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The Illustrated Histories of Everyday Expressions uncovers the fascinating, humorous, and often unbelievable origin stories behind the English language's most common sayings!Nobody thinks twice about sayings like bite the bullet and the cat's out of the bag. But the strange and wonderful origins of these expressions are far from arbitrary: They are rooted in forgotten history. Within this book, you will discover the origins of idioms like:Why we say an unwell person is under the weather. It goes back to when sickly sailors and seafarers had to rest below deck!How come sitting in the passenger seat of a vehicle is called riding shotgun.'In the Wild West, passengers had a crucial job: packing heat and preventing highway robberies!What's up with the phrase, cat got your tongue. Here's a hint: It doesn't have anything to do with cats!With over 100 pieces of original artwork, The Illustrated Histories of Everyday Expressions is as beautiful as it is entertaining and informative. Read up on this fascinating history of the English language's 64 most popular idioms, and you will know what it really means when you say pass with flying colors, bury the hatchet, and rest on your laurels!

This book integrates theoretical and practical perspectives on computer-assisted analysis of spoken discourse, reflecting recent important developments in speech analysis for language teaching and assessment. Bringing together into one volume the methods and approaches for analysis of speech properties and spoken discourse, Ghanem, Kang, and Kostromitina illustrate the importance of adaptive learning technologies in analyzing speech.The book offers a comprehensive go-to resource for the description of various features in second language (L2) spoken discourse as well as a guide for ways in which they can be extracted and analyzed. The text aims to accomplish its goal by providing an overview of linguistic features found in L2 acquisition, clarifying evidence-based constructs in L2 speech, and applying various analyses to suggestions for practice. This book brings together various strands of research and application with an emphasis on analysis of speech properties, which can be a gate-keeping function of speech. In particular, its innovative approach lies with the introduction of segmental, suprasegmental, lexico-grammatical, and pragmatic features in the analysis of L2 speech. This approach offers a more comprehensive view of L2 spoken discourse which can be extremely beneficial for L2 research and pedagogy.Covering the speech of both native and non-native speakers, but with particular relevance for second language acquisition, this book is essential reading for graduate students, teachers, and researchers in applied linguistics, TESOL, and other speech-science related fields.

This book innovatively connects the two fields of oracy and practice-oriented empirical research in English language education. It creates synergies and proposes innovative approaches to the study of oracy in the context of learning and teaching English as a second, additional or foreign language. The book also develops a contemporary and holistic concept of oracy, thus contributing to the theoretical discourse in this area of research. The first part provides a general framework of different approaches to conducting practice-oriented research in English language teaching. It introduces the concept of oracy and discusses its relevance to language teaching. Design-based research and action research are outlined as two practice-oriented research approaches. The second part presents research on how oracy can be fostered and assessed at primary and secondary levels, while the third part focuses on tertiary education. The contributions to this book highlight the opportunities and challenges of conducting research in, on, and for classroom practice with stakeholders such as teachers, students, teacher trainees, university students, parents, and school administrators. They explore selected teaching methods, assessment and, finally, teacher education. The theoretical, methodological, and practical challenges of research-practice partnerships are also addressed. This book demonstrates that innovative approaches to the development and assessment of oral skills can be developed through close collaboration between different stakeholders in language education. It serves as an inspiration for other educators and researchers in the field of English language education at all levels.

As a first attempt to date, this book addresses the notion of hypocrisy from a pragmatic perspective and devises a comprehensive model of verbal hypocrisy. The studies included adopt emic and etic approaches in order to contribute jointly towards an understanding of what appears to be a ubiquitous and multifaceted phenomenon. Going beyond hypocrisy as a mere moral vice, this volume establishes its pragmatic space and confronts it with adjacent notions which, unlike hypocrisy, have been subject to pragmatic examination. The Pragmatics of Hypocrisy is of interest to students and scholars in pragmatics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, rhetoric, communication and media studies, as well as corpus linguistics, and by its transdisciplinary nature, to researchers in philosophy, sociology, and political science. It is also essential reading for anyone interested in the interplay between language, culture and society, across varieties and registers of English.

'With easygoing authority... [Fridland] offers context, and a welcoming spirit, to the many contentious realignments in our language.'—The Wall Street Journal“Smart and funny—I loved it!'—Mignon Fogarty, author of New York Times bestseller Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better WritingA lively linguistic exploration of the speech habits we love to hate—and why our “like”s and “literally”s actually make us better communicatorsParanoid about the “ums” and “uhs” that pepper your presentations? Concerned that people notice your vocal fry? Bewildered by “hella” or the meteoric rise of “so”? What if these features of our speech weren't a sign of cultural and linguistic degeneration, but rather, some of the most dynamic and revolutionary tools at our disposal?In Like, Literally, Dude, linguist Valerie Fridland shows how we can re-imagine these forms as exciting new linguistic frontiers rather than our culture's impending demise. With delightful irreverence and expertise built over two decades of research, Fridland weaves together history, psychology, science, and laugh-out-loud anecdotes to explain why we speak the way we do today, and how that impacts what our kids may be saying tomorrow. She teaches us that language is both function and fashion, and that though we often blame the young, the female, and the uneducated for its downfall, we should actually thank them for their linguistic ingenuity.By exploring the dark corners every English teacher has taught us to avoid, Like, Literally, Dude redeems our most pilloried linguistic quirks, arguing that they are fundamental to our social, professional, and romantic success—perhaps even more so than our clothing or our resumes. It explains how filled pauses benefit both speakers and listeners; how the use of “dude” can help people bond across social divides; why we're always trying to make our intensifiers ever more intense; as well as many other language tics, habits, and developments.Language change is natural, built into the language system itself, and we wouldn't be who we are without it. Like, Literally, Dude celebrates the dynamic, ongoing, and empowering evolution of language, and it will speak to anyone who talks, or listens, inspiring them to communicate dynamically and effectively in their daily lives.

Basic Conversation Strategies is a prequel to the intermediate -level Conversation Strategies. One significant difference is that Basic Conversation Strategies has an important listening component. Conversation is, after all, not just speaking; it also involves listening, and a major part of the approach in this book includes training learners to be good listeners. There are three components to this material. The Student Workbook contains everything students will need to do the exercises, except the material they need to listen and respond to. This material is available as Downloadable Audio. The Student Workbook does not contain printed versions of the listening input because real conversation is not accompanied with sub-titles or closed captions. The printed version of the listening input is available in the Teacher's Edition, available at ProLinguaLearning.com, which is an essential component of Basic Conversation Strategies. The Teacher's Edition contains the entire Student Workbook and the complete scripts of all the listening input, plus teaching notes and suggestions, as well as feedback and evaluation forms. The Downloadable Audio (visit ProLinguaLearning.com) has 67 listening exercises containing six types of exercises: 1) Listen and Fill- In, 2) Circle, 3) Choose, 4) Repeat, 5) Respond, and 6) Write. Many of the audio-based exercises are in dialogue format, spoken by four native speakers. Although the Audio component is not essential (the teacher can speak the input), the material will be more effective and easier to manage if the students have access to the Audio.

Verbal silence touches on every possible aspect of daily life. This book provides a full linguistic analysis of the role of silence in language, exploring perspectives from semantics, semiotics, pragmatics, phonetics, syntax, grammar and poetics, and taking into account a range of spoken and written contexts. The author argues that silence is just as communicative in language as speech, as it results from the deliberate choice of the speaker, and serves functions such as informing, conveying emotion, signalling turn switching, and activating the addresser. Verbal silence is used, alongside speech, to serve linguistic functions in all areas of life, as well as being employed in a wide variety of written texts. The forms and functions of silence are explained, detailed and illustrated with examples taken from both written texts and real-life interactions. Engaging and comprehensive, this book is essential reading for anyone interested in this fascinating linguistic phenomenon.

Es necesario puntualizar desde el principio que este libro pretende ser una guía para el aprendizaje de la lengua inglesa sobre una base gramatical. Se destina a aquellas personas que tengan interésen aprender rápidamente y hacerse entender, sobre todo, por necesidades de orden práctico. Por ello, aquí se plantea la estructura de la lengua, utilizando palabras y frases de uso corriente en la conversación de todos los días e intentando así proporcionar, desde el principio, los elementos fundamentales. La mejor manera de estudiar con un texto concebido en estos términos consiste en dar mucha importancia al estudio de las palabras y de los ejemplos, para acostumbrar el oído a la frase inglesa. Los ejemplos podrán servir también como ejercicios y se podrán traducir, comparándolos ulteriormente con el texto. Este tipo de ejercicio se repetirá más adelante, sirviendo como repaso de palabras y reglas.

This volume explores a model of epistemic stance, according to which speakers can communicate each single piece of information either as known/certain or uncertain or unknown. It presents a qualitative analysis of extracts from the Spoken British National Corpus 2014 to support the idea that questions come from two distinct epistemic positions: the Unknowing and the Uncertain; this latter ranges along two poles: Not Knowing Whether and Believing.In the epistemic continuum, Unknowing questions express a lack of knowledge and range from open to closed and dual wh-questions. On the other hand, Uncertain questions express a lack of certainty and range from maximum uncertainty (Not Knowing Whether-questions advancing a doubt) to minimum uncertainty (Believing-questions advancing a supposition). Both Unknowing and Uncertain questions can be directed either at the answerer's Knowing or Believing position, depending on their aim. The volume will appeal to scholars concerned with the topic of question design and epistemic stance from a theoretical and analytical perspective, as well as those interested in applying these findings in their teaching practice.

English verbs of speaking have been affected by profound and intriguing changes, in particular between Old and Middle English. These changes crucially involve the loss of the verb cweþan and its replacement by say, which remains the most common verb of speaking to this day. The present study provides an exhaustive corpus-based, cross-period, and multi-dimensional appraisal of verbs of speaking used as part of the linguistic expression of communication in the history of English situated within a frame-semantic and constructionist framework. Moreover, it elucidates the fascinating changes affecting the verbs used to talk about communication between Old and Middle English. Also, this study sheds light on the functions of medially placed reporting clauses emerging in the Middle English period.

This book explores if/si-constructions in spoken English, French and Spanish, from a functional-pragmatic and corpus-based perspective. The analysis comprises instances of subordination, namely, conditional constructions – including prototypical cause-consequence patterns as well as other conditionals in which the conditional meaning is weaker – and cases of insubordination introduced by if and si. The theoretical framework is based on the three metafunctions distinguished in Systemic Functional Linguistics, and the data analysed are retrieved from parliamentary discourse and conversations corpora. The examination of conditional constructions and cases of insubordination in parallel offers new light on the characterization of if/si-constructions and their uses and functions in interaction.

英語で「とても」という意味を表すso とvery。これらの使い方の違いを知っていますか？ アメリカのウィスコンシン州出身のバイリンガルであるカン・アンドリュー・ハシモトさんが実際に体験した、アメリカ人の「英語感覚」がわかる15のストーリーをご紹介。カンさんのユーモアたっぷりな語りで、シンプルな英語フレーズを学んでみませんか？

英語のフリートークで、相手の発言にうまく反応できず、気まずい沈黙をした人は多いのでは？ 英語で会話を続けていけるようになるには、相手を想定した「話す練習」を繰り返し行い、「表現の型」を自分の中に定着させておくことが不可欠です。一人でできる効果的なトレーニングを、コミュニケーションのコツや使える表現と併せて紹介します。

Automated Speaking Assessment: Using Language Technologies to Score Spontaneous Speech provides a thorough overview of state-of-the-art automated speech scoring technology as it is currently used at Educational Testing Service (ETS). Its main focus is related to the automated scoring of spontaneous speech elicited by TOEFL iBT Speaking section items, but other applications of speech scoring, such as for more predictable spoken responses or responses provided in a dialogic setting, are also discussed. The book begins with an in-depth overview of the nascent field of automated speech scoring—its history, applications, and challenges—followed by a discussion of psychometric considerations for automated speech scoring. The second and third parts discuss the integral main components of an automated speech scoring system as well as the different types of automatically generated measures extracted by the system features related to evaluate the speaking construct of communicative competence as measured defined by the TOEFL iBT Speaking assessment. Finally, the last part of the book touches on more recent developments, such as providing more detailed feedback on test takers'spoken responses using speech features and scoring of dialogic speech. It concludes with a discussion, summary, and outlook on future developments in this area. Written with minimal technical details for the benefit of non-experts, this book is an ideal resource for graduate students in courses on Language Testing and Assessment as well as teachers and researchers in applied linguistics.

Web会議に必要な正確な聞き取りと伝わる発話のコツをこの１冊で！英語のWeb会議に３時間で対応できる力を身に付ける！ 営業、交渉、プレゼン、面接の場面を取り上げ、リスニング、スピーキング、さらには発音の面からアプローチ。Web会議、また通常の対面会議もカバーするフレーズと会議の展開について学びます。

「英語で世界の人とコミュニケーションを取りたい」「映画を字幕なしで見たい」「海外旅行でもっといろんなことがしてみたい」など「英語を使って楽しみたい」方向けに、英語学習書籍の著書を多数持つデイビッド・セインさんが「知っておくと得する英語」「表現の使い分け」「英語学習のためのヒント」などをご紹介。本書のピタッとハマる表現を使えば、相手との会話もテンポよくすることができて、会話が「楽しい！」と思えます！

This book focuses on understanding the process of problem construction in oral communication in foreign language contexts, examining how speakers of English as a second language approach issues in oral communication, as well as the strategies they employ to overcome these difficulties. Using theories of general communication, and in particular current approaches to L2 oral communication and strategies in interactional discourse, the authors construct a theoretical framework for defining, identifying and classifying learners'problems and coping strategies when speaking English as a second or foreign language. The book offers a coherent process-oriented description of the complex and multidimensional nature and typology of oral interaction problems in EFL contexts, and it will be of interest to practitioners, teachers, researchers, students, and curriculum designers in Applied Linguistics and TESOL.

This volume provides a diachronic and synchronic overview of linguistic variability and change in involved, speech-related and spoken texts in English. While previous works on the topic have focused on more limited time periods, this book covers data from the 16th century up to the present day. The studies offer new insights into historical and present-day corpus pragmatics by identifying and exploring features of orality in a variety of registers. For readers who are new to the field, the range of approaches will provide a helpful overview; for readers who are already familiar with the field, the volume will shed light on the complexity of factors such as register, sociolinguistic variability and language attitude, thus making it a useful resource and stepping stone for further exploration. The volume celebrates the groundbreaking contributions of Professor Merja Kytö in making accessible speech-related corpus material and leading the way in its exploration.

本書は親が誰しも経験する状況＆言ったことがあるであろうセリフを1000以上収録。子どもが赤ちゃんの頃から幼稚園を卒業するまでの生活の中で発生する、親の言動や気持ちの英語表現を掲載しています。実際に未就学児をもつママ達から募ったフレーズは育児あるある満載です。小学校入学前から、親子で少しずつ英語生活を始めてみませんか？

Due to popular demand,'The Lowdown: Improve Your Speech – British English'audiobook is now available as an ebook! Improve Your Speech is ideal for those who are long on ambition, but short on time. Easy exercises and helpful hints teach you how best to use your voice and tidy up your speech, giving you confidence and helping you to make the best impression possible - whether at work or when socialising. The Companion Script is a transcript of'The Lowdown: Improve Your Speech – British English'and is intended to be used in conjunction with the audio book, in which techniques and references are demonstrated.

犬と一緒に生活する人の日常を朝から夜まで6つのシーン（章）に分け、犬を飼っている多くの方が共感するフレーズを収録。愛犬との日常生活における行動や気持ちを全部英語で言えるようになります。SNSへの投稿などを通じて、世界のイヌ好きとつながりたい人にもおススメです。動画などSNSのコンテンツをより楽しむための表現も紹介しています。

英・米だけが英語じゃない！　必要なのは「多様な英語」を聞く力です。今や世界の英語使用者の約8割は非ネイティブ。スペイン語なまり、ヒンディー語なまり、ドイツ語なまり…など、「多様な英語」に対応できる英語力は必須！　アフリカ、ラテンアメリカ、ヨーロッパ、アジア出身の27人の英語を、テキストとともにダウンロード音声で聞くことができます。

ENGLISH JOURNALの人気コーナー「Quick Chat」は、ネイティブスピーカー同士の自由なおしゃべりを聞き取るものです。その会話40回分を徹底的に分析し、「ネイティブが本当に使っている自然な英語表現」を割り出しました。意思疎通を図る上で欠かせないフレーズや、語句を替えて応用できる、まるで魔法のような便利表現を、厳選してご紹介します。

「TOEICで700点取った」を英語にしてみたら？'I took a 700 score on the TOEIC test.'ーー間違いではありません。でもなんだかイマイチ。もっとこなれた表現があるのです。日本語の発想のままいくら考えても、英語がでてこない時はありませんか？ 実は、英語で表現するときには、そのために必要な「英語発想」の考え方があります。英語頭で発送できるスピーキング力が身に付く、6つの考え方を学びましょう。

Clear English Pronunciation provides students with the tools to effectively communicate in English without centring solely on native-speaker pronunciation models. The focus of the book is on individual pronunciation targets rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. Divided into four sections, each featuring detailed articulatory explanations, sample sentences, and recordings to help learners improve their pronunciation, this book: introduces the phenomenon of pronunciation as part of a broader communicative realm; explains and demonstrates the melody and rhythm of understandable and natural English pronunciation; supports students in identifying and practicing their own pronunciation issues. Supported by an interactive companion website which features recordings and expanded explanations of key topics, Clear English Pronunciation is an essential textbook for international learners of English who want to improve their pronunciation skills in diverse social settings. For more resources on English pronunciation, visit: englishpronunciationcentral.universiteitleiden.nlAdditionally, you can find recordings of a wide range of speakers here: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/clearenglishpronunciation

This monograph deals with variable tag questions. These are utterances with a variable interrogative tag, like It's peculiar writing, isn't it, and the semi-variable tag innit, such as Nice, innit. The aim is to provide a corpus-based, comprehensive semantic-pragmatic typology of British English tag questions. Compared to existing descriptions, the proposed typology is novel in three ways. Firstly, whereas almost all existing typologies are single-layered classifications, the functions of tag questions are categorized into two parallel dimensions of interpersonal meaning: the speech function and the stance layer. Secondly, semantic generalizations are proposed for clusters of grammatical, intonational and conversational properties. Thirdly, the bottom-up description is based on a sizeable amount of authentic, spontaneous conversations, which are analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively.

This book uses a corpus of manuscript letters from Bess of Hardwick to investigate how linguistic features characteristic of spoken communication function within early modern epistolary prose. Using these letters as a primary data source with reference to other epistolary materials from the early modern period (1500-1750), the author examines them in a unique and systematic way. The book is the first of its kind to combine a replicable scribal profiling technique, used to identify holograph and scribal handwriting within the letters, with innovative analyses of the language they contain. Furthermore, by adopting a discourse-analytic approach to the language and making reference to the socio-historical context of language use, the book provides an alternative perspective to the one often presented in traditional historical accounts of English. This volume will appeal to students and scholars of early modern English and historical linguistics.

いまや「会話」は対面や電話にとどまりません。メール、SNS、チャット…など、文字で交わすコミュニケーションも「会話」の重要な一部です。本書は、そんな今どきの会話でネイティブスピーカーが日常的に使う、カジュアルな英語にスポットを当てたフレーズ集です。定番表現の学び直し、語彙のアップデートに。また、英語の知識・理解を深めることができる気軽な読み物としてもお楽しみください。

This book presents a corpus-based study of spoken learner language produced by university-level ESL students in the classroom. Using contemporary theories as a guide and employing cutting-edge corpus analysis tools and methods, the authors analyse a variety of learner speech to offer many new insights into the nature and characteristics of the spoken language of college ESL learners. Focusing on types of speech that are rarely examined, this original work makes a significant contribution to the study and understanding of ESL spoken language at university level. It will appeal to students and scholars of applied linguistics, corpus linguistics, second language acquisition and discourse analysis.

A new, thought-provoking book on the theory of grammar and language processing, based on the analysis of authentic speech produced in real time. Drawing on insights from cognitive psychology, neurology and conversation analysis, the author offers a fascinating, easy-to-follow account of why spoken English is structured the way it is. The traditional product-based approach to grammar is given up in favour of a speaker-based, dynamic perspective that integrates language-structural, neurocognitive and dialogic aspects of speech production. Based on fresh empirical research Haselow argues that grammatical knowledge rests upon two cognitive principles of linearization called'microgrammar'and'macrogrammar', which are shown to interact in various ways. The book discusses a broad range of speech phenomena under an integrated framework, such as the omnipresence of'unintegrated'constituents (e.g. discourse markers), ellipses, or the allegedly'fragmented'character of syntax, and explains the mechanisms of processing efficiency that guide syntactic planning.

The world's greatest authority on language explains the secrets and subtleties of the grammar of English. David Crystal explores its history and varieties, explains its rules and irregularities and shows how to navigate its snares and pitfalls. He gives practical guidance on how grammar is used in different ways for different purposes and in different social settings. In a series of revealing illustrations he also considers what learned and prominent people have said about English grammar over the centuries. Like its three companion volumes Making Sense will appeal to everyone interested in the English language and how to use it.

The book looks into the in situ organization of ethnic and racial categorization in interviews in English as a lingua franca. It proposes the combined ethnomethodological and conversation analytic approach. The author shows that the negotiation of ethnic identity categories concerns stereotypes and evaluations included in ethnic categorization. She establishes that the ways of negotiating ethnic identity categories are largely systematic, which indicates that talk participants share the norms of construing ethnic identity categories and recognize preferred and dispreferred categorization. The book reveals that ambiguous categorial references are a special challenge for talk participants. Social types and groups are used not only to create but also to avoid prejudiced ethnic categorization.

This volume provides an up-to-date and evaluative review of theoretical and empirical stances on emotion and its close interaction with language and cognition in monolingual and bilingual individuals. Importantly, it presents a novel methodological approach that takes into account contextual information and hence goes beyond the reductionist approach to affective language that has dominated contemporary research. Owing to this pragmatic approach, the book presents brand new findings in the field of bilingualism and affect and offers the first neurocognitive interpretation of findings reported in clinical and introspective studies in bilingualism. This not only represents an invaluable contribution to the literature, but may also constitute a breakthrough in the investigation of the worldwide phenomenon of bilingualism. Beginning with a thorough review of the history and current state of affective research and its relation to language, spanning philosophical, psychological, neuroscientific, and linguistic perspectives, the volume then proceeds to explore affect manifestation using neuropragmatic methods in monolingual and bilingual individuals. In doing so, it brings together findings from clinical and introspective studies in bilingualism with cognitive, psychophysiological and neuroimaging paradigms. By combining conceptual understanding and methodological expertise from many disciplines, this volume provides a comprehensive picture of the dynamic interactions between contextual and affective information in the language domain. Thus, Affect-Language Interactions in Native and Non-Native English Speakers: A Neuropragmatic Perspective fosters a pragmatic approach to research on affective language processing in monolingual and bilingual population, one that builds bridges across disciplines and sparks important new questions in the cognitive neuroscience of bi- and multilingualism.