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The Straits Settlements, a collective colony under the administration of British Malaya, was a very unhealthy area in the early years of the nineteenth century. One of the most common sicknesses was mental illness, which could not be cured by medicines. The number of women suffering from mental illness was higher than in men, and it was found that there were many internal and external causes. The increasing number of women patients affected the role of mental hospitals, which were not only for treatment purposes, but also for business. This study will discuss the factors causing women to suffer from mental illness, and the role of the asylum for women mental patients in the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the nature of integration in the former British Cameroons after the United Nations Plebiscite of 1961. This work analyses the nature of the integration by closely examining the socio-economic and political developments during the post plebiscite period. The paper argues that it was the source for the recurrence of conflicts in the former British Cameroons, particularly Sardauna and Kurmi Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Taraba State, and the Northwest Region of Cameroon. The effect included the destruction of lives and property and colossal humanitarian crises involving Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and refugees. The study uses the qualitative-cum-historical method of research involving the descriptive collation and analysis of historical data to come out with its findings. The data sources consulted comprised of primary, secondary and tertiary or internet materials. However, the findings of the study revealed that the socio-economic and political development during the post plebiscite period planted the seed of disenchantment due to the outright violation of promises and treaties by the governments of Nigeria, Cameroon. Britain and the United Nations (UN). Similarly, the study indicates that this resulted in lack of meaningful development, political apathy, disunity, and violence. This created impact such as protest, violence, intellectual and legal approaches. The implications this has included the comprehension gap, wrong placement of trust and the search for solutions are some of the implications for Nigeria, Cameroon Britain, and the UN. In conclusion, the study theoretically was able to shade more light and awareness on how the socio-economic and political development during the post plebiscite period culminated in pseudo integration and its impact and implications for the former British Cameroons. For practitioners it entails that researchers interested in the study area should adequately explore existing and new sources of data in order to exhume and reconstruct the real history causing recurrence of conflict in the study area. While policy makers are enjoined to pursue a genuine and sincere policy formulation and implementation in tandem with regulated motivations regarding integration policies in the study area as the pathway way to effectively mitigate the prevalence of conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fierce battle that broke out in history between Russia and Ottoman in 1877-1878 was an attempt to solve the problems faced by the Ottoman administration in the Balkans. This is mainly related to accusations that the Ottoman government cannot protect Christians in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ironically, Russia's victory did not lead to the resolution of the conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Instead, it negatively impacted Muslims in the Balkans, especially in Bulgaria. This article will analyse the social effects of the war on Bulgaria's Muslim minority. This article uses a qualitative method called content analysis to evaluate British official documents and records collected from the British National Archives and the University of London, specifically from the School of Slavonic and East European Studies. The result shows that the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877 was not intended to give justice to the Christian community under the Ottoman empire; on the contrary, it was a strategy used by Russia and the Bulgarian government to eliminate the Muslim minority in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nation-state is a sovereign state with the people have an awareness that they have something in common. There is something in common that can be seen among those who live together in the same nationstate territory based on language, customs and old traditions that are shared. In short, a nation-state is a state entity that is free from any world concept of empire. In Malaysia, the basis of nation-state building has existed since the reign of the Malay king, while the British administrative system during the colonial period had introduced Malaya to the concept of a modern nation-state. Thus, this study aims to highlight the history of the nation-state formation in Malaysia and the challenges in order to achieve the goal. This is a qualitative academic history article and the writing used the document analysis method. In addition to that, the Social Science analysis methods are also used to give a more extensive and broad writing analysis. The results of the study found that the nation-state building in the country is an ongoing process. The process has been formed through the traditional nation-state concept that existed before the British colonial era, thus the process keep developed during the colonial period and continued after the independence based on the development of as a sovereign nation-state. Until the post-independence era, the policies that the government tried to highlight continued to empower the nation-state concept to form a nation-of-intent in the country that became the objective of all independent countries. This paper is expected to give such a broad overview of the history and challenges faced by the country in its efforts to form a nation-of-intent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guangzhou is located in the southern part of China, near the South China Sea, belongs to Guangdong Province. It serves as China's southern gateway to the world and was historically called "The Southern Treasure of the Emperor", playing a crucial role in China's maritime trade history. Throughout Chinese history, Guangzhou underwent several cycles of "closure" and "opening", policies that severely impacted trade. However, foreign merchants never ceased to request permission from the Chinese government to engage in trade. In 1757, Emperor Qianlong decreed Guangzhou as the only one official port for foreign trade. This edict led to the establishment of the one port trading system in Guangzhou, as the Qing government aimed to counter foreign influences and local uprisings while maintaining a self-sufficient small-scale agricultural economy. Western nations and their traders sought opportunities within this system, aspiring to expand trade to other regions of China, even the inland areas. The exclusive status of Guangzhou as China's only one trading port persisted until 1842, following the defeat of the Qing government in the Opium War against Britain, the Nanjing Treaty was signed. This treaty opened Guangzhou, Shanghai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, and Xiamen as trading ports, bringing an end to the one port trading system. The reasons and impacts of the establishment of this system have not been comprehensively analyzed to date. Therefore, this paper based on historical archives, analyzes both the direct and underlying reasons behind Emperor Qianlong's decision and elucidates the system's diverse impacts on various aspects of Qing-era China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing oil palm among the indigenous peoples in Peninsular Malaysia is not uncommon. While individuals' success either economically or academically are lauded and ought to be nurtured and supported, previous study by Wirth believes that collective success is the key not only in elevating the socioeconomic status but also serves as a mean to retain them as a cohesive unit culturally and socially. This study aims in promoting a model for collective development in the form of cooperative in oil palm cultivation of the indigenous peoples. Through simple random sampling and snowball techniques, a total of fifteen small-scale oil palm farmers from an indigenous village in the state of Pahang were interviewed periodically during the months of June till September, 2020. The results of the study found that these indigenous oil palm farmers faced both social and economic issues between the household members as well as within the indigenous community arising from inequalities of income level. At the macro level, a competent cooperative will attain far greater achievements and more beneficial to the indigenous community than a few successful farmers due to the concept of inclusiveness and sustainability. It is hope that the cooperative model can be replicated in other indigenous communities and effectively raise the overall living standard of the indigenous community in Peninsular Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on water management and control in Malaya, particularly the establishment of a 'colonial hydrology' in Perlis from 1909 to 1950. The study analysed water policies, management techniques, and the social and economic aspects of the local population and the global market, using archival data. This study has also highlighted the intersection between natural resources, political power, and global economic trends from an international studies perspective. The control over water resources allowed the British colonial government to strengthen its position in the global market, but this resulted in adverse effects on the environment and social justice, especially for the local population. The study has argued that sustainable and equitable approaches to resource management are needed to promote sustainable development and combat global environmental challenges. The findings of this research can inform policymakers about the importance of incorporating environmental and social justice considerations in policymaking, especially with regard to natural resource management. Overall, this study adds valuable insights to the field of international studies by highlighting how the exploitation of natural resources can have far-reaching effects, both locally and globally, thereby emphasising the need for interdisciplinary and inclusive approaches to addressing resource management issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural sustainability is a strategy of the Malaysian Cocoa Board (MCB) to help cocoa farmers towards eradicating poverty through increasing commodity productivity. This strategy is significant for older farmers who are faced with the issue of decreasing quality and quantity of cocoa beans. Sustainability of cocoa farmers' agriculture requires the involvement of agricultural agencies through the role of agricultural employees to bring agricultural innovation. In this regard, the study aims to identify farmers' perceptions of the role of agricultural employees in bringing agricultural innovation in Sabah. A quantitative study using a review investigation approach was carried out on 195 farmers. The questionnaire form is used as a data collection tool. The distribution of respondents who were eviscerated included the areas of Sebatik Island, Tawau, Semporna, Kunak, Lahad Datu, Sandakan and Kinabatangan. The theoretical basis is based on the Role of Change Agent Theory which is processed in the context of the role of agricultural employees to innovate agriculture. The results of the study regarding the stage of the role of agent of change according to farmers' perceptions are high and dominated by the role as a catalyst for change. Followed by the role of agricultural employees as problem solvers, process assistants and resource liaisons. The findings of the study have implications for enriching knowledge through focusing on rural agricultural development issues. The findings of the study provide new insight into the theory that explains the need for the role of agricultural employees as intermediaries for Malaysian Cocoa Board (MCB) to innovate agriculture. This coincides with Malaysian Cocoa Board (MCB) efforts to preserve the country's cocoa industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is about the development of English in Education in Malaya before independence. Christian missionaries pioneered education in English at an early stage in Malaya. The position of English in the education system in Malaya in the colonial era has gained a better status compared to the position of Malay and other vernacular languages. This study uses a qualitative method with an emphasis on document and manuscript analysis. This study was conducted at the National Archives of Malaysia and involved the study and analysis of official documents such as the Annual Report, the Education Report, the Colonial office file and official records of the British colonial government. The study's findings have shown that the development of English education started with the opening of English schools by Christian missionaries and the English schools established by the colonial government. There were various reactions to English education from the community, with an encouraging response among the Malayan people. The development of English education created opportunities for people to pursue higher education abroad and within the country. In conclusion, English education has succeeded in producing many students who have successfully placed themselves in the service of the British government. The implementation of English education has been able to help increase the knowledge of current and future generations about the history and emergence of English education in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of Islam in other Muslim countries has influenced the Islamic revival in Malaysia. This article strives to highlight ABIM as an Islamic movement that is actively engaged in Islamic missionary efforts. The experiences of outside Islamic movement make ABIM take da'wah approach in accordance with Malaysia's reference. The ABIM Islamic Movement is an Islamic youth movement that is regarded as a preacher in institutions of higher learning within and outside the country. This study will try to see the influence of the ABIM Islamic movement in Malaysia and focus on the Malay community until 2000. In addition, this study will present the implication of the ABIM da'wah approach and its impact on the life of the Malay community in Malaysia. The methodology used is qualitatively using a historical discipline approach that focuses primarily on primary sources and the use of secondary sources. Among the primary sources referenced and analyzed in this study include official documents, ABIM files, annual reports, constitutions, newspapers and official speeches of leaders and interviews. The findings show that the influence of the ABIM Islamic movement has influenced the lives of Malays in Malaysia, especially the youth. This is because the ABIM Islamic movement has emphasized the appreciation and practice of Islamic life based on the Al Quran and As Sunnah. In addition, the ABIM Islamic missionary approach has also brought a change to the lives of the Malay community towards the ad-Din way of life. In addition, the influence of ABIM has led to the implementation of 'application of Islamic policies' in government administration in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diplomacy of the Great Powers in the Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict of 1875-1878 led the Ottoman government to sign The Treaty of Berlin in 1878. The Treaty of Berlin gave the Austria-Hungary empire a mandate to occupy and administer Bosnia-Herzegovina. It has initiated a migration process in Bosnia-Herzegovina among its population, especially the Muslims. This article will examine issues that led to the migration of Muslims from Bosnia-Herzegovina to other territories in the Ottoman Turkish empire before the outbreak of World War 1. Analysis on these issues used primary data from the British records from its embassy in Bosnia- Herzegovina. The study found that the issue of religion was the dominant factor in the migration process that took place among the Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The migration process increased after Bosnia-Herzegovina was officially announced under the Austro-Hungarian administration in 1908. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intervention of the great powers in the Bosnian-Herzegovina conflict of 1875-1878 led the Turkish government to sign the Treaty of Berlin of 1878. One of the terms of the Treaty of Berlin was to put the administration of Bosnian-Herzegovina under the auspices of the mandate of the Austrian-Hungarian government. From this point onwards, the migration process in Bosnia-Herzegovina is reflected in its population, especially Muslims. This article examines the implications of the Treaty of Berlin on issues that led to the emigration of Muslims from Bosnia-Herzegovina to other regions of the Turkish Empire before the outbreak of World War 1. The analysis of primary data was used on the British records from its embassy in Bosnia- Herzegovina. The study found that religious issue was a crucial factor in the migration process happened in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The migration process intensified after Bosnia-Herzegovina was formally announced to be put under the Austrian-Hungarian administration in 1908. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses Malaysia's stand and commitment in its foreign policy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflicts from 1957 to 2014. Malaysia's foreign policy towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflicts is to prioritise security and stability in West Asia and the Middle East. A more critical aspect of Malaysia's commitment is the liberation of the Palestinian land from the Zionist regime's conquest and oppression, strongly supported by the major powers such as the United States and Britain. Although various peace negotiations have been held between Israel and Palestine, such concrete solutions have not been achieved adequately. The objective of this paper is to analyse the role of Malaysia in the Israeli-Palestinian conflicts from 1957 to 2014. This research uses qualitative methodology involving analysis of primary resources such as files, documents, Official Statements of Parliament of Malaysia, speech texts, and newspapers clipping from National Archive Kuala Lumpur and Tun Sri Lanang Library (PTSL). The result of this study proved that Malaysia had played a proactive and consistent role to seek a just and lasting solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For nearly 80 years, the study of National Political Assembly (Guo Min Can Zheng Hui) has been a hot topic among scholars in mainland China. However there's a scarcity of deep research regarding the reasons and roles of National Political Assembly. This study aims to identify the reasons behind the establishment of National Political Assembly and to explore National Political Assembly’s role in uniting the Chinese. A qualitative research approach was employed, involving collecting primary and secondary historical materials in archives and libraries of China for literature analysis and case studies of representative events or proposals. The findings show that its establishment was related to Japan's aggression, the foreign policies of the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and other countries, as well as the domestic anti-Japanese parties represented by the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China, and the people of all walks of life across the country. This paper concludes that in the early days of its establishment, it played a positive role in China's unity against Japan, democratic politics, and economic stability. This research is extremely valuable for studying the history of China's Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second KMT-CPC Collaboration, as well as the economic policies, political proposals, and military strategies of the Kuomintang, the Communist Party of China, and other parties involved in the Second Sino-Japanese War, as well as the history of the Communist Party of China, the Republic of China, and modern Chinese history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia (ABIM) is an Islamic movement that was very careful in choosing their leaders in order to carry out its duties effectively preaching to the people, especially the Malays. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to identify approaches to leadership communication among the leaders of the Islamic movement in strategy ABIM convey the message to the people, especially the Malays in Malaysia from 1972 to 2004. This study is a qualitative research using historical disciplines based on research on primary and secondary sources such as analyzing documents such as ABIM Annual Report, Constitution, Letters, Brochures, Media Release, Press Statement, News, and Muktamar Policy Speech from the ABIM archive. The results show that the leaders in the ABIM Islamic movement have effectively used the leadership communication approach as a medium of propaganda. Through leadership communication approaches the Islamic movement ABIM also received the support of the Malay community in the growing appreciation of Islamic values in order to achieve a holistic life and pressing the right faith guided by the Qur'an and Sunnah. The effectiveness of communication leading to the strengthening of the struggle for leadership of the Islamic movement ABIM in communicating the message among members and nonmembers in turn to the Malay community in Malaysia. Therefore the role of the leader approach to effective leadership communication is very important in the fight Islamic movement ABIM in communicating the message to the Malay community in Malaysia until 2004. The fight missionary leaders of the Islamic movement ABIM also not only at the national level alone but also to international relations between the countries of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the development of the Islamist Islamist Party of Malaysia (PAS) in Kelantan, 1957-2000. This Islamic movement is striving to achieve the country's independence by emphasizing the Islamic struggle. Following the country's independence on 31st August 1957, PAS sought to overthrow the country's independence by establishing an Islamic state. The fact is, PAS is a party early in Malaya who strive and fight for independence. The objective of this article is to identify the factors that led to the emergence of the PAS Islamic movement in Kelantan and led to the growth of Islamic propaganda in Kelantan. This study also examines the impact of clerical leadership on administration and education in Kelantan. This study uses a historical discipline approach through analysis of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources use the method of analyzing documents based on records and report files, constitutions and keynote speech from leaders of the movement archives through the consolidation of secondary sources. Results of the study found that the PAS Islamic movement was able to establish new norms in Kelantan based on Islamic mold. PAS's control over the state of Kelantan through a political propaganda approach has led to a change in the local community's lifestyle towards a new culture of living and adopting a complete Islamic way of life. The Islamic PAS movement also established the Islamic administrative system in Kelantan and triggered the establishment of an Islamic government based on the Quran and as-Sunnah in reference to other states in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the institution of prison under the British administration in the Penang Prison in the 19th and the 20th century. Penang as an important port in the northern Malaya under the British administration has led to an increase number of people in the state who are immigrants besides the natives. Sudden boast in the population had led to an increase in criminal activities on the island that had disrupted the British administration. Penang which used the local customary law of Kedah Government had failed to control the criminal activities in Penang. Thus British introduced Western law in Penang to control the criminal activities on the island. The objective of this article is to analyze the factors for the establishment of the Penang Prison and its enforced regulations in the prison system of Penang to prisoners and prison officers. The methodology used to achieve this objective is through research on primary sources obtained from the national archive such as the Straits Settlements Departmental Annual Report, Rules And Regulations Under Ordinance No. XIV of 1872, Federated Secretariat 14250 / 49.1949, letters and files related to the prison rules. The study found that the enforcement of British system on the rules and regulations of Penang Prison has an important contribution because it has introduced a systematic prison system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of midwifery services in Selangor, Malaysia was heavily influenced by the economic developments in the Federated Malay States. The growth of economy in Selangor made women as one of the labour forces in the agricultural sector. But the number of maternal and infant mortality due to the complications and traditional medicine in abortion and childbirth had affected women's labor resources. The objective of this article is to identify the development of maternity services in Selangor during the British Era 1900-1955 which led to the establishment of midwifery institutions. This study uses content analysis through the historical approach. We use primary sources from the National Archives, which consist of Selangor government documents especially colonial records such as Selangor Secretariat files, Colonial Office, Annual Report for Medical Selangor, Annual Report on Health Department, Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of Selangor, official letters, memoranda and press. Through our research using these resources, we found that the Bbritish government policy paid attention to the maternity services because it was realized that the decline in women's labour force was due to the deaths during childbirth and care after birth that affected the British economy in Malaya, especially in Selangor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is about the Buy British Last policy that was exercised by Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad on 2nd October 1981 until 31st March 1983. It focused on the reactions of British towards Buy British Last policy and implications of the policy in short-term bilateral relations between Malaysia and Britain. British reactions towards this policy included Margaret Thatcher, British officials, and British businessmen. The methodology that was employed in this research was archives research which involved the government documents, reports, and newspapers. The findings from this research showed that Buy British Last policy had affected the British interests in Malaysia during 1980s and short-term bilateral relations between Malaysia and Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]