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En este artículo se analiza cómo el higienista Miguel Arango, médico mulato de la región Caribe, en medio del debate sobre la raza durante la primera mitad del siglo XX colombiano -debate cargado de representaciones negativas y pesimistas sobre la costa Caribe- planteó, contrario a las tesis centrales de Miguel Jiménez López, una teoría en defensa del litoral Atlántico (léase Caribe colombiano). Aunque los trabajos de Arango se presentaron en los años treinta y no hacen referencia al debate, las respuestas a las preguntas en los ensayos aquí mencionados, no sólo introducían representaciones positivas sobre la región y sus habitantes, sino que, también, se convirtieron en la respuesta de un caribeño a quienes utilizaban un discurso negativo y hegemónico sobre lo que denominamos el Caribe colombiano.

Las universidades para ser comprendidas como un sistema complejo, requieren ser gerenciadas por directivos capaces de alterar positivamente los contextos de la sociedad ofreciendo un servicio de calidad. Ello es posible, cuando muestran en su labor competencias para la gestión del cambio, trabajar en metas comunes, transmitir mensajes comprensibles y usar las TIC en el proceso académico. El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar las competencias directivas como base para una gestión de la innovación en instituciones universitarias, teniendo como sustento científico los aportes de Montalvo (2011), Robbins y Coulter (2007), Bedoya, Murillo y González (2021), entre otros. Metodológicamente, la investigación se realizó bajó un enfoque cualitativo, de tipo documental con diseño bibliográfico. Como técnicas de recolección de información se empleó la observación directa en unidades muéstrales a través del análisis de textos y documentos digitales de la web. Se concluyó que las instituciones universitarias en su afán de convertir sus espacios educativos en fuentes de conocimiento, incursionan en sistemas novedosos en sus procesos de gestión, con los que interactúan de manera constante y recíproca quienes los promueven. En este sentido, ameritan ser gestionadas por directivos altamente capacitados con la finalidad de producir resultados de calidad.

El reconocimiento de los derechos humanos motivó la decisión internacional de proteger a los ciudadanos del uso desmedido del poder punitivo del Estado y con ello la necesidad de articular ciertas garantías y principios en pro de hacer efectiva dicha protección, entre estos el debido proceso y en especial el principio de favorabilidad. Este trabajo tiene como propósito determinar la vigencia del principio de favorabilidad frente a los nuevos procedimientos del Código Orgánico Integral Penal; el estudio se sustenta en los métodos analítico-sintético, hermenéutico, exegético, revisión documental, los materiales bibliográficos (ensayos, artículos científicos, tesis, libros, documentos normativos, etc.) se obtuvieron de diferentes fuentes electrónicas y físicas. Entre los principales hallazgos se encuentra el carácter convencional, constitucional y legal del principio de favorabilidad; su contenido sustantivo, procedimental y ejecutivo; y su condición retroactiva. Es un derecho humano fundamental que en Ecuador es considerado un principio autónomo e independiente del principio de legalidad. La divulgación de estos hallazgos permitirá la actualización de los conocimientos de los interesados en el tema.

1 Tabla.-- 6 Figuras, Plant bioactive metabolites play a pivotal role in protection against environmental stresses and offer great potential for nutraceutical exploitation. In this sense, halophytes present an exceptional opportunity for sustainable saline agriculture since they can massively accumulate bioactive metabolites under stressful conditions. We investigated the responses of the halophyte Crithmum maritimum to increasing salinity, nutrient deficient and their interaction. We hypothesized that the concentration of bioactive compounds would increase together with salinity and nutrient deficient, and that the interaction between these two stresses would produce synergic effects on bioactive compounds accumulation. We studied the tolerance and foliar accumulation of nutrients and bioactive compounds (amino acids, phenols, terpenes and fatty acids) for C. maritimum in response to salinity and nutrient deprivation in greenhouse controlled conditions. The high salinity tolerance of C. maritimum was not diminished by the interaction of salinity with nutrient limitation. Mineral nutrition deficit and saturated fatty acid accumulation were induced at 200–500 mM NaCl, and accumulation of polyphenol 5-caffeoylquinic acid and some amino acids were identified as nutrient deficiency markers. C. maritimum responded mainly to increasing salinity by reducing foliar accumulation of five terpenes and total lipids, and to nutrient limitation by increasing the concentration of vaccenic acid and 5-caffeoylquinic acid. The interaction between salinity and nutrient availability provoked antagonistic and synergistic effects on the accumulation of terpenes and fatty acids. C. maritimum showed high physiological phenotypic plasticity in the response to salt stress, nutrient deficiency and their combination., This work was financially supported by two grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (RTI2018-099260-A-I00 to J. Cambrollé and RTI2018-099322-B-100 to X. Moreira). We also thank the Seville University Greenhouse General Service for collaboration.

12 páginas, 5 tablas, 4 figuras, There is growing interest in the consumption of halophytes due to their excellent nutritional profile and antioxidant properties, and their cultivation offers viable alternatives in the face of irreversible global salinization of soils. Nevertheless, abiotic factors strongly influence their phytochemical composition, and little is known about how growing conditions can produce plants with the best nutritional and functional properties. Crithmum maritimum is an edible halophyte with antioxidant properties and considerable potential for sustainable agriculture in marginal environments. However, it is found naturally in contrasting habitats with variable soil physicochemical properties and the extent to which edaphic factors can influence plant performance, accumulation of phytochemicals and their quality remains unknown. We investigated the influence of soil physicochemical properties (texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content and mineral element concentrations) on growth and reproductive performance, nutritional traits, and the accumulation of specific metabolites in C. maritimum. Soil, leaf and seed samples were taken from eight C. maritimum populations located on the southern coasts of Spain and Portugal. We found greater vegetative growth and seed production in coarser, sandier soils with lower microelement concentrations. The nutritional traits of leaves varied, with soil organic matter and macronutrient content associated with reduced leaf Na, protein and phenolic (mainly flavonoid) concentrations, whereas soils with lower pH and Fe concentrations, and higher clay content yielded plants with lower leaf Zn concentration and greater accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acids. The nutritional value of the seed oil composition appeared to be enhanced in soils with coarser texture and lower microelement concentrations. The accumulation of specific phenolic compounds in the seed was influenced by a wide range of soil properties including texture, pH and some microelements. These findings will inform the commercial cultivation of C. maritimum, particularly in the economic exploitation of poorly utilized, saline soils., We thank the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry for financial support to the projects RTI2018-099260-A-I00 (J. Cambrollé) and RTI2018-099322-B-100 (X. Moreira). R. Martins-Noguerol was financially supported by the Spanish Universities Ministry and European Union - Next Generation EU. We also thank to Alberto García-González for his help during field sampling and plant measurements.

The Sustainability collection of the Editorial Universidad de Sevilla has published, between 2012 and 2020, 9 volumes that demonstrate the interest of the University of Seville in this essential concept without which society cannot adequately advance and is still key more in the face of the challenges of the 21st century. The collection navigates disclosure and professionalism, knowledge and application, for a wide audience. In the book The importance of the bicycle. An analysis of the role of the bicycle in the transition towards more sustainable urban mobility makes a careful analysis of the inexcusable role of the bicycle in the transition to sustainable urban mobility. This book clearly analyzes the reasons why the bicycle is returning to cities around the world as an essential element to solve and overcome the crisis of the dominant model of urban mobility, based on the abuse of the private car, with its well-known consequences of congestion, pollution, degradation of urban space, decrease in public health and quality of life, and contribution to climate change La colección de Sostenibilidad de la Editorial Universidad de Sevilla ha publicado, entre 2012 y 2020, 9 volúmenes que ponen de manifiesto el interés de la Universidad de Sevilla por este esencial concepto sin el cual la sociedad no puede avanzar adecuadamente y resulta clave aún más ante los retos del siglo xxi. La colección navega por la divulgación y la profesionalidad, el conocimiento y la aplicación, para un amplio público. En el libro La importancia de la bicicleta. Un análisis del papel de la bicicleta en la transición hacia una movilidad urbana más sostenible se realiza un atinado análisis del inexcusable papel de la bicicleta en la transición hacia una movilidad urbana sostenible. Este libro analiza, de forma clara, las razones por las que la bicicleta está volviendo a las ciudades de todo el mundo como un elemento imprescindible para resolver y superar la crisis del modelo dominante de movilidad urbana, basado en el abuso del automóvil privado, con sus conocidas secuelas de congestión, contaminación, degradación del espacio urbano, disminución de la salud pública y la calidad de vida, y contribución al Cambio Climático

Germination and especially emergence can decrease significantly with depth. Our main goal was to examine the effects of sand burial depth on seed germination and seedling establishment of two halop...

La hipertensión arterial causa millones de fallecimientos anualmente. Su origen es heterogéneo; implicando factores, tanto modificables como no modificables. Objetivos Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a hipertensión arterial en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras en el Valle de Sula (UNAH-VS) en el II y III trimestre del 2018. Pacientes y métodos Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de casos y controles con una proporción 1:1 durante el II y III trimestre del año 2018 en el Área de Salud de la Subdi- rección de Desarrollo Estudiantil, Cultura, Arte y Deporte (SUDECAD) de la UNAH-VS. Mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, se obtuvo una muestra de 34 universitarios, casos, diagnosticados con hipertensión arterial y 34 controles que no padecían la enfermedad. Resultados 24 (35.29%) de los pacientes eran hombres. Los factores con una importante asociación a la enfermedad son el antecedente familiar de hipertensión familiar en primer grado (OR: 3.8 IC: 95%, 1.3 – 11.2), la obesidad (OR: 5.1 IC: 95%, 1.6 – 16.5), el sedentarismo (OR: 4.8 IC: 95%, 1.6 – 14.2), la dieta no saludable (OR: 7.6 IC: 95%, 1.5 – 37.8), la hipertrigliceridemia (OR: 5.2 IC: 95%, 1.7 – 15.9) y la hipercolesterolemia (OR: 7.3 IC: 95%, 2.2 – 23.5). Conclusiones En los fac- tores de riesgo no modificables, el antecedente familiar de la enfermedad fue el más importante. En los factores de riesgo modificables, predominaron aquellos asociados fuertemente a riesgo cardiovascular.

Introducción: la Población Privada de la Libertad (PPL), es considerada una población priorizada para el desarrollo de intervenciones del programa de tuberculosis (TB), al tener mayor riesgo de adquirirla; así, se deben realizar intervenciones cuya estrategia sea la promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad en los centros carcelarios fortaleciendo los conocimientos sobre TB, generando una alta percepción del riesgo de contraerla y disminuyendo el estigma. Objetivo: Identificar los conocimientos, percepciones de riesgo y estigma sobre tuberculosis en una población carcelaria de Cali Colombia durante el 2020. Métodos: estudio observacional-descriptivo-transversal; con 138 personas sin tuberculosis de un centro penitenciario de Cali. Se realizó una encuesta validada por Ahumada y cols., para la medición del conocimiento, percepción del riesgo, estigma y variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: la población tenía 39±8,79 años, secundaria incompleta (50,72%) y no se identificaron con alguna etnia (66,67%). La mayoría identificó la TB como enfermedad pulmonar (76,1%) y escuchó de ella por primera vez en la cárcel (73,19%). El 94,20% indicó que la TB puede causar la muerte; 29,71% iría a sanidad si se encontrara un compañero con TB. Se encontró un nivel bajo de estigma (39,86%). Conclusiones: la investigación mostró conocimientos básicos sobre TB, siendo que el “voz a voz” un punto clave para la identificación de TB dentro del establecimiento; se reconoció la posibilidad de muerte a causa de TB, así como la posibilidad de evitarla. Se encontró un bajo nivel de estigma que puede estar asociado a los niveles de conocimiento encontrados sobre TB. Palabras clave:Tuberculosis, conocimientos, percepción del riesgo, estigma, población privada de la libertad, instrumento validado. &nbsp

Urban health depends on the environmental matrix of the different streets of the city through which urban bicycle users circulate through the bike lane. Our results show that the circulation of the bike lane in cities takes place in an urban atmospheric layer that shows pollution, mainly due to motorized traffic, which can affect the health of bicycle users. It is essential to clean the air exerted by the green infrastructure in relation to air quality. An evaluation of the situation of the city’s bike lane in relation to urban pollution and the presence of green infrastructure is necessary. A correct choice of plant species is essential as well as an adequate alignment of the specimens and a subsequent management of the trees that allow the function of air purification. The issue of urban radiative and thermal balance is a momentous issue especially in the predicted scenarios of climate change. We have shown that the presence of trees in the bike lane favors conditions of less incidence of solar radiation which minimizes the possibility of heat stroke, suffocation and heat waves. Green infrastructure, especially woodland, has an important value in facilitating a healthy urban matrix for users of active mobility and especially for urban cyclists developing a healthy bike lane El aporte a la salud urbana de la movilidad en bicicleta depende de la matriz ambiental y la infraestructura verde de los carriles. Nuestros resultados muestran que la circulación por el carril bici en las ciudades transcurre en una capa atmosférica urbana que muestra contaminación, fundamentalmente debida al tráfico motorizado, que puede afectar a la salud de los usuarios de la bicicleta. Es necesaria una evaluación de la situación del carril bici de la ciudad en relación con la contaminación urbana y la presencia de infraestructura verde. Es fundamental la limpieza del aire que ejerce la infraestructura verde en relación con la calidad del aire. Una correcta elección de las especies vegetales es imprescindible, así como un adecuado alineamiento de los ejemplares y una gestión posterior del arbolado que permita la función de purificación del aire. La cuestión del balance radiativo y térmico urbano es una cuestión trascendental, especialmente en los escenarios previstos de cambio climático. Hemos puesto de manifiesto que la presencia del arbolado en el carril bici favorece condiciones de menos incidencia de la radiación solar, lo cual minimiza la posibilidad de insolación, sofocamiento y olas de calor. La infraestructura verde, muy especialmente el arbolado, tiene un importante valor en la facilitación de una matriz urbana saludable para los usuarios de la movilidad activa y especialmente para los ciclistas urbanos desarrollando un carril bici saludable

This work examined the diet of the porbeagle shark Lamna nasus in the south-west Atlantic Ocean (SWAO, Argentina, 52° S-56° S) by analysing the stomach content information obtained by scientific observers who sampled specimens captured as by-catch on-board commercial fishing vessels from 2010 to 2020. A total of 148 fishing sites were analysed, in which the estimated catch was composed mainly of hoki Macruronus magellanicus (56.00%) and southern blue whiting Micromesistius australis (33.13%). From 413 porbeagle sharks sampled (292 females and 121 males) ranging from 71 to 241 cm total length (L

Cordgrasses usually are dominant species in salt marshes all around the world and they play very important roles in ecosystem functioning. Cordgrass biomass accumulation below and above the sediment surface determines energy and material flows in salt marshes. Most cordgrasses show markedly spatial variations in their biomass accumulation pattern, depending on biotic and abiotic environmental factors and on their growth form (“guerrilla” versus “phalanx”, and “short” versus “tall” form). Thus, specific studies to evaluate the ecological roles of cordgrasses should be carried out for each specific location and for each taxon, analyzing both below- and above-ground biomass production and accumulation. In this context, it is very important to choose an appropriate sampling method adapted to our own goals and that would allow comparisons with previous studies. Future research is needed specially to improve our knowledge about cordgrass belowground biomass accumulation, dynamic and functions. The evaluation of the salt marsh ecosystem will be incomplete if based exclusively on what is happening aboveground, or as though what happens aboveground is a satisfactory indicator of what is driving changes belowground. Monitoring programs, for example, could be improved if belowground soil processes were included, rather than excluded, as happens frequently. Furthermore, it may be that because of the dominance of the changes in biomass pools belowground compared to aboveground, what happens belowground may be more influential to the long-term maintenance of the salt marsh than are changes in the aboveground components.

Las manifestaciones contemporáneas de las Artes Visuales postulan un amplio lenguaje de comunicación entre el creador, el proceso, la obra creada y el espectador. Estas definen la comprensión de la realidad sobre la base de estereotipos estéticos, simbólicos e ideológicos acerca de los mecanismos que modelan la construcción de creencias relacionadas con el discurso de las performances e instalaciones, las nuevas tecnologías, el hacktivismo, el arte digital y el Net Art, entre otras manifestaciones. En este sentido, la Geomática posee directa relación con el arte contemporáneo porque en sus áreas de conocimiento específico como la fotogrametría, la topografía y los sistemas de información geográfica utiliza, en la actualidad, las imágenes obtenidas por dispositivos digitales como soporte para la investigación. De manera interdisciplinaria, estos permiten el desarrollo de diferentes mecanismos de representación visual, cognitivos y emocionales que condicionan nuestra manera de conocer, percibir y experimentar la realidad. En el presente artículo se exponen algunos lineamientos de reflexión teórica que fundamentan el proyecto RV30. Así, este estudio adopta el modelo de investigación en creación artística que orientan el desarrollo disciplinar del artista como investigador y la fusión de un nuevo formato relacionado con el arte y la tecnología. Los resultados de nuestro proceso creativo permiten acercar al público al conocimiento y utilización de esta última. El proyecto abarca la fotografía aérea digital dentro de los parámetros de la fotogrametría desde una perspectiva bidimensional relacionada con la creación y exhibición pública de 12 pinturas sobre un repertorio iconográfico de la topografía de la provincia del Biobío.

Antecedente: La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa que suele afectar a los pulmones, causada por una bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Se trasmite de una persona a otra a través de gotitas de aerosol. Esta enfermedad es una de las primeras causas de mortalidad a nivel mundial por esto es relevante validar un instrumento que nos permita evaluar conocimientos, percepciones de riesgo y estigma sobre tuberculosis. Objetivo: Diseñar y validar un instrumento para medir conocimientos, percepciones de riesgo y estigma sobre tuberculosis en población privada de la libertad. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal. 11 expertos evaluaron de forma cualitativa y cuantitativa el instrumento preliminar. La evaluación cualitativa se realizó a través de un grupo focal. La evaluación cuantitativa de los ítems se realizó a través de escala tipo Likert evaluando los siguientes criterios: Coherencia, relevancia y claridad. Y en cuanto a la evaluación de las dimensiones se realizó por medio del criterio de suficiencia. Posterior a los ajustes se les realizó a 16 sujetos del centro penitenciario la prueba piloto. Resultados: De los 20 ítems propuestos inicialmente, el consenso de expertos ajustó la estructura, se elimina 4 ítems y adiciona un nuevo ítem, quedando el instrumento con 17 ítems. Se evaluó la validez del contenido a través del coeficiente V de Aiken 0,95 IC95% (0,82-0,99) siendo perfecto, se evaluó la fiabilidad utilizando el Alfa de Cronbach 0,59 considerándose aceptable por ser una escala multidimensional. Conclusiones: se obtuvo un instrumento válido de medida multidimensional en tuberculosis en poblaciones privada de la libertad. Palabras clave: Tuberculosis; conocimientos; percepciones de riesgo; estigma; consenso de experto; prueba piloto.

The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 disease in the French national population of dialysis patients, their course of illness and to identify the risk factors associated with mortality. Our study included all patients on dialysis recorded in the French REIN Registry in April 2020. Clinical characteristics at last follow-up and the evolution of COVID-19 illness severity over time were recorded for diagnosed cases (either suspicious clinical symptoms, characteristic signs on the chest scan or a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 1,621 infected patients were reported on the REIN registry from March 16th, 2020 to May 4th, 2020. Of these, 344 died. The prevalence of COVID-19 patients varied from less than 1% to 10% between regions. The probability of being a case was higher in males, patients with diabetes, those in need of assistance for transfer or treated at a self-care unit. Dialysis at home was associated with a lower probability of being infected as was being a smoker, a former smoker, having an active malignancy, or peripheral vascular disease. Mortality in diagnosed cases (21%) was associated with the same causes as in the general population. Higher age, hypoalbuminemia and the presence of an ischemic heart disease were statistically independently associated with a higher risk of death. Being treated at a selfcare unit was associated with a lower risk. Thus, our study showed a relatively low frequency of COVID-19 among dialysis patients contrary to what might have been assumed., Graphical abstract

espanolEl patrimonio arquitectonico local como recurso didactico es considerado transversalmente en el curriculo nacional una herramienta pedagogica que permite la valorizacion de los bienes materiales muebles e inmuebles. En el contexto educativo, las asignaturas de historia y artes visuales generan multiples estrategias y actividades didacticas que permiten abordar en el estudiantado los diferentes conocimientos y aprendizajes significativos asociados con el concepto de patrimonio material. El presente articulo de se aproxima al conocimiento que posee el profesorado de educacion general basica en torno al patrimonio arquitectonico local de la Provincia de Biobio, Chile. A traves de la investigacion cualitativa, desde la perspectiva del estudio de caso, los resultados y las conclusiones permiten establecer una alta valoracion educativa que los docentes manifiestan acerca del reconocimiento, la preservacion y la proteccion del patrimonio arquitectonico como base para la construccion de la memoria social y el aprendizaje experiencial situado dentro de un proceso de reflexion critica y simbolica que se enlaza con las tradiciones historicas, de identidad y lazos de la herencia cultural entre el pasado, presente y futuro. EnglishThe local architectural heritage as a teaching resource is considered through the entire national curriculum as a pedagogical tool that allows the valuation of personal and real state property. In the educational context, the subjects of history and arts generate multiple strategies and didactic activities that allow students to address the different knowledge and significant learning associated with the concept of material heritage. The following article deals with knowledge about architectural heritage from province of Biobio, Chile, which primary school teachers have. Through qualitative research, from the perspective of the case study, the results and conclusions allow us to establish a high educational assessment that teachers express about the recognition, preservation and protection of architectural heritage as base for the construction of social memory and experiential learning located within a process of critical and symbolic reflection that are linked to the historical traditions, identity and ties of cultural heritage between the past, present and future. portuguesO patrimonio arquitetonico local como recurso pedagogico e considerado transversalmente no curriculo nacional como uma ferramenta pedagogica que permite a valorizacao de bens moveis e imoveis. No contexto educacional, os sujeitos da historia e das artes visuais geram multiplas estrategias e atividades didaticas que permitem aos alunos abordar os diferentes conhecimentos e aprendizados significativos associados ao conceito de patrimonio material. Este artigo de orientacao pedagogica aborda o conhecimento de professores de educacao basica em torno do patrimonio arquitetonico local da provincia de Biobio, Chile. Por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, na perspectiva do estudo de caso, os resultados e conclusoes permitem estabelecer uma avaliacao educacional elevada que os professores expressam sobre o reconhecimento, preservacao e protecao do patrimonio arquitetonico como base para a construcao da memoria social e aprendizagem experiencial localizada dentro de um processo de reflexao critica e simbolica que esta ligada as tradicoes historicas, identidade e vinculos do patrimonio cultural entre o passado e o futuro presente.

Hybridization is a relevant evolutionary mechanism linked to the invasiveness of plant species, but little is known about its effect on enzymatic activities in response to stress. We analyzed the effects of salinity on key mechanistic traits of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) enzyme for two hybrid taxa derived from native Spartina maritima (Curtis) Fernald and invasive Spartina densiflora Brongn. in comparison with their parental species. Parental species showed contrasted strategies at the PEPC level to cope with salinity. Spartina maritima showed its physiological optimum at 10 to 40 ppt salinity, with high PEPC activity (per unit leaf soluble protein), in contrast to the lower salinity optimum of 0.5 and 10 ppt for S. densiflora, where highest levels of PEPC apparent specific activity coincided with high light-induced activation of PEPC. Both hybrids showed constant PEPC apparent specific activity from fresh water to hypersalinity and exhibited higher net photosynthesis rates in fresh water than their parents. Spartina maritima × densiflora presented three transgressive PEPC-related traits, being the only taxon able to increase its PEPC activation in darkness at high salinity. Spartina densiflora × maritima showed most PEPC-related traits intermediate between its parents. Inheritance types operating differently in reciprocal hybrids determine key functional traits conditioning their ecological performance.

The use of cuttings in the restoration of degraded ecosystems presents important advantages compared to seed sowing. The applicability of cuttings from some coastal plants for the recovery of soils contaminated with heavy metals has been recently recognised. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to analyse the effects of a concentration range of copper (0–9 mmol l−1) on the establishment, growth and photosynthetic performance of Atriplex halimus cuttings, in order to determine the phytotoxicity threshold values of plants from cuttings and assess the possible physiological effects of this metal. The cuttings from the study species showed the ability to survive, root and grow under Cu concentrations of up to 9 mmol l−1. Although no effects were observed in the photosynthetic apparatus, concentrations of 4.5 mmol l−1 and higher caused a decrease in growth, net photosynthetic rate and rooting percentages. The present study allows concluding that the use of cuttings from Atriplex halimus could be a valuable and efficient tool for the restoration of vegetation in Cu-polluted coastal ecosystems.

Climate change can induce temporary, spatial or behavioral changes in species, so that only some species can adapt to the new climatic conditions. In the case of invasive species, it is expected that they will be promoted in a context of global change, given their high tolerance to environmental factors and phenotypic plasticity. Once in the invaded range, these species can hybridize with native species thus introducing their genotype in the native biota. However, the effects that climate change will have on this process of invasion by hybridization remain unclear. We evaluated the historical establishment of the reciprocal hybrids between the native Spartina maritima and the invasive S. densiflora in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Iberian Peninsula) and we related it to climatic changes during the period 1955–2017. Our results showed that, according to their dating based on their rate of lateral expansion rates, the establishment of S. maritima x densiflora and S. densiflora x maritima in the Gulf of Cadiz has occurred in the last two centuries and has been related to changes in air temperature and rainfall during the flowering periods of their parental species, with antagonist impacts on both hybrids. Thus, the hybrid S. densiflora x maritima has been established in years with mild ends of spring and beginning of summer when the flowering of S. maritima lengthened and its pollen production was higher, and it coincided with the beginning of the flowering period of S. densiflora. Moreover, the establishment of this hybrid was related to higher spring/summer rainfalls, probably due to the reduction in salinity in middle marshes. However, the hybrid S. maritima x densiflora, was established mainly in warmer spring/summers in which the proportion of pollen:ovule of S. maritima was reduced favoring its pollination by S. densiflora. As a consequence of the promotion of S. maritima x densiflora with climate change, the native and endangered species S. maritima would be threatened, as both taxa share the same habitat and the hybrid shows a remarkably higher competitive potential., This work was supported by research contract to BG-T by Universidad de Sevilla (Plan Propio de Investigacion) and to MI-I by Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte, Spanish Government (FPU14/06556). Funding provided by a cooperative agreement between the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit and the University of Seville facilitated this collaboration.

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta, Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overview

Interspecific hybridization represents an evolutionary force resulting in novel genotypes. The genomic changes that occur as a result of hybridization affect both genome structure and gene expression and consequently determine hybrid phenotypes and ecology. This study provides new data on the dynamics of hybrid invasions, integrating effects of the genetic, phenotypic, geographical and environmental scenarios with hybridization following invasion of a halophyte community by an exotic plant species. We analyzed the spatial genetic structure of sterile Spartina F1 hybrid populations established at the Gulf of Cadiz (Southwest Iberian Peninsula) and that of their parental species native S. maritima and invasive S. densiflora using nuclear DNA (Simple Sequence Repeats) and chloroplast DNA sequences. We also analyzed the relationships between the spatial genetic structure of the hybrids, their phenotypic variability and their marsh environment. The studied populations of Spartina hybrids were establishing hybrid zones with a spatial genetic structure inherited from both parental species. The hybrids were genetically more similar to the native than to the invasive species. The hybrid populations with greater genetic differentiation were those more spatially separated from each other and that were present in more contrasted sedimentary environments, revealing respective isolation processes by distance and by environment. The hybrids in the Guadiana Estuary were the most genetically differentiated and with the highest transgressive behavior in terms of tiller height. United State Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) 25-2030-6-043-F

Poco se conoce sobre los conocimientos sobre tuberculosis (TB) en Cali, segunda ciudad colombiana con mayor carga de la enfermedad. Esta investigación buscó determinar el grado de conocimientos sobre TB en usuarios del transporte masivo. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal aplicando un cuestionario a usuarios de 12 estaciones principales del sistema de transporte público en un día laboral de marzo de 2017. De 193 encuestados, el 80% manifestó conocer poco o nada sobre TB. La mayoría identificó la tos como síntoma (74,6%) y refirió que es una enfermedad contagiosa (75,1%), transmitida por aire (61,7%) y curable (70,5%). No es tan frecuente la identificación de otros síntomas y hay concepciones erróneas sobre la transmisión. Identificar los conocimientos de la población acerca de la enfermedad permite orientar estrategias comunicativas y educativas para prevenir y controlar la TB, dirigidas al público que converge en el sistema de transporte masivo.

Some introduced species spread rapidly beyond their native range and into novel habitats mediated by a high degree of phenotypic plasticity and/or rapid evolutionary responses. In this context, clonality has been described as a significant factor contributing to invasiveness. We studied the abiotic environment and the responses of different tussock architecture traits of the invasive cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brongn. (Poaceae). A common garden experiment and field studies of S. densiflora in salt marshes across a wide latitudinal gradient from California (USA) to British Columbia (Canada) provided a model system for an integrated study of the potential mechanisms underlying the response of invasive S. densiflora populations to changes in environmental conditions. Our results showed that S. densiflora is able to adjust to widely variable climate (specifically, air temperature and the duration of the growing season) and sediment conditions (specifically, texture and hypoxia) through phenotypical plastic key functional tussock traits (e.g. shoot density, height, above- and below-ground biomass allocation patterns). Root biomass increased in coarser sediments in contrast to rhizomes, which were more abundant in finer sediments. Above-ground biomass and leaf area index increased mainly with air temperature during summer, and more robust (taller and wider) shoots were associated with more oxygenated sediments. In view of our results, S. densiflora appears to be a halophyte with a high degree of phenotypic plasticity that would enable it to respond successfully to changes in the abiotic conditions of salt marshes driven by global climate change, such as increasing salinity and temperatures.

The salt-marsh shrub Halimione portulacoides can grow in soils containing extremely high concentrations of Zn and stem cuttings have recently been shown to aid the recovery of polluted soils although further work on this methodology have is required. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to analyze the effects of a range of Zn concentrations (0–130 mmol l−1) on the establishment, growth and photosynthetic performance of stem cuttings of different sizes of Halimione portulacoides, with the aim of determine the phytotoxicity thresholds and the optimal initial size of the cuttings to be used in phytoremediation strategies. Stem cuttings were able to survive and grow at external Zn concentrations of 130 mmol l−1. Plants from smaller cuttings showed greater growth inhibition, which could have been related to the inability to establish a root system sufficiently developed so as to avoid the translocation of Zn to aerial parts. The present study demonstrates that stem cuttings of H. portulacoides can establish and develop a root system under concentrations as high as 130 mmol l−1 Zn (approximately 9000 mg kg−1). In highly polluted soils, with concentrations from 50 mmol l−1, it would be advisable to use stem cuttings with a minimum size of approximately 10 cm in length and a minimum biomass of 100 mg dry weight. This study indicate that the use of H. portulacoides stem cuttings could play an important role in the restoration of coastal ecosystems contaminated with heavy metals.

Mediante los datos de una encuesta, este artí- culo introduce una explicación cultural y alterna a la de corte utilitarista que domina la literatura sobre actitudes ciudadanas hacia el libre comercio. En específico, se argumenta que los habitantes del estado de Yucatán, por haber vivido experiencias históricas únicas, desarrollaron una identidad local singular que los hace ser compatibles con la apertura comercial. El análisis estadístico revela que los yucatecos son tan afines al libre comercio como la región del norte de México y que dos componentes de la identidad yucateca (internacionalista y regionalista), además de edad, son los que forjan tales actitudes. Finalmente, no hay evidencia empírica que sustente una explicación utilitarista en las actitudes de los yucatecos hacia la apertura comercial.

Knowledge of factors that influence species colonization and abundance during ecological succession is key for conservation and restoration efforts. The tolerance of species to environmental stresses and interspecific interactions influence stages of ecological succession. Species with high tolerance to stress or high competitive ability, such as invasive species or transgressive hybrids, may acquire a relevant role in the succession, inhibiting its development. We studied the role of native Sarcocornia and exotic Spartina hybrids on vegetation succession in salt marshes. In a time span of ca. 12 years, halophyte community structure and key sedimentary characteristics were recorded in marshes that differ in geomorphology, physiography, and successional status. We evaluated vegetation change in a young marsh undergoing rapid primary succession, and in a mature marsh undergoing slow changes in composition within established vegetation. Native hybrids increased their abundance in both types of marshes over time. Their presence and persistence was concurrent with colonization by other native halophytes. While they did not dominate the community and impede native succession, it is interesting to note their colonization coincided with a decrease in cover of invasive Spartina densiflora. In contrast, exotic hybrids formed from S. densiflora changed successional trajectories through competitive displacement of native halophytes in the mature marsh. However, these hybrids were not yet present in the young marsh where S. densiflora had just started to invade. This study reveals contrasting roles of invasive and native hybrids during ecological succession, providing valuable new knowledge for the management and conservation of salt marshes.

Species can respond to environmental pressures through genetic and epigenetic changes and through phenotypic plasticity, but few studies have evaluated the relationships between genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity of plant species along changing environmental conditions throughout wide latitudinal ranges. We studied inter‐ and intrapopulation genetic diversity (using simple sequence repeats and chloroplast DNA sequencing) and inter‐ and intrapopulation phenotypic variability of 33 plant traits (using field and common‐garden measurements) for five populations of the invasive cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brongn. along the Pacific coast of North America from San Francisco Bay to Vancouver Island. Studied populations showed very low genetic diversity, high levels of phenotypic variability when growing in contrasted environments and high intrapopulation phenotypic variability for many plant traits. This intrapopulation phenotypic variability was especially high, irrespective of environmental conditions, for those traits showing also high phenotypic plasticity. Within‐population variation represented 84% of the total genetic variation coinciding with certain individual plants keeping consistent responses for three plant traits (chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents, and dead shoot biomass) in the field and in common‐garden conditions. These populations have most likely undergone genetic bottleneck since their introduction from South America; multiple introductions are unknown but possible as the population from Vancouver Island was the most recent and one of the most genetically diverse. S. densiflora appears as a species that would not be very affected itself by climate change and sea‐level rise as it can disperse, establish, and acclimate to contrasted environments along wide latitudinal ranges.

Melanins are the most common pigments providing coloration in the plumage and bare skin of birds and other vertebrates. Numerous species are dichromatic in the adult or definitive plumage, but the direction of this type of sexual dichromatism (i.e. whether one sex tends to be darker than the other) has not been thoroughly investigated. Using color plates, we analysed the presence of melanin-based color patches in 666 species belonging to 69 families regularly breeding in the Western Palearctic. Sexual dichromatism based on melanins in at least one integumentary part involved 205 (30.7%) species. The body parts contributing more frequently to dichromatism were the dorsal areas, head and breast, whereas the less dichromatic body parts were the belly and the exposed integumentary parts (i.e. bill and legs). Regarding the phylogenetic spread of dichromatisms, 37 (53.6%) families contained at least one species with melanin-based sexual dimorphism in the definitive adult plumage. As for the direction of the color difference, males are darker than females in a majority of species, meaning that males tend to produce more eumelanin and females tend to synthesize more pheomelanin. This survey has revealed the high prevalence of melanins in the emergence of sexual dichromatism in birds, at least in the Western Palearctic. Whether the described pattern is due to sexual selection promoting more conspicuous males or to natural selection for more cryptic females remains to be determined. Given that pheomelanin synthesis concurrently consumes the antioxidant glutathione but may also reduces toxic cysteine, sex-biased physiological factors should also be given consideration in the evolution of bird plumages.

Hybridization is a frequent process that leads to relevant evolutionary consequences, but there is a lack of studies regarding the relationships of the variability of the response of parental plant species to environmental gradients and the responses of their hybrids at a phenotypic level. We designed an experiment in which we exposed two reciprocal cordgrass hybrids, Spartina maritima × densiflora and S. densiflora × maritima, and their parental species to four salinity concentrations for 30 days. The main objectives were to compare the performance of the hybrids with that of their parents, to distinguish the phenotypic inheritance operating in the hybrids and to analyse the relationships between the variability in the responses of the parents and the responses of their hybrids to salinity. We characterized the responses and the degree of variability for 37 foliar traits. Both hybrids presented greater salinity tolerance than their parents, showing their highest percentage of transgressive traits at both extremes of the salinity gradient. When the parental plants themselves showed a more plastic response for a given trait, there was a greater chance that their hybrid developed a transgressive behaviour for this trait. This finding supports a new focus to be applied for the artificial development of vigorous hybrid crops., This study reports the fitness and the phenotypic inheritance of two wild invasive Spartina (cordgrass) hybrids in relation to their parental species along a wide estuarine salinity gradient. The hybrids outperformed their parental species showing greater fitness and some transgressive traits. Plant traits displaying greater variability in the polyploid parents led to a higher number of transgressive responses in the hybrids. This work is the continuation of our research on the tolerance of halophytes to abiotic stresses and their phenotypic plasticity, now adding an evolutionary perspective to the process of hybridization.

Species can respond to environmental pressures through genetic and epigenetic changes and through phenotypic plasticity, but few studies have evaluated the relationships between genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity of plant species along changing environmental conditions throughout wide latitudinal ranges. We studied inter‐ and intrapopulation genetic diversity (using simple sequence repeats and chloroplast DNA sequencing) and inter‐ and intrapopulation phenotypic variability of 33 plant traits (using field and common‐garden measurements) for five populations of the invasive cordgrass Spartina densiflora Brongn. along the Pacific coast of North America from San Francisco Bay to Vancouver Island. Studied populations showed very low genetic diversity, high levels of phenotypic variability when growing in contrasted environments and high intrapopulation phenotypic variability for many plant traits. This intrapopulation phenotypic variability was especially high, irrespective of environmental conditions, for those traits showing also high phenotypic plasticity. Within‐population variation represented 84% of the total genetic variation coinciding with certain individual plants keeping consistent responses for three plant traits (chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents, and dead shoot biomass) in the field and in common‐garden conditions. These populations have most likely undergone genetic bottleneck since their introduction from South America; multiple introductions are unknown but possible as the population from Vancouver Island was the most recent and one of the most genetically diverse. S. densiflora appears as a species that would not be very affected itself by climate change and sea‐level rise as it can disperse, establish, and acclimate to contrasted environments along wide latitudinal ranges.

Background and aims – The spread of invasive exotic species is one of the most important threats for salt marshes and cordgrasses (genus Spartina ) are among the most invasive halophytes. Recent analyses have revealed low levels of genetic diversity within the European cordgrass Spartina patens, clarifying that it was introduced from a narrow genetic pool of plants from North America. As biomass and intratussock structure are key functional traits in the ecological behaviour of cordgrasses, our aim was to document this here for the first time in Spartina patens in Europe.Methods – This work analyses above- and below-ground biomass and intratussock structure for two Spartina patens populations in Southern Spain in the two main invaded habitats in Europe, coastal dunes and brackish marshes.Key results – Spartina patens showed higher above-ground biomass and higher above: below-ground biomass ratio in the brackish marsh than on the coastal dunes due to higher live shoot densities with similar shoot heights. Sexual reproduction of Spartina patens was very limited in both studied populations since only a few inflorescences were recorded in just one tussock in the marsh.Conclusions – Our results for introduced Spartina patens in Spain are compared with those recorded for cohabiting cordgrasses, the native European Spartina maritima and the invasive Spartina densiflora, as well as with Spartina patens in North American marshes. Spartina patens appears as a species with moderate invasive potential in European coastal marshes and dunes since it shows very low sexual reproduction but a high phenotypic plasticity, which would support its invasive capacity. Eradication efforts are most cost effective in the early stage of infestation, when population sizes are still relatively small, and should thus be a focus of the control efforts of S. patens in the Southwest Iberian Peninsula as well as in other European areas, where this cordgrass is still not very abundant.

Salt marshes are being increasingly polluted by trace elements, and the design and implementation of management actions adapted to each particular situation are necessary. Salt marshes developed at one of the most heavy metal-polluted systems in the world, the Odiel and Tinto joint estuary, are threatened by high pollution levels, erosion and the invasion of the alien plant species Spartina densiflora, despite the high ecological values recognized by regional to international protection figures. Soft management on these marshes tries to preserve the equilibrium between conservation and decontamination. The ability of key native halophytes in the area to phytoextract or phytostabilizate trace elements has been taking into account. A local restoration project has resulted in a rapid recovery of the native prairies of low tidal marshes, dominated by S. maritima, becoming a promising tool to phytostabilize eroding areas in European marshes. These prairies also seem to stop the advance of the alien S. densiflora invasion and prevent erosion. On the other hand, areas invaded by S. densiflora are difficult to manage due to the acidity and pollution level of sediments preventing the establishment of any other plant species. Despite its invasive character, S. densiflora avoid at present the removal of highly toxic sediments and the trace element release to the food chain in this area.

Fruit set is highly relevant to a plant's reproductive success. Fruit set can vary due to predation on flowers, pollinator services and/or resource availability. Reproductive success, measured as the fruit set of the invasive Lantana camara and the endemic Lantana peduncularis in the cool–dry season and the warm–wet season of the Galapagos Islands, was studied. Also, autonomous self-pollination ability and seed viability were probed for both species. Furthermore, flower visitors and their activity were registered for both species during the warm–wet season. Lantana peduncularis produced fewer flowers per inflorescence, but had a higher fruit set in the cool–dry season, compared to the warm–wet season. In contrast, the fruit set in L. camara did not change seasonally. The fruit set in L. camara was higher than in L. peduncularis in the warm–wet season. Moreover, ∼18% of the bagged flowers of the invasive Lantana produced fruits by autonomous self-pollination, while for the endemic Lantana, the rate of autonomous self-pollination was very low. More than 80% of the fruits for both species had at least one viable seed per fruit. The number of pollinators and their frequency, inflorescence- and flower-visiting rates and the duration of the visit per flower were higher in the invasive Lantana than in the endemic one. The endemic Lepidoptera Urbanus galapagensis (the main pollinator of both Lantana species) and the introduced Hymenia perspectalis were observed pollinating both Lantana species. These results indicate that the alien L. camara is more attractive to pollinators and it has reproductive advantages regarding fruit set in comparison with L. peduncularis, factors that contribute to the colonization pattern of this invasive species.

Sedimentary abiotic environment, and concentration and stock of nine metals were analyzed in vegetation and sediments to evaluate the phytoremediation capacity of restored Spartina maritima prairies in the highly polluted Odiel Marshes (SW Iberian Peninsula). Samples were collected in two 10 -m long rows parallel to the tidal line at two sediments depths (0-2 cm and 2-20 cm). Metal concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Iron, aluminum, copper, and zinc were the most concentrated metals. Every metal, except nickel, showed higher concentration in the root zone than at the sediment surface, with values as high as ca. 70 g Fe kg(-1). The highest metal concentrations in S. maritima tissues were recorded in its roots (maximum for iron in Spartina roots: 4160.2 +/- 945.3 mg kg(-1)). Concentrations of aluminum and iron in leaves and roots were higher than in superficial sediments. Rhizosediments showed higher concentrations of every metal than plant tissues, except for nickel. Sediment metal stock in the first 20 cm deep was ca. 170.89 t ha(-1). Restored S. maritima prairies, with relative cover of 62 +/- 6%, accumulated ca. 22 kg metals ha(-1). Our results show S. maritima to be an useful biotool for phytoremediation projects in European salt marshes.