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Cross-cultural studies have found national differences in how concerned people are about online privacy. However, it has not yet been settled what causes this variation, and several factors have been proposed in the literature, including internet habituation, individualism, and uncertainty avoidance. Here we investigate these factors by two studies. In the first, we examine the association between online privacy concerns and a new measure of online self-disclosure norms that we introduce. We find that this measure is significantly associated with two established instruments of online privacy concerns in the literature. In the second, we analyze previously unpublished data from a questionnaire on online self-disclosure norms as assessed by this new measure. It includes replies from 18,046 adult respondents from 57 countries and six continents. We find that norms in favor of more restrictive online self-disclosure are weaker in countries with higher levels of internet penetration (r = −0.56, p < .001). Our findings suggest that higher internet penetration in a country reduces online privacy concerns. The results support the idea that habituation to online environments decreases privacy risk perceptions. An implication is that preferences for online privacy are likely to decline over time in countries where internet penetration is still low. Lastly, in conflict with previous studies, our analyses do not support the theory that online privacy concerns are associated with national cultures related to individualism or uncertainty avoidance as measured by Hofstede's indices.

As the use of food supplements increases, voices are being raised questioning the safety of these products. As acontribution to understanding the trace and major elemental composition of food supplements and their potential health risks, this study presents concentrations of 71 elements in 138 supplements, categorised intosynthetic products and three groups of products with natural ingredients. Concentrations were converted intoaverage daily doses (ADDs) and compared to tolerable daily intakes (TDIs). For elements where we found significant ADDs relative to the TDI a comparison was also made to the normal dietary intake. Our main findings arethat: 1) Most elements display highly variable concentrations in food supplements; more so than in normalfoodstuff; 2) For ten of the analysed elements some products rendered ADDs > 50 % of the TDI. Half of theelements were essential (Fe, Mn, Se, Mo, Zn), and as such motivated in food supplements. The other half (As, Pb,Cd, Al, Ni) represent non-essential and highly toxic elements, where the occurrence in food supplements ought tobe viewed as contamination. Although none of these toxic metals were declared on any product’s table ofcontent, several products gave high ADDs - in several cases even exceeding the TDIs; 3) The risk of reaching highADDs for the toxic elements is strongly associated with products that contain marine ingredients (e.g. algae,mussels etc), and to some degree products of terrestrial plant-based origin. The health of consumers wouldbenefit if food regulatory frameworks were updated to better address the risks of food supplements occasionallybeing contaminated with different toxic metals, for example by setting maximum permissible concentrations fora longer list of elements.

Dedicated to show climate leadership, Sweden has committed to cut 70% of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions in the domestic transportation sector by 2030 compared to 2010 levels (except flights). This study evaluated the environmental impacts of three recent new car policies. Based on questionnaires and market supply data, multinomial logit discrete choice models were developed for private buyers and individuals with company cars for private use, denoted benefit cars. Estimates indicated that preferences among individuals with benefit cars were generally in favor of Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) as compared to gasoline cars, in contrast with private consumers (ceteris paribus). Thus, the company car market seemed to be the main gateway for AFVs into the fleet; however, average GHG emissions per car sold were similar in both buyer segments, which was likely related to stronger preferences for larger and more expensive benefit cars. The results indicated that subsidies to private buyers would be influential only if they decreased the costs of AFVs as compared to conventional vehicles, and that none of the investigated policies had been very effective in shifting choices in favor of AFVs. Reduced fringe benefits tax for AFVs, annually worth up to €1100, resulted in only 0.7% lower average carbon emissions. A 'super Green Car’ premium, worth approximately €2000–€4000 at the time of purchase, decreased emissions by 0.4% among private consumers, twice the impact of a five-year tax-exemption for ‘Green Cars’. It appears that more stringent policies are needed to more substantially reduce GHG emissions from new cars., QC 20190319

Large open and closed source organizations like Google, Facebook and Mozilla are migrating their products towards rapid releases. While this allows faster time-to-market and user feedback, it also implies less time for testing and bug fixing. Since initial research results indeed show that rapid releases fix proportionally less reported bugs than traditional releases, this paper investigates the changes in software testing effort after moving to rapid releases in the context of a case study on Mozilla Firefox, and performs a semi-systematic literature review. The case study analyzes the results of 312,502 execution runs of the 1,547 mostly manual system-level test cases of Mozilla Firefox from 2006 to 2012 (5 major traditional and 9 major rapid releases), and triangulates our findings with a Mozilla QA engineer. We find that rapid releases have a narrower test scope that enables a deeper investigation of the features and regressions with the highest risk. Furthermore, rapid releases make testing more continuous and have proportionally smaller spikes before the main release. However, rapid releases make it more difficult to build a large testing community , and they decrease test suite diversity and make testing more deadline oriented. In addition, our semi-systematic literature review presents the benefits, problems and enablers of rapid releases from 24 papers found using systematic search queries and a similar amount of papers found through other means. The literature review shows that rapid releases are a prevalent industrial practice that are utilized even in some highly critical domains of software engineering, and that rapid releases originated from several software development methodologies such as agile, open source, lean and internet-speed software development. However, empirical studies proving evidence of the claimed advantages and disadvantages of rapid releases are scarce.

Background: Extremely preterm infants generally experience postnatal growth failure. It is still unclear if this is related to micronutrient intakes. Aim: To investigate the effect of micronutrient intakes (calcium, zinc, iron, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, folate and vitamin B12) on growth during the first 28 days of life in extremely preterm infants. Method: From the EXPRESS cohort (all infants born < 27 gestational weeks between 2004-2007 in Sweden), those who survived the first 28 days were included (n=524). Daily parenteral and enteral intakes and anthropometric measurements were retrieved from hospital records. Results: Preliminary analyses of data from 333 infants (mean±SD gestational age 25.2±1.0 weeks, birth weight 753±168g) showed that macronutrient intakes were lower than recommended (energy 98±13kcal/kg/day, protein 2.9±0.4g/kg/day). Infants showed postnatal growth failure: mean standard deviation scores decreased by 2.2 for weight, 2.3 for length and 1.4 for head circumference. Intakes of micronutrients were generally low, e.g. adjusted enteral intakes of calcium were 66.6±21.4 mg/kg/day. The exception was iron, with a high parenteral intake of 2.7±1.6 mg/kg/day, mainly from blood transfusions. Adjusting for protein intake and other confounders, calcium intakes were positively correlated with head growth (r=+0.19, p=0.006) and iron intakes were negatively correlated with length gain (r=-0.18, p=0.009). Conclusions: Low calcium intakes and high iron intakes were associated with poor growth with regard to head circumference and length, respectively. If these results are confirmed, optimized micronutrient intakes may improve early growth in extremely preterm infants.

PURPOSE: Dual Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) may provide additional information about the chemical composition of tissues compared to examination with a single X-ray energy. The aim of this in vitro study was to test whether combining two energies may significantly improve the detection of soft tissue components commonly present in arterial plaques. METHODS: Tissue samples of myocardial and psoas muscle, venous and arterial thrombus as well as fat from different locations were scanned using a SOMATOM Definition Dual Source CT system (Siemens AG, Medical Solutions, Forchheim, Germany) with simultaneous tube voltages of 140 and 80kV. The attenuation (Hounsfield units, HU) at 80 and 140kV was measured in representative regions of interest, and the association between measured HU values and tissue types was tested with logistic regression. RESULTS: The combination of two energy levels (80 and 140kV) significantly improved (p<0.001) the ability to correctly classify venous thrombus vs arterial thrombus, myocardium or psoas; arterial thrombus vs myocardium or psoas; myocardium vs psoas; as well as the differentiation between fat tissue from various locations. Single energy alone was sufficient for distinguishing fat from other tissues. CONCLUSION: DECT offers significantly improved in vitro differentiation between soft tissues occurring in plaques. If this corresponds to better tissue discrimination in vivo needs to be clarified in future studies.

BACKGROUND: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) is less prone to flow-related signal intensity loss than three-dimensional time-of-flight (3D TOF) MRA and may therefore be more sensitive for detection of residual patency in platinum coil-treated intracranial aneurysms. Purpose: To compare MRA and CE-MRA in the follow-up of intracranial aneurysms treated with platinum coils. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CE-MRA and 3D TOF MRA (pre- and postcontrast injection) of the intracranial vasculature was performed at 1.5T in 38 patients (47 aneurysms) referred for DSA in the follow-up of coiled intracranial aneurysms. RESULTS: DSA showed aneurysm patency in 22/47 investigations. Patent aneurysm components were observed with CE-MRA in 18/22 cases, and with 3D TOF MRA in 21/22 cases. There was no significant difference in patent aneurysm component size between CE-MRA and 3D TOF MRA. In addition, CE-MRA showed six, 3D TOF MRA before contrast injection showed seven, and 3D TOF MRA after contrast injection showed eight cases with patent aneurysm components not observed on DSA. CONCLUSION: 3D TOF MRA was highly sensitive for detection of patent aneurysm components, and at least as sensitive as CE-MRA. Residual aneurysm patency seems to be better visualized with MRA than with DSA in some cases.