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[EN] Floods are a consequence of extreme rainfall events. Although surface runoff generation is the origin of discharge, flood research usually focuses on lowlands where the impact is higher. Runoff and sediment delivery at slope and pedon scale receiving much less attention in the effort to understand flood behaviour in time and space. This is especially relevant in areas where, due to climatic and hydrogeological conditions, streams are ephemeral, so-called dry rivers (¿wadis¿, "ramblas" or ¿barrancos¿) that are widespread throughout the Mediterranean. This paper researches the relationship between water delivery at pedon and slope scale with dry river floods in Macizo del Caroig, Eastern Iberian Peninsula. Plots of 1x1, 1x2, 1x4, and 2x8 m located in the ¿El Teularet¿ Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Station were monitored from 2004 to 2014 to measure soil and water delivery. Rainfall and flow at the dry river Barranco de Benacancil were also monitored. Results show that runoff and sediment discharge were concentrated in few events during the 11 years of research. A single flood event was registered in the channel on September 28, 2009, however, the runoff was registered 160 times at the plots. Runoff discharge was dependent on the size of the plots, with larger plots yielding lower runoff discharge per unit area, suggesting short runoff-travel distance and duration. Three rainfall events contributed with 26% of the whole runoff discharge, and five achieved 56% of the runoff. We conclude that the runoff generated at the plot scale is disconnected from the main channel. From a spatial point of view, there is a decrease in runoff coefficient along the slope. From a temporal point of view, the runoff is concentrated in a few rainfall events. These results show that the runoff generated at plot and slope scale does not contribute to the floods except for rainfall events with more than 100 mm day-1. The disconnection of the runoff and sediment delivery is confirmed by the reduction in the runoff delivery at plot scale due to the control of the length of the plot (slope) on the runoff and sediment delivery., [ES] . Lasinundacionesson consecuencia de lluvias extremas. Aunque la generación de escorrentía superficial es el origen de la descarga, la investigación de inundaciones generalmente se enfoca en las tierras bajas donde el impacto es mayor. La escorrentía y la distribución de sedimentos a escala de pendiente y pedón reciben mucha menos atención en la comprensión del comportamiento de las inundaciones en el tiempo y el espacio. Esto es especialmente relevante en zonas donde, debido a las condiciones climáticas e hidrogeológicas, los cauces son efímeros. Son los llamados ríos secos (¿wadis¿, ¿ramblas¿ o ¿barrancos¿) muy extendidos por todo el Mediterráneo. Este artículo investiga la relación entre el suministro de agua a escala de pedón y ladera con las crecidas de ríos secos en Macizo del Caroig, este de la Península Ibérica. Las parcelas de 1x1, 1x2, 1x4 y 2x8 m localizadas en la Estación de Investigación de Erosión y Degradación de Suelos ¿El Teularet¿ fueron monitoreadas de 2004 a 2014 para medir la producción de suelo y agua. También se monitorearon las precipitaciones y el caudal en el río seco Barranco de Benacancil. Los resultados muestran que la escorrentía y la descarga de sedimentos se concentraron en pocos eventos durante los 11 años de investigación. Se registró un solo evento de inundación en el canal el 28 de septiembre de 2009, sin embargo, la escorrentía se registró 160 veces en las parcelas. La descarga de escorrentía dependió del tamaño de las parcelas. Las parcelas más grandes produjeron una menor descarga de escorrentía por unidad de área, lo que sugiere una corta distancia y duración del recorrido de escorrentía. Tres eventos de lluvia contribuyeron con el 26% de la descarga total de la escorrentía y cinco lograron el 56% de la escorrentía. Se concluye que la escorrentía generada a escala de la parcela está desconectada del canal principal. Desde un punto de vista espacial, hay una disminución en el coeficiente de escorrentía a lo largo de la pendiente. Desde un punto de vista temporal, la escorrentía se concentra en unos pocos eventos de lluvia. Estos resultados muestran que la escorrentía generada a escala de parcela y pendiente no contribuyen a las inundaciones excepto para eventos de lluvia con más de 100 mm día-1 . La desconexión de la escorrentía y la entrega de sedimentos se confirma por la reducción de la escorrentía a escala de parcela debido al control de la longitud (pendiente) sobre la escorrentía y la entrega de sedimentos., Artemi Cerda thanks the Co-operative Research program from the OECD (Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems) for its support with the 2016 CRP fellowship (OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807), POSTFIRE Project (CGL2013-47862-C2-1 and 2-R), and POSTFIRE_CARE Project (CGL2016-75178-C2-2-R) sponsored by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and AEI/FEDER, UE. This paper was written as a result of the collaboration that was initiated due to the COST ActionES1306: Connecting European Connectivity research and COST CA18135 FIRElinks: Fire in the Earth System. Science and Society. We wish to thank the Department of Geography secretariat team (Nieves Gomez, Nieves Dominguez, and Susana Tomas) for their support for three decades to our research at the Soil Erosion and Degradation Research team (SEDER), with special thanks to the scientific researchers that as visitors from other research teams contributed to the SEDER research. And we also thank the Laboratory for Geomorphology technicians (Leon Navarro) for the key contribution to our research. The collaboration of the Geography and Environmental Sciences students was fruitful and enjoyable.

[EN] Policymakers, stakeholders and rural inhabitants must be aware of the relevance of soil erosion as an irreversible landdegradation process. This is key to achieve the land degradation neutrality challenge and the sustainability of humankindand natural ecosystems. Agricultural areas are being affected by soil erosion threatening soil quality and, subsequently,food security. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new techniques and methods visually friendly and easy to be accessedto survey and assess the soil erosion concerns. ISUM (Improve Stock Unearthing Method) is a well-contrasted procedureto estimate and map soil mobilisation and erosion rates. To achieve this goal, using the plant graft union as a biomarkerconducting in situ topographical measurements along perpendicular transects allow us to i) explain key factors related tothe activation of soil erosion processes such as tillage, the age of plantation, parent material or hillslope positions; ii)complete other well-contrasted methods such as RUSLE (Revised Soil Loss Equation), IC (Index of connectivity) orStructure from Motion; and, iii) identify hotspot areas affected by soil depletion, accumulation or mobilisation. In thisconference, we will show how we developed a new improvement of this method in different crops (vineyards, citrus,persimmons or almonds), under different environmental conditions (parent material, vine ages, soil management, or slopeangle) with diverse geomatic procedures (interpolation methods and geostatistical analysis, topographical measurementsand models) using GIS techniques., [ES] Los encargados de diseñar políticas, los trabajadores y los habitantes rurales deben ser conscientes de la relevancia de la erosión del suelo como un proceso irreversible de degradación de la tierra. Esto es clave para lograr la neutralidad en la degradación de la tierra y lograr la sostenibilidad para la humanidad y los ecosistemas naturales. Especialmente, las áreas agrícolas se ven afectadas por la erosión del suelo que amenaza la calidad del suelo y, posteriormente, la seguridad alimentaria. Por tanto, es necesario el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas atractivas visualmente, de fácil manejo y eficientes en la divulgación de los resultados. ISUM (Improve Stock Unearthing Method) es un procedimiento contrastado para estimar y cartografiar las tasas de movilización del suelo y los procesos de erosión. Para lograr este objetivo, el uso del injerto como biomarcador realizando mediciones topográficas in situ (cada 10 cm) a lo largo de transectos perpendiculares permite: i) explicar los factores de la activación de los procesos de erosión del suelo como la labranza, la edad de la plantación, material parental o posición en laderas; ii) complementar otros métodos bien contrastados como la RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation), IC (Índice de conectividad) o parcelas de erosión; y, iii) detectar áreas críticas afectadas por el agotamiento, acumulación o movilización del suelo. En esta conferencia, queremos mostrar cómo desarrollamos una nueva mejora de este método en diferentes cultivos (viñedos, cítricos, caquis, y almendros), bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales (roca madre, edades de la vid, manejo del suelo o pendiente) con diversos procedimientos geomáticos (métodos de interpolación y análisis geoestadístico, mediciones y modelos topográficos) mediante técnicas SIG.

Persimmons (Diospyros kaki) are trees cultivated under subtropical environmental conditions but are also found in other regions such as the Mediterranean. However, no research has been conducted to investigate soil erosion processes under Mediterranean soil management systems characterized by flood irrigation and/or tillage. The Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM) for assessing long-term soil mobilization was applied to two fields, one under tillage and the other under no-till with herbicide within a 25-year old Mediterranean persimmon plantation. Replicating methods used in vineyard studies, graft unions on persimmon plants were used as passive bio-indicators of soil surface changes in this study. The tilled field showed a total soil mobilization volume of 48.4 m3 on a 408.5 m2 plot, representing a total soil loss of 52.6 Mg ha-1 yr-1. For the plot (468 m2) managed with no-till and herbicide, the results indicated total soil mobilization of 33.6 m3 which translates to 31.9 Mg ha-1 yr-1. It is concluded that flood irrigation is able to modify the runoff pathways and landforms in Mediterranean persimmon plantations, and the flood impact is more extensive when combined with tillage. For the first time, ISUM has been successfully applied to estimate soil erosion in a plantation under flood irrigation.

[EN] High rates of soil erosion compromise sustainable agriculture. In rainfed agricultural fields, erosion rates several orders of magnitude higher than the erosion rates considered tolerable have been quantified. In Mediterranean rainfed crops such as vineyards, almonds and olive groves, and in the new sloping citrus and persimmon plantations, the rates of soil loss make it necessary to apply measures to reduce them to avoid collapse in agricultural production. Managements such as weeds, catch crops and mulches (straw and pruning remains) are viable options to achieve sustainability. This work applies measurements through plots, simulated rainfall experiments and ISUM (Improved Stock-Unearhing method) to quantify the loss of soil at different temporal and spatial scales in fields of traditional management (herbicide or tillage) and under alternative management (mulches and plant covers). The work carried out at the experimental station for the study of soil erosion in the Sierra de Enguera and those of Montesa and Les Alcusses provide information on erosion plots under natural rain. Experiments carried out with simulated rain in fields of olive, almond, citrus, persimmon, vineyard and fruit trees report the hydrological and erosive response under low frequency and high intensity rains. And finally, the ISUM topographic method report the impact of long-term management, from the plantation. The results indicate that the loss of soil is greater (x10-1000) in soils under traditional management (tillage and herbicide) due to the fact that they remain bare for most of the year. The use of straw mulch immediately reduces soil erosion by two orders of magnitude. Also mulches from chipped pruned branches remains are very efficient but require more years to reduce soil loss. Weeds and catch crops are very efficient in controlling erosion., [ES] Las altas tasas de erosión del suelo comprometen una agricultura sostenible. En los campos agrícolas de secano se han cuantificado tasas de erosión varios ordenes de magnitud mayores a las tasas de erosión consideradas tolerables. En los cultivos de secano mediterráneo como el viñedo, almendro y olivar, y en las nuevas plantaciones de cítricos y caquis en pendiente, las tasas de pérdida de suelo hacen necesario la aplicación de medidas que las reduzcan para evitar el colapso en la producción agrícola. Manejos como las adventicias, abonos verdes y acolchados (paja y restos de poda) son opciones viables para alcanzar la sostenibilidad. Este trabajo aplica mediciones mediante parcelas, lluvia simulada e ISUM (Improved Stock-Unearhing method) para cuantificar a distintas escalas temporales y espaciales la pérdida de suelo en campos de manejo tradicional (herbicida o laboreo) y bajo manejos alternativos (acolchados y cubiertas vegetales). Los trabajos realizados en la estación experimental para el estudio de la erosión del suelo de la Sierra de Enguera y las de Montesa y Les Alcusses aportan información de parcelas de erosión bajo lluvia natural. Los experimentos realizados con lluvia simulada en campos de olivos, almendros, cítricos, caquis, viñedos y frutales informan de la respuesta hidrológica y erosiva bajo lluvias de baja frecuencia y alta intensidad. Y finalmente, el método topográfico ISUM nos indica el impacto del manejo a largo plazo, desde la plantación. Los resultados indican que la pérdida de suelo es mayor (x10-1000) en los suelos bajo manejos tradicionales (laboreo y herbicida) debido a que quedan desnudos gran parte del año. El uso de acolchados de paja reduce la erosión del suelo inmediatamente en dos ordenes de magnitud. También los acolchados de restos de poda son muy eficientes, pero requieren más años para conseguir reducir la pérdida de suelo. Las adventicias y los abonos verdes son muy eficientes en el control de la erosión., This research was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 603498 (RECARE project). Artemi Cerdà thanks the Co-operative Research programme from the OECD (Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems) for its support with the 2016 CRP fellowship (OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807). We thank Nathalie Elisseou Léglise for her kind management of our financial support. The collaboration of students from the Degree of Geography and Environmental Sciences was fruitful and enjoyable. The music of Hilari Alonso (A prop) was an inspiration during the writing of this paper at the COVID19 time.

[EN] Soil erosion is a threat for the sustainability of agriculture and severely affects the Mediterranean crops. Olive groves are among the rainfed agriculture lands that exhibit soil and water losses due to the impact of unsustainable practices such as conventional tillage and herbicides abuse. To achieve a more sustainable olive oil production, alternative, greener crop management practices need to be tested in the field. Here, a weed cover (CW) treatment is tested at an olive tree plantation that has undergone conventional mechanical tillage for 20 years and results were compared against an adjacent control plantation that maintained tillage as a weed control strategy (CO). Both plantations were under the same tillage management for centuries and macroscopic analysis confirms they are otherwise comparable. Compared to the CO, where tilled soil cover was zero, 20 years of CW (weeds cover 64%; litter cover 5%) had led to significantly higher values of soil bulk density and soil organic matter. Results from rainfall simulation experiments at 55 mm h¿1 on 0.25 m2 plots under CO (N = 25) and CW (N = 25) show that as a result of the improved soil structure, CW (i) reduced soil losses by two orders of magnitude (140 times), (ii) decreased runoff yield by one order of magnitude (from 2.65 till 27.6% of the rainfall), (iii) significantly reduced runoff sediment concentration (from 18.6 till 1.43 g l¿1), and (iv) significantly delayed runoff generation (CO = 273 s; CW = 788 s). These results indicate that weed cover is a sustainable land management practice in Mediterranean olive groves and promotes sustainable agriculture production in mountainous areas under rainfed conditions, which are typically affected by high erosion rates such those found in the CO plots. Due to the spontaneous recovery of plant cover, we conclude that weed cover is an excellent nature-based solution to increase in the soil organic matter content and soil erosion reduction in rainfed olive orchards., We thank Nathalie Elisseou Leglise for her kind management of our financial support. We wish to thank the Department of Geography members for their support along three decades to our research at the Soil Erosion and Degradation Research team (SEDER), with special thanks to the scientific researchers that as visitors from other research teams contributed to the SEDER research. And we also thank the Laboratory for Geomorphology technicians (Leon Navarro) for the key contribution to our research. The collaboration of the Geography and Environmental Sciences students was fruitful and enjoyable. The music of Feliu Ventura and Els Jovens was an inspiration during the writing of this paper at the COVID19 time. We thank the editor and the reviewers for the wise advises. This research was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no 603498 (RECARE project). A.C. thanks the Co-operative Research programme from the OECD (Biological Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Systems) for its support with the 2016 CRP fellowship (OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807). I.N.D. conducted this research in the framework of "DRip Irrigation Precise-DR.I.P: Development of an Advanced Precision Drip Irrigation System for Tree Crops" (Project Code: T1EDK-03372) which is co-financed by the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the call RESEARCHCREATE-INNOVATE.

Agricultural activities induce micro-topographical changes, soil compaction and structural changes due to soil cultivation, which directly affect ecosystem services. However, little is known about how these soil structural changes occur during and after the planting of orchards, and which key factors and processes play a major role in soil compaction due to cultivation works. This study evaluates the improved stock unearthing method (ISUM) as a low-cost and precise alternative to the tedious and costly traditional core sampling method, to characterize the changes in soil compaction in a representative persimmon orchard in Eastern Spain. To achieve this goal, firstly, in the field, undisturbed soil samples using metallic core rings (in January 2016 and 2019) were collected at different soil depths between 45 paired-trees, and topographic variations were determined following the protocol established by ISUM (January 2019). Our results show that soil bulk density (Bd) increases with depth and in the inter-row area, due to the effect of tractor passes and human trampling. The bulk density values of the top surface layers (0&ndash, 12 cm) showed the lowest soil accumulation, but the highest temporal and spatial variability. Soil consolidation within three years after planting as calculated using the core samples was 12 mm, whereas when calculated with ISUM, it was 14 mm. The quality of the results with ISUM was better than with the traditional core method, due to the higher amount of sampling points. The ISUM is a promising method to measure soil compaction, but it is restricted to the land where soil erosion does not take place, or where soil erosion is measured to establish a balance of soil redistribution. Another positive contribution of ISUM is that it requires 24 h of technician work to acquire the data, whereas the core method requires 272 h. Our research is the first approach to use ISUM to quantify soil compaction and will contribute to applying innovative and low-cost monitoring methods to agricultural land and conserving ecosystem services.

There is an urgent need to implement environmentally friendly agriculture management practices to achieve the Sustainable Goals for Development (SDGs) of the United Nations by 2030. Mediterranean agriculture is characterized by intense and millennia-old tillage management and as a consequence degraded soil. No-Tillage has been widely examined as a solution for soil degradation but No-Tillage relies more on the application of herbicides that reduce plant cover, which in turn enhances soil erosion. However, No-Tillage with weed cover should be researched to promote organic farming and sustainable agriculture. Therefore, we compare Tillage against No-Tillage using weed cover as an alternative strategy to reduce soil losses in persimmon plantations, both of them under organic farming management. To achieve these goals, two plots were established at &ldquo, La Canyadeta&rdquo, experimental station on 25-years old Persimmon plantations, which are managed with Tillage and No-Tillage for 3 years. A survey of the soil cover, soil properties, runoff generation and initial soil losses using rainfall simulation experiments at 55 mm h&minus, 1 in 0.25 m2 plot was carried out. Soils under Tillage are bare (96.7%) in comparison to the No-Tillage (16.17% bare soil), with similar organic matter (1.71 vs 1.88%) and with lower bulk densities (1.23 vs 1.37 g cm3). Tillage induces faster ponding (60 vs 92 s), runoff (90 vs 320 s) and runoff outlet (200 vs 70 s). The runoff discharge was 5.57 times higher in the Tillage plots, 8.64 for sediment concentration and 48.4 for soil losses. We conclude that No-tillage shifted the fate of the tilled field after 3 years with the use of weeds as a soil cover conservation strategy. This immediate effect of No-Tillage under organic farming conditions is very promising to achieve the SDGs.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:01:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-03-15 The Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM) was initially designed to assess soil mobilisation rates in vineyards; however, other grafted crops such as citrus orchards could also be successfully used. The results obtained from ISUM have been used for several goals, but have not yet been applied for computing the LS factor (length and slope) as a part of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), which could give useful information to improve soil management system plans. This investigation was conducted in an 8-year old clementine field located in Canals (Valencia, Spain) and values of the LS factor were calculated by means of two pre-established algorithms, which allowed us to calculate a Transect Length Index (TLI). Our results demonstrated that the micro-topographical changes can show frequent irregularities For the values of the Transect Length Index (TLI), the mean values were 1.02% for the left side and 1.04% for the right one. The difference among the areas predicted at the moment of furrow construction and the moment of data survey permitted us to estimate a total volume of 56.9 m3 of soil mobilized in 19 years. Taking into account the studied area (360 m2), the volume of mobilised soil, and the bulk density for the local soil (1.3 g cm-3), we estimated a total soil mobilisation of 8.3 mm yr-1 or 10.4 kg m-2 yr-1. We did not observe any evidence or indicator of rill and inter-rill erosion by natural rainfall events, suggesting that the runoff homogenizes the sediment distribution during heavy rains (corroborated by the TLI data) or tillage practices. The data created following the ISUM was suitable to be used to calculate the LS-factor values. The amount of soil mobilised as predicted by USLE was always lower than the ones predicted by ISUM. Soil Erosion and Degradation Research Group Department of Geography University of Valencia Physical Geography Trier University Department of Environmental Engineering Institute of Sciences and Technology of Sorocaba – SP São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions University of Tehran Department of Cartographic Engineering Geodesy and Photogrammetry Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n Department of Environmental Engineering Institute of Sciences and Technology of Sorocaba – SP São Paulo State University (UNESP)

[EN] To understand soil erosion processes, it is vital to know how the weather types and atmospheric situations, and their distribution throughout the year, affect the soil erosion rates. This will allow for the development of efficient land management practices to mitigate water-induced soil losses. Vineyards are one of the cultivated areas susceptible to high soil erosion rates. However, there is a lack of studies that link weather types and atmospheric conditions to soil erosion responses in viticultural areas. Thus, the main aim of this research is to assess the impacts of weather types and atmospheric conditions on soil erosion processes in a conventional vineyard with tillage in eastern Spain. To achieve this goal, rainfall events from 2006 to 2017 were monitored and the associated runoff and soil loss were collected from experimental plots. Our results showed that the highest volume of runoff and soil erosion is linked to rainfall associated with the eastern winds that accounted for 59.7% of runoff and 63.9% of soil loss, while cold drops in the atmospheric situation classifications emerged as the highest contributor of 40.9% in runoff and 44.1% in soil loss. This paper provides new insights into the development of soil erosion control measures that help to mitigate the negative impact of extreme rainfall and runoff considering atmospheric conditions., This research was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under grant No. 603498 (RECARE Project).

Soil erosion on mountain trails threaten the sustainability of soils and vegetation. There is a wide theoretical knowledge about the effects produced by mountain recreational activities, but particularly for soil erosion there is a shortage of field data. This is why it is necessary to properly survey the soil losses on mountain trails. The most widely applied method in scientific literature is the Cross-Section field survey as is easy-to-apply and low-cost. However, there is a doubt about its accuracy and the development of the new technologies may improve the quality and accuracy of the measurements. Aerial and terrestrial photogrammetric methods are difficult to apply when vegetation is present but, an opportunity arises to apply this method when fire takes place. This paper analyses the soil losses in a recently fire-affected land to check the accuracy of the three methodologies to assess soil loss on mountain trails. The results obtained show an average soil loss between 1287 and 1404 Mg ha−1 of trail erosion for the three methodologies applied, which implies that the Cross-Sectional-Area method, aerial photography and terrestrial photography provide very similar values. Therefore, the conventional Cross-Section field surveys method is useful and adequate to evaluate the impacts generated on mountain trails as it provides accurate measurement and can be repeated any time and below different vegetation covers. The terrestrial photogrammetric methods are accurate too, but they can only be used when there is very little vegetation cover such as in semiarid and arid landscapes or after forest fires. Moreover, they are more expensive and time consuming.

[ES] Se ha demostrado que el manejo del suelo bajo agricultura ecológica puede aumentar el contenido de carbono orgánico en el suelo moderando el incremento de los gases de efecto invernadero, pero hasta la fecha las evaluaciones cuantitativas basadas en mediciones a largo plazo han sido escasas, especialmente bajo condiciones mediterráneas. En esta investigación se examinaron los cambios en el contenido de carbono orgánico como respuesta a la agricultura ecológica con cobertura vegetal en una plantación de cítricos en el área mediterránea, utilizando una base de datos de 21 años. El incremento de contenido de carbono orgánico en el suelo fue más evidente tras cinco años desde el cambio del manejo del suelo, sugiriendo que, para plantaciones de cítricos en ambientes mediterráneos, los estudios deberían tener una duración superior a cinco años. La sata de secuestro de carbono orgánico no cambió significativamente durante los 21 años de observaciones, con valores que oscilaron entre -1.10 Mg C ha-1 a-1 y 1.89 Mg C ha-1 a-1. Tras 21 años, un total de 61 t CO2 ha-1 fueron secuestradas en las áreas de acumulación de carbono en el suelo. Estos resultados demuestran que la agricultura ecológica es una estrategia efectiva para restaurar o incrementar los niveles de carbono orgánico en el suelo en los sistemas de cítricos mediterráneos., [EN] It has been shown that soil management under organic farming can enhance soil organic carbon, thereby mitigating atmospheric greenhouse gas increases, but until now quantitative evaluations based on long term experiments are scarce, especially under Mediterranean conditions. Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content were examined in response to organic management with cover crops in a Mediterranean citrus plantation using 21 years of survey data. Soil organic carbon increase was more apparent 5 years after a land management change suggesting that, for citrus plantations on Mediterranean conditions, studies should be longer than five years in duration. Soil organic carbon sequestration rate did not significantly change during the 21 years of observation, with values ranging from -1.10 Mg C ha(-1) y(-1) to 1.89 Mg C ha(-1) y(-1). After 21 years, 61 Mg CO2 ha(-1) were sequestered in long-lived soil C pools. These findings demonstrate that organic management is an effective strategy to restore or increase SOC content in Mediterranean citrus systems., This research was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under grant no. 603498 (RECARE Project) and the research projects GL2008-02879/BTE and LEDDRA 243857.

[EN] Leisure activities in natural areas have experienced a large increase in popularity. In Mediterranean ecosystems, research on soil erosion in agriculture and forest fire affected land has been well developed but trail erosion has not been widely studied. In this work we evaluated two trails in the eastern Iberian Peninsula to assess soil erosion rates and provide new data. The study area is located in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate (around 400 mm y(-1)) and in limestone terrain with scarce soil development. The average erosion rates were 24.39 Mg ha(-1) y(-1) and 40.40 Mg ha(-1) y(-1) for the "Barranc de la Cova de la Hedra" and "Casa del Raco" study trails, respectively. These are non-sustainable rates due to the shallow soils and slow soil development in Mediterranean ecosystems. We found that the depth at the centre of the trail and the maximum depth measured could quickly and easily assess soil erosion rates in the mountain trails. Measuring the width and depth in the centre of the trail can assess 91% of the total erosion and reduces the time of the survey by 80%. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., This research is one of the results of the RECARE-FP7 project (ENV.2013.6.2-4, http://recare-project.eu).Professor Eric C Brevik from Dickinson University improved the draft manuscript with key comments and suggestions. Mauro Ponsoda, Antonio Minervino, Antonio Gimenez Morera, Farhat Bayat and Kivanc Yuksul contributed to the field and laboratory work. Saskia Keesstra contributed to the writing of the draft manuscript and improved the last version.

[EN] Parent material can determine specific physical and chemical soil properties and, therefore, soil erosion rates. However, for new vine plantations, there is not enough research on soil erosion assessment on different parent materials which could be helpful for agricultural management plans. The main aim of this research was to quantify soil erosion rates of two recent vineyard plantations under similar climate and land use management conditions, but on different parent materials, namely colluvium (2 years old) and marls (8 years old), located within the Les Alcusses valley vineyards in Eastern Spain. To achieve this goal, the ISUM (improved stock unearthing method) was applied. ISUM involves measurements of vertical distances from a horizontally stretched meter band attached to opposite pair vine plants to the topsoil surface at 5 sampling points along the cross sections of the pair vine rows. The original surface level was determined from the fixed distance of 2 cm of the graft unions from the soil surface. Digital elevation modelling of the vertical measurements was used to infer the erosion rates. Annual total soil erosion rates were 87.7 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) and 4.35 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) in the marls and colluvium plots, respectively. For the marls plot, 67% of the depletion occurred in the inter-row areas, whereas for the colluvium plot the inter-row areas registered 4.78 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) depletion and the row areas showed only a deposition of 0.44 Mg ha(-1) year(-1). We hypothesised that the inter-row areas registered the highest erosion rates due to the tillage practices. In the row areas, the cover of the vines possibly reduced soil erosion rates and acted as sinks for sediments. This behaviour of the inter-row areas acting as sources and the row areas as sinks for sediments was more evident on the colluvium plot, while most sections on the marls plot showed intense erosion features. It is suggested that more attention should be paid by policymakers and stakeholders to these differences when new plantations are introduced on marls and colluvium vineyards. We claim that initial soil erosion control measures should be applied during the first few years of plantations instead of when the vineyards are much older and soil has already been mobilised., The first author, J. Rodrigo-Comino, was issued with a grant for this study under the framework of a short scientific mission by the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)(COST-STSM-ECOST-STSM-ES1306-010217-081877).

Graft unions of cultivated plants have been used as passive bio-indicators to assess long-term soil erosion rates. By taking complementary topographical measures in inter-row areas, soil erosion can be more accurately estimated as done with the Improved Stock Unearthing Method (ISUM) in vineyards. As vines are not the only plants that are grafted, ISUM could be also applied to other crops. Most fruit trees are planted in ridges and our objective was to test if ISUM could be applied in a ridge planted persimmon plantation. This update in the methodology will allow the scientific community to expand measurements that will contribute to assessing soil erosion processes in intensive and non-sustainable plantations, where soil erosion is a key factor of land degradation. To achieve this goal, we carried out the research in a persimmon orchard plantation located in Canals municipality, Valencia, eastern Spain. The current soil surface and mobilized soils were estimated using ArcGIS, MATLAB, and SolidWorks software. The data showed soil erosion of 55.9, 50.4, and 50.2 Mg ha−1 yr−1, using ArcGIS, MATLAB, and SolidWorks, respectively. In the inter-row areas, soil erosion reached 58.9 Mg ha−1 yr−1 with mean LS factor of 1.5. In the row areas, soil erosion was 37.2 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Overall soil erosion rates ranged from 34.5 to 69.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1. We discuss the effect of tillage and ridges on soil redistribution, and the contribution of ISUM to improve scientific knowledge due to its long-term assessment. We concluded that soil erosion in the orchard was extremely high, non-sustainable and that there is a need to apply soil conservation strategies.

Due to the reduction in the prices of oranges on the market and social changes such as the ageing of the population, traditional orange plantation abandonment in the Mediterranean is taking place. Previous research on land abandonment impact on soil and water resources has focused on rainfed agriculture abandonment, but there is no research on irrigated land abandonment. In the Valencia Region&mdash, the largest producer of oranges in Europe&mdash, abandonment is resulting in a quick vegetation recovery and changes in soil properties, and then in water erosion. Therefore, we performed rainfall simulation experiments (0.28 m2, 38.8 mm h&minus, 1) to determine the soil losses in naveline orange plantations with different ages of abandonment (1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years of abandonment) which will allow for an understanding of the temporal changes in soil and water losses after abandonment. Moreover, these results were also compared with an active plantation (0). The results show that the soils of the active orange plantations have higher runoff discharges and higher erosion rates due to the use of herbicides than the plots after abandonment. Once the soil is abandoned for one year, the plant recovery reaches 33% of the cover and the erosion rate drops one order of magnitude. This is related to the delay in the runoff generation and the increase in infiltration rates. After 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years, the soil reduced bulk density, increase in organic matter, plant cover, and soil erosion rates were found negligible. We conclude that the abandonment of orange plantations reduces soil and water losses and can serve as a nature-based solution to restore the soil services, goods, and resources. The reduction in the soil losses was exponential (from 607.4 g m&minus, 2 in the active plot to 7.1 g m&minus, 2 in the 10-year abandoned one) but the water losses were linear (from 77.2 in active plantations till 12.8% in the 10-year abandoned ones).

[EN] Soil water erosion is a serious problem, especially in agricultural lands.Among these, vineyards deserve attention, because they constitute for the Mediterranean areas a type of land use affected by high soil losses. A significant problem related to the study of soil water erosion in these areas consists in the lack of a standardized procedure of collecting data and reporting results, mainly due to a variability among the measurement methods applied. Given this issue and the seriousness of soil water erosion in Mediterranean vineyards, this works aims to quantify the soil losses caused by simulated rainstorms, and compare them with each other depending on two different methodologies: (i) rainfall simulation and (ii) surface elevation change-based, relying on high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) derived from a photogrammetric technique (Structure-from-Motion or SfM). The experiments were carried out in a typical Mediterranean vineyard, located in eastern Spain, at very fine scales. SfM data were obtained from one reflex camera and a smartphone built-in camera. An index of sediment connectivity was also applied to evaluate the potential effect of connectivity within the plots. DEMs derived from the smartphone and the reflex camera were comparable with each other in terms of accuracy and capability of estimating soil loss. Furthermore, soil loss estimated with the surface elevation change-based method resulted to be of the same order of magnitude of that one obtained with rainfall simulation, as long as the sediment connectivity within the plot was considered. High-resolution topography derived from SfUrevealed to be essential in the sediment connectivity analysis and, therefore, in the estimation of eroded materials, when comparing them to those derived from the rainfall simulation methodology. The fact that smartphones built-in cameras could produce as much satisfying results as those derived from reflex cameras is a high value added for using SfM. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., The research leading to these results has received funding from the Research project 60A08-5455/15 of University of Padova (Italy), entitled "The analysis of the topographic signature of anthropic processes" and from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 603498 (RECARE project).

[EN] The importance of Geographic Information in relation to decision-making and addressing administrative issues, is considered vital by the different bodies managing the territory. Geographic Information Systems are designed to treat this type of information, aimed at solving complex planning and land administration.Because of its versatility, the scope of these systems is very broad and can be used in most activities in which a spatial component involved. Such is the case of those for local administrations, which are, according to the Spanish legal system, the basic units of the division of territory.A properly implemented enterprise GIS would be responsible for providing geographical information to all individuals who are part of that administration, considering all levels: operational, tactical and strategic.Thus, the geo generated could be shared, not only internally, but also with external agencies to the entity, whether belonging to the administration, or public or private companies linked to municipal management.However, although the implementation methodology in a local administration is highly developed, and have implemented many processes, reality shows turbidity. Many projects, ambitious in its design, fail to crystallize and reduced to mere departmental GIS end in a disorderly manner.The reasons given by organizations are mainly based on the awareness of not need some of the advanced possibilities offered by GIS, or the waste produced by their workers, or reducing funding ...But these reasons given by the different agencies that have not achieved success in exploiting GIS Are symptoms or diseases? Is it of subjective references that gives a sick or diseases themselves ?.To heal the patient, it would be more operational focus on the study of causality in the case of an implementation of a GIS in local government, is reflected in determining the factors that influence the success or failure, and indicate which of them They are critical.In this thesis these sensitive factors are determined, their criticality analyzes and possible solution is provided. For this purpose, engulfing the different factors in different groups, including the legal, technological, methodological, organizational and economic are studied.Thus, we analyzed in detail the regulatory and legal framework governing this type of information in relation to local government, shedding light on the obligation of municipalities to collect and disseminate geographic information in the field of their competence, for which should develop infrastructure sharing.The most influential in the successful implementation of the system factors are related to the definition of the data model, considered the backbone of the Geographic Database, since largely determines the interoperability of the system and its universal utility.This research proposes a model valid for the implementation of a focused database to urban areas, taking into account the compatibility with other official topographic databases. Since the needs of collecting information, by the Local Government, encompassing different mappable concepts for the amount of those needs a pilot study has been instrumental in defining the detailed model.The model includes a catalog of events, such as technical specifications, the determination allowing each data producer operate equally in the capture, or convert your data to the proposed model.Quality requirements to be met by geographic database, considering the descriptive quality components according to current international standards are also specified.Finally, and in order to control the quality of the product generated, a statistical sampling mechanisms, for inspection, allow a simplified form, and maintaining statistical rigor, quality assess such proposed., [ES] La importancia de la Información Geográfica, en relación con la toma de decisiones y tratamiento de las cuestiones administrativas, es considerada vital por los diferentes órganos que gestionan el territorio. Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica están diseñados para tratar este tipo de información, destinada a resolver problemas de planificación y administración territorial.Debido a su versatilidad, el campo de aplicación de estos sistemas es muy amplio, pudiendo utilizarse en la mayoría de actividades en las que intervenga una componente espacial. Tal es el caso de las correspondientes a las Administraciones Locales, que son las unidades básicas de la división del territorio.Un SIG corporativo implantado adecuadamente suministraría información geográfica a todos los individuos que forman parte de esa administración y de esta forma, la geoinformación generada se podría compartir, no sólo de manera interna, sino también con organismos externos a la propia entidad, ya fueran pertenecientes a la administración, o a empresas públicas o privadas vinculadas a la gestión municipal.Sin embargo, aunque la metodología de implantación en una Administración Local está muy desarrollada, y se han puesto en práctica muchos procesos, la realidad presenta cierta turbidez. Numerosos proyectos, ambiciosos en su diseño, no llegan a cristalizar y acaban reducidos a simples SIG departamentales de una manera desordenada.Los motivos esgrimidos por las organizaciones se basan en la concienciación de la no necesidad de algunas de las avanzadas posibilidades que brindan los SIG, o en el rechazo producido por parte de sus trabajadores, o en la reducción de las financiaciones...Pero estos motivos aducidos por los diferentes organismos que no han conseguido el éxito en la explotación del SIG ¿son síntomas o patologías? ¿se trata de referencias subjetivas que da un enfermo o las enfermedades en sí mismas?. Para sanar al paciente, sería más operativo centrarse en el estudio de la causalidad, que en este caso, se plasma en determinar los factores que influyen en el éxito o fracaso, y señalar cuáles de ellos son críticos. En esta tesis doctoral se determinan estos factores sensibles, se analiza su criticidad y se aporta una posible solución, de esta forma, se ha analizado detalladamente el marco normativo y legal en relación con la Administración Local, vertiendo luz sobre la obligación de los municipios de recoger y difundir la información geográfica, para lo cual deben desarrollar infraestructuras de intercambio.Los factores más influyentes en el éxito de la implantación del sistema son los relacionados con la definición del Modelo de Datos, considerado como la espina dorsal de la Base de Datos Geográfica, puesto que condiciona en gran medida la interoperabilidad del sistema y su utilidad universal.Esta investigación propone un modelo de datos válido para la implementación de una base enfocada al ámbito urbano, teniendo en cuenta la compatibilidad con otras bases topográficas oficiales. Puesto que las necesidades de recogida de información, por parte de la Administración Local, engloban diferentes conceptos cartografiables, para realizar el montante de dichas necesidades se detalla un estudio piloto que ha sido clave en la definición del modelo.El Modelo incluye tanto el catálogo de fenómenos, como las especificaciones técnicas pertinentes, cuya determinación permite a cada productor de datos operar de igual modo en la captura, o convertir su información al modelo propuesto.También se especifican los requisitos de calidad que debe cumplir la base de datos geográfica, considerando las componentes descriptoras de la calidad según la normalización vigente a nivel internacional.Para finalizar, y con el objeto de controlar la calidad del producto generado, se proponen unos mecanismos estadísticos de muestreo que, a modo de inspección, permiten de una forma simplificada, y ma, [CAT] La importància de la Informació Geogràfica, en relació amb la presa de decisions i tractament de les qüestions administratives, és considerada vital pels diferents òrgans que gestionen el territori. Els Sistemes d'Informació Geogràfica estan dissenyats per a tractar aquest tipus d'informació, destinada a resoldre problemes complexos de planificació i administració territorial.Degut a la seua versatilitat, el camp d'aplicació d'aquests sistemes és molt ample, podent utilitzar-se a la majoria d'activitats en les quals intervinga una component espacial. És el cas de les activitats corresponents a les Administracions Locals, les quals són, segons l'ordenament jurídic espanyol, les unitats bàsiques de la divisió del territori.Un SIG corporatiu implantat adequadament seria l'encarregat de subministrar informació geogràfica a tots els individus que formen part d'eixa administració, d'aquesta forma, la geoinformació generada podria compartir-se, no sols de manera interna, sinó també amb organismes externs a la pròpia entitat, ja fóra pertanyents a l'administració, o a empreses públiques o privades relacionades amb la gestió municipal.Tanmateix, tot i que la metodologia d'implantació en una Administració Local està molt desenvolupada, i s'han posat en pràctica molts projectes, la realitat és una mica tèrbola. Nombrosos projectes, ambiciosos en el seu disseny, no arriben a cristal·litzar i acaben reduïts a mers SIG departamentals d'una manera desordenada.Els motius esgrimits per les organitzacions es basen principalment en la conscienciació de la no necessitat d'algunes de les avançades possibilitats que brinden els SIG, o en el rebuig produït per part dels treballadors, o en la reducció del finançament...Però aquests motius adduïts pels diferents organismes que no han aconseguit l'èxit en l'explotació del SIG, són símptomes o patologies? es tracta de referències subjectives que dóna un malalt o les malalties en sí mateix? Per tal de sanar el pacient, seria més operatiu centrar-se en l'estudi de la causalitat, que en aquest cas, es plasma en determinar els factors que influeixen en l'èxit o fracàs, i assenyalar quins d'ells són crítics.En aquesta tesi doctoral es determinen aquests factors sensibles, s'analitza la seua criticitat i s'aporta una possible solució, d'aquesta forma, s'ha analitzat el marc normatiu i legal que regeix aquest tipus d'informació en relació amb l'Administració Local, vessant llum sobre l'obligació dels municipis de recollir i difondre la informació, per a la qual cosa deuen desenvolupar infraestructures d'intercanvi.Els factors més influents en l'èxit de la implantació del sistema són tots els relacionats amb la definició del Model de Dades, considerat com la columna vertebral de la Base de Dades Geogràfica, donat que és ell qui condiciona en gran mesura la interoperabilitat del sistema y la seua utilitat universal.Aquesta investigació proposa un model de dades vàlid per a l'implementació d'una base enfocada a l'àmbit urbà, tenint en compte la compatibilitat amb altres bases topogràfiques oficials. Donat que les necessitats de recollida d'informació per part de l'Administració Local, inclouen diferents conceptes cartografiables, cal identificar-los adequadament i per a fer-ho es detalla un estudi pilot que ha estat clau en la definició del model.El Model inclou tant el catàleg de fenòmens com les especificacions tècniques pertinents, permetent a cada productor de dades operar d'una mateixa forma en la captura i convertir la informació pròpia al model proposat.També s'especifiquen els requisits de qualitat que déu complir la base de dades geogràfica, considerant les components descriptores de la qualitat segons la normalització vigent a nivell internacional.Per a finalitzar, i amb l'objecte de controlar la qualitat del producte, es proposen mecanismes estadístics de mostreig a mode d'inspecció, els quals permeten, Terol Esparza, E. (2015). Determinación y análisis de los factores críticos en la implantación de un SIG en la administración local [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. doi:10.4995/Thesis/10251/55141., TESIS