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Glaucoma, marked by its intricate association with intraocular pressure (IOP), stands as a predominant cause of non-reversible vision loss. In this review, the physiological relevance of IOP is detailed, alongside its potential pathological consequences. The review further delves into innovative engineering solutions for IOP monitoring, highlighting the latest advancements in wearable and implantable sensors and their potential in enhancing glaucoma management. These technological innovations are interwoven with clinical practice, underscoring their real-world applications, patient-centered strategies, and the prospects for future development in IOP control. By synthesizing theoretical concepts, technological innovations, and practical clinical insights, this review contributes a cohesive and comprehensive perspective on the IOP biosensor's role in glaucoma, serving as a reference for ophthalmological researchers, clinicians, and professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Muscular diseases and injuries are challenging issues in human medicine, resulting in physical disability. The advent of tissue engineering approaches has paved the way for the restoration and regeneration of injured muscle tissues along with available conventional therapies. Despite recent advances in the fabrication, synthesis, and application of hydrogels in terms of muscle tissue, there is a long way to find appropriate hydrogel types in patients with congenital and/or acquired musculoskeletal injuries. Regarding specific muscular tissue microenvironments, the applied hydrogels should provide a suitable platform for the activation of endogenous reparative mechanisms and concurrently deliver transplanting cells and therapeutics into the injured sites. Here, we aimed to highlight recent advances in muscle tissue engineering with a focus on recent strategies related to the regulation of vascularization and immune system response at the site of injury.

Muscular diseases and injuries are challenging issues in human medicine, resulting in physical disability. The advent of tissue engineering approaches has paved the way for the restoration and regeneration of injured muscle tissues along with available conventional therapies. Despite recent advances in the fabrication, synthesis, and application of hydrogels in terms of muscle tissue, there is a long way to find appropriate hydrogel types in patients with congenital and/or acquired musculoskeletal injuries. Regarding specific muscular tissue microenvironments, the applied hydrogels should provide a suitable platform for the activation of endogenous reparative mechanisms and concurrently deliver transplanting cells and therapeutics into the injured sites. Here, we aimed to highlight recent advances in muscle tissue engineering with a focus on recent strategies related to the regulation of vascularization and immune system response at the site of injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have received increasing attention as potential alternatives for future antibiotics because of the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. AMPs are small cationic peptides with broad-spectrum antibiotic activities and different action mechanisms to those of traditional antibiotics. Despite the desirable advantages of developing peptide-based antimicrobial agents, the clinical applications of AMPs are still limited because of their enzymatic degradation, toxicity, and selectivity. In this review, structural modifications, such as amino acid substitution, stapling, cyclization of peptides, and hybrid AMPs with conventional antibiotics or other peptides, will be presented. Additionally, nanodelivery systems using metals or lipids to deliver AMPs will be discussed based on the structural properties and action mechanisms of AMPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to construct a functional system from its individual components is foundational to understanding how it works. Synthetic biology is a broad field that draws from principles of engineering and computer science to create new biological systems or parts with novel function. While this has drawn well-deserved acclaim within the biotechnology community, application of synthetic biology methodologies to study biological systems has potential to fundamentally change how biomedical research is conducted by providing researchers with improved experimental control. While the concepts behind synthetic biology are not new, we present evidence supporting why the current research environment is conducive for integration of synthetic biology approaches within biomedical research. In this perspective we explore the idea of synthetic biology as a discovery science research tool and provide examples of both top-down and bottom-up approaches that have already been used to answer important physiology questions at both the organismal and molecular level.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have received increasing attention as potential alternatives for future antibiotics because of the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. AMPs are small cationic peptides with broad-spectrum antibiotic activities and different action mechanisms to those of traditional antibiotics. Despite the desirable advantages of developing peptide-based antimicrobial agents, the clinical applications of AMPs are still limited because of their enzymatic degradation, toxicity, and selectivity. In this review, structural modifications, such as amino acid substitution, stapling, cyclization of peptides, and hybrid AMPs with conventional antibiotics or other peptides, will be presented. Additionally, nanodelivery systems using metals or lipids to deliver AMPs will be discussed based on the structural properties and action mechanisms of AMPs.

The lack of effective antibiotics for drug-resistant infections has led the World Health Organization to declare antibiotic resistance a global priority. Most bacterial infections are caused by microbes growing in structured communities called biofilms. Bacteria growing in biofilms are less susceptible to antibiotics than their planktonic counterparts. Despite their significant clinical implications, bacterial biofilms have not received the attention they warrant, with no approved antibiotics specifically designed for their eradication. In this paper, we aim to shed light on recent advancements in antibiofilm strategies that offer compelling alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Additionally, we will briefly explore the potential synergy between computational approaches, including the emerging field of artificial intelligence, and the accelerated design and discovery of novel antibiofilm molecules in the years ahead., Competing Interests: Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez provides consulting services to Invaio Sciences and is a member of the Scientific Advisory Boards of Nowture S.L. and Phare Bio. The de la Fuente Lab has received research funding or in-kind donations from United Therapeutics, Strata Manufacturing PJSC, and Procter & Gamble, none of which were used in support of this work. Other authors do not have a competing interest.

Concerns with the use of engineering approaches in biology have recently been raised. I examine two related challenges to biological research that I call the synchronic and diachronic underdetermination problem. The former refers to challenges associated with the inference of design principles underlying system capacities when the synchronic relations between lower-level processes and higher-level systems capacities are degenerate (many-to-many). The diachronic underdetermination problem regards the problem of reverse engineering a system where the non-linear relations between system capacities and lower-level mechanisms are changing over time. Braun and Marom argue that recent insights to biological complexity leave the aim of reverse engineering hopeless - in principle as well as in practice. While I support their call for systemic approaches to capture the dynamic nature of living systems, I take issue with the conflation of reverse engineering with naïve reductionism. I clarify how the notion of design principles can be more broadly conceived and argue that reverse engineering is compatible with a dynamic view of organisms. It may even help to facilitate an integrated account that bridges the gap between mechanistic and systems approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Engineering approaches designed to improve parameters of conductometric gas sensors are being considered in this survey. In particular, in this paper we have analyzed engineering approaches used both for improvement of sensor stability and reliability, and for decrease of power dissipated by conductometric gas sensors. Analysis has shown that those engineering approaches can eliminate some genetic disadvantages of conductometric gas sensors, provide a significant improvement of their exploitation parameters, and expand their application in various fields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The mathematics laws, relations and functions are the guide for all the engineering designs and applications. This guide will simplified the work in the design phase but it capture the design in some times because the conditions of high accuracy in mathematics values. This accuracy not accepted any approximation in opposite side the values in the engineering fields that have small approximation in all times. This paper will propose a novel approach with its proves to replacement some complex functions with a more simplicity functions that have approximate general shape, then modified the alternative functions to approximate them values for all times, i.e. reduce the error (maximum and accumulated) between the original function and the alternative function. This paper discusses a new mathematics relation between some functions spatially the unintegralable functions such as arctan, arctanh, Gaussian and other functions. This relation will detect and prove using an engineering approach such as successive approximation in C++ programming also this paper will discuss the other derivatives for these relations if found. Finally it will give some important direct applications with some future expansions in this field.

Abstract: Engineering approaches designed to improve the parameters of conductometric gas sensors, are considered in this short survey. In particular, in the first part of the paper we analyze the engineering approaches used for the improvement of sensor sensitivity and selectivity. Analysis has shown that engineering approaches in a number of cases can eliminate some intrinsic disadvantages of conductometric gas sensors, can give significant improvement of gas sensors performances and expand their application in various fields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We study the influence of plastic anisotropy on the predictions of some engineering models of fracture mechanics. We consider a welded specimen with a crack in the weld joint under tensile loads. The weld jointmaterial and the mainmaterial are assumed to obey the orthotropic yield condition. A comparison with the isotropic cases shows that the limit load significantly depends on the plastic anisotropy parameters of thematerials. Since this load is one of the basic input parameters of engineering models of fracture mechanics, the plastic anisotropy parameters must strongly affect the predictions of such models, and these should be taken into account in the structural analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this article is to determine how the engineering practices common in online game development may be approached differently to promote more diverse online gaming scenarios. The technical difficulties in providing online gaming are not trivial, requiring substantially larger budgets compared with their non-online counterparts: Commercial failure of an online game could be costly. Therefore, when considering alternate engineering approaches, those that appear tried and tested in other domains, and hence may be lower-cost solutions, are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]