample. The findings suggest that mango seed oil can replace cocoa butter in chocolate and reduce/manage mango seed waste to improve its antioxidant activity and nutritional value.

ABSTRACTIn the current study, the most effective concentrations of moringa leaf extract (MLE), aloe vera gel (AV gel), ascorbic acid (1 mM) and oxalic acid (5 mM) were used. Physically mature fruits harvested from a commercial orchard were dipped in aqueous solutions of different edible coatings and kept at ambient conditions (25±2ºC & 55-60% RH) for evaluation of the quality and enzymatic parameters on daily basis till marketability. Current results revealed that 5 mM ascorbic acid treatment resulted in 57% reduced fruit weight loss; while 20% AV gel coating increased firmness by 60% over a 5-day ambient storage period. Application 6% MLE exhibited 50.7% and 49.7% reduced respiration rate and ethylene production respectively. Fruit biochemical quality parameters were also improved with the lowest accumulation of total soluble solids as a result of slow respiration, higher titratable acidity, ascorbic acid contents, carotenoids and anthocyanin contents in all treated fruit. While, total phenolic contents and total antioxidants along with superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and anthocyanins were higher in ascorbic acid treated fruits. The activity of poly phenol oxidase enzyme was lowest in fruits treated with 5 mM ascorbic acid solution. Conclusively, the application of different edible coatings was proved to be beneficial as numerous fruit biochemical and antioxidative attributes were improved by ascorbic acid treatment; furthermore, MLE, AV gel and oxalic acid treatments were also helpful in maintaining fruit quality of strawberry fruits over a 5-days ambient storage period.

ABSTRACTTomato is considered the world’s most important crop owing to its high nutritional profile and flavor. However, its limited shelf life and post-harvest losses impact its marketing. The present study investigated the impact of aloe vera gel-based edible coating on tomato’s post-harvest quality under storage at 8°C for 12 days. The aloe vera-based coating solutions were made with varying concentrations of extracted gel that varied from 0 to 60% with inclusion of chitosan (0.5 to 2%). Physiological, chemical, nutritional, and microbiological analysis of coated and uncoated tomatoes was carried out during storage. It was found that uncoated (control) tomatoes showed maximum weight loss (5.85%), total soluble solids (5.3 ± 0.20 0Brix), change in pH (5.6 ± 0.26), microbial count (3.57 ± 0.12 log cfu/g), decrease in ascorbic acid content (19.23 ± 0.92 mg/100 g), and acidity (0.54 ± 0.01%) as compared to aloe vera-based coatings. However, the coating formulation comprising aloe vera gel (60%) + chitosan (2%) performed much better than other prepared coatings in delaying the weight loss (2.1%), total soluble solid (3.7 ± 0.16 0Brix), change in pH (4.6 ± 0.21), ascorbic acid value (30.47 ± 1.31 mg/100 g), acidity (0.83 ± 0.04%), and microbial load (1.6 ± 0.08 log cfu/g). In addition, it also maintained firmness and color of tomatoes during storage of 12 days. Conclusively, the application of aloe vera-based coating (60% gel) with the inclusion of chitosan (2%) may be proposed for preserving the post-harvest quality of the tomatoes.

ABSTRACTPlants are excellent food and medicinal resources because of their unique composition. Researchers have discovered that thousands of plants can help in achieving the desired health status through advanced research. This research article reveals the nutritional composition and significance of Tribulus terrestris. In addition, it also analyzed the physio-chemical evolution of nutraceutical products from Tribulus terrestris. From the proximate analysis, it was found that T. terrestris is rich in fiber and fat 24.28 ± 0.93% and 14.49 ± 1.42%, respectively. The rheological properties of the product were observed. The results reveal that water activity, stability of product, and dough development time increased 59.0 ± 0.06%, 15.0 ± 0.06 min, and 4.3 ± 0.07 min, respectively, by increasing the powder percentage. The functional behavior of the samples was examined, and significant results were depicted. Bulk density and oil absorption increased by increasing the percentage of powder 83.86 ± 1.36% and 69.16 ± 3.61%. The results of emulsifying stability were recorded as non-significant. Results regarding color analysis showed non-significant behavior of supplemented biscuits. The textural behavior of the product increased from 1.47 Nm−2 to 2.27 Nm−2. Results regarding the spread factor increased from 3.01 ± 0.04 to 3.83 ± 0.01 from T1 to T4. The sensory results indicated that T1 (2% Tribulus powder), T2 (3% Tribulus powder), T3 (4% Tribulus powder), and T4 (5% Tribulus powder) were acceptable after the control group. Thus, Tribulus terrestris can be used as a nutraceutical and functional ingredient in baked goods.

ABSTRACTCurcumin is a phenolic pigment, naturally present in Curcuma longa species. It is a yellow active ingredient and shows a pivotal role in the modulation of biological processes resulting in the prevention of cancer particularly due to its radical scavenging activities. In gastrointestinal cancer cells, curcumin has been shown to induce cell death through apoptosis and to cause cell cycle arrest, down-regulating glycolytic enzyme expressions alongside inhibition of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) promoter activity and SDF-1α-induced cell invasion. It also activates the expression of cleaved caspase-3, reduces cell viability, regulates the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, decreases the number of cells in the proliferative G0/G1 phase and increases the number of cells in the S phase. Additionally, curcumin prevents DNA from replication during the S phase. This review discusses the chemo-preventive role of curcumin and its mechanisms against human gastrointestinal cancers to understand its activity and potential utilization as a therapeutic moiety.

ABSTRACTThe core objective of the current study was to extract heteroxylans from banana peel. Firstly, banana peels were dried to make fine powder, and their nutritional profile including moisture, crude fat, crude ash, crude protein, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was noted. Secondly, the heteroxylans were extracted from banana peels, and their bioactive profile was assessed, including total phenols and flavonoids contents, and their activity was assessed through commonly used antioxidant assays including DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS+. Heteroxylans were extracted through alkali extraction method, and their structural characterization was assessed through XRD and FTIR. The results showed that moisture content in banana peels were 60.73 ± 0.85% and 15.77 ± 0.33% in air dried and grounded banana peels, respectively, crude fat 3.94 ± 0.10%, crude protein 6.06 ± 0.15%, and NFE 48.13 ± 0.32%. The total dietary fiber of banana peel powder was 45.3 ± 0.45%, insoluble dietary fiber 34.23 ± 0.30%, and soluble dietary fiber 15.63 ± 0.25%. The bioactive profile of heteroxylans content in banana peels include TPC (19.83 ± 1.10 mg GAE/g), TFC (22.73 ± 0.90 mg QE/g), DPPH (40.73 ± 0.80 mg TE/g), FRAP (39.63 ± 0.73 mg TE/g), and ABTS+ (83.43 ± 0.70 (mg TE/g). The yield of extracted heteroxylans was 9.95 ± 0.17 g/100 g. Further, the structural characterization through XRD showed the amorphous nature of banana peels heteroxylans, and FTIR showed the typical spectra in which different functional groups were observed. Conclusively, the current study showed that banana peels’ heteroxylans has unique nutritional, bioactive, and structural profile and can be utilized for various industrial purposes to enhance technological and nutritional properties using as food additive and way toward the sustainability

ABSTRACTQuercetin, a flavonoid, is a dietary component that has attracted the attention of dietitians and medicinal chemists due to its anticancer potential. It is an antioxidant that has a significant role in reducing different human cancers such as breast, pancreatic, prostate, colon, blood, and oral. Being as an additional anti-cancer agent, it can stop cancer cell invasion and metastasis, induce apoptosis and autophagy, decrease cancer cell growth and proliferation. Multiple mechanisms, including suppression of pathways involved in cell survival, angiogenesis, and inflammation, are thought to be responsible for these anticancer effects. Quercetin has anti-inflammatory properties in both in vitro and in vivo tests, which is important as chronic inflammation is a major contributor to cancer. Preventing the synthesis of cytokines and chemokines that encourage inflammation can support to lessen inflammation and stop the spread of cancer. In cancer cells, quercetin can cause programmed cell death, which can stop the cells from rapidly multiplying and replicating. It provides protection against degradation of DNA induced by radiation and other carcinogens. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, the NF-κB system, and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is few of the signaling pathways that quercetin modulates. It can activate the process of autophagy, which breaks the growth and range of cancer by having cells terminate and recover damaged or unwanted cellular mechanisms. The best treatment plans for various cancer kinds will need to be determined through additional research, which will also help confirm its safety and effectiveness in humans.

ABSTRACTHoney, propolis, and passionflower contain a flavone known as chrysin. Researchers are studying chrysin to prove its potential to stop cancer cells growth. Chrysin cancer therapeutic potential is of great interest and numerous studies have been done to illustrate this potential. It is associated protein pathways effectively suppress tumor growth within the body. It is shown to have the ability to kill breast, prostate, lung, liver, and stomach cancerous cells. It can block Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling in different animals against various cancers. Chrysin has the potential to kill breast cancer cells in a laboratory setting by inhibiting their cell division. Chrysin strongly suppresses Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), i.e. factors that can cause cancer. Chrysin has the ability to suppress the androgen receptor (AR), a protein necessary for prostate cancer development and metastasis. It starts the caspase cascade and blocks protein synthesis to kill lung cancer cells. Unnecessary apoptosis can be prevented by stopping certain protein pathways. Chrysin significantly decreased lung cancer metastasis in various animal-modeled studies. Chrysin induces apoptosis and stops colon cancer cells in the G2/M cell cycle phase. Chrysin suppresses colon cancer-promoting cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Chrysin suppressed cyclin B1 and CDK2 production in order to stop cancerous growth. Chrysin prevents tumor growth and cancer spread by blocking blood vessel expansion. Chrysin’s solubility, accessibility and bioavailability may limit its medical use. Chrysin targets numerous cancer-related communication pathways present in cells. Chrysin may reduce the chances of the onset of cancer, it can also serve as an alternative treatment as a whole to prevent and treat various cancers, but more clinical trials and research studies are needed to fully unlock its potential.

ABSTRACTUltrasonic-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is gaining more attention owing to its benefits over conventional synthesis process. The main objective of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles with aqueous cinnamon extract using ultrasound-assisted extraction and their physico-chemical characterization. Total phenolic content, DPPH, FRAP of cinnamon aqueous extract were 315 mg GAE/g, 89% scavenging activity and 9.5 mmol Trolox eq/100 g reducing power respectively. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-rays Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). XRD spectra depicted that the nanoparticles were crystallite in structure and 50 nm in size. SEM micrographs showed that nanoparticles were spherical in shape. EDX, FTIR and NMR spectra indicated that the phenolic compounds present in cinnamon aqueous extract played their role in capping and reducing the silver ions. Cinnamon-based silver nanoparticles showed potential antimicrobial activity against Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Thus, cinnamon extract obtained through ultrasonic-assisted extraction could be a valuable source of polyphenols, which actively participated in the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles.

ABSTRACTApigenin (4,’5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is one of the most studied flavonoids with low toxicity and abundantly present phenolic compound in the plant kingdom. The main sources of apigenin are fruits, vegetables, nuts, herbs, honey, and plant-based drinks like tea. Numerous plants produce apigenin as a secondary metabolite and its intake is strongly related to its anti-inflammatory propensities. The purpose of present review was to wade through the literature on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of this metabolite in various diseases and summarize the key objectives as they appear. Existing literature reported that apigenin is a promising candidate in managing a panoply of inflammatory-related diseases including cancer, diabetes, obesity, depression, insomnia, infection, and respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, neurodegenerative, and skin diseases. Studies showed that apigenin significantly decreases the secretion of various proinflammatory cytokines specifically tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. Moreover, apigenin effectively blocks the nitric oxide-mediated cyclooxygenase-2 expression and monocyte attachment and Prostaglandin by lowering iNOS and COX-2 in both microglial and macrophage mouse cells. Apigenin can slow the course of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in vivo by reducing high fat diet (HFD)-induced deposition of lipids and oxidative stress. It also controlled redox imbalances, suppress neuronal death and showed memory enhancement/learning skills and a reduction of fibrillar amyloid deposits with lowered insoluble Aβ concentrations in vivo. Taken together, it can be argued that apigenin can wane inflammation and thus offers a promising future in slowing down the development of chronic diseases and associated complications.

ABSTRACTBer (Ziziphus mauritiana), also known as “Chinese date” or “jujube,” belongs to the Rhamnaceae family. The current research was designed to assess the effect of storage temperatures (5°C and 15°C) on ascorbic acid content, reducing sugar content, and titratable acidity of four ber (Z. mauritiana) varieties, i.e. Karela, Aakash, Pak white, and Dil-Bahar. For this purpose, fresh ber (Z. mauritiana) varieties were acquired from the Regional Agriculture Research Institute (RARI), Bahawalpur. In the first phase, these ber (Z. mauritiana) varieties were subjected to proximate analysis of reducing sugar contents, titratable acidity, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic contents. Maximum total phenolic content (144.38 ± 0.03 mgGAE/100 g) and antioxidant activity (39 ± 0.06%) were observed in Dil-Bahar variety. In the second phase, stored ber (Z. mauritiana) varieties were subjected to a storage study at 0, 7th, and 14th days for comparative evaluation based on titratable acidity, reducing sugar content, and ascorbic acid content. The results showed that the fruits stored at 5°C showed a maintained level of ascorbic acid content (31.26 ± 0.02 mg/100 g), reducing sugars (41.25 ± 0.02%), and titratable acidity (3.36 ± 0.01%) in Karela. On the contrary, Karela stored at 15°C showed a reduction in ascorbic acid content (28.12 ± 0.02 mg/100 g) and titratable acidity (1.21 ± 0.01%) and an increase in reduced sugar content (46.48 ± 0.03%). Moreover, Dil-Bahar variety showed higher ascorbic acid content (51.69 ± 0.05 mg/100 g), titratable acidity (3.51 ± 0.02%), and reducing sugar content (33.29 ± 0.01%) at 5°C. It was concluded that cultivars showed the best results at low storage temperatures of 5°C.

ABSTRACTIn the current study, wheat varieties Inqulab-91 and AS-2002 were milled from a roller mill and analyzed for chemical characteristics through Near Infra-Red spectroscopy. Friabilin was extracted with Triton X-114 buffer and evaluated on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis against known molecular weight protein standards. Current results show that the chemical constituents and friabilin revealed significant variation and uneven distribution among flour streams. In both wheat varieties, break streams showed higher protein, moisture, gluten, Zeleny and ash values. Inqualb-91 break streams had a higher lipid content than AS-2002 flour streams, but no clear trend was identified. The 15 kDa band was absent in M3, T2, sizing and low-grade flour of Inqulab-91 while the faint band was present in the remaining streams. Among the remaining AS-2002 mill streams, B2, B4, M3, M5, T1, and sizing showed a prominent 15 kDa band, while the rest showed a faint band. Friabilin depicted a positive correlation with all constituents except fat in AS-2002 while a negative correlation with gluten, Zeleny and fat contents for Inqulab-91.

ABSTRACTThe current study aimed to investigate the phenolic and flavonoid contents, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of A. roseum (Camb.). The MTT assay was used to determine cytotoxicity, Comet assay was used to determine genotoxicity and mutagenicity of extracts was assessed through Ames test. The results showed that total phenolic contents were higher in aqueous extract (538.26 mg GAE/100 g); however, total flavonoid contents were significantly higher in ethanolic extract (6553.29 mg Eq. of Quercetin/100 g). The cells survival percentage was significantly (P .05). IC50 of ethanolic and aqueous extract of A. roseum was 5.54 mg/ml and 11.39 mg/ml, respectively. The results indicated that all concentration groups of ethanolic and aqueous extract of A. roseum significantly (P .05) changes were observed in revertant colonies of both bacterial strains (T 98; T 100) at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml concentrations of both aqueous and ethanolic extract of A. roseum as MI index was less than 2. The research concluded that A. roseum extracts exhibited no cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity at lower concentrations (≤2 mg/ml).

ABSTRACTGermination of seeds is a complex process linked to various molecular and biochemical changes that increase the nutritional value. This research has studied the impact of germination on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities of five domestic staple legumes from Pakistan: chickpea, mung bean, soybean, lentil, and peanut. The maximum moisture content was recorded for chickpea, i.e., 11.7 ± 0.05 g 100 g−1 followed by lentil, soybean, peanut, and mung bean as 9.65 ± 0.02, 8.07 ± 0.01, 7.6 ± 0.01, and 7.31 ± 0.01 g 100 g−1, respectively. The overall augmentation in catalase activity during germination (days 1 to 4) was maximum for lentils, i.e., 76.22%, and ascorbate peroxidase activity for peanuts, i.e., 62.09%. The soybean showed a clear difference from the 1st to 4th days of germination for peroxide activity among all selected legumes with a 37.29% increase. A maximum change in superoxide dismutase was noticed in mung bean. The mung bean also had the highest variation in total flavonoid contents, while total phenolic contents were higher in the chickpea. The radical scavenging activity varied higher in peanuts, while the ascorbic acid content was maximum for soybeans. Among all selected legumes, non-germinated chickpeas showed a lower DPPH value, i.e., 1.15 ± 0.03%, whereas the highest DPPH value was observed in lentils (69.84 ± 0.05%). Thus, the incorporation of ready-to-eat (RTE) germinated legumes with high antioxidant activity would be a contemporary addition to the everyday meal.

ABSTRACTAsiatic acid (AA) is a natural aglycone of pentacyclic triterpenoids and is abundantly present in many edible and medicinal plants, including Centella Asiatica, which is a reputed herb for wound healing and neuropsychiatric disorders in many traditional medicine formulations. Asiatic acid has various pharmacological functions such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory and controls apoptosis, which in numerous diseases credits to its medicinal impact. In preclinical trials, asiatic acid demonstrated potent antihypertensive, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and antitumor behaviors. It has been shown to influence multiple enzymes, receptors, growth factors, transcription factors, apoptotic proteins, and cell signaling cascades in several in vitro and in vivo experiments. This review aims to reflect the current therapeutic potential reports and the underlying pharmacological and molecular mechanisms of asiatic acid. In various diseases, studies display Asiatic acid’s polypharmacological properties, therapeutic ability, and molecular pathways. With the available research data, asiatic acid appears to be a significant multi-targeted, natural-origin polypharmacological agent for further pharmaceutical production and clinical use. Provided advantageous pharmacokinetics, protection, and effectiveness, along with commonly used modern drugs. Asiatic acid may be a potential agent or adjuvant, with a pharmacological justification for its usage in therapeutics.

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of barley bran and flour-enriched yogurt against hypercholesterolemia in rats. Purposely, barley-enriched yogurts were prepared, and their quality characteristics including physicochemical, viscosity, textural and sensory analysis of functional yogurts were performed. The enrichment of 6% barley flour and barley bran in yogurt improved the viscosity, textural, physicochemical and sensory attributes. The barley bran and flour-enriched yogurt improved the growth of probiotics in T3 and T6. A hypercholesterolemic rats study was conducted and observed that lipid profile improved and glucose significantly decreased in response to functional yogurts. The improvement in functions of ALT (71.83 ± 1.61, 67.03 ± 1.67 and 62.33 ± 2.08 U/L), AST (245.17 ± 1.04, 231.33 ± 3.06 and 223.60 ± 2.79 U/L) and ALP (271.33 ± 1.53, 208.83 ± 1.26 and 189.37 ± 0.78 U/L) was observed G1, G4, and G5 groups, accordingly. It was concluded that barley bran exhibited greater potential than barley flour in the improvement of yogurt quality and hypercholesterolemia management.

ABSTRACTFood packaging material is the primary element of the food industry; therefore, its consideration to sustain food quality and food safety is crucial. Several food-grade materials have been utilized for packaging food commodities for a long time. Still, these materials negatively influence safety, shelf life, texture, quality, and flavors of the food commodities. Concurrently, biotechnology introduces various techniques to produce several edible food packaging materials i.e. polysaccharides and protein-based films, intelligent and active packaging, which can preserve the food for a long period and inhibit the entry of biotic and abiotic components into the food. Various materials i.e. nisin, chitosan, cactus/mucilage, and bacterial nanocellulose, are being utilized to produce various kinds of edible packaging, including films, coatings, foams, with various kinds of edible active and intelligent packaging characteristics by biotechnological tools. The packaging material prepared by biotechnological applications is widely adopted and utilized in various food processing and preservation industries due to its higher safety levels and more nutritional components for consumption. The edible packaging material is currently utilized only for solid and semisolid processed products. However, there is an urgency to develop edible packaging material for liquid commodities such as products of the dairy and beverages industry by utilizing biotechnological techniques.

ABSTRACTPolymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are dietary bioactive phytochemicals, naturally present in all forms of citrus or plants. For this updated review, the specialized databases of PubMed and Web of Science were researched using keywords such as “polymethoxy flavones,” “pharmacology,” “molecular mechanisms,” “signaling pathways,” and “therapeutic applications.” The most prominent citrus PMFs with proven pharmacological effects are tangeretin, nobiletin, 5′-demethylnobiletin, tetramethyl-o-scutellarein, pentamethoxyflavone, tetramethyl-o-isoscutellarein, and sinensetine. The results of in vivo and in vitro preclinical studies of PMFs have highlighted molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways for anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, chemopreventive, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases. The results of the studies support the traditional effects of PMFs and therefore it is necessary that these natural compounds be further investigated in clinical trials. PMFs should be designed and formulated in nanoformulations that increase their bioavailability and transport them precisely to the target in order to increase their therapeutic effects.

ABSTRACTThe aim of the current study was to explore the preservative effect of aqueous coriander extract and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the shelf life of refrigerated chicken patties for 9 days. For this purpose, BHT (100 ppm) and aqueous coriander extract (1%) was applied to improve the storage stability. The patties were evaluated for their physiochemical characterization including total phenolic content (TPC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), peroxide value (PV), total carbonyl, metmyoglobin, and instrumental color, microbial analysis including (total plate count), and sensory attributes including (color and odor). The results showed that coriander extract has a significant (P

ABSTRACTGynostemma pentaphyllum belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae which is native to China where it is also termed an immortal herb. It is an emerging herb gaining fame for its rich phytochemistry. It is loaded with superior phytochemicals with immense therapeutic potential. The key phytochemicals include saponins and sterols. Saponins are a wide class of bioactive found in Gynostemma pentaphyllum and 100 different saponins have been reported to date by different researchers in this herb. Several sterols have been demonstrated in this plant including ergostanol, sitosterol and stigmasterol. All these bioactive substances possess superior therapeutic and pharmacological properties that have been investigated in different studies as presented in this comprehensive review. Taxonomic classification, botanical description, and geographical distribution are briefly covered in the first section of this review. In contrast, the phytochemistry, therapeutic properties, and pharmacological features of Gynostemma pentaphyllum are thoroughly explained in the second section.

ABSTRACTBerberine is a metabolite of many medicinal plants. Chemically, berberine belongs to the isoquinoline alkaloids family. The roots of plants grown at lower elevations have a higher concentration of berberine as compared to plants grown at higher elevations. Berberine is a natural substance, which is now among the patent pharmaceuticals for reducing chronic disorders and malignancies. Berberine is also classified as a nutraceutical. Nutraceuticals have been associated with various health benefits via modifying microRNA (miR) expression systems, apoptosis, gene activity, chemical signals/pathways and activation of transcription factors thus aiding in the prevention from various ailments. The pharmacokinetic studies revealed that berberine is poorly absorbed via intestinal walls therefore, its concentration level is extremely low in body fluid. However, the quantity of berberine and its active derivatives in organs is higher as compared to blood as it stably present in tissues. Berberine has an effective role in the body as an anticancer, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antiaging and cardioprotective agent. In this review, the therapeutic potentials of berberine are discussed to understand its nutraceutical importance.

ABSTRACTGlobalization witnessed changing trends in consumer markets. However, their long-term impacts include lifestyle and dietary changes. Although research in the pharmaceutical and chemical sciences led to the discovery and development of drugs saving millions of lives, their persistent use led to safety and toxicological issues. The plants previously used in Chinese and Ayurveda medicines received attention of the researchers to validate their traditional therapeutic applications. As a result, the reliance of communities on complementary and alternative medicines started to recover in the last few decades. The myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) is one such example that was renowned as the king of medicinal plants in Ayurveda due to its wide range of utilization in herbal decoctions to treat various health disparities. The current review showed phytochemical profile, that includes phenolic acids, casuarinin, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, rutin, and corilagin. Phytochemistry is linked with its medicinal applications and several research studies validated its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and digestive tonic. The facts presented in the current article are derived from cell culture, animal, and human studies. Moreover, conceptualized framework regarding the effectiveness against cardiovascular disorders, immune dysfunction, cancer insurgence, and neurological disorders is in the limelight of the article. In last, a comprehensive discussion regarding its potential inclusion in the modern-day functional food market and presents its future applications.

ABSTRACTThe objective of the current research is to explore the nutritional, structural, and sensorial properties of bulgur prepared from different wheat cultivars. For the purpose, three different wheat cultivars, i.e., Dilkash-2020, Akbar-2019, and Anaj-2017, were procured and evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics using respective methods. In addition, structural properties of product (bulgur) were characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Results elucidated that physicochemical characteristics of Dilkash-2020 were significantly (p ≤ .05) higher as compared to Akbar-2019, followed by Anaj-2017. Moreover, autoclave technique retained the nutritional profile of bulgur as compared to traditional cooking methods. It is observed that protein (12.7 ± 0.04%), fibers (12.5 ± 0.07%), minerals contents and antioxidant activity were significantly improved in bulgur (Dilkash-2020) processed through autoclave. Additionally, autoclave method retained the nutritional profile and antioxidant activity of bulgur. The mineral composition of bulgur revealed that calcium content in bulgur ranged from 368 ± 0.02–532 ± 0.00 mg/kg, potassium (745 ± 0.05–948 ± 0.03 mg/kg), iron (30 ± 0.04–53 ± 0.01 mg/kg) and sodium (168 ± 0.03–318 ± 0.11 mg/kg). In FTIR spectra, different phytochemical groups were identified especially alkene, halo, alcohol, organic-nitro, carbon aromatic and thiol groups. Furthermore, sensorial scores of bulgur prepared from autoclave were also higher than traditional method. In addition, overall acceptability of Dilkash-2020 bulgur was higher as compared to other varieties. Conclusively, wheat Dilkash-2020 has significant potential for bulgur production and autoclave is an effective method to retain the nutritional profile of bulgur.

AbstractThe global health sector is changing with more consensus towards the consumption of natural products to improve the health of mankind. As a result, the nutrition market diversified with the inclusion of new herbal products with each passing day. Myristica fragrans is a traditional spice used to enrich food with a specific aroma in the cuisines of every region. It has two distinctive parts, i.e. nutmeg (seed) & mace (outer covering) that are used for the same purpose but possess different health benefits. It contains significant amounts of active components that are beneficial in reducing oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and allergenic responses. In the current review, efforts were made to elucidate the theoretical background of nutmeg and its health benefits. The antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of nutmeg has been discussed in length and their commercial applications have been highlighted. The health benefits associated with diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory disorders, cancer insurgence, neurodegeneration, etc. are in the limelight of the article. The evidence portraying the negative aspects of nutmeg consumption and their critical analysis is discussed in length. Any plant’s positive and negative aspects depend on its rich phytochemistry and pharmaco-kinetics.

ABSTRACTCancer is the second leading cause of death in the world and one of the major public health problems. Curcumin has anticancer activity including inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation and invasion of tumours by suppressing a variety of cellular signalling pathways. It also possesses anti-tumour activity on different human cancers such as breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, and brain tumours. In vitro and in vivo trails, curcumin inhibits tumour development and metastasis by inhibiting many pathways that regulate signalling in malignant cells, including Ras, p53, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Wnt-protein kinase B (Akt), MAPKs, and PI3K. Curcumin can also inhibit IKK, EGFR, -catenin, cyclin D1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and anti-apoptotic genes such as Bcl-X and Bcl-2 along with downregulating nuclear transcription factors like NF-κB, which reduces the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like chemokines, TNF-, Interleukins and IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12.Abbreviations: AP-1, activated protein 1; Bax, BCL-2-associated X protein; Bcl-XL, B-cell leukaemia extralarge; Cdc, cell division cycle; COX, cyclooxygenase; CY, cytochrome; DPPC, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; eIF, eukaryotic initiation factors; FOX, Forkhead box; FPTase, farnesyl protein transferase; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; histone deacetylase inhibitors, HLJ, DnaJ-like heat shock protein; Hsp, heat shock proteins; IL, interleukin; miRNA, micro ribonucleic acid; MMC, mitomycin-C; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB, nuclear transcription factor-kappa–B; PG, prostaglandins; PKB, protein kinase B; Ras, reticular activating system; TargOncol, human small cell lung cancer cell lines; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TP, thymidine phosphorylase; TPA3, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; u-PA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factors; XIAP, Xlinked inhibitor of apoptosis

ABSTRACTKaempferol is a flavonoid present in many eatable plants. Researchers discovered a link between consuming foods high in kaempferol and lowering the threat for acquiring many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and cancer. Kaempferol can inhibit AHR transcription, modulate ERK signalling pathway and NF-κB pathways, block MAPK and AP1 signalling pathways and perform more anticancer roles. Kaempferol also has the ability to act against diabetes via suppressed phosphorylation of (IKK) IkB kinase, (IRS-1) insulin receptor substrate-1 and (IKK) IkB kinase through the hepatic IKK/NF-B signalling pathways and significantly enhanced insulin secretion and synthesis. Kaempferol protects cardiomyocytes from anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R)-induced damage by lowering LDH release, improving cell survival, reducing A/R-induced ROS formation, and release of cytochrome c. This knowledge may aid in understanding health advantages of medicinal plants that contain kaempferol and may lead to the development of the flavonoid as a potential agents for disease aversion and therapy.

ABSTRACTResveratrol (RVT) is well known for its chemo-preventive and therapeutic attributes against the various kinds of cancers such as breast, prostate, pancreatic, oral, brain, lung and liver. It has been found to inhibit glioblastoma cell growth, declining uPAR and its mediator ERK1/2, inhibiting the cell lines (EC-9706) growth and ADAM9 expression, up-regulating the lncRNAs and PPARγ, inhibition of MTA1 to modulate oncogenic miR-34a, miR-22 and miR-17, enhance the E-cadherin expression and decreased the expressions of Twist1 and vimentin, inhibiting ADAM9 expression, downregulation of ATP2A2 and ATP2A3 genes expressions in different breast cell lines, reduction in IL-6 and COX-2 expression, inhibition of Tax activity of LTR and HTLV-1 in SIRT1 deacetylase, suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and eEF1A expression and fracas interactions between TEAD and YAP and activation of Hippo/YAP signalling. Consequently, it can be suggested that RVT is a promising agent for treating aforementioned cancers due to its curing characteristics.

AbstractBitter melon is a medicinal plant with wide-ranging health benefits. Being complex in chemical constituents, poor evidence is available to establish the exact therapeutic benefits of different phytochemicals present in bitter melon. In the present study, bitter melon fruit skin, flesh, seeds and whole fruit were assessed to estimate alkaloid and saponin contents and subsequently bio-evaluation was performed to ascertain their potential as more potent hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic moderators for the first time. For the feeding trial, Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Bitter melon seeds have a high amount of total alkaloids, while the flesh part has maximum total saponin contents. The group of rats fed with a diet containing seeds powder showed a more prominent impact in lowering blood glucose levels and increasing serum insulin concentration in hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic rats. The flesh part with maximum saponin contents exhibited a substantial impact in lowering cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides and increasing HDL levels. The antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities have a direct association with the presence of these chemical constituents. Alkaloids were found to be more potent antihyperglycemic while saponins were found to be antihyperlipidemic moderators.

AbstractWater pollution faces an environmental crisis that makes water unhealthy or decreases the availability of water resources. Water pollution refers to the presence of dangerous chemical compounds and biological agents in water that may exceed certain compounds in water, which may endanger freshwater resources, human health, and the environment as well. Water is a necessary component for all living things to survive. Fresh water exists in the form of groundwater, lakes, and rivers. Apart from the physical scarcity of water, Pakistan is a country facing economic disaster. With the growing population, the pressure on the limited source of fresh water is increasing every day and the state of affairs is getting worse. Water quality and quantity are decreasing with the growing populace and due to climate change. In Pakistan, water quantity has decreased by 400 from 5,600 cubic meters in 1947 to 1,038 cubic meters in 2021. In these situations, water pollution is a threat to water resources. In this context, our study has been conducted to assess the national laws and regulations for water pollution prevention in Pakistan and to establish their extent and effectiveness. This study points out their flaws and barriers and offers potential solutions.

AbstractThe fruits of citrus family are rich in flavonoids with superior antioxidant properties; citrus bioactive components are potentially beneficial without adverse effects or cytotoxicity in healthy individuals. Citrus fruit peel contains ample amount of hesperidin which is flavanone glycoside and has showed effective role in biological systems as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactive compound. Different studies have investigated such roles of hesperidin. Due to superior antioxidant potential of hesperidin and its derivatives, these compounds have been intensively studied for their anti-cancer and cardio protective perspective. This review article is a collection of updated data covering different aspects of hesperidin and its derivatives, like occurrence, physical and chemical composition, pharmacokinetics and safety of these compounds. Moreover, effective role of these compounds against different lifestyle-related metabolic syndromes in mechanistic perspective has also been extensively discussed in this article.

AbstractThis study was aimed to explore whether vitamin E (Vit-E) and selenium (Se) injections improve colostrum quality in goats. Twenty-four, healthy pregnant Beetal goats were randomly allocated into control (n = 12) and treated (n = 12) groups respectively. The injectable form of Vit-E 2.5 mg/kg BW and Se 2.2 mg/kg BW was administered fortnightly, while normal saline (0.9% NaCl) was used and served as a control group. Colostrum samples were collected immediately after parturition and subjected to biochemical analysis. Colostrum enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and total soluble proteins were investigated using a spectrophotometer. Antioxidants with enzymatic activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidases (POD) and ascorbic acid remained significantly higher in treated animals (P

Maize bran is a by-product obtained after the milling of maize kernels and separated as by-product. The current research aimed to extract and characterize the arabinoxylans (AXs) and their gels from maize bran. Initially, maize bran was evaluated for its proximate composition and dietary fiber profile. Then, AXs were extracted through alkali extraction method, and in vitro gelation of AXs was performed through enzymes (laccase from Termites versicolor). Their structure was characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, the phenolic compounds and their activity was assessed through three different assays including diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ABTS+. The results regarding the chemical composition of maize bran showed that maize bran majorly comprised moisture, ash, crude fat, fiber, crude protein and nitrogen-free extract with 10.13 ± 0.46, 1.87 ± 0.15, 1.26 ± 0.26, 7.53 ± 1.00, 12.67 ± 0.75, and 66.54 ± 0.82 g/100 g of the sample. Further, dietary fiber profile showed that maize bran comprised 6.97 ± 0.5 and 35.20 ± 4.1% soluble and insoluble fractions of dietary fibers. Then, the structural characterization of maize bran through FTIR spectroscopy showed a typical spectrum and presented the peaks at different wavelengths, which was similar to structural features as described in previous studies. Surface morphology of gel through SEM showed micrographs with small pores, which according to our information was formed due to laccase (enzymes) activity. However, quantification of polyphenols including total phenolic content and total flavonoid content showed the results including 6.42 ± 0.18 GAE/g and 1.84 ± 0.66 CE/g and their activity assessed through DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS+ assays showed the values including 31.62 ± 0.16, 34.87 ± 0.18, and 14.21 ± 0.18 μmol TE/g, respectively. The results in this study showed that maize bran AXs and their gels showed an interesting trend in their structural and antioxidant potential.

The current research aimed to extract and characterize arabinoxylans (AX) from psyllium seeds husk for their nutritional and structural properties. For this purpose, psyllium husk (PH) was procured from the local market and subjected for the nutritional profile, dietary fiber (DF) composition, and AXs extraction. The extraction of AXs from psyllium seed husk was done through enzymatic method and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for its structural characterization. Further, the antioxidant activity of AXs was also elucidated using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Results showed that psyllium seed husk is a good source of DFs (61.5 ± 2.6%) and the proximate composition including moisture, ash, crude fat, crude protein, crude fibers, and Nitrogen free extract (NFE) was 4.9 ± 0.01, 4.1 ± 0.01, 1.2 ± 0.01, 3.9 ± 0.05, 20.23 ± 0.4 and 78.2 ± 4.01 g/100 g, respectively. Furthermore, AXs content was 68.29 ± 3.4 g/100 g of PH. Different monosaccharides including xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, glucose, and galactose contents in PHAXs were 64.23 ± 1.04%, 13.38 ± 0.16%, 1.43 ± 0.04%, 1.89 ± 0.05%, and 3.64 ± 0.07%, respectively. FTIR absorption peaks from 900 to 1100 cm−1 showed spectra of AXs with the highest peak from 980 to 1015 cm−1 reflecting arabinose and xylose ratio. Additionally, the substitution positions on the xylan backbone were 2800–3400 cm−1 of O-H stretching vibrations and peaks of C-H stretching at 2853 and 2923 cm−1. The antioxidant activity of PHAXs exhibited that the FRAP value of extracted AXs was 1.39 ± 0.06 μmol Fe2+/g and the DPPH value was 3.01 ± 0.15 Trolox mg/g. It is depicted that PH is a good source of AXs (non-starch polysaccharide) with better antioxidant potential.

The current research was conducted to investigate and compare the role of functional foods such as probiotics and prebiotics alone or in combinations on the markers of liver damage, oxidative stress markers and inflammatory markers in the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced rats. According to the results, G3, G4 and G6 gained significant weight at the end of the study. Moreover, the weights of different organs (liver, Spleen and kidney) revealed that G1 (control negative) fed on a standard diet gained the lowest liver weight, G2 (control positive) fed on high fat diet (HFD) gained maximum weight (9.63 ± 0.46 g). In addition, the symbiotic group (G8) lowered the liver organ weight (6.77 ± 0.20 g), indicating that HFD induced fat deposition in body and other body organs. Furthermore, results of serum liver function markers were concerned, Maximum reduction of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was found among the G8 (Probiotics, GOS and Inulin) and G4 (GOS). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was significantly reduced among all the treatments compared to the control positive. Alkaline phosphate (ALP) was reduced among G5, G6 and G7. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) remained unaffected during the trial. As far as the results of tumor necrotic factor (TNF) were concerned, probiotics and GOS groups had a significant reduction in the levels of TNF after 19 weeks of study. Upon the prebiotics and probiotics therapy, a strong association was found with the hepatic inflammation at various degrees and hepatic and portal inflammation was reduced among the symbiotic groups significantly (Chi-square value = 49.04**; P-value = 0.000; ** = Highly significant (P

In millennia, berries have captured great attention owing to their broad spectrum of functional as well as therapeutic activities, which is due to presence of their bioactive compounds. All edible forms of berries show important nutritional properties leading to their therapeutic potential and are considered as safe functional foods. Recently, various researches for further exploration of berries concerning nutritional and bioactive profiles as well as potential health benefits are on the way. This review highlights the latest research on bioactive compounds of all edible forms of berries and their related nutritional activities in humans and animals against different diseases. The current article revealed that berries have an array of bioactive moieties including phenolics, anthocyanins and ellagitannins with strong antioxidant potential contributing to their anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and cardio-protective roles. The demand and consumption trend is increasing day by day, due to their therapeutic effects as mentioned above. C-1: English and clarity of this paper must be checked by an expert, otherwise I will asked for professional editing

The importance of plant secondary metabolites in food and their possible impacts on human health are the subjects of a steadily developing number of studies. Furthermore, as consumers become more conscious of diet-related issues, they desire natural ingredients that are anticipated to be safe and health-promoting; as a result, doum flour might be regarded as an excellent source of functional compounds. Hyphaene thebaica L. is a palm plant species with eatable ovoid fruits and a woody texture that is endemic to upper Egypt. It is one of the world’s most significant and valuable plants. Doum flour is considered to contain higher moisture content, crude fiber, ash content, protein, fat, and vitamins, especially niacin, folic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamin. Previous findings showed that doum flour has high functional and nutritional qualities and may be used for a variety of key applications in the food sector. Doum nuts contain antioxidants as well as metabolites like tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, terpenes, and terpenoids. The results of different studies have indicated that doum flour is effective in various health maladies. This review highlights the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, nutritional content, fertility activity, the rheological, and pharmacological ability of Hyphaene thebaica L. flour extracts and their significant phyto-constituents such as polyphenol, essential-oil, and flavonoid components.

Consumers demand for functional foods and nutraceutical is increasing owing to their health endorsing properties. Natural bioactive compounds are getting attention due to their health promoting potential. In addition, the extraction of these bioactive compounds is a significant industrial and technological perspectives. These bioactive moieties can be extracted via various conventional and modern methods. For instance; solid-phase extraction, solid-phase micro-extraction, and liquid-liquid extraction are considered as traditional/conventional methods. In contrast, modern eco-innovative methods for extraction such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pulsed electric field (PEF), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), instant controlled pressure drop (DIC), etc. are more economical and environment friendly. Additionally, these are ever-increasing demands of energy-efficient methods for the recovery of valuable compounds. Moreover, these methods produced less wastewater and hazardous substances. Conclusively, this review highlighted the conventional and modern extraction technologies and the role of these eco-innovative technologies in achieving the goal of a sustainable food system.

Agro-industrial waste has proved a huge problem owing to its disposal and impact on the environment. The eco-innovative technologies are applied to utilize waste as a resource. The mandate of the current investigation was to extract and characterize the bioactive molecules with special reference to luteolin from peanut shells through different innovative extraction techniques. This study was divided into two modules, in first the extraction of polyphenols was done through conventional and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (USE) by utilizing different solvents (ethanol 80%, methanol 80%, and water) and time intervals (5, 10 and 15 min for ultrasound and 30,60 & 90 min for conventional extraction technique) alongside HPLC and amino-acid characterization of a peanut shell. The results indicated that ultrasound proved significantly (p

Sportsmen may choose to include vegetarian diet in their dietary regime for a variety of ways like its beneficial health impact, due to religious restrictions or to protect animals for environmental integrity. These diets are loaded with a wide variety of phytochemicals with superior health benefits safeguarding against chronic diseases. Besides their role in health management these foods also play a key role in enhancing different sports performances owing to contained with instant energy providing carbohydrates that are crucial for competitive sports performance. Furthermore, they are also richly enriched with antioxidants that are essential for high-end sports performance. However, few vegetarian diets are the source of anti-nutritional entities like high fiber content, chelating agents, phytates, and tannic acid. These interfere with the bio-availability of crucial dietary components like iron, zinc, proteins. Therefore, a sound nutritional approach is required while planning plant-based dietary regimes for sports performance. This review will systematically focus on the impact of vegetarian diets on sports performance in the light of currently available research findings in this field to provide a guiding hand to sports specialists and nutritional experts in planning the vegetarian dietary plans for optimizing the sports performance. In addition, this review explains the bio-availability and enhancement strategies of different vegetarian diet-based nutrients through different energy metabolism pathways.

The current study is aimed at modifying the structural makeup of potato starch through the application of heat and moisture to better control the postprandial glycemic response. Heat-moisture treatment (HMT) was used to prepare potato starch using different moisture levels and temperatures. The samples were digested with pancreatin to determine the % of easily digestible, slowly digestible, and resistant starch. Subjects were given pudding made with HMT potato starch, and their postprandial glycemic response was tracked by measuring their blood glucose levels. In addition, incremental and total incremental areas under the curve (IAUC, TIAUC) were also assessed. The current findings of in vitro enzymatic digestibility of potato starch showed inconsistent results as measured at different time intervals. Adding moisture and heating the mixture to 30 and 70°C both increased the amount of rapidly digestible starch in all of the treatments from 20 to 40%. The maximum value of slowly digestible starch was 43.63% when the sample was heated to 30°C with a moisture content of 30%. The highest value (68.46%) for resistant starch was achieved at 20% moisture level and 30°C. After eating pudding, blood sugar spiked for the first 60 and 90 min before gradually dropping off over the next 240 min. As a whole, the highest IAUC and TIAUC values, as well as the glycemic index and load, were observed in potato starch heated to 70°C, which contained 40% moisture. Most parameters achieved their highest values when 40% moisture was added and the heat was applied at 70°C.

AbstractBaby carrots were pasteurized under different time-temperature intervals and analyzed for physical and sensory characteristics. Treatments were conducted at 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 99°C and analyzed for kinetics of color and texture. Cell damage and shrinkage were analyzed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) at 70, 80 and 90°C. When temperature and time rise, L*, a*, b*, firmness and energy values decreased. The activation energy (Ea) for color and texture varied between 82.02–106.43 and 73.54–110.08 kJmol−1, respectively. Furthermore, carrots were pasteurized under different time-temperature combinations and showed a difference in cell density in comparison to fresh. Therefore, the pasteurization process consisting of high-temperature technology for a short time of carrots was considered best in terms of quality characteristics in comparison to low-temperature long time.

AbstractSprouted barley flour was used at the ratio of 0, 5, 10 and 20% in the wheat flour and effect of incorporation on the quality of bread, biscuits and cakes was evaluated. The chemical analysis of barley-wheat flour blends exposed that protein, fat, energy and β-glucan significantly increased with the addition of sprouted barley flour at different levels. Flour blends rheology regarding water absorption, dough development and dough stability improved with the addition of sprouted barley flour. Physicochemical composition of baked products revealed significantly the improvement in nutritional profile especially β-glucan while carbohydrates decreased with the addition of barley into the blend. Sensory evaluation revealed that as the sprouted barley flour increased to 15%, biscuits, cakes and bread showed product acceptability while 20% level revealed significant decline in sensory acceptability. In conclusion, optimum level of sprouted barley flour improved rheology of blend as well as nutritional and sensorial properties of the baked products.

The research was carried out to study the response of 16 cultivars of sugar beet in 3 seasons at one major sugar beet producing location, Hama, in Syria in autumn time, and assess genotype by environment interaction, and to estimate the stability of the varieties performance, according to the yield stability statistics (Ysi), for the studied traits of these varieties. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Data collected from each experiment were subjected to simple analysis of variance and after homogenization of error variance, combined analysis for four traits including Sucrose content (SC %), Purity (P %), Root yield (RY ton.ha-1), and Sugar yield (SY ton.ha-1) were carried out. Combined analysis of variance over years, exhibited significant differences (P≤0.05) among the varieties. Results of yield stability statistics (Ysi) revealed that five of the monogerm sugar beet varieties (Vico, Dita, Al Ceste, Chimene, and SR305) were stable for all of the studied traits, during three seasons, which is recommended to be planted in autumn time.International Journal of Environment Vol.5(3) 2016, pp.74-86