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Supplemental Material for Assessing Diet and Musculoskeletal Pain in Adults: Results From a Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) by Valerio Tonelli Enrico, James R. Hebert, Gerald Mugford, Zhiwei Gao, Peter Wang, Nitin Shivappa, and Gwendolyn Sowa in American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most common pulmonary sequelae of extreme preterm birth, with long-lasting respiratory symptoms and reduced lung function. A reliable predictive tool of BPD development is urgent and its search remains one of the major challenges for neonatologists approaching the upcoming arrival of possible new preventive therapies. Biomarkers, identifying an ongoing pathogenetic pathway, could allow both the selection of preterm infants with an evolving disease and potentially the therapeutic targets of the indicted pathogenesis. The "omic" sciences represent well-known promising tools for this objective. In this review, we resume the current laboratoristic, metabolomic, proteomic, and microbiomic evidence in the prediction of BPD. KEY POINTS: · The early prediction of BPD development would allow the targeted implementation of new preventive therapies.. · BPD is a multifactorial disease consequently it is unlikely to find a single disease biomarker.. · "Omic" sciences offer a promising insight in BPD pathogenesis and its development's fingerprints..

A systematic review protocol

A 3-year-old girl came to our attention for fever and upper respiratory tract infection associated with thrombocytopenia, non-immune hemolytic anemia, and acute kidney injury (AKI). Complete blood count and renal function slowly normalized, with no need for dialysis. She was always normotensive with valid diuresis; her neurological status also rapidly improved. Nasal swab turned out positive for influenza A H1N1; stool test was negative for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). The patient was treated with oseltamivir for 5 days with a favorable outcome. Association between hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and H1N1 influenza is poorly reported in literature [1, 2, 3, 4]. The pathogenic role of the virus in causing HUS is still controversial and debated [1, 2, 3, 4]. In our patient, complement activity markers (serum C3 and C5b-9) alteration suggested a transient, virus-mediated complement activation.

We recently came across a male newborn with diffuse pustular eruption of the trunk and the face appeared at 25th day of life. The baby was born from asymptomatic COVID-19-positive mother and was otherwise healthy. Patient's throat swab PCR diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 was negative. A detailed clinical examination revealed monomorphic small pustules predominantly affecting the upper part of the chest and to a minor extent the face.

Background Among infants needing urgent transfer after birth, very preterm infants are a high-risk sub-group requiring special attention. This study aimed to assess trends in early respiratory management in a large series of very preterm infants undergoing postnatal transfer. Methods Trends in patient characteristics and early respiratory management were assessed in 798 very preterm infants who were transferred by the Eastern Veneto Neonatal Emergency Transport Service in 2000-2019. Trends were analyzed using joinpoint regression analysis and summarized as annual percentage changes (APCs). Results Proportion of neonates with birth weight less than 1 kg decreased from 33% to 16% (APC -3.82%). Use of nasal-continuous-positive-airway pressure increased (at call: APC 15.39%; during transfer: APC 15.60%), while use of self-inflating bag (at call: APC -12.09%), oxygen therapy (at call: APC -13.00%; during transfer: APC -23.77%) and mechanical ventilation (at call: APC -2.71%; during transfer: APC -2.99%) decreased. Use of oxygen concentrations at 21% increased (at call: APC 6.26%; during transfer: APC 7.14%), while oxygen concentrations above 40% decreased (at call: APC -5.73%; at transfer APC -8.89%). Surfactant administration at call increased (APC 3%-10%), while surfactant administration when arriving at referring hospital remained around 7-11% (APC 2.55%). Conclusion Relevant trends toward "gentle" approaches in early respiratory management of very preterm infants undergoing postnatal transfer occurred during the last twenty years. In addition, the proportion of transferred extremely low birth weight infants halved. Clinicians and stakeholders should consider such information when allocating assets to both hospitals and transfer services and planning regional perinatal programs.

Variations on normality on the vulvar aspect have generated many difficulties among general pediatricians.The great amount of aesthetical perfection has led to an increasing number of adolescents seeking for vulvar correction. Here we describe a common alteration and provide some clues on the eventual surgical managing of the condition. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Increasing recent evidence favors paracetamol use for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure in preterms. Our study aims were (1) to assess efficacy and safety of intravenous (i.v.) paracetamol for PDA closure in a 23-32-week preterm population, as "first-line" (when traditional ibuprofen treatment was contraindicated) or "rescue" treatment (after ibuprofen failed), and (2) to identify predictors of PDA closure. The cumulative efficacy of consecutive cycles of i.v. paracetamol on PDA closure was confirmed after both "first-line" and "rescue" treatment, the overall PDA closure rates being, respectively, 56.7 and 61.1 % (p = 0.7624) after two cycles and 63.3 and 77.8 % (p = 0.2959) after three cycles. No toxicity was apparent after either "first-line" or "rescue" i.v. paracetamol treatment. On multivariate analysis, gestational age (GA) emerged as an independent predictor of PDA closure in the "first-line" i.v. paracetamol treatment group, while clinical risk index for babies (CRIB) score (a patient risk index based on birth weight, GA at birth, sex, patient's temperature on admission, and maximum base excess in first 12 h of life) was an independent predictor of PDA closure failure in the "rescue" group.I.V. paracetamol proved effective in our study population. Randomized control trials (RCTs) are warranted to further investigate the efficacy and safety of i.v. paracetamol for PDA closure in preterms.• Oral paracetamol has been judged as effective as oral ibuprofen for PDA closure in the preterm. • To date, only a handful of non-randomized studies exist to support the effectiveness of i.v. paracetamol in PDA closure. What is New: • Our observations confirm the clinical efficacy of i.v. paracetamol for PDA closure in a very low birth weight (VLBW)/extremely low birth weight (ELBW) preterm population. • Gestational age and CRIB score emerge as independent predictors of PDA closure.

Key Clinical Message Subcutaneous fat necrosis (SCFN) is a rare fat tissue inflammation of the newborn. Risk factors include cord prolapse, perinatal asphyxia, therapeutic hypothermia, meconium aspiration, and sepsis. When present, hypercalcemia comes with lethargy, hypotonia, irritability, vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, constipation, and dehydration. Kidney injury must be avoided. SCFN is often completely autoresolutive.

Aim The aim of this report is to present a brief review of the current literature on the management of EEC. Case Report A term male neonate presented at birth with classic bladder exstrophy, a variant of the exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC). The defect was covered with sterile silicon gauzes and waterproof dressing; at 72 hours of life, primary closure without osteotomy of bladder, pelvis, and abdominal wall was successfully performed. Discussion EEC incidence is approximately 2.15 per 1,00,000 live births; several urological, musculocutaneous, spinal, orthopedic, gastrointestinal, and gynecological anomalies may be associated to EEC. Initial medical management includes use of occlusive dressings to prevent air contact and dehydration of the open bladder template. Umbilical catheters should not be positioned. Surgical repair stages include initial closure of the bladder and abdominal wall with or without osteotomy, followed by epispadias repair at 6 to 12 months, and bladder neck repair around 5 years of life. Those who fail to attain continence eventually undergo bladder augmentation and placement of a catheterizable conduit. Conclusion Modern-staged repair of EEC guarantees socially acceptable urinary continence in up to 80% of cases; sexual function can be an issue in the long term, but overall quality of life can be good.

Key Clinical Message Classic CO (also called Iso–Kikuchi syndrome) represents a benign, isolated condition associated with normal patient outcome. Nevertheless, clinical follow-up and/or further clinically-based tests are needed to exclude other nail diseases associated with multisystem pathology; complete family history is also important to determine sporadic or hereditary transmission of such condition.

First clinical report of Harlequin color change (HCC) phenomenon came in 1952 from Neligan and Strang. Since then, HCC has been described in a fairly broad number of clinical reports involving neonates, infants, children, and adult patients. We here present a small case series of HCC occurring in neonates, pointing out three of the different possible presentations (hemifacial, patchy scattered across the whole body, and hemiscrotal) of this phenomenon. A brief discussion and literature review encompassing epidemiology, clinical features, physiopathology, associated conditions, and differential diagnoses of HCC is then presented. In most cases, HCC represents a benign, idiopathic, and rapidly autoresolutive phenomenon, with no need for treatment. Some drugs (especially anesthetics and prostaglandin E) are thought to enhance HCC expression through their influence on the capillary tone in the peripheral vascular bed; this effect is anyway promptly reversible with drug withdrawal. Only in rare circumstances, HCC may act as a clue for serious central nervous system disorders (e.g., meningitis; hypothalamic, brain stem, or sympathetic nervous system lesions); anyway, in these rare occurrences HCC always represents an epiphenomenon of the disease, never acting as the sole sign of the underlying disorder.

Sonographic cardiac evaluation of newborns with suspected aortic coarctation (AoC) should tend to demonstrate a good phasic and pulsatile flow and the absence of pressure gradient along a normally conformed aortic arch from the modified left parasternal and suprasternal echocardiographic views; these findings, however, may not necessarily rule out a more distal coarctation in the descending aorta. For this reason, the sonographic exam of newborns with suspected AoC should always include a Doppler evaluation of abdominal aortic blood flow from the subcostal view. Occasionally, however, a clearly pulsatile Doppler flow trace in abdominal aorta may be difficult to obtain due to the bad insonation angle existing between the probe and the vessel. In such suboptimal ultrasonic alignment situation, the use of Tissue Doppler Imaging instead of classic Doppler flow imaging may reveal a preserved aortic pulsatility by sampling the aortic wall motion induced by normal flow. We propose to take advantage of the TDI pattern as a surrogate of a normal pulsatile Doppler flow trace in abdominal aorta when the latter is difficult to obtain due to malalignment with the insonated vessel.La valutazione ecocardiografica del neonato con sospetta coartazione aortica deve poter dimostrare, dalle proiezioni parasternale sinistra alta e soprasternale, un arco aortico normoconformato con traccia Doppler normale (flusso fasico) in assenza di gradiente transistmico; tali rilievi, tuttavia, non escludono la possibilità di una coartazione aortica più distale, sita in aorta discendente toracica. Per tale motivo, la valutazione ecografica neonatale nel sospetto di coartazione aortica deve sempre includere un’analisi Doppler del flusso in aorta discendente, visualizzata tramite approccio sottocostale. Talvolta, tuttavia, l’angolo che si viene a creare tra il fascio ultrasonoro e il vaso a questo livello può risultare subottimale ai fini di un adeguato campionamento Doppler che dimostri la presenza di flusso fasico e privo di run-off diastolico in aorta addominale. In tale situazione di allineamento non ottimale per l’analisi Doppler classica, la metodica TDI (Tissue Doppler Imaging) può rivelare una preservata pulsatilità aortica tramite l’analisi della motilità di parete del vaso indotta dal normale flusso fasico. Tale metodica di valutazione della pulsatilità di parete aortica potrebbe, se validata attraverso studi di numerosità adeguata sul neonato sano, rappresentare un adeguato surrogato di una traccia Doppler normale in aorta addominale nei casi in cui quest’ultima fosse difficoltosa da ottenere a causa di un malallineamento tra il vaso ed il fascio ultrasonoro esplorante.La valutazione ecocardiografica del neonato con sospetta coartazione aortica deve poter dimostrare, dalle proiezioni parasternale sinistra alta e soprasternale, un arco aortico normoconformato con traccia Doppler normale (flusso fasico) in assenza di gradiente transistmico; tali rilievi, tuttavia, non escludono la possibilità di una coartazione aortica più distale, sita in aorta discendente toracica. Per tale motivo, la valutazione ecografica neonatale nel sospetto di coartazione aortica deve sempre includere un’analisi Doppler del flusso in aorta discendente, visualizzata tramite approccio sottocostale. Talvolta, tuttavia, l’angolo che si viene a creare tra il fascio ultrasonoro e il vaso a questo livello può risultare subottimale ai fini di un adeguato campionamento Doppler che dimostri la presenza di flusso fasico e privo di run-off diastolico in aorta addominale. In tale situazione di allineamento non ottimale per l’analisi Doppler classica, la metodica TDI (Tissue Doppler Imaging) può rivelare una preservata pulsatilità aortica tramite l’analisi della motilità di parete del vaso indotta dal normale flusso fasico. Tale metodica di valutazione della pulsatilità di parete aortica potrebbe, se validata attraverso studi di numerosità adeguata sul neonato sano, rappresentare un adeguato surrogato di una traccia Doppler normale in aorta addominale nei casi in cui quest’ultima fosse difficoltosa da ottenere a causa di un malallineamento tra il vaso ed il fascio ultrasonoro esplorante.

We evaluated an otherwise healthy, full-term female newborn for a soft, non-tender swelling of the left labium majus (figure 1). Ultrasound scan at birth confirmed the absence of indwelling intraperitoneal structures, ruling out the hypothesis of inguinal hernia. A 2-week follow-up ultrasound revealed a hypoechoic/isoechoic tissue with hyperechoic striae in its context. Doppler ultrasound imaging at 6 and 12 months excluded vascular malformations. The baby …

Dermatological hand signs are common and can be benign (with or without treatment implications), linked to a change in patient's behaviour or herald more severe systemic conditions (dermatomyositis). Despite the peculiarity of underlying diseases, their visual appearances may overlap and sometimes be deceptive. It is therefore important for clinicians to be aware of the possible similarities in such diverse conditions, in order to make a correct diagnosis and target treatment. ### Which would be the most likely diagnosis for each image based on the cases below: 1. Gottron's papules 2. Psoriasis 3. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma 4. Chewing pads 5. Knuckle calluses 6. Herpetic lesions 7. Idiopathic/familial knuckle pads 8. Cold burns (frost bites) 9. Common warts 10. Occupational lesions We evaluated a 17-year-old girl with dark phototype with an upper respiratory tract infection. Physical examination incidentally revealed plaque lesions located only at the extensor surface of her right hand, at the proximal interphalangeal joints (IJ) (figure 1A). Left hand was unharmed. The rest of the examination, apart from the concomitant respiratory infection, was negative. The girl also reported a recent school change as a current stressor. Figure 1 (A) Self-induced ‘chewing pads’, (B) Gottron’s papules, …

Which would be the most likely diagnosis for each image based on the cases below: 1. Physiological breast enlargement 2. Subcutaneous fat necrosis 3. Neonatal mastitis 4. Breast abscess 5. Nipple capillary haemangioma 6. Naevus flammeus of the nipple 7. Port wine stain of the nipple 8. Nipple eczema 9. Pityriasis versicolor A 13-day-old term infant was evaluated for bilateral breast enlargement; no tenderness or discharge was evident (figure 1A). Figure 1 The rest of the physical examination and laboratory were unremarkable. The patient remained well and thriving at regular follow-up; the appearances had completely regressed by 6 weeks. A term female infant was admitted to hospital at 7 days of life for fever (body temperature 38.2°C) and a swollen right breast with erythematous periareolar skin (figure 1B). The patient was slightly miserable on evaluation; the rest of the physical examination was normal. A 1-month-old girl was evaluated for a left nipple lesion which had evolved over the previous 2 weeks: the mother described gradual development of sparse similar smaller lesions over the areolar region, which had coalesced (figure 1C). The remaining physical examination was normal and she had a normal newborn examination. A normal male term newborn was evaluated at 1 month of age for a right nipple lesion with reddish, desquamated areolar and …

Mandible reconstruction with a scapular osteomyocutaneous flap was performed in a 12-year-old boy after removal of a desmoid fibroma. Onset of flap venous congestion led to early surgical re-exploration, which did not reveal any vascular or blood flow anomaly of the flap pedicle’s vein at the anastomosis site. Medicinal leeches (ML) application was then started (figure 1); an intensive schedule was followed for the first 4 days, subsequently tapered until discontinuation in accordance with congestion reduction. On hospital discharge, overall excellent flap reperfusion was achieved (figure 2). Figure 1 Leeches application. Figure 2 Final result on hospital discharge. 1. Which statement reflects the history of ML application? 1. They only have been used after approval as a medical device by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2004. 2. ML use dates back to 3500 years ago, and remained frequently used in current practice. 3. First reports of ML use as a medical …

A newborn from non-relative parents was referred to our attention for peculiar thickening and peeling of the skin on both hands and feet. The baby had a healthy brother. Examination revealed a well-demarcated, glistening, swollen membrane enveloping the hands (figure 1, top left-hand and right-hand corners) and the feet (figure 1, bottom left-hand and right-hand corners); remaining body surface was free. Figure 1 Acral collodion enveloping left …

An ex-preterm, exclusively breastfed baby with poor postnatal growth was evaluated at 5 months of age for perianal erosive dermatitis (figure 1) and foul stools. No other cutaneous involvement was present. Investigations showed mild zinc deficiency (65 μg/dL, range 68–107). Unfortunately, no maternal blood or breast milk zinc levels were available. The dermatitis rapidly improved in six days (figure 2) on oral supplementation with zinc sulfate (2 mg/kg/day), and remained stable on zinc-enriched formula milk, without …

Background Pre-delivery maternal electrolyte derangements may reflect themselves in the newborn, since placental homeostasis determines electrolyte equilibrium between mother and fetus. Case presentation A term newborn, transferred to our Neonatal Intensive Care Unit 1 h after birth for an apnoea episode, presented with initially left-sided, and subsequently generalized tonic-clonic seizures due to severe hyponatremia (119 mmol/L). Seizures rapidly ceased after electrolyte correction plus a phenobarbital bolus. Deep hyponatremia was also detected in the mother (123 mmol/L). Conclusions As placental homeostasis determines electrolytes equilibrium between mother and fetus, obstetrics and neonatologists should be aware that any maternal dyselectrolytemia will reflect itself in the newborn; hence, it is fundamental to detect possible maternal electrolyte imbalances before delivery, in order to be prepared to timely correction of electrolyte derangements in the newborn.

A newborn girl of 36 weeks gestation was noted to have several anomalies, including bilateral low ear attachment with ear pinnae hypertrichosis, left preauricular pit, micrognathia, short lingual frenulum, and short neck. Pregnancy history revealed poorly controlled maternal gestational diabetes (GD). Localized hypertrichosis of the ear pinnae may represent a potential marker of GD and thereby alert physicians to suspect other potentially GD-associated conditions such as macrosomia, asphyxia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia, polycythemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and congenital anomalies, particularly those involving the central nervous system.

We describe a case of 17-year-old Chinese girl referred to our Pediatric Cardiology Unit for asthenia, reduced exercise tolerance, and dyspnea. Past medical history was relevant for multiple chest pain episodes in childhood and several syncopal episodes, for which the patient had been never evaluated. Clinical examination, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography were compatible with Williams–Beuren syndrome; such condition was later confirmed by genetic analysis. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed transmural fibrosis of the apex with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (29 %), severe stenosis of aortic sinotubular junction with left and right coronary ostia involvement; more importantly, the whole coronary artery tree beyond ostia was affected by multiple stenosis and aneurysmatic tracts. Ascending aorta proved hypoplastic, with post-stenotic dilation and multiple aneurysms. At the end of the diagnostic process, surgical risk was considered too high to proceed with the correction. The presented case is of educational value since it provides good iconographical illustration of diffuse, multiple-site coronary artery tree involvement, a rather rare co-morbidity in Williams–Beuren syndrome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1231-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

We describe three cases of split median raphe of the penis (SMR) from our hospital newborn records from 2004 to 2013. One case was associated with median raphe cyst, one with skin hypochromia, and one with a scar-like aspect of the region of interest. SMR is thought to be the result of defective fusion of ectodermal tissue in the urethra and scrotum area or of defective growth of the perineal mesoderm around the urethra during gestation. Although SMR associated with other major penile congenital defects (epispadias, hypospadias, penile torsion, bifid scrotum, chordee) is common, isolated SMR is probably an underdiagnosed (although not rare) malformative condition. Recognizing SMR in a newborn may be of educational value to neonatologists because it leads to the search for and exclusion of the above-mentioned pathologic conditions.

A previously healthy, immunocompetent 6-month-old girl presented with a 4-day history of fever and a deep, blackish eschar surrounded by extended ulceration and erythema on her right cheek (figure 1), rapidly evolved despite initial treatment with a Calendula and Gentamicin homeopathic ointment. Figure 1 Exudating deep, blackish eschar surrounded by extended ulceration and erythema, as seen at admission. She had not received antibiotics previously. Blood tests at admission showed leukocytosis (white blood cells 10 640/mm3, reference range 6000–17 500/mm3) with normal neutrophil count (N …

A 4-year-old girl with clinical and laboratory signs of Kawasaki disease (KD) was hospitalized and given intravenous immunoglobulin plus aspirin therapy, with rapid defervescence and clinical improvement, and was discharged 48 hours after admission. At the time of her follow-up echocardiography on day 14, orange-brown pigmentation of the nail beds was noticed and confirmed with dermoscopy. No clear association between KD and orange-brown chromonychia has been demonstrated, although reports and case series suggest a possible link between these two entities. We suggest that this particular finding might be encompassed in late (subacute) changes of extremities as part of KD diagnostic criteria.

Despite the fact that sheep are a widely used animal model in cardiovascular research, reference values for transthoracic echocardiography in normal growing animals are not available. Eight healthy female lambs underwent two-dimensional, M-mode and pulsed wave Doppler echocardiographic examination at 100 days of age and every three months thereafter over a 12-month period. The study was conducted under sedation with midazolam, butorphanol and constant rate infusion of intravenous propofol. Their growth phase was completed at about one year of age. All the echocardiographic parameters considered were significantly correlated with body weight and age class except for the left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameters. Functional indices were not correlated to body weight or age except for the E-point to septal separation distance (EPSS). Doppler-derived parameters were not influenced by independent variables. Transthoracic echocardiography can be considered an applicable method for cardiovascular research using a growing lamb animal model after appropriate adjustments for age and body size.