95 results on '"Enio Mori"'
Search Results
2. Rabies Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Free-Ranging Invasive Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Brazil
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Patricia Parreira Perin, Talita Turmina, Carmen Andrea Arias-Pacheco, Jonathan Silvestre Gomes, Lívia de Oliveira Andrade, Natália de Oliveira Zolla, Talita Oliveira Mendonça, Wilson Junior Oliveira, Willian de Oliveira Fahl, Karin Correa Scheffer, Rene dos Santos Cunha Neto, Maria Eduarda Rodrigues Chierato, Enio Mori, Artur Luiz de Almeida Felicio, Guilherme Shin Iwamoto Haga, Maria Carolina Guido, Luiz Henrique Barrochelo, Affonso dos Santos Marcos, and Estevam Guilherme Lux Hoppe
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invasive alien species ,hunting ,Suidae ,Rhabdoviridae ,zoonosis ,Medicine - Abstract
Rabies, one of the most lethal global zoonoses, affects all mammals. It remains circulating worldwide in sylvatic cycles through terrestrial and airborne reservoirs, and in Brazil, bats are currently the main reservoirs and source of transmission. Wild boars, an important invasive alien species in Brazil, are a proven food source for hematophagous bats and may participate in the Brazilian sylvatic cycle of rabies. We evaluated the presence of this pathogen in hunted wild boars from the São Paulo state using histopathology, the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA), viral isolation in cell culture (VICC), the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT), and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results of histopathological, DFA, VICC, and RT-qPCR analysis were negative for all samples; seven serum samples tested positive in the RFFIT, and titers ranged from 0.13 IU/mL to 0.5 IU/mL. The presence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies in the studied wild boars suggests the circulation of the virus in these animals. Educative actions directed at hunters should include information on the prevention of this important zoonosis.
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- 2024
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3. Survey of euthanasia methods used in neotropical chiropterans in São Paulo State, Brazil
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Liura Sanchez Lauri, Alex Junior Souza de Souza, Karin Corrêa Scheffer, Enio Mori, and Lilian Rose Marques de Sá
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Euthanasia in bats ,Animal welfare ,Bioethics ,Rabies control ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Zoonotic Surveillance Divisions (ZSDs) rescue and euthanize bats in contact with humans. The euthanasia procedure should be conducted safely for the animal and caretaker and minimal stress for the animal is important. The objectives of this study were: i. evaluate the methods of euthanasia used by ZSDs in the State of São Paulo; ii. compare the methods with national and international guidelines for animal euthanasia practices; iii. assess the methodologies considering taxonomy and eating habits of the main bat species, and iv. propose standardization of euthanasia procedures. Sixty-five ZSDs locations received an online questionnaire or were contacted by telephone and 33 ZSDs (50.8%) responded and are distributed in 11 mesoregions in the state to remain anonymous. The euthanasia methods were divided into chemical (injectable or inhalation), physical, or mixed methods. Bat specimens (n = 550) were identified and classified to evaluate the main genera found in the state. The location of the ZSD, species, eating habits, and the method of euthanasia used were analyzed. The specimens by bat families were Molossidae (n = 340), Phyllostomidae (n = 171), and Vespertilionidae (n = 39). Chemical methods were used in 25 ZSDs (75.75%), physical in 5 (15.15%), and mixed in 3 (9.09%). There is no uniformity or standardization in bat euthanasia methods used by ZSDs, although most are based on acceptable chemical methods. It was proposed an algorithm to assist the veterinarian in choosing the method of euthanasia for bats that will allow standardizing euthanasia procedures for this species, considering physiological differences, and respecting technical, bioethical, and animal welfare guidelines.
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- 2023
4. Cat rabies in Brazil: a growing One Health concern
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Jonathan Santos de Lima, Enio Mori, Louise Bach Kmetiuk, Leandro Meneguelli Biondo, Paulo Eduardo Brandão, Alexander Welker Biondo, and Paulo César Maiorka
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neglected tropical diseases ,rabies control ,rabies surveillance ,spillover ,zoonosis ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
This review of human and cat rabies from 1986 to 2022 has shown mostly AgV3 variant in human cases with 29/45 (64.4%) reports including 23 from bats, four from cats, and two from unknown species, followed by 8/45 (17.8%) of AgV2 variant (all from dogs), 4/45 from marmoset variant (all from Callithrix jacchus), 2/45 samples compatible with wild canid variant (both from Cerdocyon thous), and one/45 of AgV1 variant from a domestic dog. Only one sample of human rabies was not typified, related to bat aggression. In addition, surveillance conducted in the state of São Paulo confirmed the presence of rabies in 7/23,839 cats (0.031%) and 3/106,637 dogs (0.003%) between 2003 and 2013, with a 10:1 overall cat-to-dog positivity ratio. This 10-fold higher infection rate for cat rabies may be explained by cats’ hunting habits and predation. In addition, after 28 years of rabies-free status, a new cat rabies case was reported in the city of São Paulo in 2011. The rabid cat lived, along with other pets, in a household located near the largest downtown city park, whose owners presented animal hoarding behavior. Thus, animal hoarders and rescuers, public health agents, animal health professionals, and the general population with contact need to be aware of the risk of bat-borne rabies followed by spillover from cats to humans. In conclusion, cat rabies cases are becoming increasingly important in Brazil. This poses a One Health concern, given the overlapping of human, bat and cat populations within the same predisposed environment.
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- 2023
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5. Molecular analysis of Bartonella spp. in liver tissue of bats from the Atlantic Forest biome, Brazil
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Marcella Katheryne Marques Bernal, Alex Junior Souza de Souza, Enio Mori, Kari Corrêa Scheffer, Lilian Rose Marques de Sá, Andreza Pinheiro Malhiero, Heloisa Marceliano Nunes, and Washington Luiz Assunção Pereira
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Neotropical bats ,Liver ,Bartonellaceae. ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
The genus Bartonella comprises gram-negative bacilli that possess tropism for erythrocytes and endothelial cells in animals of the orders Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla, and Chiroptera. Bacterial infection may be associated with lymphadenitis, endocarditis, bacillary angiomatosis, and peliosis hepatis. Thirteen species of Bartonella are recognized as zoonotic and bats are considered to be their potential reservoirs. This study aimed to analyze the occurrence of Bartonella spp. in livers of neotropical bats belonging to the families Molossidae, Phyllostomidae, and Vespertilionidae, classified into 21 genera from the Atlantic Forest biome in São Paulo. A total of 341 (n = 341) chiropterans samples were tested for the presence of citrate synthase (gltA) gene of Bartonella by partial amplification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Samples of two bats (0.6%) of the species Glossophaga soricina from the municipality of São Roque were tested positive for gltA gene. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that sequences clustered in a clade that was close to the Bartonella sp. detected in G. soricina, which was collected from the Cerrado biome in Tocantins, Brazil. Despite a low prevalence of the detected infection, results indicated that neotropical bats from the Atlantic Forest were potential hosts of Bartonella spp., which might be related to the maintenance of a wild enzootic cycle of the bacterium. Additional studies, particularly on bats of genus Glossophaga, are required to elucidate the dynamics of intraspecific relationships between etiologic agent-vector-hosts.
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- 2022
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6. Cattle rabies: the effect of clinical evolution, viral genetic lineage, and viral load on the severity of histological lesions
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Claudia S. Wisser, André Thaler Neto, Helena B.C.R. Batista, Enio Mori, Maria E.R. Chierato, Marcélia E.S. Fernandes, and Sandra D. Traverso
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Cattle rabies ,clinical course ,virus ,genetic lineage ,histology ,lesion severity ,RT-PCR ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
ABSTRACT: Our objective was the characterization and staging of histological lesions in different anatomical sites of the central nervous system (CNS) of rabid cattle. The severity of the lesions was compared with the clinical stages of the disease, the variants of viral isolates, and with the load of virus. Thirty-one spontaneously affected rabid cattle the state of Santa Catarina underwent clinical follow-up and were eventually necropsied. CNS tissues were sampled and submitted to direct fluorescent antibody technique (DFAT), immunohistochemistry (IHC), routine histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin stain (HE), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and polymerase chain reaction in quantitative reverse transcriptase in real time (qRT-PCR). Affected cattle were allotted in four groups according to their clinical stage when euthanized: G1, euthanized while standing; G2, euthanized when in sternal recumbence; G3, euthanized when in lateral recumbence; and G4, affected cattle with natural death. In order to evaluate the degree of severity of the lesions and the presence of Negri bodies (NBs), the brain was sectioned at 9 sites. Additionally, spinal cord and trigeminal ganglion sections were examined. The intensity of the lesions was graded as either absent, mild, moderate, or marked, and the presence or absence of the NBs was noted. Histological lesions were characterized by lymphocytic and monocytic meningoencephalitis with NBs in 28 cases. In all analyzed groups, intensities of histological lesions ranging from mild to severe were observed. Brain regions with the highest inflammatory lesion intensity were the medulla at the level of obex, followed by the colliculus and thalamus. NBs were observed in a higher percentage in the cerebellum, followed by medulla at the obex level, striatum complex, and frontal telencephalon. The duration of the clinical course of the disease did not influence the intensity of the inflammatory lesion, but it did influence the presence of NBs, with a higher percentage of these inclusions in cattle that died naturally than in euthanized cattle. All isolated rhabdovirus included in this study were genetically compatible with samples from hematophagous bats Desmodus rotundus. The evaluation by qRT-PCR did not demonstrate a correlation between lesion intensity and the amount of virus.
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- 2020
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7. Influence of euthanasia, the intensity of inflammatory lesion and viral load in the laboratory diagnosis of rabies in cattle
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Claudia S. Wisser, Marcélia E.S. Fernandes, Elaine Melchioretto, Daiane Ogliari, Aldo Gava, Helena B.C.R. Batista, Enio Mori, and Sandra D. Traverso
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Euthanasia ,inflammatory lesion ,viral load ,diagnosis ,rabies ,cattle ,detection of RABV ,positivity of the test ,encephalitis ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
ABSTRACT: This research reports the use of different diagnostic tests in cattle, naturally infected by Rabies lyssavirus (RABV), and correlates the positivity of the tests with the clinical moment of euthanasia, the intensity of the inflammatory lesion and viral load. It also highlights the possibility of euthanasia in early stages of the disease as a way to improve animal welfare. For that, samples of 34 bovine brains were collected for analysis, preserved in 10% buffered formaline and refrigerated with subsequent freezing. The samples were subjected to direct immunofluorescence antibody technique (DFAT) tests, viral isolation in cell culture (VICC), histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE), immunohistochemistry (IHC), Shorr stainied neural tissue smears (DSS), Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and polymerase chain reaction by quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT-PCR). The areas used for analysis were the cerebellum, parietal telencephalon and thalamus. Samples with Negri bodies (NBs) or immunostaining in at least one of the analyzed areas were considered positive. For the study of the intensity of histological lesions, the lesions were classified into grades 0, 1, 2 and 3 and the positivity of the test in the presence or absence of NBs in one of the three areas analyzed. To verify the influence of the disease clinical evolution, 4-four groups of analysis were created according to the animal’s clinical status at moment of the euthanasia, being: M1 = animal euthanized while standing, M2 = euthanized when in sternal recumbence, M3 = euthanized when in lateral recumbence, M4 = animal with natural death. Of the 34 brains evaluated, IHC was positive in 100% of cases, DFAT was positive in 97.05% of them, and in this negative sample the presence of RABV was confirmed by VICC. NBs ere seen in 88.23% of the cases, and the DSS test was positive in 82.35% of them. All diagnostic techniques showed positive cases in all groups analyzed. Each case was positive in at least two diagnostic methods. All cases that contained NBs were positive for rabies in the other tests. In this study, it was observed that the variables analyzed (intensity of injury and clinical evolution at the moment of euthanasia) had an influence only on HE and DSS techniques, which are based on NB research to form the diagnosis, but did not interfere with the effectiveness of the diagnosis performed by detecting the viral antigen performed by DFAT and IHC. All isolated RABV samples included in the present study have a genetic lineage characteristic of hematophagous bats Desmodus rotundus. The evaluation of qRT-PCR showed that the amount of virus did not interfere in the positivity of the tests. This work shows that IHC and DFAT are safe diagnostic techniques. They are capable of detecting RABV even in euthanized animals in the early stages of clinical evolution with mild intensities of histological lesions.
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- 2021
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8. In situ histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of rabies in the brains of naturally infected equines and bovines
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Samira Maria Achkar, Elaine Raniero Fernandes, Fernanda Guedes, Enio Mori, Carla Isabel Macedo, and Maria Irma e Seixas Duarte
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rabies, equines, bovines, immunohistochemistry, fat, histopathological changes ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
The present study sought to characterize the phenomena involved in the histopathology of rabies and to assess the presence and amount of viral antigen in situ in different brain regions of naturally infected equines and bovines. The histopathological examination showed several changes due to inflammation, being most often infected cells neurons. The neuronal degeneration involved 100% of cases, in addition to a diffuse lymphocytic Infiltration and gliosis, characterized by vasculitis and perivasculitis. The presence of Negri bodies was in most cases in discreet, and the fragments with higher concentrations of antigen by both techniques employed were the cerebellum and the brain stem. Immunohistochemistry test (IHC) demonstrated greater sensitivity when applied to samples of bovines. Our results showed that in 37.5% of the total number of fragments analyzed, viral inclusions were not observed, however, there was an inflammatory process. In relation to the species, the fragments from bovine’s animals showed a slight increase when examined under this feature. These findings highlight the importance of submitting samples from suspected animals for laboratory diagnostic, even when there are no apparent abnormal histological findings.
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- 2019
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9. Low occurrence of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) as cause of abortion and perinatal mortality in Brazil
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Aline Aparecida da Silva, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Alessandra Figueiredo de Castro Nassar, Enio Mori, Carolina Natalia Zanuzzi, Cecília Mônica Galosi, and Claudia Del Fava
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herpes-vírus equino tipo 1 ,histopatologia ,imuno-histoquímica ,reação em cadeia da polimerase ,isolamento viral ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
ABSTRACT: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen that causes abortion, neonatal disease, respiratory disorders, and neurological syndrome in equine populations worldwide. To evaluate EHV-1 as a cause of abortion and perinatal mortality in Brazil, tissue samples from 105 aborted equine fetuses, stillbirths, and foals up to one month of age were examined using virus isolation, immunohistochemistry (IHC), histopathology, and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two fetuses were positive for EHV-1 by PCR, one of which showed syncytia and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in bronchial epithelia, but it was negative by virus isolation. The other showed no characteristic histological lesions, but it was positive by viral isolation. No sample was positive by IHC. The results presented low occurrence of EHV-1 in the studied population and suggested that the use of a combination of techniques increases the likelihood of an accurate diagnosis of EHV-1.
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- 2018
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10. Occurrence of viral diseases in donkeys (Equus asinus) in São Paulo State, Brazil
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Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunol Lara, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, José Victor de Oliveira, Alessandra Figueiredo de Castro Nassar, Lília Márcia Paulin Silva, Liria Hiromi Okuda, Adriana Hellmeister de Campos Nogueira Romaldini, Mariana Sequetin Cunha, Eduardo Carvalho Marques, and Enio Mori
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Donkeys ,Equids ,Serology ,Infectious diseases ,Brazil ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Among the diseases that affect equines, viral diseases play an important role from a health and economic point of view, especially influenza, viral arteritis, herpes infections and vesicular stomatitis. In the Brazilian literature, there is little or no account of the occurrence of infectious diseases in donkeys. Given the importance of donkeys in different activities and the lack of information on infections that may occur in these animals, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-equine herpesvirus (EHV), anti-equine arteritis virus (EAV), anti-vesicular stomatitis, and anti-equine influenza (H3N8) antibodies in the serum of 85 donkeys bred in some regions of the state of Sao Paulo. We found the following antibody frequencies: 50.6% (43/85) antibodies against influenza virus subtype H3N8, 47% (40/85) anti-EHV, and 20% (17/85) anti-EAV. The donkeys were not seropositive for vesicular stomatitis. The results suggested that the agents EHV, EAV, and equine influenza subtype H3N8 circulate among donkeys in some regions of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, reinforcing the importance of establishing a routine diagnosis and epidemiological study of this species.
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- 2017
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11. PRESENCE OF RESPIRATORY VIRUSES IN EQUINES IN BRAZIL
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Dalva Assunção Portari Mancini, Aparecida Santo Pietro Pereira, Rita Maria Zucatelli Mendonça, Adelia Hiroko Nagamori Kawamoto, Rosely Cabette Barbosa Alves, José Ricardo Pinto, Enio Mori, Leonardo José Richtzenhain, and Jorge Mancini-Filho
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Parainfluenza virus ,Influenza virus ,Serology ,Hemagglutination inhibition test ,Equines ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Equines are susceptible to respiratory viruses such as influenza and parainfluenza. Respiratory diseases have adversely impacted economies all over the world. This study was intended to determine the presence of influenza and parainfluenza viruses in unvaccinated horses from some regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Blood serum collected from 72 equines of different towns in this state was tested by hemagglutination inhibition test to detect antibodies for both viruses using the corresponding antigens. About 98.6% (71) and 97.2% (70) of the equines responded with antibody protective titers (≥ 80 HIU/25µL) H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A viruses, respectively. All horses (72) also responded with protective titers (≥ 80) HIU/25µL against the parainfluenza virus. The difference between mean antibody titers to H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A viruses was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The mean titers for influenza and parainfluenza viruses, on the other hand, showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). These results indicate a better antibody response from equines to parainfluenza 3 virus than to the equine influenza viruses. No statistically significant differences in the responses against H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A and parainfluenza 3 viruses were observed according to the gender (female, male) or the age (≤ 2 to 20 years-old) groups. This study provides evidence of the concomitant presence of two subtypes of the equine influenza A (H7N7 and H3N8) viruses and the parainfluenza 3 virus in equines in Brazil. Thus, it is advisable to vaccinate equines against these respiratory viruses.
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- 2014
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12. Emerging animal viruses: real threats or simple bystanders?
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Eduardo Furtado Flores, Rudi Weiblen, Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti, Fernando Viçosa Bauermann, Fernando Rosado Spilki, Enio Mori, and Ana Cláudia Franco
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Vírus emergentes ,patógenos animais ,evolução genética ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
The list of animal viruses has been frequently added of new members raising permanent concerns to virologists and veterinarians. The pathogenic potential and association with disease have been clearly demonstrated for some, but not for all of these emerging viruses. This review describes recent discoveries of animal viruses and their potential relevance for veterinary practice. Dogs were considered refractory to influenza viruses until 2004, when an influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was transmitted from horses and produced severe respiratory disease in racing greyhounds in Florida/USA. The novel virus, named canine influenza virus (CIV), is considered now a separate virus lineage and has spread among urban canine population in the USA. A new pestivirus (Flaviviridae), tentatively called HoBi-like pestivirus, was identified in 2004 in commercial fetal bovine serum from Brazil. Hobi-like viruses are genetically and antigenically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and induce similar clinical manifestations. These novel viruses seem to be widespread in Brazilian herds and have also been detected in Southeast Asia and Europe. In 2011, a novel mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus, named Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was associated with fever, drop in milk production, abortion and newborn malformation in cattle and sheep in Germany. Subsequently, the virus disseminated over several European countries and currently represents a real treat for animal health. The origin of SBV is still a matter of debate but it may be a reassortant from previous known bunyaviruses Shamonda and Satuperi. Hepatitis E virus (HEV, family Hepeviridae) is a long known agent of human acute hepatitis and in 1997 was first identified in pigs. Current data indicates that swine HEV is spread worldwide, mainly associated with subclinical infection. Two of the four HEV genotypes are zoonotic and may be transmitted between swine and human by contaminated water and undercooked pork meat. The current distribution and impact of HEV infection in swine production are largely unknown. Avian gyrovirus type 2 (AGV2) is a newly described Gyrovirus, family Circoviridae, which was unexpectedly found in sera of poultry suspected to be infected with chicken anemia virus (CAV). AGV2 is closely related to CAV but displays sufficient genomic differences to be classified as a distinct species. AGV2 seems to be distributed in Brazil and also in other countries but its pathogenic role for chickens is still under investigation. Finally, the long time and intensive search for animal relatives of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) has led to the identification of novel hepaciviruses in dogs (canine hepacivirus [CHV]), horses (non-primate hepaciviruses [NPHV] or Theiler's disease associated virus [TDAV]) and rodents. For these, a clear and definitive association with disease is still lacking and only time and investigation will tell whether they are real disease agents or simple spectators.
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- 2013
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13. Influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural and urban areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
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Dalva Assunção Portari Mancini, Rita Maria Zucatelli Mendonça, Aparecida Santo Pietro Pereira, Adélia Hiroko Nagamori Kawamoto, Camila Infantosi Vannucchi, José Ricardo Pinto, Enio Mori, and Jorge Mancini Filho
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Influenza A ,Dogs ,Serology ,Epidemiology ,Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
In 1970, searching for the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses led to the first study on influenza viruses in domestic animals. Birds and mammals, including human beings, are their natural hosts; however, other animals may also play a role in the virus epidemiology. The objective was to investigate the incidence of influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural (9, 19.56%) and urban (37, 80.43%) areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Dog serum samples were examined for antibodies to influenza viruses by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using the corresponding antigens from the circulating viruses in Brazil. Dogs from rural areas presented antibodies to influenza A H3N2, and influenza A H7N7 and H3N8. In rural areas, dog sera displayed mean titers as 94.37, 227.88, 168.14, 189.62 HIU/25 µL for subtypes H1N1, H3N2, H7N7, H3N8, respectively. About 84% and 92% of dogs from urban areas exhibited antibodies to human influenza A H1N1 and H3N2, respectively, with statistical difference at p < 0.05 between the mean titers of antibodies to H1N1 and H3N2. About 92% and 100% were positive for H7N7 and H3N8, respectively. In dogs from urban areas, the mean titers of antibodies against influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H7N7 and H3N8, were 213.96, 179.42, 231.76, 231.35 HIU/25 µL respectively. The difference among them was not statistically significant at p > 0.05. In conclusion, these dogs were positive for both human and equine influenza viruses. The present study suggests the first evidence that influenza viruses circulate among dogs in Brazil.
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- 2012
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14. Citologia dos lavados traqueobrônquico (LTB) e broncoalveolar (LBA) de bezerros holandeses sadios durante o primeiro mês de vida
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Fernando J. Benesi, Lucia Wachholz, Heloisa G. Bertagnon, Marta L.R. Leal, Enio Mori, and Wilson R. Fernandes
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Citologia ,lavado pulmonar ,traqueocentese ,sondagem nasotraqueal ,bezerros ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
O período neonatal dos bezerros é um momento crítico para adaptação do recém-nascido à vida extra uterina e o sistema respiratório, um dos mais exigidos funcionalmente, é frequentemente afetado por enfermidades, redundando no prejuízo direto da sua função e acarretando perdas econômicas importantes na pecuária. O ponto básico para reduzir estas perdas, é representado pela adequada avaliação clínica dos neonatos, todavia o diagnóstico baseado exclusivamente no exame físico é muito difícil de ser estabelecido. O uso de exames complementares como a citologia do trato respiratório torna-se uma ferramenta diagnóstica importante nestes casos, porém faz-se necessário, padronizar seus achados frente às diferentes técnicas empregadas para a sua obtenção. Assim, o presente estudo propôs-se acompanhar as variações dos constituintes celulares da região traqueobrônquica e broncoalveolar obtidos por lavados respiratórios pelos métodos de traqueocentese e por colheita nasotraqueal respectivamente, durante o primeiro mês de vida de bezerros sadios. Observou-se alteração no quadro citológico ao longo do tempo, quando a região traqueobrônquica foi lavada, expresso por diminuição da porcentagem de macrófagos alveolares, com aumento de neutrófilos, possivelmente, por maior irritação local provocada pela técnica, que se repetiu sequencialmente e/ou por maior estimulo de microorganismos inalados depositados nesta região. Na região broncoalveolar, não encontraram-se variações nos constituintes celulares em função do tempo. Os resultados permitiram a conclusão que a população celular da região traqueobrônquica modificou-se ao longo das semanas de vida dos bezerros, possivelmente pela técnica empregada e/ou fisiologia normal da região, sendo representadas por maiores magnitudes de neutrófilos. De modo diverso, na região broncolaveolar, as células evidenciaram um comportamento estável durante o primeiro mês de vida dos bezerros neonatos, apresentando predomínio numérico dos macrófagos alveolares.
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- 2012
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15. Genotipagem de polimorfismos no gene prnp em ovinos da raça Santa Inês no Estado de São Paulo
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Caio R. Santos, Enio Mori, Diego A. Leão, and Paulo C. Maiorka
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Scrapie ,doenças em ovinos ,genotipagem de polimorfismos ,sequenciamento genômico ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Scrapie ou paraplexia enzoótica dos ovinos é uma doença neurodegenerativa fatal que acomete ovinos e raramente caprinos. A doença é influenciada por polimorfismos nos códons 136, 154 e 171 do gene prnp que codifica a proteína priônica. Os animais podem ser susceptíveis ou resistentes, de acordo com as sequências alélicas observadas nos referidos códons. No Brasil ocorreram apenas casos de animais que foram importados, sendo o país considerado livre da doença. Neste trabalho foi realizada a genotipagem dos diferentes polimorfismos associados ao desenvolvimento do scrapie e a categorização em animais susceptíveis e resistentes. Foram sequenciadas 118 amostras provenientes de ovinos da raça Santa Inês criados em propriedades localizadas no Estado de São Paulo. Destas amostras foram identificados 6 alelos e 11 genótipos (ARQ/ARQ, ARR/ARQ, ARQ/AHQ, ARQ/VRQ, AHQ/AHQ, ARR/ARR, ARR/AHQ, VRQ/VRQ, ARQ/TRQ, TRR/TRR, TRQ/TRQ), dentre os quais o genótipo ARQ/ARQ teve ocorrência de 56,7%. Em nosso estudo foi detectada a presença da tirosina no códon 136, observação rara na medida em que não existem relatos nacionais e internacionais envolvendo a raça Santa Inês descrevendo este polimorfismo. Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível determinar a existência de grande variabilidade genética relacionada à raça Santa Inês no Estado de São Paulo. Apesar da variabilidade, apenas 1,69% dos genótipos observados mostraram-se extremamente resistentes ao scrapie. Estes dados demonstram que a raça nativa Santa Inês pode ser considerada potencialmente susceptível ao scrapie.
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- 2012
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16. Rabia transmitida por murciélagos en Brasil
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Willian Oliveira Fahl, Andrea Isabel Estevez Garcia, Samira Maria Achkar, Enio Mori, Karen Miyuki Asano, Keila Iamamoto, and Karin Correa Ssheffer
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epidemiología ,murciélagos ,rabia ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Frente al desafío que la rabia representa para la industria pecuaria y la salud pública en América Latina, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo hacer una revisión de literatura amplia y crítica sobre la epidemiología de la rabia transmitida por murciélagos en Brasil. El tema es abordado inicialmente desde una perspectiva histórica hasta la caracterización molecular de aislamientos del virus, para finalmente contrastar con la situación de otros países de las Américas. La información referente a Brasil es presentada de manera separada debido a la gran abundancia de especies de murciélagos de diversos hábitos alimenticios, implicadas en la transmisión del virus de la rabia y las complejas relaciones entre los ciclos epidemiológicos revelados por estudios de tipificación antigénica y análisis filogenético, lo cual ha permitido reconocer con más nitidez, la importancia de los quirópteros como reservorios y transmisores de esta enfermedad. Este nuevo escenario epidemiológico exige reexaminar las medidas de control aplicadas hasta el momento, desde un abordaje multidisciplinar, así como cooperación intersectorial y participación por parte de la comunidad.
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- 2015
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17. Inquérito sorológico da infecção pelos vírus da encefalomielite equina no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, Glaucia Beghin, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Alessandra Figueiredo De Castro Nassar, Ana Cristina Passos de Paiva Bello, Arildo Pinto Cunha, Jenner Karlisson Pimenta dos Reis, Rômulo Cerqueira Leite, and Enio Mori
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Equídeos ,Estado de Minas Gerais ,Encefalomielite equina ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Foi investigada a ocorrência da infecção pelos vírus da Encelafalomielite Equina do Leste (EEE), Encefalomielite Equina do Oeste (WEE) e Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana (VEE) em equídeos não vacinados contra tais agentes, criadosem dez Delegacias Regionaisdo Estado de Minas Gerais (Almenara, Bambuí, Curvelo, Governador Valadares, Montes Claros, Oliveira, São Gonçalo do Sapucaí, Teófilo Otoni, Unaí e Viçosa) empregando-se a técnica de soroneutralização em microplacas Dos 826 animais examinados, 30,2% (250/826) foram soropositivos para o EEE e 1,9% (16/826) para o VEE. Não foram detectados animais sororeagentes para o WEE. Conclui-se que tanto o vírus tipo leste como o venezuelano da Encelafalomielite Equina circulam na população equina do Estado de Minas Gerais.
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- 2014
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18. Hematophagous bats as reservoirs of rabies
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Karin Corrêa Scheffer, Keila Iamamoto, Karen Miyuki Asano, Enio Mori, Andrea Isabel Estevez Garcia, Samira M. Achkar, and William de Oliveira Fahl
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murciélagos ,reservorios ,rabia ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Rabies continues to be a challenge for public health authorities and a constraint to the livestock industry in Latin America. Wild and domestic canines and vampire bats are the main transmitter species and reservoirs of the disease. Currently, variations observed in the epidemiological profile of rabies, where the species of hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus constitutes the main transmitting species. Over the years, knowledge has accumulated about the ecology, biology and behavior of this species and the natural history of rabies, which should lead to continuous development of methods of population control of d. Rotundus as well as prevention and diagnostic tools for rabies. Ecological relationships of this species with other hematophagous and non-hematophagous bats is unknown, and there is much room for improvement in reporting systems and surveillance, as well as creating greater awareness among the farming community. Understanding the impact of human-induced environmental changes on the rabies virus in bats should be cause for further investigation. This will require a combination of field studies with mathematical models and new diagnostic tools. This review aims to present the most relevant issues on the role of hematophagous bats as reservoirs and transmitters of the rabies virus.
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- 2014
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19. Inquérito sorológico da infecção por herpesvírus equino no Estado de Minas Gerais
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Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, Camila Souza Torelli, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Mariana Sequetin Cunha, Ana Cristina P. P. Bello, Arildo P. Cunha, Jenner K. P. Reis, Rômulo Cerqueira Leite, and Enio Mori
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Equídeos ,Estado de Minas Gerais ,Herpesvírus equino ,HVE ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Os herpesvírus equinos tipo 1 (HVE-1) e 4 (HVE-4) são agentes causadores de diferentes formas de doença em cavalos, das quais as mais comuns são a rinopneumonite, o abortamento, a mortalidade perinatal e a mieloencefalopatia herpética equinas, que causam grandes perdas econômicas. Tem sido descrita mundialmente, havendo poucos estudos no Brasil. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a ocorrência e a distribuição da infecção por herpesvírus equinos (HVE) em equídeos criados em dez Delegacias Regionais do Estado de Minas Gerais: Almenara, Bambuí, Curvelo, Governador Valadares, Montes Claros, Oliveira, São Gonçalo do Sapucaí, Teófilo Otoni, Unaí e Viçosa. Foi utilizada a técnica de soroneutralização em microplacas com o intuito de detectar anticorpos soro neutralizantes. Das amostras analisadas, 17,6% (145/826) foram soropositivas para o HVE, sendo 18,7% (140/749) cavalos soropositivos, 6,8% (5/73) muares soropositivos e nenhum asinino soropositivo (0/4). Conclui-se que o HVE-1 encontra-se amplamente disseminado no Estado de Minas Gerais, pois todas as regiões estudadas apresentaram animais sororreagentes ao HVE-1. Observou-se maior ocorrência de anticorpos contra o HVE em animais adultos, indicando assim o potencial desses animais como fonte de infecção para os potros.
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- 2010
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20. Detecção do DNA do herpesvírus eqüino 1 pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase em cavalos inoculados com a estirpe brasileira A4/72
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Enio Mori, Claudia Madalena Cabrera Mori, Sílvia Maria Gomes Massironi, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, and Wilson Roberto Fernandes
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Cavalos ,Herpesvirus eqüino tipo 1 ,Diagnóstico ,Reação em cadeia pela polimerase ,PCR ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Sete cavalos adultos de status sanitário convencional foram inoculados por via intranasal com a estirpe brasileira A4/72 do herpesvírus eqüino tipo 1 (EHV-1). Nos primeiros dez dias após a inoculação viral, todos os cavalos apresentaram manifestações de infecção respiratória leve e restrita às vias aéreas anteriores. Apesar de possuírem títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes antes da inoculação, alguns cavalos apresentaram soroconversão após o desafio viral. O EHV-1 não foi isolado a partir das secreções nasais e leucócitos sanguíneos periféricos (PBL) de nenhum animal. Entretanto, o DNA viral foi detectado pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) nos PBL entre o terceiro e o oitavo dias pós-inoculação (d.p.i.) em todos os animais, indicando a ocorrência de viremia. Além disso, a prova de PCR detectou o vírus nas amostras do lavado broncoalveolar a partir do nono d.p.i. na maioria dos animais. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que a PCR é uma técnica com alta sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico do EHV-1, capaz de detectar a presença do DNA viral mesmo quando não ocorre a constatação do agente pelos métodos tradicionais.
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- 2009
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21. Anticorpo protetor anti influenza humana detectado em cavalos, como virose zoonótica
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Dalva Assunção Portari Mancini, Rita Maria Zucatelli Mendonça, José Ricardo Pinto, Enio Mori, and Wilson Roberto Fernandes
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Influenza eqüina ,Influenza humana ,Teste da Inibição da Hemaglutinação ,Reação Cruzada ,Resposta de Proteção ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar em cavalos, a incidência do vírus influenza e seu ciclo de transmissão interespécies. Portanto, levantamento sorológico foi realizado em soro de cavalos, confrontados com ambas cepas, as específicas (eqüino) e não específicas (humana) deste vírus. Sangrias de cavalos realizadas nos anos de 1999 e de 2000, forneceram soros que, após tratamento com Caolim (20%) e hemácias de galo(50%) para remoção dos anticorpos inespecíficos, foram titulados contra ambas referidas cepas, através do teste de Inibição da Hemaglutinação (recomendado pela OMS). Os resultados, demonstraram que as respostas sorológicas dos cavalos apresentaram reação cruzada entre as cepas específicas e as não específicas. As porcentagens de títulos IH obtidos foram de 62,75% e de 60,65% para as cepas específicas A/Eq1 (H7N7) e A/Eq2 (H3N8), respectivamente. E às cepas não específicas essas porcentagens foram de: 79,05% para A (H1N1), de 94,45% para A (H3N2) e de 77,75% ao tipo B. O mais relevante nestes dados comparativos com vírus influenza, foi a alta porcentagem de resposta protetora à cepa não específica comparada àquela específica, detectada nos soros eqüinos. Considerando o fato de que o tipo B, deste vírus, ser restrito à espécie humana, portanto a resposta de proteção nos cavalos sugere uma direta transmissão interspécies, como em viroses zoonóticas. Os autores relatam pela primeira vez este tipo de evento no Brasil.
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- 2004
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22. Feocromocitoma em cão - nota prévia
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Cibele Figueira Carvalho, Regina Suplicy Vianna, João Batista da Cruz, Fernando Corleto Maiorino, João Pedro de Andrade Neto, Cibele Rossi Nahas Mazzei, Maria Carla Zinesi Collepicolo, and Enio Mori
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Tumor de Adrenal ,Feocromocitoma ,Cão ,Diagnóstico ,Tratamento ,Animal culture ,SF1-1100 - Abstract
Os feocromocitomas são tumores das células da região medular adrenal, considerados raros, cujo diagnóstico geralmente é feito post mortem. Estes promovem taquicardia, hipertensão e outras manifestações clínicas atribuídas ao aumento da quantidade de catecolaminas circulantes. Este trabalho relata o caso de um cão, SRD), fêmea de 15 anos de idade, atendido no Hospital Veterinário da UniABC, cuja queixa principal era prurido intenso e compulsivo, insônia e perda de peso considerável (12 Kg em menos de 3 meses). Ao exame clínico observouse midriase bilateral, ulcerações cutâneas com exposição de musculatura torácica bilateral. A ultrasonografia revelou a presença de duas formações sólidas ovaladas, de contornos definidos, localizadas próximo a grandes vasos e margem cranial de rim esquerdo, aspecto hipoecogênico heterogêneo com áreas anecogênicas em seu interior, compatível com formação neoplásica em adrenal e provável metástase em linfonodo regional. O eletrocardiograma apresentou onda "t' alternante compatível com aumento das catecolaminas circulantes. Foram removidas duas massas globosas de 2 e 4 cm de diâmetro, que se encontravam localizadas cranialmente ao rim esquerdo, sobre as artérias renal e aorta. Macroscopicamente visualizouse regiões circunscritas de coloração marrom. A pressão arterial média durante a cirurgia foi de 150 mmHg e no momento da laparorrafia caiu para 60 mmHg. Durante a primeira semana pós cirúrgica a proprietária relatou que o cão passou a dormir, ficou mais tranquila e o prurido diminuiu. O diagnóstico de feocromocitoma foi definido com os exames complementares e concluído após a remoção cirúrgica e exame histopatológico.
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- 2004
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23. Murciélagos hematófagos como reservorios de la rabia
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Karin Corrêa Scheffer, Keila Iamamoto, Karen Miyuki Asano, Enio Mori, Andrea Isabel Estevez Garcia, Samira M Achkar, and Williande Oliveira Fahl
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Bats ,Reservoirs ,Rabies ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
La rabia continua siendo un desafío para las autoridades de salud pública y una limitante para la industria ganadera en América Latina. Caninos silvestres y domésticos, así como murciélagos hematófagos son las principales especies transmisoras y reservorios de la enfermedad. Actualmente, se observa variaciones en el perfil epidemiológico de la rabia, donde la especie de murciélago hematófago Desmodus rotundus se constituye en la principal especie transmisora. A lo largo del tiempo se ha acumulado conocimiento sobre la ecología, biología y comportamiento de esta especie y sobre la historia natural de la rabia, lo cual debe conducir a una continua evolución de los métodos de control poblacional de D. rotundus, prevención y técnicas de diagnóstico. Aún se desconoce la relación ecológica de esta especie con otras hematófagas y no hematófagas, y queda mucho por mejorar en los sistemas de notificación y vigilancia epidemiológica, así como crear una mayor conciencia entre los ganaderos ante el tema. La comprensión del impacto que las modificaciones ambientales inducidas por el hombre ejercen sobre la dinámica de infección del virus de la rabia en los murciélagos debe ser motivo de investigaciones posteriores. Esto requerirá la combinación de estudios de campo con modelos matemáticos y nuevas herramientas diagnósticas. La presente revisión pretende presentar los aspectos más relevantes sobre el rol de los murciélagos hematófagos como reservorios y transmisores del virus de la rabia
24. Murciélagos hematófagos como reservorios de la rabia
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Karin Corrêa Scheffer, Keila Iamamoto, Karen Miyuki Asano, Enio Mori, Andrea Isabel Estevez Garcia, Samira M. Achkar, and Willian de Oliveira Fahl
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bats ,reservoirs ,rabies ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
La rabia continua siendo un desafío para las autoridades de salud pública y una limitante para la industria ganadera en América Latina. Caninos silvestres y domésticos, así como murciélagos hematófagos son las principales especies transmisoras y reservorios de la enfermedad. Actualmente, se observa variaciones en el perfil epidemiológico de la rabia, donde la especie de murciélago hematófago Desmodus rotundus se constituye en la principal especie transmisora. A lo largo del tiempo se ha acumulado conocimiento sobre la ecología, biología y comportamiento de esta especie y sobre la historia natural de la rabia, lo cual debe conducir a una continua evolución de los métodos de control poblacional de D. rotundus, prevención y técnicas de diagnóstico. Aún se desconoce la relación ecológica de esta especie con otras hematófagas y no hematófagas, y queda mucho por mejorar en los sistemas de notificación y vigilancia epidemiológica, así como crear una mayor conciencia entre los ganaderos ante el tema. La comprensión del impacto que las modificaciones ambientales inducidas por el hombre ejercen sobre la dinámica de infección del virus de la rabia en los murciélagos debe ser motivo de investigaciones posteriores. Esto requerirá la combinación de estudios de campo con modelos matemáticos y nuevas herramientas diagnósticas. La presente revisión pretende presentar los aspectos más relevantes sobre el rol de los murciélagos hematófagos como reservorios y transmisores del virus de la rabia
25. Occurrence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in donkeys of São Paulo state
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Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, José Victor de Oliveira, Vanessa Castro, Alessandra Figueiredo de Castro Nassar, Lília Márcia Paulin Silva, Liria Hiromi Okuda, Adriana Hellmeister de Campos Nogueira Romaldini, Mariana Sequetin Cunha, Eduardo Carvalho Marques, and Enio Mori
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jumentos ,sorologia ,leptospirose ,brucelose ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
ABSTRACT: Among the diseases that affect equines, bacterial diseases play an important role from a health and economic point of view, especially leptospirosis and brucellosis. The study aimed to provide information on the occurrence of anti-Leptospira spp. and anti-Brucella abortus antibodies in donkeys of São Paulo state. We found a frequency of 62.4% (53/85) antibodies against Leptospira spp. The donkeys were not seropositive for Brucella spp.
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26. Bat Coronaviruses in the World
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Karin Correa Scheffer, Rene dos Santos Cunha Neto, Willian de Oliveira Fahl, Raphaela Mello Zamudio, Marcela Mello Zamudio, Karen Miyuki Asano, Maria Eduarda Rodrigues Chierato, Débora Fernanda Pavani Pedrozo, Enio Mori, Keila Iamamoto, Micheli Cocchi, Luciana Botelho Chaves, Andréa de Cássia Rodrigues da Silva, and Helena Beatriz de Carvalho Ruthner Batista
- Abstract
Bats belong to the second-largest order in a number of species diversity within the Mammalia class, containing 21 families and more than 1300 species. It is estimated that more than 200 viruses from 28 families have been isolated or detected in 37 different bat genera, many of them related to emerging infectious diseases with the potential to cross species barriers and infect other animals. The group of coronaviruses (CoV) is one of these viruses, which includes CoVs that can cause serious diseases in humans and animals, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), swine acute diarrheal syndrome (SADS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some of the human and animal coronaviruses appear to be originated from bats. With the advent of new generation molecular techniques and increased surveillance of wild animal species, many new coronaviruses have been identified. The coronaviruses belong to the Nidovirales order and Coronaviridae family. The subfamily Coronavirinae is divided into four genera, Alphacoronavirus (alphaCoV), Betacoronavirus (betaCoV), Deltacoronavirus, and Gammacoronavirus. Since the first report of coronavirus in a Miniopterus pusillus bat, the coronavirus occurrence in a bats population of different regions in the world has been studied and, until now, both alphaCoV and betaCoV have been detected. The aim of this study was to perform a literature review regarding the detection of coronavirus (alphaCoV or betaCoV) in different bat species around the world and their immune response against coronavirus. This review reinforces the importance of these animals as hosts, reservoirs, or sources of viruses, including emerging viruses.
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- 2023
27. Pathogenesis of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Infection in the Central Nervous System of Mice
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Rafael C. Costa, Leonardo Pereira Mesquita, Elizabeth W. Howerth, Laís L. R. Mesquita, Enio Mori, Claudia Madalena Cabrera Mori, Paulo César Maiorka, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, and Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara
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Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Chemokine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Central nervous system ,Biology ,Microgliosis ,Rodent Diseases ,0403 veterinary science ,Pathogenesis ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Liquefactive necrosis ,medicine ,Neuropil ,Animals ,Horses ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,General Veterinary ,Brain ,Meningoencephalitis ,Herpesviridae Infections ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Disease Models, Animal ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,biology.protein ,VIROSES EM ANIMAIS ,Horse Diseases ,Encephalitis ,Herpesvirus 1, Equid - Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes myeloencephalopathy in horses and occasionally in non-equid species. Although mouse models have been developed to understand EHV-1 pathogenesis, few EHV-1 strains have been identified as highly neurovirulent to mice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of 2 neurovirulent EHV-1 strains in mice, and to characterize the inflammatory cells and expression of chemokines and the apoptosis marker caspase-3 in the brain of infected mice. C57BL/6J mice were inoculated intranasally with EHV-1 strains A4/72 or A9/92 and evaluated on 1, 2, and 3 days post inoculation (DPI). EHV-1-infected mice showed severe neurological signs at 3 DPI. Ultrastructural analysis revealed numerous viral nucleocapsids and fewer enveloped virions within degenerated and necrotic neurons and in the surrounding neuropil. Histologically, at 3 DPI, there was severe diffuse neuronal degeneration and liquefactive necrosis, prominent microgliosis, and perivascular cuffing composed of CD3+ cells (T cells) and Iba-1+ cells (macrophages), mainly in the olfactory bulb and ventral portions of the brain. In these areas, moderate numbers of neuroglial cells expressed CCL5 and CCL2 chemokines. Numerous neurons, including those in less affected areas, were immunolabeled for cleaved caspase-3. In conclusion, neurovirulent EHV-1 strains induced a fulminant necrotizing lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis in mice, with microgliosis and expression of chemokines and caspase-3. This model will be useful for understanding the mechanisms underlying the extensive neuropathology induced by these viral infections.
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- 2021
28. ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DA TÉCNICA DE IMUNOFLUORESCÊNCIA DIRETA NO DIAGNÓSTICO LABORATORIAL DA RAIVA DO INSTITUTO PASTEUR DE SÃO PAULO, BRASIL
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Nathália de Barros Salvino Alves, GRACIANE MARIA MEDEIROS CAPORALE, JULIANA GALERA CASTILHO, RAFAEL DE NOVAES OLIVEIRA, CARLA ISABEL MACEDO, ENIO MORI, and SAMIRA ACHKAR
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- 2022
29. Orthohepadnavirus infection in a neotropical bat (Platyrrhinus lineatus)
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Lilian Rose Marques de Sá, André Antônio Corrêa das Chagas, Liura Sanchez Lauri, Enio Mori, Karin Corrêa Scheffer, Vera Lisa Generosa da Silva Paiva, João Renato Rebello Pinho, Michele Soares Gomes-Gouvêa, Andreza Pinheiro Malheiros, and Alex Junior Souza de Souza
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Hepatitis B virus ,Cirrhosis ,Immunology ,Zoology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Orthohepadnavirus ,Genus ,Chiroptera ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Animals ,Genetic variability ,Phylogeny ,General Veterinary ,biology ,Phylogenetic tree ,Host (biology) ,Platyrrhinus lineatus ,General Medicine ,SÃO PAULO ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Infectious Diseases ,Brazil - Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the prototype of the Orthohepadnavirus genus and represents an important cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatic cancer in humans worldwide. To verify the occurrence and genetic variability of orthohepadnavirus among neotropical bats, we tested 81 liver samples of New World bats from Sao Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil, collected during 2012. PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis of Surface/Polymerase and Core viral genes confirmed the occurrence of the first isolate of bat orthohepadnavirus detected in South America. These results may contribute to subsequent studies of the origin, variability, host species, and evolution of bat orthohepadnaviruses in South America.
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- 2021
30. Detection of rabies virus in cranial cavity lavage of naturally infected bats
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Karin Corrêa Scheffer, Helena Beatriz de Carvalho Ruthner Batista, Keila Iamamoto, Willian de Oliveira Fahl, Amanda Dias Tadeu, Enio Mori, Maria E.R. Chierato, Karen Miyuki Asano, Adriana Cândido Rodrigues, and Camila Mosca Barboza
- Subjects
Rabies ,Rabies virus ,Gold standard (test) ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virology ,Virus ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,Chiroptera ,medicine ,Cranial cavity ,Animals ,Sample collection ,Therapeutic Irrigation ,Viral isolation ,Brazil - Abstract
The rabies virus (RABV) has been isolated in several bats species in the world, and among them, hematophagous, frugivorous and insectivorous species. Bats found in Brazil are small, which can lead to situations in which there are limitations in the collection of the central nervous system (CNS) and the amount of material may be insufficient to carry out laboratory diagnostic techniques for rabies. The objective of this work was to evaluate an alternative sample collection for the diagnosis of rabies in bats. A total of 92 bat samples, 82 positives and 10 negatives were selected. The cranial cavity was scraped with the aid of sterile tips and a virus diluent was added to create a suspension. All samples were submitted to Rabies Tissue Culture Infection Test (RTCIT) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the RTCIT and RT-PCR using the cranial cavity lavage were calculated in comparison with the results of the laboratory routine (DFAT and RTCIT) performed with the CNS (considered gold standard). The results of the RTCIT show that the cranial cavity lavage is not an adequate sample for viral isolation, since the diagnostic sensitivity was low (37.8 %) when compared with the tests with the CNS. However, the RT-PCR of the cranial cavity lavage may be a tool to assist in the diagnosis, since it presented a sensitivity of 76.8 %. The results of this study suggest that cranial cavity lavage is an interesting alternative to enable the diagnosis of rabies in bats and increases the possibility of diagnosis contributing to rabies surveillance and control.
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- 2021
31. Equine herpesvirus 1 elicits a strong pro-inflammatory response in the brain of mice
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Enio Mori, Leonardo Pereira Mesquita, Rafael C. Costa, Dennis Albert Zanatto, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, M. C. C. S. H. Lara, Cristina de Oliveira Massoco, Paulo César Maiorka, Fabio R.P. Bruhn, Laís L. R. Mesquita, and Claudia Madalena Cabrera Mori
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Chemokine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Encephalomyelitis ,0403 veterinary science ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Immune system ,Virology ,Leukocytes ,medicine ,Animals ,Encephalitis, Viral ,Neuroinflammation ,Innate immune system ,biology ,COBAIAS ,Viral encephalitis ,Toll-Like Receptors ,Brain ,Herpesviridae Infections ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Viral Load ,medicine.disease ,Immunity, Innate ,Up-Regulation ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Disease Models, Animal ,TLR2 ,030104 developmental biology ,Neuroimmunology ,biology.protein ,Cytokines ,Chemokines ,Herpesvirus 1, Equid - Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an emerging pathogen that causes encephalomyelitis in horses and non-equid species. Several aspects of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS), mainly regarding the role of inflammatory mediators during EHV-1 encephalitis, remain unknown. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms underlying extensive neuropathology induced by viruses would be helpful to establish therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate some aspects of the innate immune response during highly neurovirulent EHV-1 infection. C57BL/6 mice infected intranasally with A4/72 and A9/92 EHV-1 strains developed a fulminant neurological disease at 3 days post-inoculation with high viral titres in the brain. These mice developed severe encephalitis with infiltration of monocytes and CD8+ T cells to the brain. The inflammatory infiltrate followed the detection of the chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL-10 in the brain. Notably, the levels of CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and CXCL9 were higher in A4/72-infected mice, which presented higher numbers of inflammatory cells within the CNS. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins (ILs) IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12β, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF), were also detected in the CNS, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) TLR2, TLR3 and TLR9 genes were also upregulated within the brain of EHV-1-infected mice. However, no expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-12α, which are important for controlling the replication of other herpesviruses, was detected in EHV-1-infected mice. The results show that the activated innate immune mechanisms could not prevent EHV-1 replication within the CNS, but most likely contributed to the extensive neuropathology. The mouse model of viral encephalitis proposed here will also be useful to study the mechanisms underlying extensive neuropathology.
- Published
- 2021
32. Establishing an anesthetic protocol for refinement of intracerebral inoculation procedure
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Juliana Ferreira Souza Conceição, Gabriele Bin Alves Pereira, Amanda Siena, Claudia Madalena Cabrera Mori, Keila Iamamoto Nogi, Karin Côrrea Scheffer Ferreira, Willian de Oliveira Fahl, Enio Mori, and Karen Miyuki Asano
- Published
- 2022
33. Cattle rabies: the effect of clinical evolution, viral genetic lineage, and viral load on the severity of histological lesions
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André Thaler Neto, Marcélia E.S. Fernandes, Enio Mori, Sandra Davi Traverso, Maria E.R. Chierato, Claudia S. Wisser, and Helena Beatriz de Carvalho Ruthner Batista
- Subjects
Lineage (genetic) ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Veterinary medicine ,clinical course ,RT-PCR ,vírus ,virus ,Biology ,Cattle rabies ,0403 veterinary science ,histology ,intensidade das lesões ,03 medical and health sciences ,histologia ,linhagem genética ,SF600-1100 ,medicine ,genetic lineage ,lesion severity ,0303 health sciences ,General Veterinary ,Raiva bovina ,030306 microbiology ,bovinos ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Rabies ,evolução clínica ,Viral load - Abstract
Our objective was the characterization and staging of histological lesions in different anatomical sites of the central nervous system (CNS) of rabid cattle. The severity of the lesions was compared with the clinical stages of the disease, the variants of viral isolates, and with the load of virus. Thirty-one spontaneously affected rabid cattle the state of Santa Catarina underwent clinical follow-up and were eventually necropsied. CNS tissues were sampled and submitted to direct fluorescent antibody technique (DFAT), immunohistochemistry (IHC), routine histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin stain (HE), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and polymerase chain reaction in quantitative reverse transcriptase in real time (qRT-PCR). Affected cattle were allotted in four groups according to their clinical stage when euthanized: G1, euthanized while standing; G2, euthanized when in sternal recumbence; G3, euthanized when in lateral recumbence; and G4, affected cattle with natural death. In order to evaluate the degree of severity of the lesions and the presence of Negri bodies (NBs), the brain was sectioned at 9 sites. Additionally, spinal cord and trigeminal ganglion sections were examined. The intensity of the lesions was graded as either absent, mild, moderate, or marked, and the presence or absence of the NBs was noted. Histological lesions were characterized by lymphocytic and monocytic meningoencephalitis with NBs in 28 cases. In all analyzed groups, intensities of histological lesions ranging from mild to severe were observed. Brain regions with the highest inflammatory lesion intensity were the medulla at the level of obex, followed by the colliculus and thalamus. NBs were observed in a higher percentage in the cerebellum, followed by medulla at the obex level, striatum complex, and frontal telencephalon. The duration of the clinical course of the disease did not influence the intensity of the inflammatory lesion, but it did influence the presence of NBs, with a higher percentage of these inclusions in cattle that died naturally than in euthanized cattle. All isolated rhabdovirus included in this study were genetically compatible with samples from hematophagous bats Desmodus rotundus. The evaluation by qRT-PCR did not demonstrate a correlation between lesion intensity and the amount of virus. RESUMO: Nosso objetivo foi a caracterização e estadiamento de lesões histológicas em diferentes locais anatômicos do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de bovinos raivosos. A gravidade das lesões foi comparada com os estágios clínicos da doença, as variantes dos isolados virais e com a quantidade de vírus. Trinta e um bovinos do estado de Santa Catarina, afetados naturalmente por raiva, foram acompanhados clinicalmente e, ao final, necropsiados. Os tecidos do SNC foram amostrados e submetidos a imunofluorescência direta, imunohistoquímica, histopatologia de rotina, reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) e reação em cadeia da polimerase em transcriptase reversa quantitativa em tempo real (qRT-PCR). Os bovinos afetados foram distribuídos em quatro grupos, de acordo com sua fase clínica: G1, eutanasiados quando ainda se mantinham em pé; G2, eutanasiados quando em decúbito esternal; G3, eutanasiados quando em decúbito lateral; e G4, bovinos afetados com morte natural. Para avaliar o grau de gravidade das lesões e a presença de corpúsculos de Negri (CNs), o cérebro foi seccionado em 9 locais. Além disso, seções da medula espinhal e do gânglio trigêmeo foram examinadas. A intensidade das lesões foi graduada como ausente, leve, moderada ou acentuada, e a presença ou ausência dos CNs foi anotada. Lesões histológicas foram caracterizadas por meningoencefalite linfocítica e monocítica com CNs em 28 casos. Em todos os grupos analisados foram observadas intensidades de lesões histológicas variando de leve a grave. As regiões cerebrais com maior intensidade de lesão inflamatória foram o bulbo no nível do obex, seguido do colículo e tálamo. CNs foram mais prevalentes no cerebelo, seguido pelo bulbo ao nível do óbex, corpo estriado e telencéfalo frontal. A duração do curso clínico da raiva não influenciou a intensidade da lesão inflamatória, mas influenciou a presença de CNs, com maior porcentagem dessas inclusões em bovinos que morreram naturalmente do que em bovinos sacrificados. Todos os isolados rabdovírus obtidos neste estudo eram geneticamente compatíveis com amostras provenientes de morcegos hematófagos Desmodus rotundus.
- Published
- 2020
34. Comparison among three different serological methods for the detection of equine influenza virus infection
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Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Leonardo José Richtzenhain, E. M. S. Cunha, Ricardo Augusto Dias, Enio Mori, G. U. Benvenga, D. Reischak, Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, P. F. Favaro, and Paulo Eduardo Brandão
- Subjects
Hemagglutination ,Equine influenza ,biology.protein ,Enzootic ,Outbreak ,Animal Science and Zoology ,General Medicine ,Biology ,Antibody ,Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion ,Virology ,Virus ,Serology - Abstract
The equine influenza virus (EIV) H3N8 subtype is responsible for all EIV outbreaks worldwide while the H7N7 subtype is less pathogenic and is considered extinct as it has not been confirmed in outbreaks since 1980. Although EIV is enzootic in Brazil, few reports describe the actual EIV antibody status in the country. The aims of this study were: - to evaluate the efficiency of different serum treatments described by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to remove non-specific haemagglutination inhibitors for the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay for EIV - to evaluate the presence of EIV antibodies by HI, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and agar gel immunodiffusion in 83 non-vaccinated equines from Sao Paulo State - to evaluate a strategy to better analyse equine sera for EIV antibodies. Although there was no statistical difference among treatments, receptor-destroying enzyme treatment followed by chicken erythrocyte adsorption showed more consistent results, which corroborate the OIE and WHO recommendation to use this treatment preferentially. The HI results suggest equine H3N8 virus circulation among the animals tested from Sao Paulo State. The algorithm suggested here could be used to guide antibody detection against equine influenza virus in equines, improving the test specificity by aiming to avoid false positive results.
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- 2017
35. Caracterização histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica In situ do vírus da raiva em cérebros de equinos e bovinos naturalmente infectados
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Fernanda Guedes, Samira Maria Achkar, Enio Mori, Carla Isabel Macedo, Maria Irma Seixas Duarte, and Elaine Raniero Fernandes
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,rabies, equines, bovines, Immunohistochemistry, FAT, histopathological changes [Keywords] ,General Veterinary ,Negri bodies ,Veterinary medicine ,Inflammation ,Biology ,Keywords: rabies, equines, bovines, Immunohistochemistry, FAT, histopathological changes ,medicine.disease ,Palavras-chave: raiva, equinos, bovinos, Imuno-histoquímica, IFD, alterações histopatológicas ,Gliosis ,Antigen ,raiva, equinos, bovinos, Imuno-histoquímica, IFD, alterações histopatológicas [Palavras-chave] ,SF600-1100 ,medicine ,Immunohistochemistry ,Histopathology ,Rabies ,medicine.symptom ,Vasculitis - Abstract
The present study sought to characterize the phenomena involved in the histopathology of rabies and to assess the presence and amount of viral antigen in situ in different brain regions of naturally infected equines and bovines. The histopathological examination showed several changes due to inflammation, being most often infected cells neurons. The neuronal degeneration involved 100% of cases, in addition to a diffuse lymphocytic Infiltration and gliosis, characterized by vasculitis and perivasculitis. The presence of Negri bodies was in most cases in discreet, and the fragments with higher concentrations of antigen by both techniques employed were the cerebellum and the brain stem. Immunohistochemistry test (IHC) demonstrated greater sensitivity when applied to samples of bovines. Our results showed that in 37.5% of the total number of fragments analyzed, viral inclusions were not observed, however, there was an inflammatory process. In relation to the species, the fragments from bovine’s animals showed a slight increase when examined under this feature. These findings highlight the importance of submitting samples from suspected animals for laboratory diagnostic, even when there are no apparent abnormal histological findings. , O presente estudo buscou caracterizar os fenômenos envolvidos na histopatologia da raiva e avaliar a presença e quantidade de antígeno viral in situ nas diferentes regiões cerebrais de equinos e bovinos naturalmente infectados. O exame histopatológico demonstrou várias mudanças devido à inflamação, sendo mais frequentemente infectadas as células neuronais. A degeneração neuronal foi observada em 100% dos casos, além de uma infiltração linfocitária difusa e gliose, caracterizada por vasculite e perivasculite. A presença de corpúsculos de Negri foi observada na maioria dos casos de maneira discreta, e os fragmentos com maior concentração de antígeno, por ambos os testes empregadas foram o cerebelo e o tronco encefálico. O teste de Imuno-histoquímica (IHC) demonstrou maior sensibilidade quando aplicada em amostras de bovinos. Nossos resultados demostraram que em 37,5% do número total de fragmentos analisados, inclusões virais não foram observadas, no entanto, havia um processo inflamatório. Em relação à espécie, os fragmentos de bovinos demonstraram um ligeiro aumento quando examinado sob este aspecto. Esses achados destacam a importância de submeter amostras de animais suspeitos para diagnóstico laboratorial, mesmo quando não houver nenhum achado histopatológico anormal. 
- Published
- 2019
36. Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 in Brains of Cattle with a Neurological Syndrome: Pathological and Molecular Study
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Claudia Del Fava, Enio Mori, Liria Hiromi Okuda, Waleska Villas Boas Loiacono, Edviges Maristela Pituco, Marta Elisabete Scarelli Vicente, Talita de Paula Silva Moura, Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, and Dirlene Marques Justino
- Subjects
0303 health sciences ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,Bovine leukemia virus ,030306 microbiology ,business.industry ,viruses ,Meningoencephalitis ,Papillomatosis ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,Beef cattle ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Neospora caninum ,03 medical and health sciences ,Medicine ,Rabies ,Histopathology ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030304 developmental biology ,Bovine papillomavirus - Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infection is endemic in Brazilian herds. Papillomaviruses are oncogenic, with a trophic response in squamous epithelial and mucosal tissues, and are associated with asymptomatic infections, proliferative benign skin lesions (papillomas), and malignant epithelial lesions (carcinomas). The presence and expression of BPV in the blood of healthy and papillomatosis-affected cattle has been demonstrated. Experimental inoculation of Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) into calf meninges can result in meningiomas and papillomatosis, but it´s not known if its natural infection causes neoplasia and neurological syndrome in cattle. We assessed the frequency of BPV in 300 Central Nervous System (CNS) samples from cattle with neurological syndrome from several Brazilian regions obtained from surveillance of neurological syndrome. Samples were negative for rabies, Neospora caninum, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5, bovine leukemia virus, and catarrhal malignant fever (PCR). Samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and submitted to macroscopic examination. For histological analysis, slides were submitted to a staining protocol using hematoxylin and eosin. PCR for BPV detection was applied in CNS frozen samples using generic primers FAP59 and FAP64 (L1 gene). Thirteen (4.3%) samples were positive for BPV by PCR, with 11 of these showing no pathological changes in microscopy, and two exhibiting nonspecific non-purulent meningoencephalitis. No CNS samples showed neoplasia. Nine of the 13 BPV positive samples (69.2%) came from females and four (30.8%) from males. The 13 positive animals were age 5 to 168 months with seven over 36 months (53.8%). Five were dairy cattle, four crossbred, and three beef cattle. Only one of the 13 positive samples provided sufficient BPV DNA for sequencing, which emonstrated 99% identity to samples of BPV-1 obtained from cutaneous papillomas in cattle in Brazil. The small quantity of BPV DNA in the CNS and the low number of PCR-positive samples may be associated with low neurotropism, unspecific inflammation, or BPV-infected lymphocytes in CNS tissues or bloodstream. Natural BPV-1 infection was not associated with cerebral neoplasia or neurological syndrome.
- Published
- 2019
37. Occurrence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in donkeys of São Paulo state
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Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, Eduardo Carvalho Marques, Enio Mori, Mariana Sequetin Cunha, Lília Márcia Paulin Silva, Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, Vanessa Castro, Liria Hiromi Okuda, José Victor de Oliveira, Adriana Hellmeister de Campos Nogueira Romaldini, and Alessandra Figueiredo de Castro Nassar
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,biology ,brucelose ,Agriculture (General) ,animal diseases ,Brucellosis ,General Medicine ,Brucella ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Leptospirosis ,S1-972 ,Serology ,sorologia ,Leptospira ,medicine ,biology.protein ,Antibody ,jumentos ,leptospirose - Abstract
Among the diseases that affect equines, bacterial diseases play an important role from a health and economic point of view, especially leptospirosis and brucellosis. The study aimed to provide information on the occurrence of anti-Leptospira spp. and anti-Brucella abortus antibodies in donkeys of São Paulo state. We found a frequency of 62.4% (53/85) antibodies against Leptospira spp. The donkeys were not seropositive for Brucella spp.
- Published
- 2019
38. Baixa ocorrência de herpes-vírus equino 1 (HVE-1) como causa de abortamento e mortalidade perinatal no Brasil
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Enio Mori, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, Claudia Del Fava, Cecília Mônica Galosi, Aline Aparecida da Silva, Carolina Natalia Zanuzzi, Alessandra Figueiredo de Castro Nassar, and Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Agriculture (General) ,Biología ,polymerase chain reaction ,Equine herpesvirus 1 ,Population ,Histopathology ,Abortion ,EQUINE HERPESVIRUS 1 ,Virus ,S1-972 ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https] ,Ciencias Biológicas ,0403 veterinary science ,imuno-histoquímica ,Virus isolation ,Eosinophilic ,medicine ,Ciencias Naturales ,histopatologia ,reação em cadeia da polimerase ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https] ,education ,Ciencias Exactas ,herpes-vírus equino tipo 1 ,virus isolation ,education.field_of_study ,Fetus ,biology ,business.industry ,0402 animal and dairy science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Immunohistochemistry ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Virology ,isolamento viral ,Polymerase chain reaction ,equine herpesvirus type 1 ,immunohistochemistry ,histopathology ,business ,Virología ,Nested polymerase chain reaction ,CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS - Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen that causes abortion, neonatal disease, respiratory disorders, and neurological syndrome in equine populations worldwide. To evaluate EHV-1 as a cause of abortion and perinatal mortality in Brazil, tissue samples from 105 aborted equine fetuses, stillbirths, and foals up to one month of age were examined using virus isolation, immunohistochemistry (IHC), histopathology, and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two fetuses were positive for EHV-1 by PCR, one of which showed syncytia and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in bronchial epithelia, but it was negative by virus isolation. The other showed no characteristic histological lesions, but it was positive by viral isolation. No sample was positive by IHC. The results presented low occurrence of EHV-1 in the studied population and suggested that the use of a combination of techniques increases the likelihood of an accurate diagnosis of EHV-1., O herpes-vírus equino tipo 1 (HVE-1) é um importante agente patogênico causador de aborto, doença neonatal, distúrbios respiratórios e síndrome neurológica em populações de equinos em todo o mundo. Para avaliar a ocorrência do HVE-1 como agente causal de abortamento e mortalidade perinatal no Brasil, foram examinadas amostras de 105 fetos equinos abortados, natimortos e potros de até 1 mês de idade, utilizando as técnicas de isolamento viral, imuno-histoquímica (IHQ), histopatologia e reação em cadeia da polimerase aninhada (nested-PCR). Dois fetos foram positivos na análise de PCR, e um deles apresentou corpúsculos de inclusão viral eosinofílicos e sincícios no epitélio brônquico, porém foi negativo na análise de isolamento viral. O outro feto não apresentou lesões histológicas características de infecção herpética, mas foi positivo na análise de isolamento viral. Nenhuma amostra apresentou resultado positivo pela análise de IHQ. Os resultados demonstraram baixa ocorrência de HVE-1 na população estudada e que o uso de diferentes técnicas diagnósticas aumenta a probabilidade de um diagnóstico preciso para o HVE-1., Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias
- Published
- 2018
39. Causes of Encephalitis and Encephalopathy in Brazilian Equids
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Enio Mori, Mariana Sequetin Cunha, Eloísa Maria Scannapieco, Claudia Del Fava, Alessandra Figueiredo de Castro Nassar, Eliana Monteforte CassaroVillalobos, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, and Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara
- Subjects
biology ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Equine ,Equine herpesvirus 1 ,Encephalopathy ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Toxoplasma gondii ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Virology ,law.invention ,0403 veterinary science ,law ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Vero cell ,Rabies ,Staphylococcus ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Encephalitis - Abstract
The etiology of diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS) of equids was investigated. Samples (n = 218) collected from equids showing clinical signs of nervous or behavioral changes were analyzed, of which 37 (17.0%) were positive for rabies, 13 (6.0%) for the presence of protozoans (one Sarcocystis neurona, 12 Toxoplasma gondii), three (1.4%) for equine herpesvirus type 1 myeloencephalopathy, and 24 (11%) for bacterial encephalitis. Histopathology of the CNS revealed one (0.4%) case of cryptococcal myelomeningoencephalitis and 20 (9.2%) cases of equine leukoencephalomalacia. Central nervous system samples were positive for Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii by nested PCR-ITS1 followed by nucleotide sequencing. Diagnosis of equine herpesvirus 1 was confirmed by cell isolation and polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing of the GD and polymerase (ORF 30) genes in three samples. No case of equine encephalomyelitis was diagnosed in samples analyzed by isolation in mice, VERO cell cultures, and RT-PCR for the nsP1 gene. Bacterial agents (Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Enterobacteriaceae spp., Corynebacterium spp., and nonfermenting gram-negative bacillus) were detected in pure or preponderant cultures. Diagnosis was conclusive in 45% of samples, indicating that other infectious and noninfectious etiologies of encephalitis and encephalopathy should be considered for investigation.
- Published
- 2016
40. Diphylla ecaudata y Diaemus youngi, biología y comportamiento. Diphylla ecaudata and Diaemus youngi, Biology and behavior
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Andrea Isabel Estevez Garcia, Karin Corrêa Scheffer, Rodrigo Fernandes de Barros, Willian de Oliveira Fahl, Karen Miyuki Asano, Jonas Yoshitaka de Oliveira Lima, Samira Maria Achkar, Keila Iamamoto, and Enio Mori
- Subjects
biology ,Diaemus youngi ,Desmodus rotundus ,Diphylla ecaudata ,Zoology ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification - Abstract
RESUMEN. En la presente revision se presentan algunos aspectos de la biologia y comportamiento de las especies de quiropteros hematofagos Diphylla ecaudata y Diaemus youngi . Y se analizan las principales caracteristicas anatomicas que permiten hacer la diferenciacion de estas especies con Desmodus rotundus . Es notable la falta de informacion sobre las dos primeras especies y la necesidad de capacitacion para la correcta identificacion de las mismas, lo que redundara en un direccionamiento mas especifico para controlar las poblaciones de Desmodus rotundus . ABSTRACT. This review presents some aspects about the biology and behavior of the hematophagous bats Diphylla ecaudata and Diaemus youngi . It is notable the lack of information regarding both species, and the need of training in order to identify them properly from Desmodus rotundus. We analyze the main anatomical features that allow differentiation of these species. This will result in a more specific control of Desmodus rotundus populations.
- Published
- 2015
41. Comparison of five different laboratory techniques for the rabies diagnosis in clinically suspected cattle in Brazil
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V.B.V. Silveira, Maria E.R. Chierato, Keila Iamamoto, Karen Miyuki Asano, Leonardo Pereira Mesquita, Natalia Helena Frada Centoamore, Karin Corrêa Scheffer, Paulo César Maiorka, Enio Mori, S. M. Achkar, and Willian de Oliveira Fahl
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Rabies ,030106 microbiology ,Cattle Diseases ,Immunologic Tests ,Biology ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,medicine.disease_cause ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Virology ,medicine ,Animals ,Sampling (medicine) ,Viral isolation ,Clinical Laboratory Techniques ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Rabies virus ,Routine laboratory ,Gold standard (test) ,Viral Load ,medicine.disease ,Immunohistochemistry ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct ,Cattle ,REAÇÃO EM CADEIA POR POLIMERASE ,Viral load ,Brazil - Abstract
The direct-fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) is considered the "gold standard" assay to diagnose rabies. However, it is crucial to develop molecular techniques, such as RT-PCR and RT-qPCR, since many laboratories lack the needed supplies for performing complementary methods (viral isolation, for example). For this purpose, diagnostic techniques must be specific and sensitive to guarantee accuracy. This present investigation aimed to detect rabies virus (RABV) in 126 clinically suspected cattle in Brazil using different diagnostic tests [dFAT, mouse inoculation test (MIT), immunohistochemistry (IHC), RT-PCR and RT-qPCR] and to compare those results obtained under routine laboratory conditions. The results of the present investigation demonstrate that the molecular techniques are more sensitive and may detect low viral load, even though the non-homogeneous viral distribution caused a false-negative result in dFAT. We also observed a usual alteration in antigens distribution among regions of the central nervous system (CNS). By both dFAT and IHC assays, the most reliable CNS structures were thalamus and midbrain. Although this investigation demonstrated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity close to 100 % in all laboratory techniques employed, a dFAT auxiliary test is required for bovine specimens, such as molecular techniques, when there are poor sampling conditions (low viral load combined with unavailability of brainstem structures).
- Published
- 2020
42. Analysis of rabies diagnosis in dogs and cats in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
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Carla Isabel Macedo, Pedro Carnieli, Rafael de Novaes Oliveira, Samira Maria Achkar, Enio Mori, and Juliana Galera Castilho
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Rabies ,030106 microbiology ,030231 tropical medicine ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Cat Diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medical microbiology ,Dogs ,Virology ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Dog Diseases ,Rabies transmission ,Direct fluorescent antibody ,CATS ,Rabies virus ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Genetic typing ,Cats ,Brazil - Abstract
The genetic lineage of rabies virus (RABV) associated with dogs has not been found in the state of Sao Paulo since 1998, and all cases of rabies in domestic animals reported since then have involved the RABV lineage that circulates in bats. As there has been a change in the rabies transmission cycle in cats and dogs, we decided to analyze the tests used to diagnose rabies in these animals in the 15-year period from 2002 to 2016 in the state of Sao Paulo. During this period, 85,508 central nervous system (CNS) samples from dogs and cats were submitted to the Rabies Diagnosis Section at the Pasteur Institute of Sao Paulo for testing. All of the samples were tested by the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and at least one of the following three tests: mouse inoculation test (MIT), rabies tissue culture infection test (RTCIT) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Of all the samples tested, twenty were positive in at least one of these assays. Four other positive samples were identified at other institutions in the state of Sao Paulo. Of the twenty samples that tested positive at the Pasteur Institute of Sao Paulo, nine were tested by FAT, and the results were subsequently confirmed by other techniques; five gave inconclusive results, and therefore, other techniques had to be used as soon as possible in case the samples were positive; and six were negative by FAT and positive by one or more of the following tests: RTCIT, MIT and RT-PCR. Genetic typing of isolates from eighteen samples identified them as the lineage circulating in bats. In light of this finding, which indicates that genetic lineages associated with bats are circulating in domestic animals in the state of Sao Paulo, when the results of FAT carried out with samples from aggressive cats and dogs are inconclusive, complementary tests should be used. Decomposing samples and samples for which FAT was inconclusive should be tested using molecular techniques so that a definitive result can be obtained quickly and timely post-exposure prophylaxis can be administered to exposed individuals.
- Published
- 2017
43. Molecular characterization of Brazilian equid herpesvirus type 1 strains based on neuropathogenicity markers
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Wilson Roberto Fernandes, Enio Mori, Maria do Carmo Custódio de Souza Hunold Lara, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Claudia Madalena Cabrera Mori, Leonardo José Richtzenhain, Rodrigo Martins Soares, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, and Paulo Eduardo Brandão
- Subjects
Genotype ,DNA polymerase ,Sequence analysis ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Veterinary Microbiology ,lcsh:QR1-502 ,Microbiology ,lcsh:Microbiology ,Conserved sequence ,Open Reading Frames ,Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ,Genetic variation ,Media Technology ,Animals ,Cluster Analysis ,Horses ,equid herpesvirus type 1 ,Gene ,Conserved Sequence ,Phylogeny ,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ,biology ,Genetic Variation ,glycoprotein D gene (ORF72) ,Herpesviridae Infections ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Virology ,Open reading frame ,DNA, Viral ,biology.protein ,Tissue tropism ,equid Brazilian herpesvirus ,Horse Diseases ,DNA polymerase gene (ORF30) ,REAÇÃO EM CADEIA POR POLIMERASE ,Brazil ,ICP4 gene (ORF64) ,Herpesvirus 1, Equid - Abstract
Partial nucleotide sequences of ORF72 (glycoprotein D, gD), ORF64 (infected cell protein 4, ICP4) and ORF30 (DNA polymerase) genes were compared with corresponding sequences of EHV-1 reference strains to characterize the molecular variability of Brazilian strains. Virus isolation assays were applied to 74 samples including visceral tissue, total blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and nasal swabs of specimens from a total of 64 animals. Only one CSF sample (Iso07/05 strain) was positive by virus isolation in cell culture. EHV-1 Iso07/05 neurologic strain and two abortion visceral tissues samples (Iso11/06 and Iso33/06) were PCR-positive for ORF33 (glycoprotein B, gB) gene of EHV-1. A sequence analysis of the ORF72, ORF64 and ORF30 genes from three EHV-1 archival strains (A3/97, A4/72, A9/92) and three clinical samples (Iso07/05, Iso11/06 and Iso33/06) suggested that among Brazilian EHV-1 strains, the amplified region of the gD gene sequence is highly conserved. Additionally, the analysis of ICP4 gene showed high nucleotide and amino acid identities when compared with genotype P strains, suggesting that the EHV-1 Brazilian strains belonged to the same group. All the EHV-1 Brazilian strains were classified as non-neuropathogenic variants (N752) based on the ORF30 analysis. These findings indicate a high conservation of the gD-, ICP4- and ORF30-encoding sequences. Different pathotypes of the EHV-1 strain might share identical genes with no specific markers, and tissue tropism is not completely dependent on the gD envelope, immediate-early ICP4 and DNA polymerase proteins.
- Published
- 2015
44. Susceptibilidade de hamsters frente à infecção pelo herpesvirus equino tipo 1 causando encefalite e doença respiratória
- Author
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Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Paloma de Oliveira Tonietti, Paulo Cesar Maiorka, Andressa Ferrari Arévalo, M. C. C. S. H. Lara, Claudia Madalena Cabrera Mori, Dennis Albert Zanatto, Thais Helena Martins Gamon, Samantha Ive Miyashiro, E. M. S. Cunha, and Enio Mori
- Abstract
Introducao e objetivos: O herpesvirus equino tipo 1 (EHV-1) e um patogeno de suma importância, responsavel por perdas significativas nos planteis, fato que, sob o ponto de vista economico, o torna uma ameaca potencial a criacao mundial de cavalos uma vez que a sua distribuicao e cosmopolita. Esse virus tem sido identificado como a causa de abortamentos, mortalidade neonatal, doenca respiratoria e manifestacoes neurologicas em cavalos [1,2]. Modelos experimentais de infeccao pelo EHV-1 utilizando roedores, como camundongos e hamsters, sao uteis para o estudo da resposta do hospedeiro ao virus, pois muitos dos aspectos da etiopatogenia da doenca nessas especies se assemelham aos observados no hospedeiro natural [3]. O camundongo e um excelente modelo para estudo da etiopatogenia da encefalite causada por estirpes neuropatogenicas do herpesvirus equino tipo 1 (EHV-1) [4]. No entanto, pesquisas recentes evidenciaram que a infeccao estabelecida pela via intranasal em hamsters resultou em sintomas mais agudos e severos do que nos camundongos, sugerindo uma maior susceptibilidade da especie ao agente [5,6]. Com base nesses dados, o presente trabalho foi delineado para avaliar as alteracoes respiratorias e neurologicas decorrentes da infeccao pelo EHV-1 em hamsters, comparando a susceptibilidade desse modelo com estudos realizados em camundongos e equinos. Materiais e metodos: Hamsters Sirios machos, com tres semanas de idade, foram infectados pela via intranasal com estirpes do EHV-1, obtidas de fetos abortados e potros infectados pelo virus (A4/72, A9/92, A3/97 e ISO/72). Os hamsters foram pesados e examinados diariamente observando-se o aparecimento de manifestacoes neurologicas e/ou respiratorias da doenca. De acordo com o aparecimento dos sintomas, grupos de cinco hamsters foram submetidos a eutanasia por overdose de isoflurano e deles foram coletados os materiais: SNC, pulmoes, timo, figado e baco que foram encaminhados tanto para a realizacao de isolamento viral em cultura de celulas E-dermal como para exame histopatologico. Em uma segunda etapa que tambem utilizou cinco hamsters por grupo, inoculados com as mesmas estirpes virais, apos eutanasia por aplicacao intraperitoneal de overdose de cetamina e xilazina, foi realizada para a obtencao do lavado bronco-alveolar (LBA). Foi determinada a contagem total e diferencial de globulos brancos a partir do LBA dos hamsters. Resultados e discussao: De forma similar aos experimentos realizados com camundongos, os hamsters desafiados com as estirpes A4/72 e A9/92 apresentaram manifestacoes clinicas severas no 3o dia pos-inoculacao (dpi) tais como a perda de peso representada no grafico 1, apatia, dispneia, desidratacao, decubito e morte. Tambem foram observados sinais neurologicos como hiperexcitabilidade, paralisia espastica, perda de propriocepcao, andar em circulos e convulsoes. Ao contrario do modelo murino, em que nao foi desenvolvida a doenca, os hamsters inoculados com as estirpes A3/97 e ISO/72 apresentaram sintomas clinicos e neurologicos no 4o dpi, onde as alteracoes respiratorias foram as mais evidentes, com destaque para a epistaxe. O isolamento do virus do SNC foi positivo em todos os animais; no entanto, os pulmoes foram positivos apenas nos grupos infectados pelas estirpes A9/92 e A4/72. Nos demais orgaos houve variacao de resultado entre os grupos como visualizado na tabela 1. O LBA mostrou que a contagem total de leucocitos apresentou maior numero de celulas brancas nos hamsters infectados por A4/72 quando comparado com A9/92, A3/97 e ISO/72 e grupo controle. Entretanto, o aumento de leucocitos total encontrado nos grupos de hamsters inoculados nao foi significativo (p>0,05) quando comparado ao valor de leucocitos total do grupo controle. Macrofagos ativados com citoplasma bastante vacuolizado, alguns deles contendo grânulos intracitoplasmaticos e uma grande quantidade de eritrocitos foi observada em esfregacos da maioria dos animais inoculados ao contrario dos esfregacos do grupo controle, que em sua maior parte apresentou apenas celulas macrofagicas de citoplasma vacuolizado e raros eritrocitos. Os valores apresentados na tabela 2 revelam que a contagem total e diferencial de leucocitos variou tanto entre as estirpes como tambem entre os individuos de um mesmo grupo. De modo semelhante ao descrito em cavalos em experimentos de inoculacao com EHV-1 [7], na contagem diferencial no LBA notou-se nos hamsters infectados apresentaram um aumento no numero de neutrofilos acompanhado de um decrescimo de macrofagos, enquanto no grupo controle a celula predominante foi o macrofago variando de 90 a 100% da contagem total dos leucocitos como observado na tabela 2. Os grupos de hamsters infectados por A3/97 e A4/72 apresentaram um aumento significativo (p 0,05) de neutrofilos e uma diminuicao nao significativa de macrofagos. A diferenca encontrada nos numeros de linfocitos e monocitos entre os grupos inoculados e o grupo controle nao foi significativa. Conclusao: Os sintomas e os sinais clinicos observados durante o experimento indicaram que o hamster e a especie mais susceptivel frente a infeccao causada pelo EHV-1, quando comparada ao modelo murino. Alem disso, notou-se que a resposta dos macrofagos alveolares do hamster frente a infeccao pelo EHV-1 foi similar a do equino, o que torna a especie um atrativo modelo experimental para posteriores estudos com o agente viral.
- Published
- 2017
45. A rabies virus vampire bat variant shows increased neuroinvasiveness in mice when compared to a carnivore variant
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Paulo Cesar Maiorka, Karin Corrêa Scheffer, Dennis Albert Zanatto, Silvia Elena Campusano Cuevas, Leonardo Pereira Mesquita, Enio Mori, Samira Maria Achkar, Claudia Madalena Cabrera Mori, Keila Iamamoto, Karen Miyuki Asano, Thais Helena Martins Gamon, and Willian de Oliveira Fahl
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Rabies ,Encephalomyelitis ,Central nervous system ,Carnivora ,ZOONOSES ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Incubation period ,03 medical and health sciences ,Antigen ,Virology ,Chiroptera ,medicine ,Paralysis ,Animals ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Virulence ,Histocytochemistry ,Rabies virus ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Vampire bat ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Brazil - Abstract
Rabies is one of the most important zoonotic diseases and is caused by several rabies virus (RABV) variants. These variants can exhibit differences in neurovirulence, and few studies have attempted to evaluate the neuroinvasiveness of variants derived from vampire bats and wild carnivores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuropathogenesis of infection with two Brazilian RABV street variants (variant 3 and crab-eating fox) in mice. BALB/c mice were inoculated with RABV through the footpad, with the 50% mouse lethal dose (LD50) determined by intracranial inoculation. The morbidity of rabies in mice infected with variant 3 and the crab-eating fox strain was 100% and 50%, respectively, with an incubation period of 7 and 6 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. The clinical disease in mice was similar with both strains, and it was characterized initially by weight loss, ruffled fur, hunched posture, and hind limb paralysis progressing to quadriplegia and recumbency at 9 to 12 dpi. Histological lesions within the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis with neuronal degeneration and necrosis were observed in mice infected with variant 3 and those infected with the crab-eating fox variant. However, lesions and the presence of RABV antigen, were more widespread within the CNS of variant-3-infected mice, whereas in crab-eating fox-variant-infected mice, RABV antigens were more restricted to caudal areas of the CNS, such as the spinal cord and brainstem. In conclusion, the results shown here demonstrate that the RABV vampire bat strain (variant 3) has a higher potential for neuroinvasiveness than the carnivore variant.
- Published
- 2017
46. Susceptibility of mice to bovine herpesvirus type 5 infection in the central nervous system
- Author
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E. M. Pituco, Rafael C. Costa, Rudi Weiblen, Leonardo Pereira Mesquita, M. M. Fusuma, Paulo Cesar Maiorka, Fábio Raphael Pascoti Bruhn, Enio Mori, and Claudia Madalena Cabrera Mori
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Central Nervous System ,Chemokine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Central nervous system ,INFECÇÕES DO SISTEMA NERVOSO CENTRAL ,Biology ,Virus Replication ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,Immune system ,medicine ,Animals ,Pathogen ,Herpesvirus 5, Bovine ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,General Veterinary ,Inoculation ,Meningoencephalitis ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Herpesviridae Infections ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Bovine herpesvirus ,Viral replication ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Trigeminal Ganglion ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Cytokines ,Disease Susceptibility - Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is an important pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis in cattle. Few studies have used the mouse as a model for BoHV-5 infection. Despite the fact that BoHV-5 can infect mice with immune deficiencies, little is known about viral replication, immune response, and the course of infection in the central nervous system (CNS) of wild-type mice. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the response in the CNS of BALB/c mice acutely infected with BoHV-5 at different days post-inoculation (dpi). BoHV-5, when inoculated intracranially, was able to infect and replicate within the CNS of BALB/c mice. Until 15 dpi, the mice were able to survive without showing prominent neurological signs. The infection was accompanied by a Th1 immune response, with a significant expression of the cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α and chemokine CCL-2. The expression of these cytokines and chemokines was most significant in the early course of infection (3 and 4 dpi), and it was followed by meningoencephalitis with perivascular cuffing and periventriculitis, composed mainly of macrophages and lymphocytes. After the expression of cytokines and chemokine, the mice were able to curb BoHV-5 acute infection in the brain, since there was a decrease in the number of BoHV-5 DNA copies after 3 dpi and viable viral particles were not detected after 6 dpi. Importantly, BoHV-5 was able to infect the trigeminal ganglia during acute infection, since a large number of BoHV-5 DNA copies were detected on 1 and 2 dpi.
- Published
- 2017
47. PRESENCE OF RESPIRATORY VIRUSES IN EQUINES IN BRAZIL
- Author
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José Ricardo Pinto, Jorge Mancini-Filho, Rosely Cabette Barbosa Alves, Aparecida Santo Pietro Pereira, Dalva Assunção Portari Mancini, Enio Mori, Leonardo José Richtzenhain, Adélia Hiroko Nagamori Kawamoto, and Rita Maria Zucatelli Mendonça
- Subjects
Male ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,viruses ,Equines ,Equine influenza ,Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype ,Biology ,Antibodies, Viral ,Serology ,Parainfluenza virus ,Hemagglutination inhibition test ,Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype ,Blood serum ,Orthomyxoviridae Infections ,Virology ,Animals ,Horses ,TESTES DE HEMAGLUTINAÇÃO ,Hemagglutination assay ,Antibody titer ,Age Factors ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ,Vaccination ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Female ,Horse Diseases ,Antibody ,Influenza virus ,Brazil ,Parainfluenza-3 - Abstract
Equines are susceptible to respiratory viruses such as influenza and parainfluenza. Respiratory diseases have adversely impacted economies all over the world. This study was intended to determine the presence of influenza and parainfluenza viruses in unvaccinated horses from some regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Blood serum collected from 72 equines of different towns in this state was tested by hemagglutination inhibition test to detect antibodies for both viruses using the corresponding antigens. About 98.6% (71) and 97.2% (70) of the equines responded with antibody protective titers (≥ 80 HIU/25µL) H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A viruses, respectively. All horses (72) also responded with protective titers (≥ 80) HIU/25µL against the parainfluenza virus. The difference between mean antibody titers to H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A viruses was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The mean titers for influenza and parainfluenza viruses, on the other hand, showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). These results indicate a better antibody response from equines to parainfluenza 3 virus than to the equine influenza viruses. No statistically significant differences in the responses against H7N7 and H3N8 subtypes of influenza A and parainfluenza 3 viruses were observed according to the gender (female, male) or the age (≤ 2 to 20 years-old) groups. This study provides evidence of the concomitant presence of two subtypes of the equine influenza A (H7N7 and H3N8) viruses and the parainfluenza 3 virus in equines in Brazil. Thus, it is advisable to vaccinate equines against these respiratory viruses.
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- 2014
48. Equine herpesvirus type 1 induces both neurological and respiratory disease in Syrian hamsters
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Leonardo Pereira Mesquita, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos, Andressa Ferrari Arévalo, Dennis Albert Zanatto, Claudia Madalena Cabrera Mori, Maria do Carmo Custodio de Souza, Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha, Enio Mori, Paulo Cesar Maiorka, and Samantha Ive Miyashiro
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Central nervous system ,Respiratory Tract Diseases ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Virus ,0403 veterinary science ,Pathogenesis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mice ,Liquefactive necrosis ,Cricetinae ,MODELOS ANIMAIS DE DOENÇAS ,medicine ,Animals ,Horses ,Respiratory system ,Administration, Intranasal ,General Veterinary ,Mesocricetus ,Respiratory disease ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Herpesviridae Infections ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Immunology ,Horse Diseases ,Nervous System Diseases ,Encephalitis ,Herpesvirus 1, Equid - Abstract
The equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an important cause of myeloencephalopathy and respiratory disease in horses. Animal models for EHV-1 infection have been specially developed using mice and Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). However, few studies have attempted to evaluate the pathogenesis of EHV-1 infection in the central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory system of hamsters. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of four Brazilian EHV-1 strains within the CNS and lungs of Syrian hamsters. Hamsters intranasally infected with A4/72, A9/92, A3/97, and Iso/72 EHV-1 strains developed severe neurological and respiratory signs and died during acute EHV-1 infection within 3 to 5days post-inoculation. However, neurological signs were more severe in A4/72 and A9/92-infected hamsters, whereas respiratory signs were more prominent in A3/97 and Iso/72-infected hamsters. In the latter, lesions in the CNS were predominantly inflammatory, whereas in A4/72 and A9/92-infected hamsters, neuronal and liquefactive necrosis were the predominant lesions. EHV-1 infected hamsters also developed an interstitial pneumonia with infiltration of alveolar septa by macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, with the exception of A9/92-infected hamsters, which developed severe hemorrhages within the airways. EHV-1 antigens were detected along with CNS and pulmonary lesions. EHV-1 was also recovered from CNS of all infected hamsters, whereas the virus was recovered from the lungs of A4/72, A9/92, and Iso/72-infected hamsters. Brazilian EHV-1 strains caused both severe CNS and respiratory disease in hamsters, thus making this species an interesting model for EHV-1 infection in the CNS and respiratory system.
- Published
- 2016
49. Emerging animal viruses: real threats or simple bystanders?
- Author
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Rudi Weiblen, Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti, Enio Mori, Ana Cláudia Franco, Fernando Rosado Spilki, Fernando V. Bauermann, and Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Subjects
lcsh:Veterinary medicine ,genetic evolution ,General Veterinary ,animal pathogens ,viruses ,Canine influenza ,Pestivirus ,patógenos animais ,evolução genética ,Influenza A virus subtype H3N8 ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Orthobunyavirus ,Hepatitis E virus ,Gyrovirus ,Novel virus ,Vírus emergentes ,Veterinary virology ,medicine ,lcsh:SF600-1100 ,Emerging viruses - Abstract
The list of animal viruses has been frequently added of new members raising permanent concerns to virologists and veterinarians. The pathogenic potential and association with disease have been clearly demonstrated for some, but not for all of these emerging viruses. This review describes recent discoveries of animal viruses and their potential relevance for veterinary practice. Dogs were considered refractory to influenza viruses until 2004, when an influenza A virus subtype H3N8 was transmitted from horses and produced severe respiratory disease in racing greyhounds in Florida/USA. The novel virus, named canine influenza virus (CIV), is considered now a separate virus lineage and has spread among urban canine population in the USA. A new pestivirus (Flaviviridae), tentatively called HoBi-like pestivirus, was identified in 2004 in commercial fetal bovine serum from Brazil. Hobi-like viruses are genetically and antigenically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and induce similar clinical manifestations. These novel viruses seem to be widespread in Brazilian herds and have also been detected in Southeast Asia and Europe. In 2011, a novel mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus, named Schmallenberg virus (SBV), was associated with fever, drop in milk production, abortion and newborn malformation in cattle and sheep in Germany. Subsequently, the virus disseminated over several European countries and currently represents a real treat for animal health. The origin of SBV is still a matter of debate but it may be a reassortant from previous known bunyaviruses Shamonda and Satuperi. Hepatitis E virus (HEV, family Hepeviridae) is a long known agent of human acute hepatitis and in 1997 was first identified in pigs. Current data indicates that swine HEV is spread worldwide, mainly associated with subclinical infection. Two of the four HEV genotypes are zoonotic and may be transmitted between swine and human by contaminated water and undercooked pork meat. The current distribution and impact of HEV infection in swine production are largely unknown. Avian gyrovirus type 2 (AGV2) is a newly described Gyrovirus, family Circoviridae, which was unexpectedly found in sera of poultry suspected to be infected with chicken anemia virus (CAV). AGV2 is closely related to CAV but displays sufficient genomic differences to be classified as a distinct species. AGV2 seems to be distributed in Brazil and also in other countries but its pathogenic role for chickens is still under investigation. Finally, the long time and intensive search for animal relatives of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) has led to the identification of novel hepaciviruses in dogs (canine hepacivirus [CHV]), horses (non-primate hepaciviruses [NPHV] or Theiler's disease associated virus [TDAV]) and rodents. For these, a clear and definitive association with disease is still lacking and only time and investigation will tell whether they are real disease agents or simple spectators.
- Published
- 2013
50. Erratum to: Alphacoronavirus in urban Molossidae and Phyllostomidae bats, Brazil
- Author
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Paulo Eduardo Brandão, Karen Miyuki Asano, Karin Corrêa Scheffer, Willian de Oliveira Fahl, Aline Santana da Hora, Enio Mori, and Keila Iamamoto
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Published Erratum ,viruses ,Short Report ,Library science ,virus diseases ,Bat ,Creative commons ,Biology ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,respiratory system ,biology.organism_classification ,Customer support ,Virology ,respiratory tract diseases ,Coronavirus ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Molossidae ,License ,Inclusion (education) ,Phyllostomidae - Abstract
Background Bats have been implicated as the main reservoir of coronavirus (CoV). Thus the role of these hosts on the evolution and spread of CoVs currently deserve the attention of emerging diseases surveillance programs. On the view of the interest on and importance of CoVs in bats the occurrence and molecular characterization of CoV were conducted in bats from Brazil. Findings Three hundred five enteric contents of 29 bat species were tested using a panCoV nested RT-PCR. Nine specimens were positive and eight was suitable for RdRp gene sequencing. RdRp gene phylogeny showed that all CoVs strains from this study cluster in Alphacoronavirus genus, with one Molossidae and one Phlyllostomidae-CoV specific groups. Phylogenetic analyses of two S gene sequences showed a large diversity within the Alphacoronavirus genus. Conclusions This study indicated a CoV-to-host specificity and draws attention for CoV detection in Cynomops sp, a potential new reservoir. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that diversity of CoV in bats is higher than previously known.
- Published
- 2016
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