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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal areas similarly impact both ecosystems and human health. The translocation of phytoplankton species via maritime transport can potentially promote the growth of HABs in coastal systems. Accordingly, ballast water must be disinfected. The main goal of this study is to assess the effectiveness of different emerging biocides, including H2O2, peracetic acid (PAA), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The effectiveness of these biocides is compared with that of conventional chlorination methods. Their effects on two ichthyotoxic microalgae with worldwide distribution, i.e., Prymnesium parvum and Heterosigma akashiwo, are examined. To ensure the prolonged effectiveness of the different reagents, their concentration–response curves for 14 days are constructed and examined. The results suggest a strong but shorter effect by PMS (EC50 = 0.40–1.99 mg·L-1) and PAA (EC50 = 0.32–2.70 mg·L-1), a maintained effect by H2O2 (EC50 = 6.67–7.08 mg·L-1), and a negligible effect by PDS. H. akashiwo indicates higher resistance than P. parvum, except when H2O2 is used. Based on the growth inhibition performance and consumption of the reagents as well as a review of important aspects regarding their application, using H2O2, PAA, or PMS can be a feasible alternative to chlorine-based reagents for inhibiting the growth of harmful phytoplankton. This work has been co-funded by the 2014–2020 ERDF Operational Programme and by the Department of Economy, Knowledge, Business and University of the Regional Government of Andalusia (Spain). Project Ref.: FEDER-UCA18–108023. This work is part of the project TED2021–130994B-C31; TED2021–130994B-C33 and Grant IJC2020–042741-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR.

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) are increasing in frequency and magnitude globally. These episodes are associated with the generation of biotoxins, which pose a potential risk to human and animal health. Biotoxins notably affect aquaculture activities and shellfish production, which has a clear impact on food and human health. Consequently, it is sometimes necessary to close the harvesting areas until the organisms are decontaminated. These natural detoxification mechanisms depend largely on the type of toxin and physiology of the organism, resulting in lengthy processes that can cause severe economic losses to aquaculture activities. As the main goal of this communication, we propose a technological alternative for the degradation of marine biotoxins through the implementation of UV technology as a treatment for agricultural, environmental, and health-related purposes. Therefore, advanced photochemical processes should be evaluated for the efficient degradation of marine biotoxins. The toxin selected was okadaic acid (OA), which is a very stable diarrheal toxin (DSP) and has a great impact on shellfish production areas, e.g. on the Portuguese coast. First, irradiation experiments were performed under UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C irradiation. In general, the concentration remained similar after different UV exposures, indicating that there was no observable photodegradation of OA after 3 h of UV irradiation, detecting a maximum degradation of 19.5% (± 0.95) in the UV-C region, suggesting that OA is clearly resistant to UV photodegradation. Second, the combined UV/H2O2, UV/HSO5−, and UV/S2O82 − processes were tested. Two different UV sources were evaluated: LED and low-pressure lamps (LP), performing OA exposure in distilled water and seawater, with a maximum UV exposure of 3 h. In general, a clear degradation of OA is observed in photochemical processes in distilled water, with a slight decrease in efficiency in the UV/H2O2 process with an LED irradiation source. In the case of UV/S2O82 − and UV/HSO5−, both the LP lamp and LED achieved a total degradation of OA. In the case of the marine matrix, the effect is clearly inhibited for the UV/H2O2 process; however, for UV/ HSO5−, salinity does not seem to affect OA degradation, obtaining practically 100% removal. The study of new UV-LEDs would favor aquaculture activities by increasing sustainability and health safety. Likewise, the results obtained might provide the basis for a possible scale-up of technological processes specifically designed for the minimization of marine biotoxins.

Introduction Personal characteristics have been shown to influence the psychosexual development of people with intellectual disabilities. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the SALUDIVERSEX program about affective-sexual education depending on gender, age, relationship status, and degree of autonomy. Methods Two hundred fifty-four participants, clustered within 28 daytime support services, completed a battery of instruments before and after the intervention. The data was collected between January 2021 and April 2022. Results Multilevel analyses, controlling for participant’s dependence within the same center, confirm that the program is equally effective regardless of gender. Likewise, younger participants, who have greater autonomy and who have a partner, seem to benefit more from the intervention. Conclusions This suggests that the SALUDIVERSEX program is a useful tool for educating adults with intellectual disabilities on sexuality, when they possess a high degree of autonomy. Policy Implications The present study contributes to the successful replication of the intervention being tested, providing information on the aspects that may be more difficult to learn depending on the personal characteristics of the individuals.

Sexuality has been censored by Spanish culture, where legal progress in the form of new policies about sexual diversity rights has not been followed by lower levels of social discrimination. This has affected sexual development across the lifespan for both sexual minorities and heterosexual people who experience their sexuality outside of heteronormativity. However, the literature has regularly excluded the possible consequences of the experience of sexuality within prescriptive categories, particularly in heterosexual people. This study delves deeper into the same-sex experiences of heterosexual women and men and the discomfort they may feel toward such experiences in Spain. A total of 2900 young Spanish people who self-identified as heterosexual completed a questionnaire on sexual diversity and experiences related to sexual orientation. The mean age was 24.22 years (SD = 5.71), 71.1% were women, and 28.9% were men. More heterosexual women than heterosexual men reported having had same-sex attraction, fantasies, desires, and behavioral intentions. However, these men and women reported having similar levels of same-sex sexual intercourse. The discomfort level experienced was higher among heterosexual men and younger people, suggesting the possibility that traditional norms restrict behavioral expression of sexuality among these individuals. At least in the Spanish context, these gender differences should be taken into account to adjust all psychological and educational interventions in the future to improve inclusive sexual attitudes and the treatment of discomfort with sexual orientation. Following these results, research on sexual diversity should focus on young heterosexual people who have different same-sex experiences according to gender differences. Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume I This research was supported by grant UJI-B2018-42 and PREDOC/2017/45 of the University Jaume I of Castellón (Spain).

Introducción: Aunque en las últimas décadas se han aprobado leyes a favor de la diversidad sexual, la homofobia y la discriminación hacia el colectivo LGTBI siguen siendo habituales en nuestra sociedad. Sin embargo, en la literatura no se ha analizado todavía con suficiente atención. Nuestro objetivo es comprobar si el bienestar de los jóvenes está relacionado con su orientación sexual. Además, se quiere averiguar si los participantes han sufrido algún tipo de discriminación o violencia física o verbal por su orientación sexual. Método: 602 personas (221 hombres y 381 mujeres), con media de edad de 21,78 años (DT=6,52) cumplimentaron una encuesta sobre experiencia y prácticas sexuales. El 90 % se consideraban heterosexuales y el 10 % homosexuales. Resultados: Los homosexuales tienen menor satisfacción con la vida en general, con su cuerpo y con su vida sexual. Entre otros aspectos, los homosexuales presentan bajo deseo sexual comparado con los heterosexuales. Asimismo, los homosexuales sufren mayor discriminación y más violencia. Conclusiones: La homofobia sigue siendo una lacra de nuestra sociedad. A pesar de los avances realizados, es un hecho que el colectivo LGTBI es discriminado, tanto en el ámbito social como personal, y esto afecta a su calidad de vida y a su bienestar. Es necesario profundizar en las variables implicadas para ajustar los programas de intervención. Introduction: Although in the last decades laws have been passed in favor of sexual diversity, homophobia and discrimination towards LGBTI collective is still common in our society. However, in the literature it has not yet been analyzed in detail. Our aim is to check whether the well-being of young people is related to their sexual orientation. In addition, we want to find out if the participants have suffered any type of discrimination and physical or verbal violence because of their sexual orientation. Method: 602 people (221 men and 381 women), with a mean of 21.78 years old (SD=6,52), completed a survey on sexual experience and practices. 90% considered themselves as heterosexual and the other 10% were homosexual. Results: homosexuals have lower satisfaction with their life, their body and finally with their sex life. Among other aspects, homosexuals have low sexual desire compared with heterosexuals. Likewise, homosexuals suffer more discrimination and more violence. Conclusions: Homophobia remains a scourge of our society. In spite of the progress made, it is a fact that LGBTI collective is harshly discriminated, both socially and personally, affecting their life quality and their happiness. It is necessary to delve into the involved variables in order to adjust the intervention programs.

Introducción. La orientación sexual ha sido una de las dimensiones sexuales que más se ha intentado normativizar, invisibilizando las realidades que se alejaban de la heterosexualidad. Por eso, este estudio pretende profundizar en las experiencias sexuales con el mismo sexo y el opuesto en mujeres y hombres jóvenes. Método. 500 mujeres y 500 hombres españoles, de entre 18 y 25 años, respondieron un cuestionario ad hoc sobre diversidad sexual. La edad media de la muestra fue de 21.23 años (DT=1.99). Resultados. Un 26.1% de los participantes se identificaba con una orientación diferente a la heterosexual, siendo el 12.8 bisexuales y el 10.8% homosexuales. En general, las mujeres refieren sentir mayor atracción sexual por ambos sexos, así como mayores prevalencias de conductas sexuales y mayor disposición a realizarlas con ambos sexos. Conclusión. La sexualidad es más compleja de lo que se estimaba tradicionalmente, observándose gran diversidad de comportamientos, independientemente incluso de la orientación sexual autoadscrita. Estos resultados podrían ser útiles, en terapia, para trabajar la autoaceptación y normalizar la propia diversidad y, como prevención, para educar en la tolerancia y el respeto, reducir el estigma del colectivo LGTBI y flexibilizar en la población general algunas ideas asumidas sobre la sexualidad.

Introducción: La pornografía puede contribuir al desarrollo sexual de los jóvenes, pero también puede constituir un factor facilitador de insatisfacción sexual, dados los falsos modelos que representa. Metodología: 250 hombres y 250 mujeres, con 21,1 años de media (DT=1,56), cumplimentaron un cuestionario en línea sobre visionado de pornografía. El 72,2 % eran heterosexuales y el 27,8 % no heterosexuales. Resultados: El 68 % de participantes ha visto porno gay; el 81,8 %, lésbico y el 92 %, heterosexual. Por lo que respecta a la excitación, entre aquellos que han visionado cada tipo de material, un 45,9% de hombres y un 41,8 % de mujeres se han excitado con porno gay, siendo un 25,8 % de hombres y un 6,6 % de mujeres los que sintieron malestar por haberse excitado. Con el lésbico se han excitado un 78,3 % de hombres y un 71,5 % de mujeres, y un 4,2 % de mujeres y ningún hombre ha sentido malestar por ello. Por último, con el heterosexual, se han excitado un 93,9 % de hombres y un 94 % de mujeres, y un 1,3 % de hombres y un 4,9 % de mujeres han experimentado malestar ante su excitación. Se han observado diferencias de género significativas en los distintos porcentajes de visionado y de malestar, pero no en los de excitación. Conclusiones: El género parece ser un factor diferencial en el consumo de pornografía, así como del malestar asociado. Por tanto, debería profundizarse en su papel, así como tenerse en cuenta a la hora de elaborar programas de educación sexual adecuados para un uso saludable de la pornografía. Introduction: Pornography can contribute to the sexual development of young people but it can also be a facilitator of sexual dissatisfaction, given the false models it represents. Methodology: 250 men and 250 women, with an average age of 21.11 years (SD=1.56), carried out an online questionnaire about viewing pornography. 72.2% were heterosexual and 27.8% non-heterosexual. Results: 68% of participants have seen gay porn, 81.8% lesbian and 92% heterosexual. According to the excitement, among those who have viewed each type of material, 45.9% of men and 41.8% of women have been excited by gay porn, and 25.8% of men and 6.6% of women have felt discomfort for being aroused. With the lesbian, 78.3% of men and 71.5% of women have been excited, and 4.2% of women and no man have felt discomfort for that. Finally, with the heterosexual, 93.9% of men and 94% of women have been excited, and 1.3% of men and 4.9% of women have experienced discomfort with their excitement. Significant gender differences have been observed in the different percentages of viewing and discomfort, but not in those of excitation. Conclusions: Gender seems to be a differential factor in the consumption of pornography, as well as the associated discomfort. Therefore, its analysis should be deepened, as well as taken into account when developing appropriate sex education programs for the healthy use of pornography.

The Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) establishes limits regarding the permissible number of viable organisms in discharged ballast water. Ozone as a ballast water treatment is interesting because it can be generated in-situ and has strong oxidant power. Additionally, some oxidants can be formed in reaction with seawater, especially brominated compounds, that assist in inactivating microorganisms. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of semicontinuous and batch ozonation as well as their combination with peroxymonosulfate salt (PMS) as methods to be used to ensure compliance with regulation D2 of the BWMC using Tetraselmis suecica as a standard microorganism. Growth modeling method was employed to determine the inactivation achieved by the treatments. The results show that ozone is an effective treatment for accomplishing the D2 of the BWMC. Batch ozonation is more efficient than semicontinuous ozonation probably because of the brominated compounds formed during the ozone saturation of the water. The oxidants that are developed during the ozonation of seawater prolong the residual effect of the treatment throughout the days of storage with practically no presence of them in the ballast tanks at 72 h. The addition of the PMS increases the inactivation in the semicontinuous ozonation, but a threshold concentration of ozone is needed to observe the synergistic effect of both oxidants. No increase is associated with the combination of O

Despite preventive efforts, HIV exposure is still a concern for public health. The current prevalence is related to unsafe sex, which is based on socio-cognitive variables. Therefore, information about these variables is required to verify whether the past preventive strategies have been effective and improve the future ones. However, there is not updated information to adjust future preventive interventions. For this reason, this study analyzes trends by gender in Spanish young people over the past two decades in perceived susceptibility to HIV, severity perceived to HIV, condom confidence and the intention of condom use, from 1999 to 2020. For this purpose, 11,665 Spanish young people (from 17 to 40 years old) completed the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire in each year. Following our results, in general, the socio-cognitive variables have revealed an unsatisfactory trend: a low perceived susceptibility to HIV and a behavioral intention that have remained stable or even declined slightly over the past years. Particularly, men are more likely to report a riskier level in socio-cognitive variables although, in the latest evaluations, women would decrease condom use intention largely than men. In general, regarding age, young adult would report better levels of condom confidence, but early youth would get higher results in perceived severity, as well as better scores in the latest evaluations of condom use intention. Considering these results, policies should make an effort in HIV prevention programs, and emphasize the attention to attitudinal beliefs and behavioral intention to improve their effectiveness.

The Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) establishes limits for viable organisms in discharged ballast water. However, organisms smaller than 10 μm are not considered in this regulation although they represent, in some regions, the majority of the phytoplankton organisms in marine water. The objective in this study is to assess three photosynthetic species smaller than 10 μm as potential standard test organism (STO) in experimentation focused on the inactivating efficacy of ultraviolet treatments (UV). A growth modelling method was employed to determine the reduction of the viable cell concentration under either light or dark post-treatment conditions to evaluate the importance of the photoreactivation. In spite of its moderate growth rate, the high UV resistance in combination with the abundance and worldwide distribution of Synechococcus sp. and the environmental importance of this species constitute important reasons for considering Synechococcus sp. as a valuable STO for ballast water treatment., This work has been co-funded by the 2014–2020 ERDF Operational Programme and by the Department of Economy, Knowledge, Business and University of the Regional Government of Andalusia (Spain). Projects Ref.: FEDER-UCA18 - 108023 and FEDER-UCA18-105151.

Introduction The proactive role of women in sexuality has been socially invisible, especially in regard to pornography use. For this reason, this study aims to explore Spanish women’s sexual experiences regarding viewing, arousal, and discomfort as perceived by different types of pornography and based on the women’s sexual orientation. Methods Between January and March 2019, 2730 Spanish women between 18 and 44 years old (M = 24.16; SD = 6.04) completed a questionnaire about the consumption of heterosexual, gay, and lesbian pornography and the discomfort they felt when they were aroused by this type of material. Regarding their sexual orientation, 78.1% were heterosexual, 15.4% were bisexual, and 6.5% were lesbian. Results In general, more lesbian and bisexual women consume pornography than heterosexual women do. In any case, all of them consume and are aroused by pornographic content based on a sexual orientation that differs from their reported sexual orientation. Women experience discomfort when viewing pornography, regardless of their sexual orientation and the type of content. Particularly, the youngest women are associated with discomfort when viewing heterosexual pornography, although the discomfort of older bisexual women is associated with gay and lesbian pornography. Conclusions Regardless of their reported sexual orientation, women view and feel aroused by different types of pornographic content. In addition, this study reveals their associated discomfort, which could interfere with their sexual health. Policy Implications Sexual health strategies should include a more active role of women in sexuality, as well as a more flexible conception of their sexual orientation to prevent stigmatizing them.

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic is becoming a major hazard to public health worldwide. This is causing a significant impact on life and physical health, as well as on the psychological well-being of the general population. Since the emotional distress and the social restrictions caused by this epidemic, it must be expected that its impact will also extend to sexual health. The purpose of this study, the first including a large sample of the Spanish general population, was to analyze sexual behavior during the 99 days of confinement in Spain (INSIDE Project). Method. 1,448 Spanish people, between 18 and 60 years old, were evaluated through an online survey during April 2020. The variables analyzed were the physical and social environment during confinement, sexual desire, type of sexual activity, masturbation, sexual intercourse, online sexual activity, general sexual frequency, sexual fantasies, degree of self-control over sexual drive, sexual abuse, general impact of confinement on sexuality and emotional mood. Results. Confinement has affected the sexual life of half of the Spanish population (47.7%), especially women. Those who reported a worsening of their sexual life are almost three times more (37.9%) than those who reported an improvement (14.4%). Conclusions. Different factors have been significant predictors of the positive or negative evaluation about the impact of this confinement on sexual life, such as gender, couple life, privacy, stress level and the perception of confinement as unbearable. Policy Implications. These results have important implications for the public health and more especially sexual health of the Spanish population.

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic is becoming a major hazard to public health worldwide. This is causing a significant impact on life and physical health, as well as on the psychological well-being of the general population. Since the emotional distress and the social restrictions caused by this epidemic, it must be expected that its impact will also extend to sexual health. The purpose of this study, the first including a large sample of the Spanish general population, was to analyze sexual behavior during the 99 days of confinement in Spain (INSIDE Project). Method. 1,448 Spanish people, between 18 and 60 years old, were evaluated through an online survey during April 2020. The variables analyzed were the physical and social environment during confinement, sexual desire, type of sexual activity, masturbation, sexual intercourse, online sexual activity, general sexual frequency, sexual fantasies, degree of self-control over sexual drive, sexual abuse, general impact of confinement on sexuality and emotional mood. Results. Confinement has affected the sexual life of half of the Spanish population (47.7%), especially women. Those who reported a worsening of their sexual life are almost three times more (37.9%) than those who reported an improvement (14.4%). Conclusions. Different factors have been significant predictors of the positive or negative valoration about the impact of this confinement on sexual life, such as gender, couple life, privacy, stress level and the perception of confinement as unbearable. Policy Implications. These results have important implications for the public health and more especially sexual health of the Spanish population.

Cruise tourism industry has experienced significant global growth in recent years in terms of new passengers, fleet size, ports visited, and economic value. Therefore, the main environmental impact...

A pesar de los cambios socioculturales, las personas LGTBI todavía deben hacer frente a ciertas dificultades. El objetivo de este estudio es explorar la discriminación y las actitudes hacia la diversidad afectivo-sexual en mujeres. 145 mujeres de entre 17 y 43 años (M=29,63; DT=9,6), cumplimentaron un cuestionario ad hoc sobre discriminación y actitudes hacia el colectivo LGTBI. El 18,7% de las mujeres no heterosexuales ha sufrido discriminación por orientación/identidad sexual. Más mujeres no heterosexuales que heterosexuales (68% frente al 51,4%) han presenciado discriminación por estas cuestiones en su entorno. Encontramos ciertas actitudes negativas en ambos grupos, sobre todo en aquellos ítems relacionados con la expresión de género, la bisexualidad y transexualidad. Estos hallazgos indican la necesidad de educar en diversidad y visibilizar aquellos colectivos que son más excluidos para lograr la equidad y el respeto. Despite sociocultural changes, LGTBI people still have to face certain diffculties. The purpose of this study is to explore discrimination and attitudes towards sexual-affective diversity in women. 145 women between 17 and 43 years old (M = 29,63; SD = 9,6) completed an ad hoc questionnaire about discrimination and attitudes towards the LGTBI group. 18,7% of non-heterosexual women have suffered sexual orientation / identity discrimination. More non-heterosexual women than heterosexuals (68% vs. 51,4%) have witnessed discrimination by these issues in their environment. We found certain negative attitudes in both groups, especially in those items related to the expression of gender, bisexuality and transsexuality. These fndings indicate the need to educate in diversity and make visible those groups that are most excluded to achieve equity and respect.

Introducción: La toma de conciencia y la aceptación de la propia orientación sexual pueden ser procesos largos y duraderos, sobre todo, en las personas con una orientación sexual no normativa. Variables como la presión sociocultural del entorno podrían favorecer que algunas personas experimenten dudas y malestar. Por este motivo, el presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar si existen diferencias de género en la toma de conciencia y vivencia de la orientación del deseo sexual. ! Método: 100 personas que se definían como homosexuales cumplimentaron un cuestionario acerca de sus vivencias con la orientación sexual; con una media de edad de 24,55 años (DT = 4,15), siendo el 50 % hombres y el 50 % mujeres. ! Resultados: En relación con su propia orientación sexual, un 75 % de jóvenes homosexuales ha tenido dudas y un 69% ha sentido malestar. En cuanto a la edad en la que definieron su orientación sexual, la media fue a los 14,69 años (DT = 3,83). En cuanto al género, solo se observan diferencias significativas en el malestar experimentado, siendo el 84 % de los hombres, frente al 54 % de mujeres, quienes sienten malestar debido a su orientación sexual (!" = 10,51; p = 0,001). ! Conclusiones: Los resultados confirman una elevada prevalencia de malestar en población homosexual, que parece ser mayor en hombres. Estas diferencias en cuanto al género podrían guardar relación con los prejuicios que tiene la sociedad sobre la homosexualidad, siendo los hombres gays quienes más los sufren. Por tanto, sería conveniente que estas variables se tuvieran en cuenta a la hora de realizar estrategias de prevención.! Introduction: Awareness and acceptance of one’s sexual orientation may be a long-lasting process, especially in people with a non-normative sexual orientation. Variables such as the pressure of the environment may promote that some people experience doubts and discomfort. Therefore, this study aims to analyze gender differences in the awareness and experience of sexual orientation. It would be necessary to examine if, as in past studies on psychosexual development, gender differences are also found in both variables. Method: One hundred homosexual people completed a questionnaire about their experiences in sexual orientation. The average age was 24.55 years (SD = 4.15), being 50 % men and 50 % women. Results: In relation to their own sexual orientation, 75 % of young homosexuals have had doubts and 69 % have felt discomfort. Regarding age of being aware about their sexual orientation, the average was 14.69 years (SD = 3.83). Regarding gender and sexual orientation, statistical significant differences were only observed in discomfort experienced, being 84 % of men and 54 % of women who feel it (!" = 10.51, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The results confirm a high prevalence of discomfort among homosexual population, which seems to be higher in men. These gender differences may be related to society’s prejudice about homosexuality, being gay men who suffer it the most. Therefore, these variables should be considered when prevention strategies are carried out.

Introduction: The labels on sexual orientation are usually very rigid, creating discomfort in people who have a sexual behavior different from heteronormativity. In this context, age may moderate the discomfort experience. Method: A total of 90 homosexual people participated in the study, divided equally into three age groups: from 18 to 22 years old, from 23 to 27 years old and from 28 to 33 years old. The mean age was 24.81 (SD = 4.11), being 50 % men and 50 % women in each group. In addition to the sociodemographic data, all the participants answered a questionnaire about the experience of their sexual orientation. Results: Among the age groups, no statistical significant differences were found in the percentage of people who had fantasies, desires and sexual behaviors, both with the same sex and with the opposite sex. However, at a descriptive level, there was a tendency for the younger group to feel more discomfort than the rest of the groups, especially in the experiences with the same sex. Conclusions: There is a differential pattern of discomfort that is more evident among the young population, especially in terms of homosexual behavior. These age differences could be related to the maturity of the participants, being the youngest those who are more affected by the possible prejudices of society. It would be necessary to investigate these results in detail to learn more about the problems of these young people, in order to develop specific care programs for this population. Introducción: Las etiquetas sobre orientación sexual suelen ser muy rígidas, creando malestar en las personas que tienen un comportamiento sexual diferente al heteronormativo. En este contexto, la edad podría tener un factor modulador en el malestar experimentado. ! Método: En el estudio participaron un total de 90 personas homosexuales, repartidas equi tativamente en tres grupos de edad: de 18 a 22 años, de 23 a 27 años y de 28 a 33 años. La media de edad fue de 24,81 (DT = 4,11), siendo en cada grupo el 50 % hombres y el 50 % mujeres. Además de los datos sociodemográficos, todos contestaron un cuestionario sobre la vivencia de su orientación sexual. ! Resultados: Entre los grupos de edad, no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de personas que habían tenido fantasías, deseos y conductas sexuales, tanto con el mismo sexo como con el opuesto. No obstante, a nivel descriptivo, se observó una tendencia del grupo más joven a sentir más malestar que el resto de grupos, sobre todo, en las experiencias con el mismo sexo.! Conclusiones: Existe un patrón diferencial de malestar que es más evidente entre la población joven, sobre todo, en cuanto a las conductas homosexuales. Estas diferencias de edad podrían estar relacionadas con la madurez de los participantes, siendo los más jóvenes a quienes les afecte más los posibles prejuicios de la sociedad. Habría que investigar detalladamente estos resultados para conocer más sobre la problemática de estos jóvenes, con el fin de elaborar programas de atención específicos para esta población.

Meeting the recent biological standards established by the Ballast Water Management Convention requires the application of ballast water treatment systems; ultraviolet irradiation is a frequently used option. However, organisms can repair the damage caused by ultraviolet irradiation primarily with photo-repair mechanisms that are dependent on the availability of light. The objective of this study is to quantify the impact of dark storage following ultraviolet irradiation on the viability of the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica. Results showed that one day of dark storage after ultraviolet irradiation enhanced the inactivation rate by 50% with respect to the absence of dark storage and increased up to the 84% with five days of dark storage. These results are consistent with photorepair, mostly in the first two days, prevented in the dark. The dose required to inactivate a determined ratio of organisms was correlated with the length of the dark post-treatment according to an inverse proportional function. This correlation may help to optimize the operation of ultraviolet ballast water treatment systems. Further, the results show that growth assays can detect organisms that are capable of repair after treatment with UV., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness-FEDER through the R+D AVANTE Project [CTM2014-52116-R].

Seawater treatment is increasingly required due to industrial activities that use substantial volumes of seawater in their processes. The shipping industry and the associated management of a ship's ballast water are currently considered a global challenge for the seas. Related to that, the suitability of an Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process (EAOP) with Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) electrodes has been assessed on a laboratory scale for the disinfection of seawater. This technology can produce both reactive oxygen species and chlorine species (especially in seawater) that are responsible for inactivation. The EAOP was applied in a continuous-flow regime with real seawater. Natural marine heterotrophic bacteria (MHB) were used as an indicator of disinfection efficiency. A biphasic inactivation kinetic model was fitted on experimental points, achieving 4-Log reductions at 0.019 Ah L−1. By assessing regrowth after treatment, results suggest that higher bacterial damages result from the EAOP when it is compared to chlorination. Furthermore, several issues lacking fundamental understanding were investigated such as recolonization capacity or bacterial community dynamics. It was concluded that, despite disinfection processes being effective, there is not only a possibility for regrowth after treatment but also a change on bacterial population diversity produced by the treatment. Finally, energy consumption was estimated and indicated that 0.264 kWh·m−3 are needed for 4.8-Log reductions of MHB; otherwise, with 0.035 kWh·m−3, less disinfection efficiency can be obtained (2.2-Log red). However, with a residual oxidant in the solution, total inactivation can be achieved in three days.

Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming is an important economic activity in several countries. Pathogens in shrimp farms and its effluents pose a potential hazard for both humans and shrimps. Wild strains of bacteria were characterized in a shrimp farm, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was chosen as a good indicator due to its presence in the pond and the effluent and its resistance to antibiotics. Different photochemical processes (UV/H2O2, UV/H2O2/Fe3+) were tested for inactivation of wild isolated K. pneumoniae and compared to UV-C radiation. By kinetic modelling, a kmax equal to 0.43 s−1 was obtained for UV-C treatment. After optimizing the cited processes, ranging [H2O2]: 10–30 mg·l−1; an optimal [H2O2] of 10 mg·l−1 was found, increasing kmax on 13.63% compared to UV-C. This optimal concentration was tested for UV/H2O2/Fe3+ process; ranging [Fe3+]: 2–20 mg·l−1. The highest yield was obtained by a [H2O2]:[Fe3+] = 10:2, which leads to 4-Log reduction in 12.88 s of treatment. Moreover, resistance of K. pneumoniae was compared to Escherichia coli. The latter proved to be more sensitive despite its similar cellular structure. Results suggested that the photochemical processes could enhance disinfection efficiency, especially for photo-assisted Fenton-like process in most resistant bacteria.

Cruise tourism industry is expanding worldwide. An average cruise ship produces over 1000 m3 per day of fresh water. To date, multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) and seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) are the most used desalination technologies on board. However, their application has some drawbacks: a great volume needed on board (MSF), increases of fuel consumptions (SWRO), carbon dioxide emissions and total costs. In this way, membrane distillation (MD) is proposed to overcome limitations of existing conventional technologies. Different configurations (DCMD, AGMD and WGMD) and two membranes (0.45 and 0.20 μm) were tested and compared with each other in order to study potential use of MD on board cruise ships, taking advantage of waste heat generated in the engine cooling system. Operational conditions were established based on an approximation of real conditions encountered in a cruise vessel. Results obtained for simulated and real seawater tests showed advantages for WGMD configuration using PTFE 0.45 μm pore size membrane, reaching a high permeate quality (99.99% of salt rejection) and average fluxes around 13 L m− 2 h− 1, being these similar to those produced by SWRO. In conclusion, use of MD, in the cruise industry, can be a sustainable water production choice that should be considered.

The importance of seawater treatment in order to avoid microbiological pollution related to aquaculture or ballast water management has increased during the last few years. Bacterial indicators used for the evaluation of different disinfection treatments are usually related with both waste and drinking water, these standards are not usual microorganisms found in seawater. Thus, it is thought necessary to study the behavior of different marine-specific organisms in regard to improve the disinfection processes in seawater. In this study, three different bacteria have been selected among major groups of bacterial community from marine waters: two water-associated, Roseobacter sp. and Pseudomonas litoralis, and one sediment-associated, Kocuria rhizophila. A kinetic inactivation model together with a post-treatment growth tendency has been obtained after the application of UV-C and UV/H2O2 processes. According to the first kinetic rate constant, different responses were obtained for the different bacterial groups. Once the treatment was applied, modeling of growth curves revealed high recover within the first 3 days after treatment, even when UV/H2O2 was applied. This study introduces a sensitivity index, in which results show different levels of resistance for both treatments, being Roseobacter sp. the most sensitive bacteria, followed by P. litoralis and K. rhizophila.

III Jornadas de Investigación para el Alumnado de Salud Introducción: Los mitos del amor romántico abordan maneras estereotipadas de sentir y comportarnos en las relaciones afectivo-sexuales. Las investigaciones demuestran cómo puntuaciones superiores en romanticismo parecen relacionarse con un mayor rechazo al uso del preservativo y a otros métodos anticonceptivos. Por este motivo, sería necesario estudiar cómo influyen estos mitos en el comportamiento sexual de los jóvenes para diseñar intervenciones preventivas eficaces. Metodología: Se evaluó a 654 jóvenes (M=20,63; DT=2,267), mediante el Cuestionario sobre Mitos del Amor Romántico (Ferrer y cols., 2010). Los participantes fueron distribuidos en 2grupos: GR-Grupo de Riesgo (no siempre usan preservativo) y GNR-Grupo de No Riesgo (siempre usan preservativo). Resultados: Los análisis diferenciales indican que los jóvenes que realizan conductas sexuales de riesgo muestran mayor acuerdo en casi todos los mitos del amor romántico, siendo significativos a nivel estadístico, el mito de la pasión intensa (p=0,006) y el de la justificación de la violencia (p=0,049).Conclusiones: Los jóvenes presentan creencias distorsionadas sobre el amor y la pareja, lo que influye en sus primeras relaciones. Estos mitos y, principalmente aquellos relacionados con la visión de las emociones, podrían actuar como factores de riesgo en el desarrollo sexual y en la propia salud, puesto que se observan diferencias entre el grupo que realiza prácticas sexuales desprotegidas y el que refiere tener sexo seguro. Sería necesario incorporar estos resultados en los programas de promoción salud sexual. Introduction: The myths of romantic love describe stereotypical ways of feeling and acting in affective-sexual relations. Researches show a relation between a higher score for romanticism and a minor use of condoms and other contraception methods. Studying how those myths affect the individual’s sexual behaviour is needed, in order to create an effective prevention. Method: 654 young people were evaluated by the Myths of Romantic Love Questionnaire (Ferrer y cols., 2010). These participants were divided into two groups: RG-Risk Group (they do not use a condom systematically) and NRGNo Risk Group (they always use a condom). Results: The differential analyses revealed that young people who are involved in risky sexual behaviours show concordance for most of the myths of romantic love; the myth of intense passion (p=0,006) and the justification of violence (p=0,049) reveal statistical significant differences. Conclusion:Young people show distorted believes of love and partner, which affects their first relationships. Those myths and the ones related to a vision of emotions, may facilitate risky factors in sexual development and health. There are differences between a group that practices unprotected sex and the one that practices safe sex. Including these results into the sexual health programmes is required.

III Jornadas de Investigación para el Alumnado de Salud Introducción: Tradicionalmente, la sexualidad se ha construido desde una perspectiva rígida que ha dificultado su expresión y vivencia en nuestra sociedad. La orientación sexual ha sido una de las dimensiones más afectadas por una dicotomización forzada. Sin embargo, la experiencia real de las personas parece ser mucho más compleja. Método: Los participantes cumplimentaron un Cuestionario ad hoc sobre Orientación Sexual desarrollado por Salusex-Unisexsida. De la muestra total, se seleccionaron aquellos jóvenes que se autoidentificaron como heterosexuales (N=514). La edad promedio fue de 21 años (DT=2,24), siendo el 25,3% hombres y el 74,7% mujeres. Resultados: El 28,4% de mujeres y el 18,5% de hombres autoidentificados como heterosexuales siente algún tipo de atracción sexual hacia personas de su mismo sexo (p=0,016). También se observa mayor disposición de las mujeres heterosexuales a tener conductas homosexuales como besos (Hombre=43,1%, Mujer=84,1%; p=0,000), caricias (Hombre=14,6%, Mujer=39,6%; p=0,000) o recibir sexo oral (Hombre=16,9%, Mujer=25,8%; p=0,008). No obstante, no existen diferencias de género en cuanto a la realización de prácticas homosexuales, es decir, el 4,6% de hombres y el 3,6% de mujeres heterosexuales las han practicado (p=0,394). Conclusiones: Se observa cómo la sexualidad es más compleja de lo que se estimaba tradicionalmente. Los jóvenes heterosexuales, manifiestan conductas homosexuales en el plano de la atracción, la intención de conducta y la realización de la misma. En línea con otros estudios, las mujeres muestran mayor prevalencia en atracción e intención de conducta homosexual, mientras que no hay diferencias en las conductas entre hombres y mujeres. Introduction: Traditionally, sexuality has been built from a rigid perspective which has complicated its expression and experience in our society. Sexual orientation has been one of the most affected dimensions by a forced dichotomisation. Nevertheless, the real experience seems to be much more complex. Method: The participants completed an ad hoc Sexual Orientation Questionnaire, which was developed by Salusex-Unisexsida. From the overall sample we selected those young people who identified themselves as heterosexuals (N=514). The mean age was 21,0 (DT=2,24): 25,3% participants were male and 74,7% female. Results: 28,4% of women and 18,5% of men self-identified as heterosexual feel a kind of attraction towards the same sex people (p=0,016). Heterosexual women are more likely to show a homosexual behaviour such as giving kisses (Male=43,1%, Female=84,1%; p=0,000), caresses (Male=14,6%, Female=39,6%; p=0,000) or receiving oral sex (Male=16,9%, Female=25,8%; p=0,008). However, no differences by gender were found with regard to the realization of homosexual practices, that is, 4,6% of men and 3,6% of heterosexual women were involved in those practices (p=0,394). Conclusion: Sexuality is more complex than was estimated traditionally. Heterosexual young people show homosexual behaviour in different levels: the attraction, behaviour intention and realization of that behaviour. In line with previous studies, women show more prevalence in attraction and homosexual behaviour intention, whereas no differences in behaviour between men and women were found.

Water contained on ships is employed in the majority of activities on a vessel; therefore, it is necessary to correctly manage through marine water treatments. Among the main water streams generated on vessels, ballast water appears to be an emerging global challenge (especially on cargo ships) due to the transport of invasive species and the significant impact that the ballast water discharge could have on ecosystems and human activities. To avoid this problem, ballast water treatment must be implemented prior to water discharge in accordance with the upcoming Ballast Water Management Convention. Different UV-based treatments (photolytic: UV-C and UV/H2O2, photocatalytic: UV/TiO2), have been compared for seawater disinfection. E. faecalis is proposed as a biodosimeter organism for UV-based treatments and demonstrates good properties for being considered as a Standard Test Organism for seawater. Inactivation rates by means of the UV-based treatments were obtained using a flow-through UV-reactor. Based on the two variables responses that were studied (kinetic rate constant and UV-Dose reductions), both advanced oxidation processes (UV/H2O2 and photocatalysis) were more effective than UV-C treatment. Evaluation of salinity on the processes suggests different responses according to the treatments: major interference on photocatalysis treatment and minimal impact on UV/H2O2.

La situación de confinamiento debido a la COVID-19 ha supuesto un gran cambio en los estilos de vida de los jóvenes. Sin embargo, poco se conoce del impacto que el aislamiento ha tenido en la sexualidad de los adolescentes. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la frecuencia sexual de los adolescentes durante el confinamiento y sus posibles consecuencias, todo ello con una perspectiva de género. 134 adolescentes españoles, entre 16-20 años, respondieron a una encuesta on-line ad hoc sobre sexualidad, siendo el 59.7% chicas. Un 67.2% de los participantes se consideraba heterosexual, un 91.2% estaba confinado/a con sus padres, un 59.7% estaba soltero/a y un 40.3% tenía pareja estable. Durante el confinamiento, se ha observado un incremento de la frecuencia de masturbación y de las actividades sexuales online, pero estos cambios solo han resultado estadísticamente significativos en los chicos. Entre las causas de este incremento, encontramos razones como “por aburrimiento”, “para relajarme”, o “debido a un aumento de apetito sexual”, siendo los chicos los que más lo justificaban con razones emocionales. Esta mayor frecuencia sexual les generaba mejor estado de ánimo y estar más relajados, aunque gran parte de los chicos refirieron que las actividades sexuales les resultaban menos satisfactorias. Cabría seguir estudiando las posibles consecuencias negativas que pueden surgir de estos cambios en la frecuencia sexual, y analizar el papel que podrían estar jugando las emociones. Todo ello con la intención de diseñar campañas de promoción de la salud sexual en tiempos de confinamiento. Sexual frequency of Spanish adolescents during confinement by COVID-19. The confinement situation due to COVID-19 has brought a great change in the lifestyles of young people. However, little is known about the impact that isolation has had on adolescent sexuality. The objective of this work is to know the sexual frequency of adolescents during confinement and its possible consequences, including gender perspective. 134 Spanish adolescents, between 16-20 years old, responded to an ad hoc online survey on sexuality, being 59.7% girls. 67.2% of the participants considered themselves heterosexual, 91.2% were confined to their parents, 59.7% were single and 40.3% had a stable partner. During confinement, an increase in the frequency of masturbation and online sexual activities has been observed, but these changes have only been statistically significant in boys. Among the causes of this increase, we find reasons such as “due to boredom”, “to relax”, or “due to an increase in sexual appetite”, with boys justifying it the most with emotional reasons. This higher sexual frequency generated a better mood and more relaxation, although many boys reported that sexual activities were less satisfactory. It would be necessary to continue studying the possible negative consequences that can arise from these changes in sexual frequency, and to analyze the role that emotions could be playing. All this to design campaigns to promote sexual health in times of confinement.

Las minorías sexuales tienen una peor percepción de su estado de salud mental y solicitan más ayuda psicológica. Los estudios demuestran que presentan una mayor prevalencia de problemas psicológicos, principalmente ansiedad, depresión, ideación suicida o abuso de sustancias. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar la relación entre diferentes parámetros de salud mental y la orientación sexual. Se administró un Cuestionario de Estilo de Vida y Salud (Giménez-García & Ballester-Arnal, 2017) a 600 estudiantes de la Universitat Jaume I de Castellón. Un 67,5% de los participantes se identificaban como exclusivamente heterosexuales (75,3% de hombres y 59,7% de las mujeres) y un 32,5% como no exclusivamente heterosexuales (24,7% de hombres y 40,3% de las mujeres). Los resultados muestran que existe una relación estadísticamente significativa entre orientación sexual y nivel de salud mental percibida (Chi2=19.018; p=.001; V: 0.178), problemas psicológicos informados (Chi2=11.392; p=.001; OR: 3.194) y ansiedad (Chi2=12.917; p=.005; V: 0.147). Las personas no exclusivamente heterosexuales valoran peor su salud mental, han informado de más problemas psicológicos y se sienten más ansiosas. En función del género, aparecen relaciones estadísticamente significativas en salud mental percibida (Chi2=17.860; p=.001; V: 0.244) y problemas psicológicos (Chi2=9.520; p=.002; OR: 5.886) en los hombres, y en ansiedad percibida en las mujeres (Chi2=13.091; p=.004; V: .210). En ambos casos, es el grupo no exclusivamente heterosexual el que obtiene peores resultados. Las personas con una orientación sexual diferente a la heterosexual son un colectivo en riesgo psicosocial, quizá por el malestar psicológico asociado a la vivencia de experiencias vitales estresantes y de discriminación asociada a la homofobia y bifobia. Se debaten las implicaciones para las universidades. Sexual minorities have a worse perception of their mental health status and look for more psychological treatment. Studies show that they have a higher prevalence of psychological problems, mainly anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation or substance abuse. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between different parameters of mental health and sexual orientation. A Lifestyle and Health Questionnaire (Giménez-García & Ballester-Arnal, 2017) was administered to 600 students from the Universitat Jaume I of Castellón. The 67.5% of the participants identified themselves as exclusively heterosexual (75.3% of males and 59.7% of females) and 32.5% of them as not exclusively heterosexual (24.7% of males and 40.3% females). The results show that there is a statistically significant relationship between sexual orientation and self-perceived mental health status (Chi2 = 19.018; p = .001; V: 0.178), selfreported psychological problems (Chi2 = 11.392; p = .001; OR: 3.194) and anxiety (Chi2 = 12.917; p = .005; V: 0.147). Non-exclusively heterosexual people consider worse their mental health status, have reported more psychological problems and feel more anxious. According to gender, statistically significant relationships appear in self-perceived mental health status (Chi2 = 17.860; p = .001; V: 0.244) and self-reported psychological problems (Chi2 = 9.520; p = .002; OR: 5.886) in males, and in perceived anxiety in females (Chi2 = 13.091; p = .004; V: .210). In both cases, the non-exclusively heterosexual group obtain worst results. People with a non-heterosexual orientation are a group at psychosocial risk, perhaps due to the psychological distress associated with experiencing stressful life experiences and discrimination associated with homophobia and biphobia. Implications for the universities are discussed

El estudio de los factores que influyen en el proceso de envejecimiento activo y saludable constituye uno de los principales intereses de la psicogerontología. En este sentido, el bienestar psicológico es un indicador fiable que asegura el éxito de dicho proceso, mientras que la sexualidad se convierte en una variable moduladora relevante. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar si las actitudes hacia la sexualidad y el bienestar psicológico de las personas mayores están moduladas por el tipo de residencia, el estado civil y el grado de autonomía. Para ello se utiliza la Escala de Actitudes sobre la Sexualidad en la Vejez y la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico en una muestra de 70 personas, 35 mujeres y 35 hombres, con edades comprendidas entre los 65 y los 95 años (M = 76.78; DT = 8.3). Los resultados revelan que, en general, las actitudes más liberales hacia la sexualidad y el mayor grado de bienestar psicológico se asocian significativamente con el hecho de vivir fuera de las instituciones residenciales y mantener una relación sentimental con una pareja estable. Por su parte, el grado de autonomía solo alcanza significación estadística en el bienestar psicológico, pero no en las actitudes hacia la sexualidad. Puesto que las personas mayores representan un sector de la población estigmatizado (con numerosos mitos y creencias negativas asociadas), este estudio contribuye a crear una concepción más positiva del proceso de envejecimiento, normalizando los comportamientos y enfatizando las variables a considerar en la elaboración de programas de optimización evolutiva. The study of the factors that influence the active and healthy aging process is one of the main interests of psychogerontology. In this sense, psychological well-being is a reliable indicator that ensures the success of this process, while sexuality becomes a relevant modulating variable. The aim of this paper is to determine if attitudes towards sexuality and psychological well-being of ederly people are modulated by residence type, marital status and degree of autonomy. For this purpose, Ageing Attitude Scale on Sexuality and Psychological Well-Being Scale is used in a sample of 70 people, 35 women and 35 men, from 65 to 95 years old (M = 76.78; DT = 8.3). The results show that, in general, more liberal attitudes towards sexuality and greater psychological well-being are significantly associated with living outside residential institutions and maintaining a sentimental relationship with a stable partner. On the other hand, the degree of autonomy only obtains statistical significance in psychological well-being but not in attitudes towards sexuality. In conclusion, ederly people represent a stigmatised segment of the population (with many associated myths and negative beliefs), for this reason, this study contributes to create a positive conception of the aging process, normalizing behaviors and emphasizing the variables to be considered in the elaboration of intervention programs.

Las infecciones de transmisión sexual, suponen uno de los riesgos más prevalentes entre lapoblación joven. En España, su incidencia se ha incrementado en los últimos años, siendo uno los países más afectados de Europa. Si bien se han llevado a cabo distintos esfuerzos preventivos para revertir la situación, no han mostrado la eficacia esperada. Por eso, resulta necesario profundizar en el análisis de aquellos factores que podrían mantener las conductas de riesgo. Así pues, el objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar el papel de factores psicológicos en la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual entre población joven. Para ello, 984 jóvenes de entre 18 y 24 años (32,7% hombres y 67,3% mujeres), sexualmente activos, cumplimentaron un cuestionario online sobre estilos de vida con una sección específica sobre salud sexual. Tras los análisis se observa cómo, solamente,un 37,2%, usa el preservativo en el coito vaginal de modo sistemático y un 12,1% en el coito anal. Asimismo, se observa cómo un mayor uso del preservativo se relaciona con tener miedo a las infecciones de transmisión sexual (rho = ,098; p = ,002), pero también con una mayor edad de inicio en las prácticas sexuales (rho = ,075; p = ,021), menor frecuencia en el consumo de alcohol (rho = -,069; p = ,037), menores niveles de ansiedad (rho = -,094; p = ,003), una mayor satisfacción con la imagen corporal (rho = ,066; p = ,033) y un menor uso de pornografía (rho = -,107; p = ,001). En concreto, además del temor a las infecciones de transmisión sexual, el menor uso de pornografía y una menor ansiedad, también contribuirían a una mayor probabilidad de uso del preservativo (Chi2 = 29,18; p = ,001). Así pues, parece evidente la necesidad de incluir también estos otros elementos en los programas de prevención de riesgos sexuales, para mejorar su eficacia entre la población joven.

Over the years, industrial activities that generate high salinity effluents have been intensifying; this has relevant potential for causing organic and microbiological pollution which damages both human and ocean health. The development of new regulations, such as ballast water convention, encourage the development of treatment systems that can be feasible for treating seawater effluents. Accordingly, an approach based on the UV activation of persulfate salts has been assessed. In this scenario, two different persulfate sources (S2O82− and HSO5−) were evaluated under UV-C irradiation for disinfection purposes. An optimization process was performed with low chemical doses ( E. coli > E. faecalis ≈ Marine Heterotrophic Bacteria. With an evaluation of regrowth after treatment, greater cell damage was detected with the addition of persulfate salts. The major ability of regrowth for marine bacteria encourages the use of a residual disinfectant after disinfection processes.