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Nguyen, Thi Anh Duong, Hoang, Ha, Chu, Hoang Ha, Peña-Santiago, Reyes (2023): Description of Aporcella daklakensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Aporcelaimidae), associated with coffee plantations in Central Highland of Vietnam. Zootaxa 5297 (3): 427-434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5297.3.7

Aporcella daklakensis sp. n. Figures 1–3; Table 1. Material examined. Eleven females from two locations; in general, in good state of preservation.

Cavalcanti, Mariana Da Fonseca, Guilherme, Betânia C., Rosa-Filho, José Souto (2023): Review of Admirandus Belogurov & Belogurova, 1979 (Nematoda, Oncholaimidae) with the description of a new species and the first record of the genus from Brazil. Zootaxa 5244 (1): 71-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.1.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5244.1.6

Admirandus capibaribei sp. n. (Figures 1–4, Table 1) Material studied. Holotype: male (slide MOUFPE.NEM-1) Paratypes: 2 paratype males (one male in slide MOUFPE.NEM-7 and one male in slide MOUFPE.NEM-8) and 6 paratype females (one female in slide MOUFPE.NEM-2, one female in slide MOUFPE.NEM-3, two females in slide MOUFPE.NEM-4, one female in slide MOUFPE.NEM-5 and one female in slide MOUFPE.NEM-6). The specimen in the slide MOUFPE.NEM-2 is the female paratype represented in the images (Figures 2 and 4). Etymology: The species epithet is related to the sampling location, i.e., the estuary of the Capibaribe River. The name Capibaribe originates from the Tupi language and means “in the water of the capybara or ‘wild pigs’”, through the junction of the terms from the Tupi language kapibara (capybara), y (water) and pe (in). Description Males (Figures 1 and 3): Body cylindrical, tapering slightly anteriorly to a conical-cylindrical tail. Cuticle smooth. Six small inner labial papillae, six outer labial, and four cephalic setae. Horseshoe-shaped marginal lamellae (in lateral view) at level of cephalic setae. Stoma rectangular in shape, length to width ratio 2.4–2.8. Three onchia in buccal cavity: largest right, subventral, with a row of denticules, dorsal and left ventrosublateral onchia smaller and equal in size. Amphidial fovea pocket-like with slit-like aperture 3.0–3.5 times body diameter. Pharynx cylindrical, surrounding buccal cavity anteriorly, wider at base, but not forming bulb. Nerve ring covering approximately 50% of pharyngeal length. Cardia large, triangular in shape. Secretory-excretory pore opening anterior to nerve ring, with ventral gland located posterior to cardia. Reproductive system diorchic, with opposed and extended testes, at right side of intestine. Spicules short, slightly curved, arc length 0.9–1.1 of anal body diameter. Gubernaculum without apophysis. Cloaca surrounded by circle of short setae. Tail 2.6–3.3 diameter of anal body, conical-cylindrical in shape, with cylindrical part ratio of 1.3–1.5. One pair of setae mid-tail and second pair at tail extremity. Three caudal glands in pre-cloacal region with openings in the spinneret. Females (Figures 2 and 4): Females similar to males in general, differing only in some aspects (b and c ratios) and sexual dimorphism of tail. Amphidial fovea pocket-like with slit aperture 3.8–4.3 times diameter of body. Ovaries paired, reflected antidromously, left of intestine, with egg. Vulva in the 43–53% total body length. Demanian system of Adoncholaimus type with osmosium, ductus uterinus, ductus entericus, uvette, main duct, interstitial channel and three terminal pores in the tail region. Tail 3.8 anal body diameter, conical-cylindrical in shape, attenuated transition between conical and cylindrical parts. Single terminal setae and spinneret. Diagnosis of Admirandus capibaribei sp. n. Demanian system of the Adoncholaimus type with osmosium, ductus uterinus, ductus entericus, uvette, main duct, interstitial channel and three terminal pores in caudal region. Presence of denticles at level of dorsal tooth. Spicules short (0.9–1.1 of anal body diameter). Tail conical-cylindrical with terminal setae. Tail sexually dimorphic. Remarks. Lo Russo et al. (2016) described Admirandus sanjuliensis as having one pre-cloacal terminal copulatory pore and two post-cloacal pores, although the principal trait that distinguishes Admirandus from Adoncholaimus is the position of these pores. In this case, sanjuliensis does not align with Admirandus, and based on the evidence, should be considered to be a species inquirenda. While specimens identified as Adoncholaimus have been recorded from Brazil, there is no previous record of Admirandus from this country (Venekey et al. 2010; Fonseca & Fehlauer-Ale 2012; Pinto et al. 2013; Venekey 2017). Given this, the description of Admirandus capibaribei sp. n. represents the first record of the genus in Brazil., Published as part of Cavalcanti, Mariana Da Fonseca, Guilherme, Betânia C. & Rosa-Filho, José Souto, 2023, Review of Admirandus Belogurov & Belogurova, 1979 (Nematoda, Oncholaimidae) with the description of a new species and the first record of the genus from Brazil, pp. 71-81 in Zootaxa 5244 (1) on pages 73-74, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7645815, {"references":["Venekey, V., Fonseca-Genevois, V. G. & Santos, P. J. P. (2010) Biodiversity of free-living marine nematodes on the coast of Brazil: a review. Zootaxa, 2568, 39 - 66.","Fonseca, G.; & Fehlauer-Ale, K. H. (2012) Three in one: fixing marine nematodes for ecological, molecular, and morphological studies. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 10, 516 - 523.","Pinto, T. K., Austen, M. C., Warwick, R. M., Somerfield, P. J., Esteves, A. M., Castro, F. J., Fonseca-Genevois, V. G. & Santos, P. J. (2013) Nematode diversity in different microhabitats in a mangrove region. Marine Ecology, 34, 257 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12011","Venekey, V. (2017) Updates on information about free-living marine nematodes in Brazil: new records and comments on problems in taxonomic studies. Zootaxa, 4337 (1), 38 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4337.1.2."]}

Two new species Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. and Belbolla sinica sp. nov. are described from Yangma Island, Yellow Sea. Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. is characterized by six outer labial setae three-jointed, inner labial setae and cephalic setae unjointed, amphidial fovea unispiral with circular aperture and positioned at middle of buccal cavity, spicules paired and slightly curved, gubernaculum kidney-like and distal end heavily cuticularized with a pointed projection, tail conical without long subterminal setae. Belbolla sinica sp. nov. is characterized by short body length, posterior pharynx region with seven bulbs, spicules straight with proximal and distal end tapered and middle part thickened, gubernaculum short without apophysis, two small wing-shaped precloacal supplements well developed, tail conico-cylindrical with cylindrical portion short.

Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. (Figures 1–2, Table 1) Type material. Three males and two females were measured and studied. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide 19YMD2-2-108; paratypes: ♂ 2 on slide 19YMD2-2-28, ♂ 3 on slide 19YMD2-2-46, ♀ 1 on slide 19YMD2-2-30, and ♀ 2 on slide 19YMD2-2-27. Type locality and habitat. Specimens were collected from intertidal muddy sediment (0-2 cm) at Yangma Island, Shandong Province. 37º45′N, 121º61′E. Etymology. Species name gracilis means graceful and slender. Measurements. All measurement data are given in Table 1. Description. Males. Body cylindrical, 1882–1975 μm in length. Six short inner labial setae unjointed, 3 μm in length (0.13–0.14 head diameter long). Six outer labial setae three-jointed, 15–19 μm in length (0.7–0.8 head diameter long). Four cephalic setae unjointed, 6–8 μm in length (0.29–0.36 head diameter long), outer labial setae and cephalic setae in a same circle. Somatic setae (4–5 μm in length) scarcely present in pharynx and caudal region. Cuticle faintly striated. Amphidial fovea situated at middle of buccal cavity, unispiral with circular aperture, 6–7 μm in diameter (23%–28% corresponding body diameter), 19–20 μm from anterior body end. Three lips high and deeply incised. Buccal cavity cuticularized, cylindrical in shape and without teeth, 11–14 μm in width and 34–35 μm in length. Pharynx cylindrical, anterior end partly surrounding buccal cavity and posterior end slightly swollen, 343–357 μm in length. Nerve ring situated 143–161 μm from anterior end. Secretory-excretory system and cardia not observed. Reproductive system monorchic with anterior testis outstretched, 276 μm in length (14.2% of total body length), located on the left of the intestine. Spicules paired and slightly curved, 37–41 μm in length (1.1–1.2 cloacal body diameter). Gubernaculum kidney-like, distal end cuticularized with a short projection. Precloacal supplements absent. Tail conical, rounded at posterior end, 130–140 μm (3.6–4.1 anal body diameter) in length, three caudal glands in line. Caudal setae present, long subterminal setae absent. Females. Similar to males in most characters. Reproductive system didelphic and amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries, 494 μm in length (25% of total body length).Anterior and posterior ovary on the right of the intestine. Vulva located near mid-body, 941–1019 μm from anterior end. Vagina short and sclerotized. Differential diagnosis and discussion. Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. is characterized by six outer labial setae three-jointed in males and females, cephalic setae and inner labial setae unjointed, amphidial fovea positioned at middle of buccal cavity, spicules slightly curved, gubernaculum kidney-like and distal end cuticularized with a pointed projection, tail conical without long subterminal setae. Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. is similar to P. jare, P. arthropappus, and P. denticaudatus in tail shape, but differs from P. arthropappus in the shorter body length (1882–1995 μm vs. 3100–3300 μm), inner and outer labial setae shape (inner unjointed, outer three-jointed vs. inner three-jointed, outer four-jointed), shorter outer labial setae and cephalic setae (15–19 μm, 6–8 μm vs. 47–52 μm, 18–19 μm), amphidial fovea position (at middle of buccal cavity vs. posterior to buccal cavity), spicules length and shape (37–41 μm, proximal end not cephalated vs. 50–57 μm, proximal end cephalated), and absence of long subterminal setae (present in P. arthropappus). The new species differs from P. denticaudatus in the shorter outer labial setae (15–19 μm vs. 25–30 μm), amphidial fovea position and diameter (at middle of buccal cavity, 23–28% corresponding body diameter vs. posterior to buccal cavity, 14% corresponding body diameter), outer labial setae shape (three-jointed vs. four-jointed), unjointed inner labial setae and cephalic setae (jointed in P. denticaudatus). The new species differs from P. jare in the shorter body length (1882–1995 μm vs. 2982–3492 μm), outer labial setae shape (three-jointed vs. three-jointed in male and two-jointed in female), amphidial fovea position (at the middle buccal cavity vs. posterior end at level of posterior buccal cavity), spicules shape (slightly curved vs. slightly curved, with heel-shaped projection), and gubernaculum shape (distal end swollen with one projection vs. distal end with two tooth-like projections).

Genus Parabathylaimus De Coninck & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933 Diagnosis (modified from Shimada et al. 2021). Cuticle smooth or striated; three lips high, deeply incised; anterior sensilla all setiform; inner labial and cephalic sensilla jointed or not; outer labial sensilla jointed; buccal cavity not divided; teeth absent; amphids unispiral; long subterminal setae on tail present or absent; spicules shorter than 2.0 cloacal body diameters; gubernaculum with projection(s) at distal end; male monorchic with anterior testis outstretched; female didelphic-amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries., Published as part of Wang, Mengna, Guo, Wen & Wang, Chunming, 2022, Two new species, Parabathylaimus gracilis sp. nov. and Belbolla sinica sp. nov (Nematoda: Enoplida), from Yangma Island of the Yellow Sea, China, pp. 344-354 in Zootaxa 5200 (4) on page 345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5200.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7270698, {"references":["De Coninck, L. A. & Schuurmans Stekhoven, J. H. (1933) The free living marine nemas of the Belgian Coast. II With general remarks on the structure and the system of nemas. Memoires du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique, 58, 3 - 163.","Shimada, D., Suzuki, A. C., Tsujimoto, M., Imura, S., Kakui, K. (2021) Two New Species of Free-living Marine Nematodes (Nematoda: Axonolaimidae and Tripyloididae) from the Coast of Antarctica. Species Diversity, 26 (1), 49 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / specdiv. 26.49"]}

Basirotyleptus acus Goseco, Ferris & Ferris, 1974 Fig. 5, Table 5 Basirotyleptus acus Goseco et al., 1974: 12, 14. Basirotyleptus pini ��� Furstenberg 1980: 153���155. Material examined INDIA ��� Kerala State ��� 11 ♀♀; Palakkad district, Silent Valley National Park; 11��03���49.6��� N, 76��32���17.4��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 26 Oct. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of forest trees (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus acus /1���4. ��� Tamil Nadu State ��� 7 ♀♀; Nilgiris district, Mudumalai National Park; 11��32���35.4��� N, 76��31���24.1��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 14 Nov. 2016; soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus acus /5���8. . Description Female Small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad or open C-shaped upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0���1.5 ��m thick at anterior region, 1.5���2.0 ��m at midbody and 2.0���2.5 ��m on tail. Outer cuticle thin, with fine transverse striations; inner layer thick, striated, loose, its outline irregular, with distinct radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 28���35% of midbody diameter. Lateral body pores distinct; 1���3 in neck region; 1���2 from pharyngeal base to vulva and 3���8 post-vulval region. Dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by constriction, 2.0���2.3 times as wide as high or about one-third to two-fifths of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated; inner part slightly elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct but not interfering with labial contour. Amphids duplex, stirrup-shaped, their aperture about one-half to three-fifths as wide as lip region diameter. Stoma a long, slender truncate cone, slightly sclerotized in the perioral region. Odontostyle very slender, solid, thin needle-like, sometimes slightly dorsally bent, 1.2���1.6 times the lip region diameter long. Odontophore simple, sclerotized, about 1.0���1.1 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 1.2���1.4 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender and slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a short pear-shaped basal bulb, with a perceptible thickening at the posterior part of its inner lining, occupying about 14��� 18% of total neck length. Nerve ring at 51���60% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, about one-fifth to one-fourth of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 42���89 ��m; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 44���63 ��m, consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by weak sphincter. Uterus short and slender tube without any specialization, measuring 17���30 ��m.Anterior genital branch usually absent or reduced to a very small sac, about one-fifth to one-third midbody diameter long. Sperm cell absent. Vagina cylindrical, extending slight posteriorly, 8.5���11.5 ��m or about two-fifths to one-half (40���52%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 5.5���7.5 �� 4.0���6.0 ��m, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 3.5���4.5 ��m with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.5���3.8 and rectum 0.9���1.3 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to conoid, 0.6���0.8 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side, a distinct terminal pore also present. Male Not found. Remarks Goseco et al. (1974) described this species from the Indiana. The morphometrics of present populations conform well with the type population except in having a slightly longer odontostyle (10.0���11.5 vs 8 ��m), slightly shorter odontophore (11���13 vs 14.4 ��m); shorter pharyngeal bulb (15���20 vs 22 ��m); longer vagina (8.5���11.5 vs 13 ��m) and presence of anterior uterine sac in some specimens (vs anterior uterine sac absent). This species is reported here for the first time from India. During the present study, two populations representing eighteen specimens were collected from the Western Ghats, India. Although in some specimens of the present populations a very small anterior uterine sac was present, other morphometric values completely overlapped to with those in B. acus, and therefore these specimens are considered as B. acus. Furstenberg (1980) redescribed B. pini Siddiqi & Khan, 1965 based on two populations comprising twenty eight females from Australia and mentioned that Australian specimens correspond well with type population of B. pini except for the absence of anterior uterine sac in some specimens. Some doubt exists on the correct identity of the Australian population as it shows some morphological differences i.e., differently shaped odontostyle (odontostyle very slender, thin needle-like vs slender, simple needle-like); differently shaped lip region (lip region low, flat, offset by slight constriction vs lip region comparatively higher, angular, offset by deep constriction), labial papillae not interfering with labial contour (vs labial papillae interfering with labial contour, forming a liplets-like structure), and absence of anterior uterine sac in some specimens (vs anterior uterine present in every specimen). The morphometrics of Furstenberg (1980) population is quite comparable to B. acus except in the presence of anterior uterine sac in some specimens (vs absent in the type population). With the addition of present populations, which have specimens both with or without sac, B. pini apud Furstenberg, 1980 is considered here as B. acus., Published as part of Islam, Md Niraul & Ahmad, Wasim, 2022, Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 791 (1) on pages 16-19, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.791.1645, http://zenodo.org/record/5999842, {"references":["Goseco C. G., Ferris V. R. & Ferris J. M. 1974. Revision in Leptonchoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Tyleptus in Leptonchidae, Tyleptinae; Basirotyleptus in Leptonchidae, Belonenchinae and Loncharionema n. gen. in Leptonchidae, Xiphinemellinae. Research Bulletin, Purdue University Agriculture Experimental Station 913: 1 - 24.","Furstenberg J. P. 1980. A new species and some new records of Basirotyleptus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: (Belonchinae) from Australia and Malaysia. Nematologica 26: 149 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529280 X 00035","Siddiqi M. R. & Khan E. 1965. A review of the nematode genus Basirotyleptus (Dorylaimida) with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 32: 23 - 31. Thorne G. 1964. Nematodes of Puerto Rico: Belondiroidea, new superfamily, Leptonchidae Thorne, 1935, and Belonenchidae new family (Nematoda, Adenophorea, Dorylaimida). University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Papers 39: 1 - 51."]}

Basirotyleptus neocaudatus sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E9DD76EF-C8B7-450B-B019-F77513AE8C42 Figs 14���15, Table 10 Diagnosis Basirotyleptus neocaudatus sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.31���0.44 mm long body; lip region cap-like, offset by constriction; lips rounded, inner part slightly elevated; odontostyle 7.5���9.5 ��m long, odontophore 10���13 ��m long, total stylet length 18���22 ��m; pharynx a slender anterior part, expanding abruptly into a short pyriform basal bulb, occupying about 14���19% of total neck length; female genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic; anterior genital branch absent or rarely a very small sac, 3.0��� 5.0 ��m or less one-third midbody diameter long, tail with convex-conoid to digitate acute terminus, 1.1���1.7 times anal body diameter long; male with 20.5 ��m long spicules, 5.5 ��m long lateral guiding pieces and two ventromedian supplements. Etymology The new species is named Basirotyleptus neocaudatus sp. nov. because of its tail close to B. caudatus. Material examined Holotype INDIA ��� ♀; Kerala State, Kasaragad district, Ranipuram National Park; 12.4��26���18.3��� N, 75.3��58���94.4��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 7 Nov. 2016; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus neocaudatus /1. Paratypes INDIA ��� 5 ♀♀, 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus neocaudatus /2���4. Additional material INDIA ��� Kerala State ��� 14 ♀♀; Palakkad district, Mukkali Forest; 11��03���40.7��� N, 76��32.7���23.8��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 26 Oct. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus neocaudatus /5���9 ��� 16 ♀♀; Idukki district, Muttam; 9��49���22.8��� N, 76��43���40.8��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 30 Oct. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus neocaudatus /10���15. Type habitat and locality Soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified) from Ranipuram National Park, Kasaragad district, Kerala State. Other habitat and localities Soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified) from Mukkali forest, Palakkad district and from Muttam, Idukki district, Kerala State. Description Female Small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad or open C-shaped upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0���1.5 ��m thick at anterior region, 1.5���2.0 ��m at midbody and 2.0���2.5 ��m on tail. Outer cuticle thin, with fine transverse striations; inner layer thick, its outline loose, irregular, distinctly striated, with distinct radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 25���35% of midbody diameter. Lateral body pores distinct; one at odontostyle-odontophore region; 1���2 in neck region; 2���3 at neck to vulval region and 3���9 at post-vulval region. Dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by constriction, 2.0���2.3 times as wide as high or about two-fifths of the body diameter at neck base. Lips slightly angular, separated, inner part slightly elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct but not interfering with labial contour. Amphids stirrup-shaped, their aperture about one-half to three-fifths as wide as lip region diameter. Stoma a long, slender truncate cone, slightly sclerotized in the perioral region. Odontostyle slender, solid, needle-like, 1.0���1.4 times the lip region diameter long. Odontophore simple, sclerotized, slightly swollen at base surrounded by pharyngeal tissue, 1.2���1.5 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 1.1���1.4 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender anterior part, expanding abruptly into a short pearshaped basal bulb, with a perceptible thickening at the posterior part of its inner lining, occupying about 14���19% of total neck length. Nerve ring at 49���64% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, about one-sixth to one-third of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 33���69 ��m; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 27���52 ��m, consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by weak sphincter. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 13���25 ��m. Anterior genital branch completely absent or rarely reduced to a very small sac, less than one-third midbody diameter long. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 9.0���12.0 ��m or about one-half to three-fifths (50���61%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 5.5���8.0 �� 3.5���5.5 ��m, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 3.0��� 4.0 ��m with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.2���4.7 and rectum 0.9���1.5 times anal body diameter long. Tail convex-conoid to digitate with acute terminus, 1.1���1.7 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male General morphology similar to that of female except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cell spindle-shaped. In addition to adcloacal pair at 7 ��m from cloacal aperture, there are two irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, first one located beyond the range of spicules, 19 ��m from adcloacal pair and second 15 ��m from first. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, slightly robust, 5.3 times as long as wide and 1.2 times as long as cloacal body diameter, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 129��, head occupying 13% of total spicules length, median pieces 12 times as long as wide or occupying 35% of the spicules maximum width, reaching the spicules tip, posterior end 2 ��m wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, about 5.5 times as long as wide or about one-fourth of the spicules length. Prerectum 3.7 and rectum 1.4 times cloacal body diameter long. Tail convex-conoid with acute terminus, about one cloacal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Remarks In the presence of a short body and conoid tail with acute terminus, the new species comes close to B. caudatus Jairajpuri, 1966 and B. conicaudatus sp. nov. but, differs from the former in the absence of liplets (vs present); differently shaped amphids (stirrup-shaped vs cup-shaped); shorter odontostyle (7.5���9.5 vs 12 ��m); odontophore longer than odontostyle (vs odontophore shorter than odontostyle, about one-half as long as odontostyle length) and presence of male (vs male absent). From B. conicaudatus sp. nov., the new species differs in having a simple odontophore, without basal flanges (vs with distinct basal flanged); absence of anterior uterine sac (vs anterior uterine sac present); anterior vulva position (V = 41���48 vs 55���58) and more ventromedian supplements (2 vs 1). In the presence of a conoid tail, the new species also comes close to B. lieberi Goseco et al., 1974 and B. westralis Siddiqi, 1970 but differs from the former in having shorter body (L = 0.31���0.44 vs 0.67���0.90 mm); female genital system mono-opisthodelphic (vs mono-prodelphic) and smaller spicules (20.5 vs 24���28 ��m). From B. westralis, the new species differs in having shorter body (L = 0.31���0.44 vs 0.55���0.75 mm); female genital system mono-opisthodelphic (vs amphidelphic) and smaller spicules (20.5 vs 22���25��m)., Published as part of Islam, Md Niraul & Ahmad, Wasim, 2022, Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 791 (1) on pages 39-44, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.791.1645, http://zenodo.org/record/5999842, {"references":["Jairajpuri M. S. 1966. On Basirotyleptus caudatus n. sp. and a redescription of Thornenema thienemanni (Schneider, 1937) Andrassy, 1959 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 33: 30 - 33.","Goseco C. G., Ferris V. R. & Ferris J. M. 1974. Revision in Leptonchoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Tyleptus in Leptonchidae, Tyleptinae; Basirotyleptus in Leptonchidae, Belonenchinae and Loncharionema n. gen. in Leptonchidae, Xiphinemellinae. Research Bulletin, Purdue University Agriculture Experimental Station 913: 1 - 24.","Siddiqi M. R. 1970. Five new species of Basirotyleptus and the description of Leptonchus baccatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Nematologica 16: 203 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00216"]}

Basirotyleptus goaensis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E0A280BC-CE80-43F7-8637-BDE34EC5017F Figs 12���13, Table 9 Diagnosis Basirotyleptus goaensis sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.73���0.87 mm long body; lip region cap-like, offset by deep constriction; lips rounded, slightly angular, separated, inner part elevated; odontostyle 13.0���14.5 ��m long, odontophore 15.0���17.5 ��m long, total stylet length 28.5���31.0 ��m; pharynx with a slender anterior part, expanding gradually into a short pyriform basal bulb, occupying about 16���18% of total neck length; female genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic; anterior genital branch reduced to a simple sac, 24.5���46.0 ��m or 1.0���1.6 times midbody diameter long, tail short, rounded to conoid, 0.7���0.8 times anal body diameter long. Etymology The new species is named Basirotyleptus goaensis sp. nov. because of its type locality Goa. Material examined Holotype INDIA ��� ♀; Goa State, South Goa district, Madgaon; 15��09���03.5��� N, 74��01���05.5��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 19 April. 2016; roots of shrubs (unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus goaensis /1. Paratypes INDIA ��� 7 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus goaensis /2���6. Type habitat and locality Soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs and forest trees (unidentified) from Madgaon, Goa State. Description Female Small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad or open C-shaped upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0���1.5 ��m thick at anterior region, 2.0���2.5 ��m at midbody and 2.5���3.0 ��m on tail. Outer cuticle thin, finely striated, with distinct rows of punctations; inner layer thick, finely striated, loose, its outline irregular, with distinct radial refractive elements but more so towards posterior region. Lateral chords occupying about 24���32% of midbody diameter. Lateral body pores distinct; 1���3 in neck region; 2���3 from pharyngeal base to vulva; 3���7 in post-vulval region. Dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by deep constriction, 2.0���2.2 times as wide as high or about onethird of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, slightly angular, separated, inner part elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct and slightly raised above the labial contour. Amphids large, duplex, cup-shaped, their aperture about three-fifths to two-thirds as wide as lip region diameter. Stoma a long, slender truncate cone, slightly sclerotized in the perioral region. Odontostyle slender, solid, needlelike, 1.5���1.6 times the lip region diameter long. Odontophore simple, sclerotized, about 1.1���1.2 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 1.2���1.3 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender anterior part, expanding gradually into a short pyriform bulb, with a perceptible thickening at the posterior part of its inner lining, occupying about 16���18% of total neck length. Nerve ring at 56���60% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, about one-seventh to one-fifth of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 73���167 ��m; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 73���132 ��m, consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by distinct sphincter. Uterus short and wide tubular, measuring 36���52 ��m. Anterior genital branch reduced to a simple sac, about 1.0���1.6 times midbody diameter long. Sperm cells present throughout the genital tract. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 12���14 ��m or about one-half (46���51%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 8.5���9.5 �� 5.5���7.5 ��m, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae long, 4.0���5.0 ��m with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 3.0���4.1 and rectum 0.8���1.1 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to conoid, 0.7���0.8 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male Not found. Remarks In the presence of a comparatively long body, simple odontophore and presence of long anterior uterine sac, the new species comes close to B. upicus Ahmad & Jairajpuri 1979; B. rotundicaudatus (Khan, 1987); B. basiri Jairajpuri, 1964 and B. pini Siddiqi & Khan, 1965 but differs from B. upicus in the presence of distinct punctations on cuticle (vs punctations absent); lip region with differently shaped amphid (duplex, cup-shaped vs simple, cup-shaped); guiding ring slightly more posterior (1.2���1.3 times vs one lip region diameter from anterior end); longer total stylet and odontophore (stylet 28.5���31.0 vs 25���27 ��m, odontophore 15.0���17.5 vs 11���13 ��m); longer pharyngeal bulb (22.5���26.0 vs 20���22 ��m or 16���18 vs 15���16% of total neck length); slightly anterior vulva position (V = 36���39 vs 39���42); longer prerectum (52���73 vs 45���50 ��m or 3.0���4.1 vs 2.5���2.7 times anal body diameter); shorter tail (12���15 vs 17���20 ��m, c = 51���62 vs 41���48) and absence of male (vs present). From B. rotundicaudatus, the new species differs in having differently shaped amphids (duplex, cupshaped vs simple, cup-shaped), absence of hypodermal glands (vs present); pharyngeal expansion gradual (vs abrupt) and longer pharyngeal bulb (22.5���26.0 vs 19 ��m); absence of flanges at base of odontophore (vs small flanges present); shorter anterior uterine sac (24.5���46.0 vs 65 ��m); higher c (51���62 vs 42���47) ratio and absence of male (vs male present). From B. basiri, the new species differs in having longer body (L = 0.73���0.87 vs 0.45���0.71 mm), presence of punctations on cuticle (vs punctations absent); lip region offset by deep constriction (vs slight constriction); differently shaped amphid (duplex, cup-shaped vs simple, stirrup-shaped); wider lip region (8.5���10.0 vs 8.0���8.5 ��m); longer total stylet length and odontophore (28.5���31.0 vs 22.0��� 24.5 ��m, 15.0���17.5 vs 11.5���13 ��m); longer pharyngeal bulb (22.5���26.5 vs 16.5���20.5 ��m) and absence of male (vs present). From B. pini, the new species differs in having a longer body (L = 0.73���0.87 vs 0.49���0.62 mm), presence of punctations on cuticle (vs punctations absent); longer odontostyle (13.0���14.5 vs 11.0���12.5 ��m); longer pharyngeal bulb (22.5���26.5 vs 17���20.5 ��m); longer anterior uterine sac (24.5���46 vs 8.0���18 ��m or 1.0���1.6 times vs less than one midbody diameter long)., Published as part of Islam, Md Niraul & Ahmad, Wasim, 2022, Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 791 (1) on pages 34-39, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.791.1645, http://zenodo.org/record/5999842, {"references":["Ahmad M. & Jairajpuri M. S. 1979. Four new species of Leptonchidae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Indian Journal of Nematology 9: 125 - 135.","Khan E. 1987. Punctoleptus rotundicaudatus gen. n., sp. n. and Basirotyleptus minutus sp. n. (Nematoda: Leptonchoidea) from India. Indian Journal of Nematology 16: 175 - 179.","Jairajpuri M. S. 1964. Studies on Campydoridae and Leptonchidae (Nematode: Dorylaimoidea) with description of Basirotyleptus basiri n. gen., n. sp. from India. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 31: 59 - 64.","Siddiqi M. R. & Khan E. 1965. A review of the nematode genus Basirotyleptus (Dorylaimida) with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 32: 23 - 31. Thorne G. 1964. Nematodes of Puerto Rico: Belondiroidea, new superfamily, Leptonchidae Thorne, 1935, and Belonenchidae new family (Nematoda, Adenophorea, Dorylaimida). University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Papers 39: 1 - 51."]}

Basirotyleptus conicaudatus sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 25B540AE-3BF1-43F8-865C-7342E11514F8 Figs 8���9, Table 7 Diagnosis Basirotyleptus conicaudatus sp. nov. is characterized by having robust body, 0.42���0.44 mm long; lip region cap-like, offset by deep constriction, lips rounded, inner part elevated; odontostyle 9.5���10.0 ��m long, odontophore 11.0���12.0 ��m long and total stylet length 21.0���22.0 ��m; pharynx with a slender anterior part, expanding abruptly into a short pear-shaped basal bulb, occupying about 14���15% of total neck length; female genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic; anterior genital branch a small sac, measuring 15���20 ��m or 0.7���0.9 times midbody diameter long; tail convex-conoid with acute terminus, 1.2���1.3 times anal body diameter long; male with 20 ��m long spicules, 5.0 ��m long lateral guiding pieces and a single ventromedian supplement. Etymology The new species is named Basirotyleptus conicaudatus sp. nov. because of its conoid tail. Material examined Holotype INDIA ��� ♀; Kerala State; Thrissur district, Chalakudy; 10��18���03.6��� N, 76��26���27.6��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 27 Oct. 2017; roots of shrubs (unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus conicaudatus /1. Paratypes INDIA ��� 1 ♀, 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus conicaudatus /2. Type habitat and locality Soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs (unidentified) from Chalakudy, Thrissur, Kerala State. Description Female Small sized nematodes, curved ventrad upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0 ��m thick at anterior region, 1.5 ��m at midbody and 2.0 ��m on tail. Outer cuticle thin, smooth to finely transversaly striated; inner layer thick, loose, finely striated, radial refractive elements distinct. Lateral chords occupying about 28���30% of midbody diameter. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region caplike, offset by constriction, 2.0���2.1 times as wide as high or about two-fifths of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, inner part slightly elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct but not interfering with labial contour. Amphids stirrup-shaped, their aperture about three-fifths as wide as lip region diameter. Stoma a long, slender truncate cone, slightly sclerotized in the perioral region. Odontostyle short, slender, solid, needle-like, 1.1���1.2 times the lip region diameter long. Odontophore simple, sclerotized, with basal flanges, about 1.2 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.9���1.0 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender anterior part, expanding abruptly into a short, pear-shaped basal bulb, with a perceptible thickening at the posterior part of its inner lining, occupying about 14���15% of total neck length. Nerve ring at 53���56% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, about one-fifth of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 49���50 ��m; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 53���60 ��m, consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by distinct sphincter. Uterus short and wide tubular, measuring 15���17 ��m. Anterior genital branch reduced to small sac, 0.7���0.9 times midbody diameter. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 9.0���9.5 ��m or about one-half (45���48%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 5.5���6.0 �� 4.0���4.5 ��m, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 3.0���3.5 ��m with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.8���3.2 and rectum 1.2 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, convex-conoid with acute terminus, 1.2���1.3 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male General morphology similar to that of female except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cell spindle-shaped. In addition to adcloacal pair at 6.5 ��m from cloacal aperture, there is single ventromedian supplement located beyond the range of spicules, 25 ��m from adcloacal pair. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, slender, five times as long as wide and 1.4 times as long as cloacal body diameter, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 135��, head occupying 22% of total spicules length, median pieces about ten times as long as wide or occupying 37% of the spicules maximum width, reaching the spicules tip, posterior end 2.5 ��m wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, about 5.0 times as long as wide or about one-fourth of the spicules length. Prerectum 3.5 and rectum 1.5 times cloacal body diameter long. Tail short, convex-conoid with acute terminus, 1.2 times cloacal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Remarks In the presence of a flanged odontophore and short anterior uterine sac, the new species comes close to B. syncheilus Siddiqi, 1995; B. siremps Siddiqi, 1995; B. nindei Siddiqi, 1970 and B. minutus Khan, 1987 but differs from B. syncheilus in having lip region offset by constriction (vs lip region continuous); lips elevated (vs lips not elevated, flat); shorter pharyngeal bulb (14���15 vs 19 ��m); differently shaped tail (tail convex-conoid with acute terminus vs convex-rounded with hemispheroid terminus); lower c (25���27 vs 34���53) and slightly higher c��� (1.2���1.3 vs 0.9���1.1) ratios; longer spicules (20 vs 15���16 ��m) and presence of ventromedian supplements (vs absent). From B. siremps, the new species differs in having slightly longer body (L = 0.42���0.44 vs 0.30���0.39 mm); longer total stylet (21���22 vs 15.5���17.5 ��m, odontostyle 9.5���10.0 vs 7.5���8.5 ��m; odontophore 11.5��� 12.0 vs 8.0���9.0 ��m); comparatively posterior vulva position (V = 55���58 vs 47���53); lower c (25���27 vs 27���43) ratio; differently shaped tail (tail convex-conoid with acute terminus vs tail with rounded to hemispherical terminus); longer spicules (20 vs 12.5 ��m) and presence ventromedian supplements (vs absent). From B. nindei, the new species differs in having wider lip region (8.0���8.5 vs 6.0���7.0 ��m); posterior vulva position (V = 55���58 vs 39���45); presence of longer anterior uterine sac (15���20 vs anterior uterine sac usually absent, rarely present, 4.5���6.0 ��m); differently shaped tail (tail conoid with acute terminus vs bluntly rounded to conoid terminus) and presence of male (vs male absent). From B. minutus, the new species differs in having wider lip region (8.0���8.5 vs 5.0���7.0 ��m); amphids simple, stirrup-shaped (vs duplex, stirrup-shape); posterior vulva position (V = 55���58 vs 32���42); differently shaped tail (tail conoid with acute terminus vs rounded to conoid terminus) and presence of male (vs absent). The new species also comes close to B. discinus Siddiqi, 1995 and B. diminutus Siddiqi, 1995 but differs from the former in having robust body (a = 21���22 vs 28); absence of labial disc (vs labial disc present); odontophore with distinct basal flanges (vs odontophore with poorly developed basal flanges); posterior vulva position (V = 55���58 vs 51) and lower c (25���27 vs 35) ratio. From B. diminutus, the new species differs in having slightly longer and slender body (L = 0.42���0.44 vs 0.29���0.36 mm, a = 21���22 vs 17���20); longer total stylet (21���22 vs 16.0���18.5 ��m) and odontostyle (9.5���10 vs 7.5���8.5 ��m), odontophore with well developed basal flanges (vs poorly developed flanges); posterior vulva position (V = 55���58 vs 37���42); presence of anterior uterine sac (vs absent) and differently shaped tail (conoid with acute terminus vs hemispherical to rounded). In the presence of a conoid tail the new species comes close to B. caudatus Jairajpuri, 1966; B. lieberi Goseco et al., 1974 and B. westralis Siddiqi, 1970, but differs from B. caudatus in having odontophore with basal flanges (vs odontophore without flanges); posterior vulva position (V = 55���58 vs 40���48); presence of anterior uterine sac (vs anterior uterine sac absent) and presence of male (vs male absent). From B. lieberi, the new species differs in having shorter body (L = 0.42���0.44 vs 0.67���0.90 mm); female genital system mono-opisthodelphic (vs mono-prodelphic) and smaller spicules (20 vs 24���28 ��m). From B. westralis, the new species differs in having shorter body (L = 0.42���0.44 vs 0.55���0.75 mm); female genital system mono-opisthodelphic (vs amphidelphic) and smaller spicules (20 vs 22��� 25 ��m)., Published as part of Islam, Md Niraul & Ahmad, Wasim, 2022, Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 791 (1) on pages 24-29, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.791.1645, http://zenodo.org/record/5999842, {"references":["Siddiqi M. R. 1995. Nematodes of tropical rainforests, 5. Seven new genera and forty two new species of dorylaims. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology 5: 72 - 109.","Siddiqi M. R. 1970. Five new species of Basirotyleptus and the description of Leptonchus baccatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Nematologica 16: 203 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00216","Khan E. 1987. Punctoleptus rotundicaudatus gen. n., sp. n. and Basirotyleptus minutus sp. n. (Nematoda: Leptonchoidea) from India. Indian Journal of Nematology 16: 175 - 179.","Jairajpuri M. S. 1966. On Basirotyleptus caudatus n. sp. and a redescription of Thornenema thienemanni (Schneider, 1937) Andrassy, 1959 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 33: 30 - 33.","Goseco C. G., Ferris V. R. & Ferris J. M. 1974. Revision in Leptonchoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Tyleptus in Leptonchidae, Tyleptinae; Basirotyleptus in Leptonchidae, Belonenchinae and Loncharionema n. gen. in Leptonchidae, Xiphinemellinae. Research Bulletin, Purdue University Agriculture Experimental Station 913: 1 - 24."]}

Basirotyleptus minutus Khan, 1987 Figs 6���7, Table 6 Basirotyleptus minutus Khan, 1987: 177���179. Material examined INDIA ��� Karnataka State ��� 2 ♀♀; Kodagu district, Bhagamandala; 12��23���29.1��� N, 75��31���50.0��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 8 Nov. 2016; soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs and forest trees (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus minutus /1. Description Female Small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0 ��m thick at anterior region, 1.5 ��m at midbody and 2.0���2.5 ��m on tail. Outer cuticle thin, with fine transverse striations; inner layer thick, finely striated, loose, with radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 26���30% of midbody diameter. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by constriction, 2.3 times as wide as high or about one-third of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, slightly angular; inner part slightly elevated. Amphids duplex, cup-shaped, their aperture about one-half to three-fifths as wide as lip region diameter. Stoma a long, slender truncate cone, slightly sclerotized in the perioral region. Odontostyle slender, solid, needlelike, 1.4 times the lip region diameter long. Odontophore simple, sclerotized, with basal flanges, about 1.3���1.4 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 1.3 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender anterior part, expanding abruptly into a short pyriform bulb, with a perceptible thickening at the posterior part of its inner lining, occupying about 18% of total neck length. Nerve ring at 52���55% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded to hemispheroid, about one-fourth of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 43���59 ��m; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 55���84 ��m, consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by distinct sphincter. Uterus a short tube with wide lumen, measuring 27���30 ��m. Anterior genital branch reduced to a very small sac, about one-fifth midbody diameter long. Sperm cell absent. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 10.0���10.5 ��m or about one-half (50���55%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 6.5 �� 4.5���5.0 ��m, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 4.0 ��m with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 3.1���3.2 and rectum 0.9���1.0 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to conoid, 0.8 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male Not found. Remarks Khan (1987) described Basirotyleptus minutus from Tamil Nadu, India. The morphometrics of present specimens conform well with the type population except in having differently shaped amphids (duplex, cup-shaped vs simple, stirrup-shaped) and slightly longer pharyngeal bulb (19���20 vs 16 ��m). In original description of B. minutus, the size of odontostyle (10���14 ��m) and odontophore (8.0���10.0 ��m) does not correspond with the figure (Khan 1987: fig. 2b, e). The figure depicts the odonotostyle as shorter than the odontophore which is generally true with other Basirotyleptus species. There might be error in his measurements. In our present specimens the length of odontostyle (10 ��m) is shorter than odontophore (13���14 ��m) with a combined length of 23���24 ��m, which overlaps with type population (18���24 ��m). However, in the other characters the present population agrees well with the type population. In the presence of flanged odontophore, this species closely resembles Basirotyleptus nindei Siddiqi, 1970 except in having slightly differently shaped lip region (lips slightly angular and labial papillae not distinct vs lips more angular and labial papillae distinct); differently shaped amphids (duplex, cupshaped vs simple, stirrup-shaped) and comparatively shorter tail (10.0 vs 11.0���13.5 ��m, c��� = 0.8 vs 1.0���1.2)., Published as part of Islam, Md Niraul & Ahmad, Wasim, 2022, Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 791 (1) on pages 20-24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.791.1645, http://zenodo.org/record/5999842, {"references":["Khan E. 1987. Punctoleptus rotundicaudatus gen. n., sp. n. and Basirotyleptus minutus sp. n. (Nematoda: Leptonchoidea) from India. Indian Journal of Nematology 16: 175 - 179.","Siddiqi M. R. 1970. Five new species of Basirotyleptus and the description of Leptonchus baccatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Nematologica 16: 203 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00216"]}

Five new and six known species belonging to the genus Basirotyleptus collected from the Western Ghats, India, are described and illustrated. Basirotyleptus conicaudatus sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.42–0.44 mm long body; odontostyle 9.5–10.0 μm, odontophore 11.5–12.0 μm; pharyngeal bulb pear-shaped, 14–15% of total neck length; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; tail conoid with acute terminus. Basirotyleptus constrictus sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.38–0.49 mm long body; perioral disc distinct; odontostyle 9–10 μm, odontophore 14–15 μm; pharyngeal bulb pear-shaped, 15–17% of total neck length; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; tail rounded to conoid. Basirotyleptus goaensis sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.73–0.87 mm long body; odontostyle 13.0–14.5 μm, odontophore 15.0–17.5 μm; pharyngeal bulb pyriform, 16–18% of total neck length; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; tail rounded. Basirotyleptus neocaudatus sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.31–0.44 mm long body; odontostyle 7.5–9.5 μm, odontophore 10–13 μm; pharyngeal bulb pear-shaped, 14–19% of total neck length; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; tail conoid with acute terminus. Basirotyleptus siddiqii sp. nov. is characterized by having 0.36 mm long body; odontostyle 7.5–8.0 μm, odontophore 10.0–10.5 μm; pharyngeal bulb pear-shaped, 15–16% of total neck length; female genital system mono-opisthodelphic; tail conoid. Six known species viz., B. basiri, B. pini, B. nindei, B. ethiopicus, B. acus, B. minutus are also described and illustrated. Along with light microscopic study, line drawings, compendium and key to species of Basirotyleptus are also provided.

Basirotyleptus siddiqii sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EA6FF0DE-F046-4879-B5C1-A0DC37394D25 Figs 16���17, Table 11 Diagnosis Basirotyleptus siddiqii sp. nov. is characterized by having robust body, 0.36 mm long; lip region caplike, low, flat, offset by depression; lips rounded, inner part slightly elevated; odontostyle 7.5���8.0 ��m long, odontophore 10.0���10.5 ��m long, total stylet length 17.5���18.5 ��m; pharynx slender with slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a short pear-shaped basal bulb, occupying about 15��� 16% of total neck length; female genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic; anterior genital branch reduced to small sac, 4.0���6.0 ��m or one-fourth to one-third midbody diameter long, tail short, bluntly rounded, 0.9 times anal body diameter long. Etymology The new species is named after late Dr Mohammad Rafiq Siddiqi in recognition of his contribution to nematode taxonomy. Material examined Holotype INDIA ��� ♀; Tamil Nadu State, Nilgiris hill district, Naduvattum; 11��28���37.8��� N, 76��32���36.7��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 15 Nov. 2016; roots of shrubs (unidentified); slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus siddiqii /1. Paratype INDIA ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; slide reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus siddiqii /2. Type habitat and locality Soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs (unidentified) from Naduvattum, Nilgiris Hill, Tamil Nadu State. Description Female Very small size, robust nematodes, curved ventrad or open C-shaped upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0 ��m thick at anterior region, 1.5 ��m at midbody and 2.0 ��m on tail. Outer cuticle thin, with fine transverse striations; inner layer thick, finely striated, loose, with radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 22���24% of midbody diameter. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, low, flat, offset by depression, 2.5 times as wide as high or about two-fifths of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, inner part slightly elevated. Amphids stirrup-shaped, their aperture about two-thirds as wide as lip region diameter. Stoma a long, slender truncate cone, slightly sclerotized in the perioral region. Odontostyle short, slender, solid, needle-like, 1.0���1.1 times the lip region diameter long. Odontophore simple, sclerotized, with basal flanges, about 1.3 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 1.0���1.1 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender anterior part, expanding gradually into a short pearshaped basal bulb, with a perceptible thickening at the posterior part of its inner lining, occupying about 15���16% of total neck length. Nerve ring at 52���53% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, about one-fourth of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 42���53 ��m; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 36���42 ��m, consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by distinct sphincter. Uterus short and wide tubular, measuring 17���18 ��m. Anterior genital branch reduced to a small sac, 4.0���6.0 ��m or one-fourth to one third of midbody diameter. Sperms absent. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 9.5 ��m or about one-half (53%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 6.0��� 6.5 �� 4.0���4.5 ��m, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis 3.5���4.0 ��m with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 6.0���6.8 and rectum 1.2���1.4 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, conoid, 0.8���0.9 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male Not found. Remarks In its small body size and flanged odontophore, the new species comes close to B. siremps Siddiqi, 1995; B. syncheilus Siddiqi, 1995 and B. minutus Siddiqi, 1995 but it differs from B. siremps in having low, flat lip region, offset by depression (vs lip region high, conoid, offset by constriction); cuticle finely striated (vs cuticle distinctly striated); slightly longer odontophore (10.0���10.5 vs 8.0���9.0 ��m); slightly posterior vulva position (V = 54���56 vs 47���53); in the shape and size of tail (conoid vs subcylindrical to a hemispherical terminus; c��� = 0.9 vs 1.2���1.7) and absence of male (vs male present). From B. syncheilus, the new species differs in having lip region low, wider, offset by depression (vs lip region narrow, 5.0 ��m, continuous with body); lips slightly raised (vs lips not raised); shorter odontostyle (7.5���8.0 vs 9.0���1.0); shorter pharyngeal bulb (15���16 vs 19 ��m); shorter anterior uterine sac (4.0���6.0 ��m or 0.2���0.3 vs 18 ��m or about one midbody diameter) and absence of male (vs male present). From B. minutus, the new species differs in having slightly short and slender body (L = 0.36 vs 0.38��� 0.51 mm; a = 20���21 vs 23���39); amphids simple (vs duplex); shorter total stylet (17.5���18.5 vs 23���24 ��m, odontostyle 7.5���8.0 vs 10 ��m, odontophore 10.0���10.5 vs 13���14 ��m), posterior vulva position (V = 54���56 vs 32���42) and presence of anterior uterine sac (vs absent). The new species also comes close to B. diminutus Siddiqi, 1995 but differs in having differently shaped lip region (lip region flat, low, offset by depression vs lip region conoid, high, offset by constriction); odontophore with distinctly basal flanges (vs poorly basal flanges), posterior vulva position (V = 54���56 vs 37���42) and presence of anterior uterine sac (vs absent). Key to species of the genus Basirotyleptus (modified after Goseco et al. 1974) 1. Female genital system amphidelphic................................................................................................ 2 ��� Female genital system monodelphic................................................................................................. 3 2. Tail bluntly conoid; c = 23���29, c��� = 1.4���1.7.............................................. B. westralis Siddiqi, 1970 ��� Tail hemispheroid; c = 43���57, c��� = 1.0....................................................... B. rugosus Siddiqi, 1982 3. Female genital system mono-prodelphic.......................................................................................... 4 ��� Female genital system mono-opisthodelphic.................................................................................... 6 4. Body length more than 0.6 mm; spicules longer, 24���28 ��m............... B. lieberi Goseco et al., 1970 ��� Body length less than 0.6 mm; spicules shorter, 15���21 ��m............................................................. 5 5. Odontophore with basal flanges; post-uterine sac long, 1.8���3.5 times midbody diameter long; tail comparatively long, conoid, 18���28 ��m................................................. B. heynsi Furstenberg, 1980 ��� Odontophore without basal flanges; post-uterine sac short, 1.2 times midbody diameter long; tail short, conoid, 15 ��m...................................................................... B. eximius Siddiqi & Khan, 1964 6. Labial disc present............................................................................................................................ 7 ��� Labial disc absent........................................................................................................................... 17 7. Odontophore with basal flanges...................................................................... B. constrictus sp. nov. ��� Odontophore without basal flanges.................................................................................................. 8 8. Anterior uterine sac absent..................................................................... B. ethiopicus Siddiqi, 1970 ��� Anterior uterine sac present.............................................................................................................. 9 9. Anterior uterine sac 15 ��m or more than one midbody diameter long....................................... 12 10. Body 0.41���0.57 mm long; b = 3.8���4.2..................................................... B. nemoralis Siddiqi, 1970 ��� Body more than 6.0 mm long; b = 4.3���5.8......................................................................................11 11. c = 74���100; prerectum 48 ��m or about 3.0 times anal body diameter................................................................................................................................................... B. coronatus Siddiqi & Khan, 1965 ��� c = B. indicus Dhanam & Jairajpuri, 1999 12. V => 50.......................................................................................................................................... 13 ��� V = B. curvus Siddiqi, 1982 ��� Body shorter, L = 0.45 mm; a = 28; c = 35................................................. B. discinus Siddiqi, 1995 14. Body less than 0.6 mm.................................................................................................................... 15 ��� Body more than 0.6 mm................................................................................................................. 16 15. Pharynx short, 90 ��m, b = 4.7���6.0; V = 36���43; c = 42���44....... B. modestus Hussain & Khan, 1968 ��� Pharynx long, 110���124 ��m, b = 3.8���4.9; V = 42���47; c = 47���67................... B. safiae Siddiqi, 1997 16. Odontostyle 6.0 ��m, odonotophore 10.5���11 ��m; spicules 24 ��m............. B. barbarae Siddiqi, 1997 ��� Odontostyle 7.5���8.5 ��m, odonotophore 12���15 ��m; spicules 29���32 ��m.... B. robustus Siddiqi, 1982 17. Odontophore flanged...................................................................................................................... 18 ��� Odontophore simple, with sclerotized or slightly swollen base, not flanged................................. 25 18. V = 47���58....................................................................................................................................... 19 ��� V = up to 47.................................................................................................................................... 23 19. Body 0.50���0.58 mm long; posterior uterine sac 2.0���2.8 times midbody diameter long................................................................................................................................... B. longisaccus Siddiqi, 1995 ��� Body 0.30���0.51 mm long; posterior uterine sac about as long as midbody diameter long............ 20 20. Tail short, with rounded to hemispheroid terminus; c = 30���44...................................................... 21 ��� Tail short, conoid with acute terminus; c B. conicuadatus sp. nov. 21. Odontostyle 9.0���10 ��m; neck length 110���119 ��m................................ B. syncheillus Siddiqi, 1995 ��� Odontostyle 7.5���8.5 ��m; neck length 95���106 ��m......................................................................... 22 22. Lip region flat; V = 54���56; c��� = 0.9...................................................................... B. siddiqii sp. nov. ��� Lip region elevated; V = 47���53; c��� = 1.2���1.7.............................................. B. siremps Siddiqi, 1995 23. Lips separated, angular; c��� = 1.0���1.2............................................................. B. nindei Siddiqi, 1970 ��� Lips amalgamated, slightly elevated; c��� = 0.6���0.9......................................................................... 24 24. Longer body, L = 0.38���0.48 mm; amphids duplex; odontostyle 10���14 ��m............................................................................................................................................................... B. minutus Khan, 1987 ��� Shorter body, L = 0.29���0.36 mm; amphids simple; odontostyle 7.5���8.5 ��m...................................................................................................................................................... B. deminutus Siddiqi, 1995 25. Anterior uterine sac absent............................................................................................................. 26 ��� Anterior uterine sac present............................................................................................................ 29 26. Tail conoid to digitate, with acute terminus; c��� = 1.1���1.7.............................................................. 27 ��� Tail rounded to hemispheroid; c��� = B. caudatus Jairajpuri, 1966 ��� Liplets absent; amphids stirrup-shaped; odontophore about 1.2���1.5 times odontostyle length................................................................................................................................ B. neocaudatus sp. nov. 28. V = 31���41; tail rounded, with terminal caudal pore............................... B. acus Goseco et al., 1974 ��� V = 47���48; tail conoid, without terminal caudal pore......... B. soueastus Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1979 29. Vulva posterior, V => 50................................................ B. penetrans (Thorne, 1964) Siddiqi, 1969 ��� Vulva anterior, V = B. upicus Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1979 ��� Cuticle bearing punctations; amphids cup-shaped......................................................................... 32 32. Amphids duplex, cup-shaped; anterior uterine sac 24.5���46 ��m; males absent............................................................................................................................................................... B. goaensis sp. nov. ��� Amphids simple, cup-shaped, anterior uterine sac 65 ��m; males present........................................................................................................................ B. rotundicaudatus (Khan, 1987) Andr��ssy, 2009 33. Anterior uterine sac more than one midbody diameter long.......................................................... 34 ��� Anterior uterine sac less than one midbody diameter long............................................................. 35 34. Odontostyle 10���14 ��m; tail 11���16 ��m....................................................... B. basiri Jairajpuri, 1964 ��� Odontostyle 6.0���7.0 ��m; tail 8.0���10 ��m......................................... B. minimus Jana & Baqri, 1981 35. Lip region distinctly offset; odontostyle, 11���15 ��m............................ B. pini Siddiqi & Khan, 1965 ��� Lip region distinctly not offset; odontostyle, 4.6 ��m......... B. striatus (Thorne, 1964) Siddiqi, 1969 Key to species of the genus Basirotyleptus (modified after Goseco et al. 1974) 1. Female genital system amphidelphic................................................................................................ 2 ��� Female genital system monodelphic................................................................................................. 3 2. Tail bluntly conoid; c = 23���29, c��� = 1.4���1.7.............................................. B. westralis Siddiqi, 1970 ��� Tail hemispheroid; c = 43���57, c��� = 1.0....................................................... B. rugosus Siddiqi, 1982 3. Female genital system mono-prodelphic.......................................................................................... 4 ��� Female genital system mono-opisthodelphic.................................................................................... 6 4. Body length more than 0.6 mm; spicules longer, 24���28 ��m............... B. lieberi Goseco et al., 1970 ��� Body length less than 0.6 mm; spicules shorter, 15���21 ��m............................................................. 5 5. Odontophore with basal flanges; post-uterine sac long, 1.8���3.5 times midbody diameter long; tail comparatively long, conoid, 18���28 ��m................................................. B. heynsi Furstenberg, 1980 ��� Odontophore without basal flanges; post-uterine sac short, 1.2 times midbody diameter long; tail short, conoid, 15 ��m............, Published as part of Islam, Md Niraul & Ahmad, Wasim, 2022, Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 791 (1) on pages 44-51, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.791.1645, http://zenodo.org/record/5999842, {"references":["Siddiqi M. R. 1995. Nematodes of tropical rainforests, 5. Seven new genera and forty two new species of dorylaims. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology 5: 72 - 109.","Goseco C. G., Ferris V. R. & Ferris J. M. 1974. Revision in Leptonchoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Tyleptus in Leptonchidae, Tyleptinae; Basirotyleptus in Leptonchidae, Belonenchinae and Loncharionema n. gen. in Leptonchidae, Xiphinemellinae. Research Bulletin, Purdue University Agriculture Experimental Station 913: 1 - 24.","Siddiqi M. R. 1970. Five new species of Basirotyleptus and the description of Leptonchus baccatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Nematologica 16: 203 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00216","Siddiqi M. R. 1982. Seven new genera of dorylaimoid nematodes from Colombian rain forest. Systematic Parasitology 4: 69 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00012230","Furstenberg J. P. 1980. A new species and some new records of Basirotyleptus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: (Belonchinae) from Australia and Malaysia. Nematologica 26: 149 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529280 X 00035","Siddiqi M. R. & Khan S. H. 1964. Trichonchium n. g. (Nematoda: Campydoridae), with descriptions of two new species from tea soil, Assam, India. Nematologica 9: 641 - 645. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529263 X 00755","Siddiqi M. R. & Khan E. 1965. A review of the nematode genus Basirotyleptus (Dorylaimida) with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 32: 23 - 31. Thorne G. 1964. Nematodes of Puerto Rico: Belondiroidea, new superfamily, Leptonchidae Thorne, 1935, and Belonenchidae new family (Nematoda, Adenophorea, Dorylaimida). University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Papers 39: 1 - 51.","Dhanam M. & Jairajpuri M. S. 1999. New leptonchid nematodes: one new genus and eleven new species from Malnad tracts of Karnataka, India. International Journal of Nematology 9: 205 - 209.","Siddiqi M. R. 1997. Basirotyleptus safiae sp. n., B. penetrans (Thorne) and Actinolaimoides attenuatus sp. n. (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Guadeloupe, French West Indies. International Journal of Nematology 7: 132 - 136.","Khan E. 1987. Punctoleptus rotundicaudatus gen. n., sp. n. and Basirotyleptus minutus sp. n. (Nematoda: Leptonchoidea) from India. Indian Journal of Nematology 16: 175 - 179.","Jairajpuri M. S. 1966. On Basirotyleptus caudatus n. sp. and a redescription of Thornenema thienemanni (Schneider, 1937) Andrassy, 1959 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 33: 30 - 33.","Ahmad M. & Jairajpuri M. S. 1979. Four new species of Leptonchidae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Indian Journal of Nematology 9: 125 - 135.","Siddiqi M. R. 1969. Crateronema n. gen. (Crateronematidae n. fam.), Poronemella n. gen. (Lodellonematinae n. subfam.), and Chrysonemoides n. gen. (Chrysonematidae n. fam.) with a revised classification of Dorylaimoidea (Nematoda). Nematologica 15: 81 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529269 X 00128","Andrassy I. 2009. Free-living nematodes of Hungary (Nematoda errantia). Vol. III. Pedozoologica Hungarica 5. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.","Jairajpuri M. S. 1964. Studies on Campydoridae and Leptonchidae (Nematode: Dorylaimoidea) with description of Basirotyleptus basiri n. gen., n. sp. from India. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 31: 59 - 64.","Jana A. & Baqri Q. H. 1981. Nematodes from West Bengal (India) XI. Studies on the species of the superfamily Leptonchoidea (Dorylaimida). Journal of Zoological Society of India 33: 1 - 24."]}

Basirotyleptus ethiopicus Siddiqi, 1970 Fig. 4, Table 4 Basirotyleptus ethiopicus Siddiqi, 1970: 205���206 Basirotyleptus ethiopicus ��� Goseco et al. 1974: 11, 20. Material examined INDIA ��� Kerala State ��� 7 ♀♀; Palakkad district, Silent Valley National Park; 11��03���49.6��� N, 76��32���17.4��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 26 Oct. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of forest trees (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus ethiopicus /1���5. Description Female Small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad upon fixation; tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0���1.5 ��m thick at anterior region, 2.0���2.5 ��m at midbody and 2.5���3.0 ��m on tail. Outer cuticle thin with transverse striation, inner layer thick, distinctly striated, loose, its outline irregular, with distinct radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 30���35% of midbody diameter. Lateral body pores distinct; 1���2 in neck region; 1���2 from pharyngeal base to vulva; 4���7 in post-vulval region. Dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by slight constriction, 1.8���2.1 times as wide as high or about one-third to two-fifths of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated; inner part elevated, forming a perioral disc. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct but not interfering with labial contour. Amphids duplex, stirrup-shaped, their aperture about one-half to three-fifths as wide as lip region diameter. Stoma a long, slender truncate cone, slightly sclerotized in the perioral region. Odontostyle very slender, solid, thin needle-like, 1.4���1.8 times the lip region diameter long. Odontophore simple, sclerotized, about 1.0���1.2 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 1.0���1.3 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender anterior part, expanding abruptly into a short, pear-shaped basal bulb, with a perceptible thickening at the posterior part of its inner lining, occupying about 13���16% of total neck length. Nerve ring at 55���62% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia short, rounded to conoid, about one-fourth to one-third of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 36���88 ��m; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 30���57 ��m, consisting of a slender distal portion and a weakly developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction indistinct. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 21���32 ��m. Anterior genital branch completely absent. Sperm cell absent. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 8.5���10.5 ��m or about two-fifths to one-half (45���55%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 5.0���7.0 �� 3.0���4.0 ��m, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 3.0���4.0 ��m with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.0���2.9 and rectum 0.9���1.4 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to hemispheroid, 0.7���0.8 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male Not found. Remarks Siddiqi (1970) described B. ethiopicus from the Malawi. Goseco et al. (1974) in their revision of the genus Basirotyleptus made a detailed study of the type material and added a population from Indiana. The morphometrics of present populations conform well with the type population as well as Indiana population except in having slightly wider lip region (6.0���7.5 vs 5.0���6.0 ��m); narrower lateral chords (30���35% vs more than 50% of mid body diameter) and slight differently shaped cardia (rounded to conoid vs rounded). These slight differences are considered as intraspecific variability. This species is reported here for the first time from the India. In the presence of labial disc, this species closely resembles B. nemoralis Siddiqi, 1970 except in having a comparatively robust body (a = 20���25 vs 27���33); shorter pharyngeal bulb (about one vs two corresponding body diameter long); absence of anterior uterine sac (vs present) and differently shaped tail (rounded to hemispheroid vs obtusely rounded)., Published as part of Islam, Md Niraul & Ahmad, Wasim, 2022, Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 791 (1) on pages 13-16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.791.1645, http://zenodo.org/record/5999842, {"references":["Siddiqi M. R. 1970. Five new species of Basirotyleptus and the description of Leptonchus baccatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Nematologica 16: 203 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00216","Goseco C. G., Ferris V. R. & Ferris J. M. 1974. Revision in Leptonchoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Tyleptus in Leptonchidae, Tyleptinae; Basirotyleptus in Leptonchidae, Belonenchinae and Loncharionema n. gen. in Leptonchidae, Xiphinemellinae. Research Bulletin, Purdue University Agriculture Experimental Station 913: 1 - 24."]}

Basirotyleptus pini Siddiqi & Khan, 1965 Fig. 2, Table 2 Basirotyleptus pini Siddiqi & Khan, 1965: 641���645. Basirotyleptus pini ��� Baqri 1991: 75���77. ��� Li et al. 2008: 2008���2009. Material examined INDIA ��� Kerala State ��� 9 ♀♀; Kollam district, Pathanampuram; 9��05���34.8��� N, 76��51���39.6��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 3 Nov. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus pini /1���3 ��� 9 ♀♀; Pathanamthitta district, Thannithode; 9��15���21.6��� N, 76��55���19.2��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 1 Nov. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus pini /4���6. Description Female Small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad or open C-shaped upon fixation; tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0���1.5 ��m thick at anterior region, 2.0���2.5 ��m at midbody and 2.5���3.5 ��m on tail. Outer cuticle thin, smooth or with very fine transverse striations; inner layer thick, its outline irregular, loose, finely striated, with radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 30���35% of midbody diameter. Lateral body pores distinct; 1���2 in neck region; 2���3 at neck to vulval region and 5���9 at post-vulval region. Dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by deep constriction, 2.1���2.5 times as wide as high or about two-fifths to one-half of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, angular, projected, inner part elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct and slightly raised above the labial contour. Amphids stirrup-shaped, their aperture about one-half to three-fifths as wide as lip region diameter. Stoma a long, slender truncate cone, slightly sclerotized in the perioral region. Odontostyle slender, solid, needle-like, 1.3���1.5 times the lip region diameter long. Odontophore simple, sclerotized, slightly swollen at base surrounded by pharyngeal tissue, 1.0���1.1 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 1.2���1.3 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender anterior part, expanding gradually into a short, pear-shaped basal bulb, with a perceptible thickening at the posterior part of its inner lining, occupying about 14���17% of total neck length. Nerve ring at 50���59% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia short, rounded to conoid, about one-fifth to one-third of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 56���98 ��m; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 45���95 ��m, consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by weak sphincter. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 19���31 ��m. Anterior genital branch reduced to small sac, 0.40���0.81 times midbody diameter long. Sperm cell absent. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 10.5���12.5 ��m or about one-half to three-fifths (50���62%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 6.0���7.5 �� 4.0���6.5 ��m, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 4.0���5.0 ��m with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.0���3.5 and rectum 1.1���1.3 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to conoid, 0.7���1.0 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male Not found. Remarks Siddiqi & Khan (1965) described this species from Kashmir, India. Baqri (1991) reported it from South Sikkim, India, whereas, Li et al. (2008) recorded it from the China. The morphometrics of present populations conform well with the type population except in having slightly lower c ratio (33���43 vs 43���55). The present populations conform well with the Sikkim population except for longer total stylet (24.5���26.0 vs 18���23) and odontostyle (11.0���12.5 vs 8.0���9.0 ��m); lower c (33���43 vs 50���60) and higher c��� (0.76���1.0 vs 0.6���0.7) ratios, and longer tail (12���16 vs 8.0���9.0 ��m). The present specimens also conform well with the Chinese specimens except in having anterior vulva position (V = 35.5���40.6 vs 42.0���43.5); slightly longer tail (12���16 vs 10���13 ��m) and lower c ratio (33���43 vs 55���61). Goseco et al. (1974) in their revision of the genus Basirotyleptus restudied the type material of B. pini and they observed amphids are duplex, stirrup-shaped, but Siddiqi & Khan (1965) in their description mentioned that amphids are simple, stirrup-shaped. Whereas Baqri (1991) mentioned amphids as simple cup-shaped. The shape of amphids is apparently difficult to observe and in present specimens the amphids appeared as simple, stirrup-shaped. This species is recorded here for the first time from the Western Ghats. In the presence of simple odontophore and anterior uterine sac, this species also comes close to Basirotyleptus basiri Jairajpuri, 1964 but differs in having outer and inner cuticle finely striated (vs distinctly striated), lip region offset by deep constriction (vs slight constriction) and shorter anterior uterine branch (two-fifths to two-thirds vs always more than midbody diameter long)., Published as part of Islam, Md Niraul & Ahmad, Wasim, 2022, Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 791 (1) on pages 7-10, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.791.1645, http://zenodo.org/record/5999842, {"references":["Siddiqi M. R. & Khan E. 1965. A review of the nematode genus Basirotyleptus (Dorylaimida) with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 32: 23 - 31. Thorne G. 1964. Nematodes of Puerto Rico: Belondiroidea, new superfamily, Leptonchidae Thorne, 1935, and Belonenchidae new family (Nematoda, Adenophorea, Dorylaimida). University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Papers 39: 1 - 51.","Baqri Q. H. 1991. Contribution to the fauna of Sikkim. Nematodes associated with citrus from Sikkim, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occassional Paper 128: 1 - 103.","Li Y., Baniyamuddin M., Ahmad W. & Wu J. 2008. Four new and four known species of Tylencholaimoidea (Dorylaimida: Nematoda) from China. Journal of Natural History 42: 1991 - 2010. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930802254722","Siddiqi M. R. & Khan S. H. 1964. Trichonchium n. g. (Nematoda: Campydoridae), with descriptions of two new species from tea soil, Assam, India. Nematologica 9: 641 - 645. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529263 X 00755","Goseco C. G., Ferris V. R. & Ferris J. M. 1974. Revision in Leptonchoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Tyleptus in Leptonchidae, Tyleptinae; Basirotyleptus in Leptonchidae, Belonenchinae and Loncharionema n. gen. in Leptonchidae, Xiphinemellinae. Research Bulletin, Purdue University Agriculture Experimental Station 913: 1 - 24.","Jairajpuri M. S. 1964. Studies on Campydoridae and Leptonchidae (Nematode: Dorylaimoidea) with description of Basirotyleptus basiri n. gen., n. sp. from India. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 31: 59 - 64."]}

Basirotyleptus basiri Jairajpuri, 1964 Fig. 1, Table 1 Basirotyleptus basiri Jairajpuri, 1964: 59���64. Trichonchium archium Siddiqi & Khan, 1964: 141���143. Basirotyleptus basiri ��� Siddiqi & Khan 1965: 23���31. ��� Furstenberg 1980: 154���155. Material examined INDIA ��� Kerala State ��� 7 ♀♀, 1 ♂; Kollam district, Ottakkal; 8��59���24.0��� N, 77��00���28.8��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 2 Nov. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses and shrubs (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus basiri /1���3 ��� 5 ♀♀; Ernakulum district, Kalady; 11��03���40.7��� N, 76��32.7���23.8��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 27 Oct. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of grasses (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus basiri /4���6 ��� 8 ♀♀; Ernakulum district, Neriamangalam; 10��03���50.4��� N, 76��41���38.4��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 29 Oct. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus basiri /7���9. Description Female Small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0��� 1.5 ��m thick at anterior region, 1.5���2.0 ��m at midbody and 2.5���3.0 ��m on tail. Outer cuticle thin, with transverse striations; inner layer thick, its outline loose, irregular, distinctly striated, with radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 28���35% of midbody diameter. Lateral body pores distinct; 1���3 in neck region; 2���3 at neck to vulval region and 4���7 at post-vulval region. Dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by slight constriction, 2.0���2.4 times as wide as high or about two-fifths to one-half of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, inner part elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct and slightly raised above the labial contour. Amphids stirrup-shaped, their aperture about one-half to three-fifths as wide as lip region diameter. Stoma a long, slender truncate cone, slightly sclerotized in the perioral region. Odontostyle slender, solid, needlelike, 1.2���1.5 times the lip region diameter long. Odontophore simple, sclerotized, about 1.0���1.1 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 1.0���1.3 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender anterior part, expanding gradually into a short, pear-shaped basal bulb, with a perceptible thickening at the posterior part of its inner lining, occupying about 15��� 17% of total neck length. Nerve ring at 51���60% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia short, rounded to conoid, about one-fifth of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 41���98 ��m; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 45���81 ��m, consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by welldeveloped sphincter. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 21���36 ��m. Anterior genital branch reduced to a simple sac, 1.0���1.4 times the midbody diameter long. Sperm cell absent. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 9.5���11.5 ��m or about one-half to three-fifths (50���61%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 5.5���7.5 �� 4.5���6.0 ��m, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae long, 4.0���5.0 ��m with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.0���3.2 and rectum 0.8���1.2 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to conoid, 0.8���1.0 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male General morphology similar to that of female except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cell spindle-shaped. In addition to adcloacal pair situated at 6 ��m from cloacal aperture, there is single ventromedian supplement located at 25 ��m from adcloacal pair, beyond the range of spicules. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, slightly robust, 5.0 times as long as wide and 1.3 times as long as cloacal body diameter, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 132��, head occupying 20% of total spicules length, median pieces 10.6 times as long as wide or occupying about 37% of the spicules maximum width, reaching the spicules tip, posterior end 2.5 ��m wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, about 5.0 times as long as wide or about one-fourth of the spicules length. Prerectum 3.0 and rectum 1.4 times cloacal body diameter long. Tail short rounded to conoid, about as long as the cloacal body diameter, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Remarks Jairajpuri (1964) proposed the genus Basirotyleptus with B. basiri as its type species from Jorhat, Assam, India. Siddiqi & Khan (1964, 1965) recorded this species from Assam and Madhya Pradesh respectively. Furstenberg (1980) described this species from Malaysia, whereas, Shamim et al. (2014) from Pakistan. The morphometrics of present populations conform well with the type population except in having slightly lower c (35���47 vs 45���58) ratio and presence of male (vs absent). The present populations also conform well with Siddiqi & Khan (1964) population except in having slightly shorter body (0.45���0.54 vs 0.59���0.67 mm); lower b (4.0���4.9 vs 5.4���6.4) and c (36���47 vs 47���56) ratios and presence of male (vs absent). The present specimens also conform well with Madhya Pradesh population described by Siddiqi & Khan (1965) except in having short and robust body (0.45���0.54 vs 0.68���0.71 mm, a = 22���29 vs 29���31); slightly shorter odontostyle (10.5���12 vs 13���14 ��m); lower b (4.0���4.9 vs 6.3���6.5) and c (36��� 47 vs 58���61) ratios and smaller spicules (20 vs 25���26 ��m). The morphometrics of present populations agree well with the Malaysia population except in having slightly longer odontostyle (10.5���12.0 vs 9.3���10.5 ��m); longer rectum (11.5���20.0 vs 10���11 ��m) and presence of male (vs absent). The present populations conform well with the Pakistan population except in having shorter body (0.45���0.54 vs 0.63���0.78 mm); lower b (4.0���4.9 vs 5.0���6.8), lower c (35���47 vs 56���69) ratios and slighter higher c��� (0.7���1.0 vs 0.5���0.7) ratio. These differences are considered here as intraspecific variability. This species is recorded here for the first time from the Western Ghats., Published as part of Islam, Md Niraul & Ahmad, Wasim, 2022, Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 791 (1) on pages 3-6, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.791.1645, http://zenodo.org/record/5999842, {"references":["Jairajpuri M. S. 1964. Studies on Campydoridae and Leptonchidae (Nematode: Dorylaimoidea) with description of Basirotyleptus basiri n. gen., n. sp. from India. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 31: 59 - 64.","Siddiqi M. R. & Khan S. H. 1964. Trichonchium n. g. (Nematoda: Campydoridae), with descriptions of two new species from tea soil, Assam, India. Nematologica 9: 641 - 645. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529263 X 00755","Siddiqi M. R. & Khan E. 1965. A review of the nematode genus Basirotyleptus (Dorylaimida) with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 32: 23 - 31. Thorne G. 1964. Nematodes of Puerto Rico: Belondiroidea, new superfamily, Leptonchidae Thorne, 1935, and Belonenchidae new family (Nematoda, Adenophorea, Dorylaimida). University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Papers 39: 1 - 51.","Furstenberg J. P. 1980. A new species and some new records of Basirotyleptus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: (Belonchinae) from Australia and Malaysia. Nematologica 26: 149 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529280 X 00035","Shamim S., Nasira K. & Shahina F. 2014. Fresh water nematodes from Sindh, Pakistan. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 11: 497 - 504."]}

Key to species of the genus Basirotyleptus (modified after Goseco et al. 1974) 1. Female genital system amphidelphic................................................................................................ 2 ��� Female genital system monodelphic................................................................................................. 3 2. Tail bluntly conoid; c = 23���29, c��� = 1.4���1.7.............................................. B. westralis Siddiqi, 1970 ��� Tail hemispheroid; c = 43���57, c��� = 1.0....................................................... B. rugosus Siddiqi, 1982 3. Female genital system mono-prodelphic.......................................................................................... 4 ��� Female genital system mono-opisthodelphic.................................................................................... 6 4. Body length more than 0.6 mm; spicules longer, 24���28 ��m............... B. lieberi Goseco et al., 1970 ��� Body length less than 0.6 mm; spicules shorter, 15���21 ��m............................................................. 5 5. Odontophore with basal flanges; post-uterine sac long, 1.8���3.5 times midbody diameter long; tail comparatively long, conoid, 18���28 ��m................................................. B. heynsi Furstenberg, 1980 ��� Odontophore without basal flanges; post-uterine sac short, 1.2 times midbody diameter long; tail short, conoid, 15 ��m...................................................................... B. eximius Siddiqi & Khan, 1964 6. Labial disc present............................................................................................................................ 7 ��� Labial disc absent........................................................................................................................... 17 7. Odontophore with basal flanges...................................................................... B. constrictus sp. nov. ��� Odontophore without basal flanges.................................................................................................. 8 8. Anterior uterine sac absent..................................................................... B. ethiopicus Siddiqi, 1970 ��� Anterior uterine sac present.............................................................................................................. 9 9. Anterior uterine sac 15 ��m or more than one midbody diameter long....................................... 12 10. Body 0.41���0.57 mm long; b = 3.8���4.2..................................................... B. nemoralis Siddiqi, 1970 ��� Body more than 6.0 mm long; b = 4.3���5.8......................................................................................11 11. c = 74���100; prerectum 48 ��m or about 3.0 times anal body diameter................................................................................................................................................... B. coronatus Siddiqi & Khan, 1965 ��� c = B. indicus Dhanam & Jairajpuri, 1999 12. V => 50.......................................................................................................................................... 13 ��� V = B. curvus Siddiqi, 1982 ��� Body shorter, L = 0.45 mm; a = 28; c = 35................................................. B. discinus Siddiqi, 1995 14. Body less than 0.6 mm.................................................................................................................... 15 ��� Body more than 0.6 mm................................................................................................................. 16 15. Pharynx short, 90 ��m, b = 4.7���6.0; V = 36���43; c = 42���44....... B. modestus Hussain & Khan, 1968 ��� Pharynx long, 110���124 ��m, b = 3.8���4.9; V = 42���47; c = 47���67................... B. safiae Siddiqi, 1997 16. Odontostyle 6.0 ��m, odonotophore 10.5���11 ��m; spicules 24 ��m............. B. barbarae Siddiqi, 1997 ��� Odontostyle 7.5���8.5 ��m, odonotophore 12���15 ��m; spicules 29���32 ��m.... B. robustus Siddiqi, 1982 17. Odontophore flanged...................................................................................................................... 18 ��� Odontophore simple, with sclerotized or slightly swollen base, not flanged................................. 25 18. V = 47���58....................................................................................................................................... 19 ��� V = up to 47.................................................................................................................................... 23 19. Body 0.50���0.58 mm long; posterior uterine sac 2.0���2.8 times midbody diameter long................................................................................................................................... B. longisaccus Siddiqi, 1995 ��� Body 0.30���0.51 mm long; posterior uterine sac about as long as midbody diameter long............ 20 20. Tail short, with rounded to hemispheroid terminus; c = 30���44...................................................... 21 ��� Tail short, conoid with acute terminus; c B. conicuadatus sp. nov. 21. Odontostyle 9.0���10 ��m; neck length 110���119 ��m................................ B. syncheillus Siddiqi, 1995 ��� Odontostyle 7.5���8.5 ��m; neck length 95���106 ��m......................................................................... 22 22. Lip region flat; V = 54���56; c��� = 0.9...................................................................... B. siddiqii sp. nov. ��� Lip region elevated; V = 47���53; c��� = 1.2���1.7.............................................. B. siremps Siddiqi, 1995 23. Lips separated, angular; c��� = 1.0���1.2............................................................. B. nindei Siddiqi, 1970 ��� Lips amalgamated, slightly elevated; c��� = 0.6���0.9......................................................................... 24 24. Longer body, L = 0.38���0.48 mm; amphids duplex; odontostyle 10���14 ��m............................................................................................................................................................... B. minutus Khan, 1987 ��� Shorter body, L = 0.29���0.36 mm; amphids simple; odontostyle 7.5���8.5 ��m...................................................................................................................................................... B. deminutus Siddiqi, 1995 25. Anterior uterine sac absent............................................................................................................. 26 ��� Anterior uterine sac present............................................................................................................ 29 26. Tail conoid to digitate, with acute terminus; c��� = 1.1���1.7.............................................................. 27 ��� Tail rounded to hemispheroid; c��� = B. caudatus Jairajpuri, 1966 ��� Liplets absent; amphids stirrup-shaped; odontophore about 1.2���1.5 times odontostyle length................................................................................................................................ B. neocaudatus sp. nov. 28. V = 31���41; tail rounded, with terminal caudal pore............................... B. acus Goseco et al., 1974 ��� V = 47���48; tail conoid, without terminal caudal pore......... B. soueastus Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1979 29. Vulva posterior, V => 50................................................ B. penetrans (Thorne, 1964) Siddiqi, 1969 ��� Vulva anterior, V = B. upicus Ahmad & Jairajpuri, 1979 ��� Cuticle bearing punctations; amphids cup-shaped......................................................................... 32 32. Amphids duplex, cup-shaped; anterior uterine sac 24.5���46 ��m; males absent............................................................................................................................................................... B. goaensis sp. nov. ��� Amphids simple, cup-shaped, anterior uterine sac 65 ��m; males present........................................................................................................................ B. rotundicaudatus (Khan, 1987) Andr��ssy, 2009 33. Anterior uterine sac more than one midbody diameter long.......................................................... 34 ��� Anterior uterine sac less than one midbody diameter long............................................................. 35 34. Odontostyle 10���14 ��m; tail 11���16 ��m....................................................... B. basiri Jairajpuri, 1964 ��� Odontostyle 6.0���7.0 ��m; tail 8.0���10 ��m......................................... B. minimus Jana & Baqri, 1981 35. Lip region distinctly offset; odontostyle, 11���15 ��m............................ B. pini Siddiqi & Khan, 1965 ��� Lip region distinctly not offset; odontostyle, 4.6 ��m......... B. striatus (Thorne, 1964) Siddiqi, 1969, Published as part of Islam, Md Niraul & Ahmad, Wasim, 2022, Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 791 (1) on pages 49-51, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.791.1645, http://zenodo.org/record/5999842, {"references":["Goseco C. G., Ferris V. R. & Ferris J. M. 1974. Revision in Leptonchoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Tyleptus in Leptonchidae, Tyleptinae; Basirotyleptus in Leptonchidae, Belonenchinae and Loncharionema n. gen. in Leptonchidae, Xiphinemellinae. Research Bulletin, Purdue University Agriculture Experimental Station 913: 1 - 24.","Siddiqi M. R. 1970. Five new species of Basirotyleptus and the description of Leptonchus baccatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Nematologica 16: 203 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00216","Siddiqi M. R. 1982. Seven new genera of dorylaimoid nematodes from Colombian rain forest. Systematic Parasitology 4: 69 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00012230","Furstenberg J. P. 1980. A new species and some new records of Basirotyleptus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: (Belonchinae) from Australia and Malaysia. Nematologica 26: 149 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529280 X 00035","Siddiqi M. R. & Khan S. H. 1964. Trichonchium n. g. (Nematoda: Campydoridae), with descriptions of two new species from tea soil, Assam, India. Nematologica 9: 641 - 645. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529263 X 00755","Siddiqi M. R. & Khan E. 1965. A review of the nematode genus Basirotyleptus (Dorylaimida) with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 32: 23 - 31. Thorne G. 1964. Nematodes of Puerto Rico: Belondiroidea, new superfamily, Leptonchidae Thorne, 1935, and Belonenchidae new family (Nematoda, Adenophorea, Dorylaimida). University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Papers 39: 1 - 51.","Dhanam M. & Jairajpuri M. S. 1999. New leptonchid nematodes: one new genus and eleven new species from Malnad tracts of Karnataka, India. International Journal of Nematology 9: 205 - 209.","Siddiqi M. R. 1995. Nematodes of tropical rainforests, 5. Seven new genera and forty two new species of dorylaims. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology 5: 72 - 109.","Siddiqi M. R. 1997. Basirotyleptus safiae sp. n., B. penetrans (Thorne) and Actinolaimoides attenuatus sp. n. (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Guadeloupe, French West Indies. International Journal of Nematology 7: 132 - 136.","Khan E. 1987. Punctoleptus rotundicaudatus gen. n., sp. n. and Basirotyleptus minutus sp. n. (Nematoda: Leptonchoidea) from India. Indian Journal of Nematology 16: 175 - 179.","Jairajpuri M. S. 1966. On Basirotyleptus caudatus n. sp. and a redescription of Thornenema thienemanni (Schneider, 1937) Andrassy, 1959 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 33: 30 - 33.","Ahmad M. & Jairajpuri M. S. 1979. Four new species of Leptonchidae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida). Indian Journal of Nematology 9: 125 - 135.","Siddiqi M. R. 1969. Crateronema n. gen. (Crateronematidae n. fam.), Poronemella n. gen. (Lodellonematinae n. subfam.), and Chrysonemoides n. gen. (Chrysonematidae n. fam.) with a revised classification of Dorylaimoidea (Nematoda). Nematologica 15: 81 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529269 X 00128","Andrassy I. 2009. Free-living nematodes of Hungary (Nematoda errantia). Vol. III. Pedozoologica Hungarica 5. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.","Jairajpuri M. S. 1964. Studies on Campydoridae and Leptonchidae (Nematode: Dorylaimoidea) with description of Basirotyleptus basiri n. gen., n. sp. from India. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 31: 59 - 64.","Jana A. & Baqri Q. H. 1981. Nematodes from West Bengal (India) XI. Studies on the species of the superfamily Leptonchoidea (Dorylaimida). Journal of Zoological Society of India 33: 1 - 24."]}

Basirotyleptus nindei Siddiqi, 1970 Fig. 3, Table 3 Basirotyleptus nindei Siddiqi, 1970: 203���205. Material examined INDIA ��� Kerala State ��� 11 ♀♀; Pathanamthitta district, Thannithodu forest; 9��15���21.6��� N, 76��55���19.2��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 1 Nov. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus nindei /1���4 ��� 7 ♀♀; Ernakulum district, Manikandanchal; 10��09���28.8��� N, 76��47���56.4��� E; 5���15 cm depth; 28 Oct. 2017; soil samples collected from around the roots of shrubs (unidentified); slides reference number AMU/ZD/NC/ Basirotyleptus nindei /5���7. Description Female Small sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad or open C-shaped upon fixation; body cylindrical tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0���1.5 ��m thick at anterior region, 1.5���2.0 ��m at midbody and 2.5���3.0 ��m on tail. Outer cuticle thin, with fine transverse striations; inner layer thick, finely striated, loose, its outline irregular, with distinct radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 29���35% of midbody diameter. Lateral body pores distinct; 1���2 in neck region; 1���2 from pharyngeal base to vulva; 2���4 in post-vulval region. Dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by constriction, 1.8���2.1 times as wide as high or about one-third to two-fifths of the body diameter at neck base. Lips angular, separate, inner part elevated. Labial and cephalic papillae distinct but not interfering with labial contour. Amphids stirrupshaped, their aperture about two-fifths to one-half as wide as lip region diameter. Stoma a long, slender truncate cone, slightly sclerotized in the perioral region. Odontostyle slender, solid, needle-like, 1.4���1.5 times the lip region diameter long. Odontophore sclerotized, with prominent basal flanges, about 1.0���1.2 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 1.2���1.7 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender anterior part, expanding abruptly into a short pearshaped basal bulb, with a perceptible thickening at the posterior part of its inner lining, occupying about 14���18% of total neck length. Nerve ring located at 53���60% of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, about one-fourth to one-third of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system monodelphic-opisthodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 37���84 ��m; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 39���81 ��m, consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by weak sphincter. Uterus short and muscular, measuring 16���25 ��m. Anterior genital branch absent or rarely present (n = 7), reduced to a very small sac, about one-fifth to one-fourth midbody diameter long. Sperm cell absent. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 8.5���9.5 ��m or about two-fifths to one-half (43���52%) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 5.0���7.0 �� 4.0���5.0 ��m, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 3.0���4.0 ��m with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.0���3.1 and rectum 1.0���1.4 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, rounded to conoid, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male Not found. Remarks Siddiqi (1970) described this species from the Malawi. During the present study eighteen females were collected from two different localities of the Western Ghats, India. The morphometrics of present populations conform well with the type population except in having differently shaped amphids (stirrupshaped vs cup-shaped), slightly shorter odontostyle (9.0���10.5 vs 11.0 ��m), slightly longer odontophore (10.5���12 vs 10 ��m); nerve ring located more posteriorly (53���60 vs 50% of total neck length); sometimes presence of small anterior uterine sac about one-fourth to one-third midbody diameter long (vs anterior sac completely absent) and slightly shorter prerectum (2.0���3.1 vs 3.0���4.0 times anal body diameter). These slight differences are considered as intraspecific variability. This species is reported here for the first time from the India., Published as part of Islam, Md Niraul & Ahmad, Wasim, 2022, Description of five new and six known species of the genus Basirotyleptus Jairajpuri, 1964 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats, India, pp. 1-57 in European Journal of Taxonomy 791 (1) on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.791.1645, http://zenodo.org/record/5999842, {"references":["Siddiqi M. R. 1970. Five new species of Basirotyleptus and the description of Leptonchus baccatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Nematologica 16: 203 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00216"]}

Summary Details about the record of a juvenile mermithid roundworm parasitizing the bark spider Caerostris sumatrana Strand, 1915 from Thailand are presented. The morphology and ecology of both organisms is discussed. Morphological features suggest this juvenile nematode belongs to the genus cf. Aranimermis. Due to the subadult stage of parasite, identification to species-level was not possible. This first report of a nematode infection in C. sumatrana with several recent findings from other studies significantly adds to the current inventory of mermithids parasitizing spiders. Moreover, our finding is among the first record of this host-parasite interaction from Southeast Asia.

Paratrilobus tankhoyensis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D13C061E-EE0E-4A58-B706-3E4256774FFF Figs 1–2, Table 1 Diagnosis Paratrilobus tankhoyensis sp. nov. is characterized by a 3687–5463 µm long body; cuticle smooth under light microscope; crystalloids absent; inner labial sensillae in shape of short and thick setae 6–10 µm long; six outer labial sensillae in shape of smooth non-articulated setae 27–33 µm long, 54–67% of labial region width for males and 44–56% for females; four cephalic sensillae in shape of thin and smooth setae 12–15 µm long; buccal cavity spacious, barrel-shaped. One pocket merged with buccal cavity; two small teeth located in stoma base. Spicules comparatively thin and long (70–76 µm in length), 1.2–1.6 times as long as cloacal body diameter; gubernaculum in shape of ‘gutter’; precloacal supplements 6–7 in number, comparatively large, echinate; ‘cap’ and ‘shoulder’ well developed; supplemental ampulla comparatively large; its contents located in top part of ampulla; first and last supplements smaller than others; tail elongate-conical, comparatively thick, with subterminal seta. Etymology The species epithet means ‘from Tankhoy’, the type locality name. Material examined Holotype RUSSIA • ♂; Lake Baikal water area, Pereyomnaya River estuary, near Tankhoy railway station; 51.568452° N, 105.166531° E; 10 cm depth; 19 Jul. 2018; T.V. Naumova leg.; sand; HM RAS, slide 102/71 (1538-2). Paratypes RUSSIA • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for the holotype; T.V. Naumova leg.; HM RAS, slide 102/71 (1538-1, 1538-3, 1538-4) • 8 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀ same collection data as for the holotype; T.V. Naumova leg.; LIN–SB. Description Male Body comparatively long, thin. Cuticle smooth under light microscope, 1.5–2.0 µm thick. Body diameter at posterior pharynx end 1.3–1.4 times as large as width of labial region. Crystalloids absent. Somatic setae sparse, short, 8–11 µm long. Labial region slightly offset from adjacent body; lips well developed. Six inner labial sensillae in shape of thick, short setae, 6–9 µm long. Six outer labial sensillae in shape of smooth non-articulated setae, long 54–67% of labial region width. Four cephalic sensillae in shape of thin, smooth setae. Cheilostom of average size. Buccal cavity spacious, barrel-shaped, with thick walls. One pocket offset from buccal cavity, on its base two small teeth. Stoma 0.9 times as long as labial region width. Amphidial fovea cup-shaped, opening at level of buccal cavity. Pharynx muscular, comparatively long, expanding gradually along entire length. Cardiac glands large, rounded, 22–25 µm in diameter. Ventral gland, its canal, ampulla, excretory pore not seen. Testes paired, situated to left of intestine; anterior testis outstretched, posterior testis reflexed. Vas deferens well developed. Spicules comparatively thin, slightly curved, long, 1.2–1.6 times as long as cloacal body diameter. Gubernaculum in shape of ‘gutter’, 46–50% of spicule length. Precloacal supplements 6–7 in number, first, last supplements smaller than others. Supplement ampulla comparatively large, its contents located in top part of ampulla. Supplements comparatively large, echinate, ‘cap’, ‘shoulder’ well developed. Supplement row 475–588 µm long. Precloacal supplement located at spicules level. Tail elongate-conical, comparatively thick, with subterminal seta. Caudal glands well developed; spinneret in shape of short conical tube. Female General morphology similar to males in structure of cuticle, anterior body end. Six inner labial sensillae in shape of thick and short setae, 8–10 µm long. Outer labial sensillae in shape of smooth non-articulated setae, long 44–56% of labial region width. Cardia small, surrounded by three round glands. Prerectum not observed. Rectum length equal to or slightly less than anal body diameter. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic. Ovaries situated to left of intestine, reflexed, comparatively short. Oocytes numerous. Vulva transverse slit, situated to mid-body or slightly anterior to mid-body. Vulval lips not sclerotized, not protruding outside body contour. Cuticular wrinkles around vulva, vulva glands not seen. Vagina short, with thick walls. Uterus containing numerous spermatozoa, 1– 2 eggs, measuring 112–132 × 52–80 µm. Tail elongate-conical, comparatively thick, with subterminal seta. Caudal glands well developed. Remarks Paratrilobus tankhoyensis sp. nov. is most similar to P. expugnator (Tsalolichin, 1976) in body size (Tsalolichin 1976). The new species differs from it in the comparatively thin body (a = 57–71 vs a = 32–44 in P. expugnator), shorter and thicker tail (c = 23–38, cʹ = 2.3–3.7 vs c = 8.2–10.4, cʹ = 5.0– 7.5 in P. expugnator), shorter stoma (stoma length 45–55 µm vs 70–80 µm long in P. expugnator), and shorter spicules (spicules length 70–76 µm vs 90 µm long in P. expugnator) (Tsalolichin 1976).

Paratrilobus aquaticus sp.nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AB5F0913-BB36-403D-A732-AEFBB93CA939 Figs 3���4, Table 2 Diagnosis Paratrilobus aquaticus sp. nov. is characterized by a 2015���2203 ��m body length; cuticle finely annulated; crystalloids absent; six inner labial sensillae papilliform; six outer labial sensillae in the shape of smooth non-articulated setae 18���20 ��m long (53���58% of labial region width); four cephalic sensillae in shape of thin and smooth setae 10���13 ��m long; buccal cavity spacious, barrel-shaped; one pocket connected with buccal cavity by wide gleam and contains two small teeth. Spicules comparatively thin, 51 ��m long, 1.2 times as long as cloacal body diameter; gubernaculum in shape of ���gutter���. Precloacal supplements 6 in number, about same size, located approximately at identical distance from each other; supplements echinate, not very protruded over body surface; contents of ampulla located at base; cap armed, numerous small thorns and one large central thorn. Tail slender, comparatively long; three caudal glands and spinneret well developed; subterminal seta not observed. Etymology The species epithet comes from the habitat ('water'). Material examined Holotype RUSSIA ��� ♂; Lake Baikal, Posolsk Bank (underwater elevation of the bottom between the southern and central basins of Lake Baikal); 52.07994�� N, 105.90368�� E; 51 m depth; 5 Jul. 2012; T.V. Naumova leg.; sand and silt; HM RAS, slide 102/64 (768-2). Paratypes RUSSIA ��� 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for the holotype; T.V. Naumova leg.; LIN���SB (765-3, 765-5, 767-5) ��� 1 ♀ same collection data as for the holotype; T.V. Naumova leg.; HM RAS slide 102/64 (768-4). Description Male Body comparatively short. Cuticle finely annulated, 1.5 ��m thick. Crystalloids absent. Somatic setae sparse, short. Labial region comparatively high, slightly offset from adjacent body, lips well developed. Six inner labial sensillae papilliform. Six outer labial sensillae in shape of smooth setae long 53% of labial region width. Four cephalic sensillae in shape of thin setae. Cheilostom of average size. Buccal cavity spacious, barrel-shaped, with thick walls. One pocket connected with buccal cavity by wide gleam, containing two small teeth. Stoma 1.5 times as long as labial region width. Amphidial fovea cupshaped, opening at level of buccal cavity. Pharynx muscular, comparatively long, expanding gradually along length. Cardiac glands large, rounded, 30 ��m in diameter. Ventral gland, its canal, ampulla, excretory pore not observed. Testes paired, situated to left of intestine; anterior testis outstretched, posterior testis short, reflexed. Vas deferens well developed. Spicules slender, ventral curved, 1.2 times as long as cloacal body diameter. Gubernaculum in shape of gutter, 39% of spicule length. Precloacal supplement 6 in number, about one size, located approximately at equal distances from each other. Supplements echinate, not very protruded over body surface. Ampulla contents concentrated in ampullae base. Shoulder absent. Cap armed, numerous small thorns, one large central thorn. Precloacal supplement located anteriorly to spicules level. Tail slender, comparatively long. Three caudal glands, spinneret well developed. Subterminal setae not seen. Female General morphology similar to that of males in structure of cuticle, anterior body end. Six outer labial sensillae in shape of smooth non-articulated setae long 53���58% of labial region width. Cardia surrounded by three round glands. Rectum length equal to or slightly greater than anal body diameter. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic. Ovaries situated to left of intestine, reflexed. Oocytes numerous. Vulva transverse slit, situated slightly posterior to mid-body. Vulval lips not sclerotized, not protruded outside body contour. Cuticular wrinkles around vulva, vulva glands not observed. Vagina straight line, with well-expressed spherical vaginal chamber, thick walls. Generated eggs in uterus not observed. Tail slender, comparatively long. Subterminal seta not seen. Remarks Paratrilobus aquaticus sp. nov. is similar to P. granulosus Gagarin & Naumova, 2011 and P. ultimus (Tsalolichin, 1977) in the structure of the precloacal supplements. From the former species, it differs in the absence of crystalloids, a comparatively longer pharynx (b = 3.3��� 3.9 vs b = 4.5���5.9 in P. granulosus), longer outer labial setae (18���20 ��m long, 53���58% of labial region width vs 6.5���8.5 ��m long, 30��� 35% of labial region width in P. granulosus), the vulva position (V = 51.8���53.0% vs 39.1���46.1% in P. granulosus), the longer stoma (48���52 ��m long vs 28���33 ��m long in P. granulosus), and the absence of a subterminal seta (Gagarin & Naumova 2011). From the latter species, it differs in the longer pharynx (b = 3.3���3.9 vs b = 4.7���5.9 in P. ultimus), a longer and more slender tail (c = 7.5���8.9, c�� = 5.5���6.8 vs c = 10.9���16.4, c�� = 3.5���4.5 in P. ultimus), the longer stoma (48���52 ��m long vs 21 ��m in P. ultimus), longer outer labial setae (18���20 ��m long, 53���58% of labial region width vs 6���7 ��m long, 25���30% of labial region width in P. ultimus), and the vulva position (V = 51.8���53.0% vs V = 39���43% in P. ultimus) (Tsalolichin 1977)., Published as part of Naumova, Tatyana V. & Gagarin, Vladimir G., 2020, Two new nematode species of the genus Paratrilobus Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda, Triplonchida) from the water area of Lake Baikal (Russia), pp. 159-172 in European Journal of Taxonomy 723 on pages 165-169, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.723.1151, http://zenodo.org/record/4298029, {"references":["Gagarin V. G. & Naumova T. V. 2011. Paratrilobus granulosus sp. n., Tobrilus longisetosus sp. n. and Domorganus acutus (Tsalolikhin, 1977) from Lake Baikal, Russia. International Journal of Nematology 21: 85 - 95."]}

Shimada, Daisuke, Kakui, Keiichi (2020): A New Species of Free-living Marine Nematode, Proplatycoma tsukubae sp. nov. (Enoplida: Leptosomatidae), from Japan. Species Diversity 25: 205-211, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.25.205

The family Enchelidiidae is recovered as monophyletic and appears to be a more recently derived taxon within the superfamily Oncholaimoidea. It combines nematodes with buccal cavity with three unequal teeth, crenate pharynx, and absence of demanian system. Genus Thoonchus was erected for nematodes characterized by the large buccal cavity with heavily cuticularized walls and several rows of denticles, short and arcuate spicules and gubernaculums with expanded corpus. One new species is described here from the Sishili Bay, located in the northern Yellow Sea. Thoonchus covidus sp. nov. is characterized by the body length 3195‒4339 µm, outer labial and cephalic setae in one circle, pocket shaped amphid above the buccal cavity base, secretory-excretory pore at the base of cephalic setae, arched spicules, gubernaculum with thin proximal extension parallel to spicules, preanal supplement absent, three pairs of preanal papillae. It differs from other congeners by the position of secretory-excretory pore, absence of supplementary organ in males and presence of three pairs of precloacal papillae. Redescription of T. giganticus is also provided. After critical evaluation of the genus we recognize 4 valid species and provide a taxonomic key to species.

Thoonchus covidus sp. nov. (Figs 1���5; Table 1) Diagnosis. Thoonchus covidus sp. nov. is characterized by the body length 3195���4339 ��m, outer labial and cephalic setae in one circle, pocket shaped amphid above the buccal cavity base, secretory-excretory pore at the base of cephalic setae, arched spicules, gubernaculum with thin proximal extension parallel to spicules, preanal supplement absent, three pairs of preanal papillae. Etymology. The species named after COVID-19 pandemic during which it was described. Holotype. China: ♂, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MIMB 34000), in glycerin; deposited in the Zoological Museum NSCMB FEB RAS; collected in Sishili Bay (the Yellow Sea coast), 37 �� 27���32��� N, 121 �� 29���29��� E; sand, water depth 0.2���0.4 m. Collected by Yulia Trebukhova, June 27 th, 2018. Paratypes. China: 1♂, 3♀♀, formalin-fixed, mounted on slides (MIMB 34001���34004), in glycerin; deposited in the Zoological Museum NSCMB FEB RAS; collected in Sishili Bay (the Yellow Sea coast), 37 �� 27���32��� N, 121 �� 29���29��� E; sand, water depth 0.2���0.4 m. Type locality. China, Sishili Bay (the Yellow Sea coast), 37 �� 27���32��� N, 121 �� 29���29��� E; sand, water depth 0.2. 4 m. Description. Body slender (Fig. 1A, D; 2A; 3A). Cuticle fine striated (Fig. 4C; 5D). Six short inner labial papillae (Fig. 4B). Outer labial and cephalic setae of equal length in one circle (Fig. 1B, E; 2B; 4 A���C; 5A). Cervical setae twice shorter than cephalic one; present from immediately posterior to amphid to level of nerve ring (Fig. 4A, C; 5 A���B). Somatic setae short, rare, irregularly scattered along the body. Caudal setae present (Fig. 4D; 5E). Buccal cavity large with heavily cuticularized walls and 3 teeth, right subventral tooth largest; size and position of left subventral and dorsal teeth about equal. About 5 complete irregular circles of small sharp denticles present anterior to dorsal and left subventral teeth (Fig. 1 B, E; 2 B���C; 3B; 4A���B). Amphids pocket shaped, slightly above the buccal cavity base (Fig. 1A, E; 3C; 4C; 5B). Secretory-excretory system present; ventral gland cell large, located at the level of anterior part of the intestine, extends anteriorly along the ventral side of the pharynx and opening to the exterior via pore at the base of cephalic setae (Fig. 1B, E). Pharynx long, muscular; not expanded at junction with intestine. Tail short. Spinneret and caudal glands present; caudal gland cell bodies not extend anterior to cloaca/anus. Male. Length 3990���4339 ��m, width at midbody 73���88 ��m. Head diameter 49���53 ��m at level of cephalic setae. Outer labial and cephalic setae 17 ��m long (Fig. 1B; 2B; 4 A���C). Buccal cavity 35���44 ��m long and 42���48 ��m wide at level of denticles. Amphid 9.5���12.5 ��m or 25% of corresponding body diameter wide (Fig. 4C). Pharynx 627���648.5 ��m long; secretory-excretory pore 47���53 ��m and nerve ring 235���272 ��m from anterior end. Tail 99���104 ��m or 1.5���2.24 anal body diameters long. As revealed with scanning electron microscope, there are three pairs of subventral papilla 20, 80 and 150 ��m anterior to cloaca correspondingly (Fig. 4D). Two pairs of subventral setae immediately anterior to cloaca (Fig. 1C; 4D). Spicules 67.5���70.5 ��m or 1.14���1.39 anal diameters long, arcuate (Fig. 1C; 2 D���E). Corpus of gubernaculum surrounding spicules; gubernaculum apophysis 53���55 ��m long, parallel to spicules (Fig. 1C; 2 D���E). Females. Length 3195���3975 ��m, width at midbody 62.5���78.5 ��m. Head diameter 39���45 ��m at level of cephalic setae. Outer labial and cephalic setae 17.5 ��m long (Fig. 1E; 5 A���B). Buccal cavity 37 ��m long and 44 ��m wide at level of denticles. Amphid 9���10 ��m or 22.4% of corresponding body diameter wide (Fig. 3C; 5B). Pharynx 616���691 ��m long, secretory-excretory pore 52 ��m and nerve ring 241-303 ��m from anterior end. Reproductive system amphidelphic with two opposed and reflexed ovaries. Vulva situated at ~1/2 of body length (Fig. 5C). Eggs large, elongated. One specimen characterized with the presence of gutter-shaped process extruded out of vulva (Fig. 3E). Two subventral rows of small rounded papillae 2 ��m in diam. in pharyngo-genital region (Fig. 5E). Tail 83���99 ��m or 1.74���2.26 anal body diameters long, with remarkable swelling in anal region (Fig. 3D; 5E). Relationships. New species is closest to Thoonchus ferox in amphid size and position, in spicula and gubernaculum shape, and index a. Thoonchus covidus sp. nov. differs from T. ferox by body size (3195���4339 ��m vs 2100���2200 ��m), length of spicules (67.5���70.5 ��m vs 32.4 ��m) (Table 2), absence of precloacal supplementary organ, the number of pairs of precoacal papillae (tree pairs vs one pair) and presence of subventral rows of papillae in females. Thoonchus covidus sp. nov. differs from T. inermis by the bigger body size (3195���4339 ��m vs 2153���2190 ��m), longer spicules (67.5���70.5 ��m vs 25���33 ��m) and shape of gubernaculum (long dorsal apophysis vs short pointed apophysis). New species differs from T. longisetosus by the longer body (3195���4339 ��m vs 2620 ��m), longer cephalic setae (17 ��m vs 8���12 ��m), smaller amphids (9.5���12.5 ��m vs 18 ��m), longer spicules (67.5-70.6 ��m vs 35 ��m) and shape of gurbernaculum (long dorsal apophysis vs dorsocaudal apophysis). Described species differs from T. giganticus by the shorter body (3195���4339 ��m vs 6500 ��m) and tail (89���113 ��m vs 205 ��m), longer cephalic setae (17 ��m vs 6.3 ��m), shorter spicules (67.5���70.5 ��m vs 558 ��m), and shape of gubernaculum (long dorsal apophysis vs gubernaculums without apophysis) (Table 2)., Published as part of Zograf, Julia K., Pavlyuk, Olga N., Trebukhova, Yulia A. & Baoquan, Li, 2020, New species of Thoonchus (Enoplida, Enchelidiidae) from the Yellow Sea and redescription of T. giganticus Belogurova et al., 1986, pp. 239-252 in Zootaxa 4845 (2) on pages 241-247, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4845.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4486679, {"references":["Belogurova, L. S., Belogurov, O. I. & Khamula, I. S. (1986) New species of Enchelidiidae nematodes from Tatar Strait. Biologiya Morya, 12, 25 - 30."]}

Genus Thoonchus Cobb, 1920 Diagnosis (Smol et al. 2014). Enchelidiidae. Six lips. Inner labial sensilla papilliform or setiform. Buccal cavity large with heavily sclerotized walls, 1 to 1.5 times as long as broad. Three teeth, right ventrosublateral tooth largest; several rows of denticles present. Amphid large and situated either at the level of the buccal cavity or behind. Secretory-excretory pore anterior or posterior to buccal cavity. Spicules short and arcuate, gubernaculum with expanded corpus and with or without apophysis. One or two precloacal supplement(s) and papillae present or absent. Marine. Type species: Thoonchus ferox Cobb, 1920 Other species: Thoonchus covidus sp. nov. Thoonchus inermis Gerlach, 1953 Thoonchus longisetosus Keppner, 1988 Doubtful species: Thoonchus giganticus Belogurova, Belogurov & Khamula, 1986, Published as part of Zograf, Julia K., Pavlyuk, Olga N., Trebukhova, Yulia A. & Baoquan, Li, 2020, New species of Thoonchus (Enoplida, Enchelidiidae) from the Yellow Sea and redescription of T. giganticus Belogurova et al., 1986, pp. 239-252 in Zootaxa 4845 (2) on pages 240-241, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4845.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4486679, {"references":["Cobb, N. A. (1920) One hundred new nemas (type species of 100 new genera). Contributions to Science of Nematology, 9, 217 - 343.","Smol, N., Muthumbi, A. & Sharma, J. (2014) Order Enoplida. In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of zoology. Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia, Gnathifera. Vol. 2. Nematoda. de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 193 - 249.","Gerlach, S. A. (1953) Die Nematodenbesiedlung des Sandstrandes und des Kustengrund-wassers aus der italienischen Kuiste. Archivio Zoologico Italiano, 37, 517 - 640.","Keppner, E. J. (1988) Thoonchus longisetosus and Oxyonchus striatus, new species of free-living marine nematodes (Nematoda: Enoplida) from Northwest Florida, U. S. A. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101, 183 - 191.","Belogurova, L. S., Belogurov, O. I. & Khamula, I. S. (1986) New species of Enchelidiidae nematodes from Tatar Strait. Biologiya Morya, 12, 25 - 30."]}

Thoonchus giganticus Belogurova et al., 1986 (Fig 6, Table 1) Redescription. Body fusiform, narrowing to the head end, 6905 ��m long. Width at midbody 362 ��m. Head end blunt. Inner and outer labial sensilla indistinct. Cephalic setae 9 ��m long. Amphids pocket-shaped, situated at the base of the buccal cavity. Buccal cavity small, 31 ��m deep. Three unequal teeth in the buccal cavity. The biggest right subventral tooth 25 ��m long (Fig. 6B). About 5 complete irregular circles of small sharp denticles present. Pharynx long, muscular, 1566 ��m long. Secretory-excretory system not visible. Spicules curved, cephalated, 553 ��m or ca 5 cloacal diameters long (Fig. 6D). Gebernaculum stick-shaped, without apophysis. Supplements absent. A ventral row of 7 papilla anterior to cloaca (Fig. 6E). Two ventral setae immediately anterior to cloaca. Tail conicocilindrical, 246 ��m or 2.3 cloacal diameters long (Fig. 6C). Remarks. Belogurova and co-authors (1986) described Thoonchus giganticus from the Tatar Strait (Fig. 7). Authors placed this species among Thoonchus based on the presence of three teeth and small denticles in the buccal cavity and the absence of supplements in male. Later on, Keppner (1988) mentioned that the shape of buccal cavity, teeth, and male genital apparatus deviate significantly from that of Thoonchus. He also noted that this species is difficult to place within existing genera of Enchelidiidae or erect a new genus for it. Therefore, Thoonchus giganticus might be considered of doubtful generic assignment (Keppner, 1988). We agree that T. giganticus deviates greatly from other Thoonchus species, but we propose considering it incertae sedis till the new genus is established., Published as part of Zograf, Julia K., Pavlyuk, Olga N., Trebukhova, Yulia A. & Baoquan, Li, 2020, New species of Thoonchus (Enoplida, Enchelidiidae) from the Yellow Sea and redescription of T. giganticus Belogurova et al., 1986, pp. 239-252 in Zootaxa 4845 (2) on pages 248-249, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4845.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4486679, {"references":["Belogurova, L. S., Belogurov, O. I. & Khamula, I. S. (1986) New species of Enchelidiidae nematodes from Tatar Strait. Biologiya Morya, 12, 25 - 30.","Keppner, E. J. (1988) Thoonchus longisetosus and Oxyonchus striatus, new species of free-living marine nematodes (Nematoda: Enoplida) from Northwest Florida, U. S. A. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101, 183 - 191."]}

Oloncholaimus piipi gen. et sp. nov. is described from Piip submarine volcano, the Bering Sea. Oloncholaimus gen. nov. shows all main characters of Oncholaiminae: females monodelphic-prodelphic with antidromously reflexed ovary, three teeth with left ventrosublateral the largest, oncholaimoid type of Demanian system. New genus can be differentiated from all other genera of the family Oncholaimidae by the complex shape of dorsal and right ventrosublateral teeth with apical antler-shaped extension. Oloncholaimus piipi sp. nov. has large body (5960–7045 μm), six outer labial and four cephalic setae equal in size (5–7 μm), equal spicules (110–131 μm long) without gubernaculum, and complex precloacal supplementary organ composed of 8–9 cylindrical processes.

Leduc, Daniel, Zhao, Zeng Qi, Sinniger, Frederic (2020): Halanonchus scintillatulus sp. nov. from New Zealand and a review of the suborder Trefusiina (Nematoda: Enoplida). European Journal of Taxonomy 661: 1-45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.661

Eucoleus sp. Host: Larus dominicanus. SI: not reported. Lo: Chubut Province. Reference: Díaz et al. (2011a). Comment: immature adult specimens., Published as part of Drago, Fabiana B., Núñez, Verónica & Díaz, Mariano Dueñas, 2020, Checklist of the nematode parasites of wild birds of Argentina, pp. 43-61 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0005, http://zenodo.org/record/5743511, {"references":["Diaz J. I., Cremonte F., Navone G. 2011 a. Helminths of the kelp gull, Larus dominicanus, from the northern Patagonian coast. Parasitology Research 109: 1555 - 1562."]}

Eucoleus penidoi (Freitas & Almeida, 1935) Host: Nothura maculosa. SI: muscular stomach. Lo: Maipú, Buenos Aires Province. Reference: Kaseta (1973). Comment: cited as Capillaria penidoi Freitas & Almeida, 1935. The genus Eucoleus was considered synonymous of Capillaria by Anderson et al. (2009), although both genera are so far considered valid (Moravec, 2001; Gibbons, 2010)., Published as part of Drago, Fabiana B., Núñez, Verónica & Díaz, Mariano Dueñas, 2020, Checklist of the nematode parasites of wild birds of Argentina, pp. 43-61 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1) on page 44, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0005, http://zenodo.org/record/5743511, {"references":["Freitas J. F. T., Almeida J. L. 1935. Sobre os nematoda Capillariinae parasitas de esophago e papo de aves. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 30: 123 - 56.","Kaseta S. M. 1973. Nematodes en Nothura maculosa (Temminck). Physis Seccion C 32 (84): 83 - 91.","Anderson R. C., Chabaud A. G., Willmont S. 2009. Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Archival Volumen. CABi, Wallingford, 463 pp.","Moravec F. 2001. Trichinelloid Nematodes Parasitic in Coldblooded Vertebrates. Academia, Prague, 430 pp.","Gibbons L. M. 2010. Keys to the Nematode Parasite of Vertebrates. Supplementary Volume. CABI, Wallingford, 416 pp."]}

A commented checklist of the nematodes parasites of Argentinean wild birds is presented. This is the first compilation of parasitological papers about nematodes of Argentinean birds published between 1873 and November 2019. This review includes information about 64 nematode nominal species and 13 taxa identified at generic level, belonging to five orders, 16 superfamilies, 20 families, and 44 genera. Five species were considered incertae sedis, because they were described based only on larval stages, and one species was maintained as species inquirenda. The highest number of taxa of nematodes was recorded in the family Acuariidae with 20 nominal species and two taxa identified at generic level, followed by Anisakidae with eight nominal species and one taxon identified at generic level, and Tetrameridae with eight nominal species and two taxa identified at generic level. Of the 1042 species of birds reported in Argentina, only 65 (6.24%) were reported as hosts of adult nematodes. The families of birds with the highest number of reported taxa were Tinamidae (12 nematode taxa), Laridae (11), Anatidae (8) and Phalacrocoracidae (7). The present review provides data on hosts, geographical distribution, sites of infection, location of material deposited in Helminthological Collections, references, and taxonomic comments. A host/parasite list is also provided., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Brevitobrilus larae sp. nov. (Figs 5– 9) Holotype. Female, Vietnam, Kon Tum Prov., Kon Plong Distr., Kon Chu Rang Nature Reserve, pond in forest, 1077 m a.s.l., 14°35′22″N, 108°25′04″E, 10 Oct. 2018, coll. L. Iogansen. Microscope slide No. A-9195, ZISP. Paratypes. 6 females, same data as for holotype. Description. Females. Morphometric descriptions of the holotype and paratypes are given in Table 2. Cuticle thin, in total about 2 µm thick in middle of body. Outline of head round and not offset. Head with six distinct lips, each with one small papilla. Longer cephalic setae 6–8 µm, shorter setae about 4 µm. Width of head 19 µm. Buccal cavity 8–10 (9) µm wide and 10 µm long; total depth of stoma (buccal cavity and pockets) 20–26 (23) µm; two pockets separated by short isthmus, each pocket with one teeth, distance between tops of teeth 9 µm. Amphid openings at level of bottom of buccal cavity or at level of first pocket; amphid diameter 4 µm, approximately one-sixth part of corresponding body width. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic; ovaries reflexed, oocytes arranged in double rows in germinal zone; only two females with mature eggs in uterus. Depth of vagina corresponding to one-third – half of body width. Tail elongate-conoid, spinneret 1–2 µm long; subterminal setae absent. Male not found. Comparision. The new species Brevitobrilus larae sp. nov. most closely resembles B. orientalis Tsalolikhin, 2013, which was described from Kazakhstan (Tsalolikhin, 2013). The new species differs from B. orientalis by longer body (851−1048 µm vs 788−871 µm), longer (6−8 µm vs 5−6 µm) and thinner, not hornlike cephalic setae, in longer tail (111−147 µm vs 77−82 µm) and absence of subterminal setae. Note: All absolute measurements are in µm and the form: range and mean ± error of mean. Note: All absolute measurements are in µm and in the form: range and mean ± error of mean. Etimology. The species is named after the herpetologist Larissa (Lara) Iogansen, who collected material for me in the jungles of Vietnam., Published as part of Tsalolikhin, S. Ya., 2020, Two new species of free-living nematodes (Nematoda) from Vietnam, pp. 11-16 in Zoosystematica Rossica (Zoosyst. Rossica) (Zoosyst. Rossica) 29 (1) on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.31610/zsr/2020.29.1.11, {"references":["Tsalolikhin S. Ya. 2013. A new species, Brevitobrilus orientalis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Tobrilidae) from West Kazakhstan. Zoosystematica Rossica, 22 (1): 3 - 5."]}

More than 30 species of exotic ungulates are currently kept in the Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve (Kherson Region, Ukraine). During the years 1978–2014, 146 ungulates of 24 species (16 species of Bovidae, 4 — Cervidae, 4 — Camelidae) were examined by partial helminthological dissection; more than 402,700 specimens of helminths were collected and identified. The purpose of the present study was to summarize these data and analyze the species diversity in exotic ungulates. Totally, 38 species of helminths: 3 species of Trematoda, 6 — Cestoda, 29 — Nematoda were found. Ungulates from the family Bovidae were the most infected; they harbored 36 species of helminths, 1–18 species per host. In Camelidae, 15 species were found; 3–10 species per host. Cervidae harbored 9 species; 1–6 species per host. The highest species diversity was detected in the ungulates introduced from regions with climatic conditions similar to those in southern Ukraine: saiga antelope (19 species), European mouflon (18), Barbary sheep (18), and markhor (17). Ten species typical for domestic ruminants (Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus sp., Aonchotheca bovis, Moniezia expansa, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. probolurus and Trichuris ovis) dominated in the parasite communities. Our results indicated reduction in the species diversity and alteration of the parasite community structures in these exotic ungulates kept in the Askania-Nova Reserve compared to their natural habitats.

The article summarizes information on the nematodes parasitic in wild Carnivora of Ukraine. Totally, 50 species of nematodes are known to parasitise carnivorans in the country, 30 species were registered in the present study. Nematodes were found in 14 species of examined hosts from the families Canidae, Mustelidae and Felidae. Maximum diversity of nematodes of carnivorans was observed in Polissia (forest zone in the north of the country) and in Kherson Region in the south. Hosts from the family Canidae harboured 19 nematode species; studied species of the Mustelidae were infected with 15 nematode species, 6 of them were also found in Canidae. The wildcat (Felis silvestris Schreber) and the lynx (Lynx lynx Linnaeus) harboured only two species of nematodes, both are specific parasites of these hosts. The most comprehensive information concerns the nematode communities of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus) and the wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus), with 19 and 9 nematode species found, correspondingly. From 1 to 6 nematode species were found in other species of carnivorans.

One unrecorded species of free-living marine nematodes from the South China Sea is described as Wieseria bicepes sp. nov. The present species is characterized by three circles of anterior sensilla nearly equal in length; four cephalic setae just behind the outer labial setae; oblong amphideal fovea with double contours and a handle-like protrusion at the base; tail tip bifurcate; spicules slightly curved with proximally cephalated and distally tapered; gubernaculum absent. The species is easily distinguished from the congeneric species by tail with a bifurcate tip and cephalic setae closely adjacent to labial setae.

Three new species of free-living marine nematodes of the genus Metoncholaimus are described from San Matías gulf (Río Negro, Argentina). Metoncholaimus sanmatiensis sp. n. is characterized by large body size, long spicules, small gubernaculum, presence of long setose pre- and postcloacal genital sensilla and presence of precloacal pores. Metoncholaimus perdisus sp. n. is characterized by small-sized body, short spicules, small gubernaculum, presence of long setose pre- and postcloacal genital sensilla and presence of pre- and postcloacal pores. Metoncholaimus paracavatus sp. n. is closely related to Oncholaimus cavatus but can be considered as a new Metoncholaimus species based on the presence of gubernaculum and the morphology of the demanian system. A compendium of all valid species, including new species, is given.

Data from the literature and from specimens preserved at the Colección Nacional de Insectos (CNIN) Instituto de Biología, UNAM were used to compile a checklist of the fauna of Coleoptera of the state of Morelos, México. A sum of 70 families, 167 subfamilies, 361 tribes, 1,022 genera, and 2,606 species are recorded; from this 24 species are new records for Morelos. The State of Morelos ranks fourth in Coleoptera species richness for Mexico, following Veracruz (3,176 spp.), Oaxaca (2,148 spp.) and Chiapas (1,734 spp.). The checklist presented here provides a summary that can serve as a basis for future progress in the knowledge of Mexican Coleoptera.