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Resilience has been defined as the maintenance or quick recovery of mental health during and after times of adversity. How to operationalize resilience and to determine the factors and processes that lead to good long-term mental health outcomes in stressor-exposed individuals is a matter of ongoing debate and of critical importance for the advancement of the field. One of the biggest challenges for implementing an outcome-based definition of resilience in longitudinal observational study designs lies in the fact that real-life adversity is usually unpredictable and that its substantial qualitative as well as temporal variability between subjects often precludes defining circumscribed time windows of inter-individually comparable stressor exposure relative to which the maintenance or recovery of mental health can be determined. To address this pertinent issue, we propose to frequently and regularly monitor stressor exposure (E) and mental health problems (P) throughout a study's observation period [Frequent Stressor and Mental Health Monitoring (FRESHMO)-paradigm]. On this basis, a subject's deviation at any single monitoring time point from the study sample's normative E–P relationship (the regression residual) can be used to calculate that subject's current mental health reactivity to stressor exposure (“stressor reactivity,” SR). The SR score takes into account the individual extent of experienced adversity and is comparable between and within subjects. Individual SR time courses across monitoring time points reflect intra-individual temporal variability in SR, where periods of under-reactivity (negative SR score) are associated with accumulation of fewer mental health problems than is normal for the sample. If FRESHMO is accompanied by regular measurement of potential resilience factors, temporal changes in resilience factors can be used to predict SR time courses. An increase in a resilience factor measurement explaining a lagged decrease in SR can then be cons

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is not only a threat to physical health but is also having severe impacts on mental health. Although increases in stress-related symptomatology and other adverse psycho-social outcomes, as well as their most important risk factors have been described, hardly anything is known about potential protective factors. Resilience refers to the maintenance of mental health despite adversity. To gain mechanistic insights about the relationship between described psycho-social resilience factors and resilience specifically in the current crisis, we assessed resilience factors, exposure to Corona crisis-specific and general stressors, as well as internalizing symptoms in a cross-sectional online survey conducted in 24 languages during the most intense phase of the lockdown in Europe (22 March to 19 April) in a convenience sample of N = 15,970 adults. Resilience, as an outcome, was conceptualized as good mental health despite stressor exposure and measured as the inverse residual between actual and predicted symptom total score. Preregistered hypotheses (osf.io/r6btn) were tested with multiple regression models and mediation analyses. Results confirmed our primary hypothesis that positive appraisal style (PAS) is positively associated with resilience (p < 0.0001). The resilience factor PAS also partly mediated the positive association between perceived social support and resilience, and its association with resilience was in turn partly mediated by the ability to easily recover from stress (both p < 0.0001). In comparison with other resilience factors, good stress response recovery and positive appraisal specifically of the consequences of the Corona crisis were the strongest factors. Preregistered exploratory subgroup analyses (osf.io/thka9) showed that all tested resilience factors generalize across major socio-demographic categories. This research identifies modifiable protective factors that can be targeted by public mental health efforts in this and i

The thesis investigates the endogenous generation of emotion (EnGE). Two main questions were pursued: 1) How is the volitional generation of emotion neurally and behaviourally implemented? and 2) How can this ability be used for emotional self- regulation? This was investigated in two projects: In the first project, neural, psychophysiological, and behavioural indices of EnGE were investigated in a large, representative sample. The second project investigated the behavioural, functional and structural correlates of meditation practices involving endogenous generation of positive emotion, in a sample of expert meditators. Answering the first question, the first project indicated that EnGE is neurally supported by the cooperation of nodes of the Default Mode (DMN), extended Salience (SN), and left Frontoparietal Control (FPCN) Networks. Results suggest dissociable functional component processes were implemented by these networks, with DMN supporting the generation of simulated representations, while SN supported the generation of core affective qualities of self-generated emotional experiences. FPCN co-activation patterns suggested it supports the coordination of the generation process. The second project showed similar activations during loving-kindness and compassion meditation. Moreover, expert meditators showed increased cortical thickness in, primarily, the left FPCN. This suggests endogenous emotion generation is neurally effected by left FPCN, entraining core affective processes supported by SN and simulation construction supported by DMN. EnGE-based emotional self-regulation was investigated in a second set of studies. Neural and behavioural measures indicated that expert meditators could successfully regulate their emotional reactions to negative external stressors. Comparing compassion with reappraisal-based emotion regulation, regulatory effects differed, with compassion-based regulation primarily increasing positive emotion while reappraisal primarily decr, Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die endogene Generation von Emotionen (EnGE). Zwei Hauptfragen wurde verfolgt: 1) Wie die willentliche Erzeugung von Emotionen neuronal oder im Verhalten implementiert ist, und 2) wie diese Fähigkeit für die emotionale Selbstregulation verwendet werden kann. Dies wurde in zwei Projekten genauer untersucht: Im ersten Projekt wurden neuronale und psychophysiologische Mechanismen sowie Verhaltensweisen in Bezug auf EnGE in einer großen und repräsentativen Stichprobe untersucht. Das zweite Projekt untersuchte die verhaltensbedingten, funktionellen, und strukturellen Korrelate von bestimmten Meditationsübungen, die die endogene Erzeugung von positiven Emotionen beinhalten, in einer Stichprobe von Meditationsexperten. In Bezug auf die erste Forschungsfrage, haben wir im ersten Projekt Daten erhoben, die nahelegen, dass EnGE auf neuronaler Ebene durch die Kooperation von wichtigen Arealen des Default Mode Netzwerks (DMN), sowie des erweiterten Salience (SN) und des linken Frontoparietal Control (FPCN) Netzwerks unterstützt wird. Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass unterscheidbare funktionelle Komponenten-Prozesse durch diese Netzwerke implementiert werden. Das DMN unterstützt dabei die Erzeugung von simulierten Repräsentationen, während das SN die Generation der „core“ affektive Qualitäten von selbstgenerierten emotionalen Erfahrungen unterstützt. Das FPCN Ko-Aktivierungsmuster legt eine Rolle bei der Koordination von Erzeugungsprozessen nahe. Das zweite Projekt zeigte ähnliche Aktivierungen durch Loving-kindness und Mitgefühls-Meditation. Weiterhin zeigten Meditationsexperten eine erhöhte kortikale Dicke vor allem im linken FPCN. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass eine endogene Emotionsgeneration neuronal vom linken FPCN beeinflusst wird, dass eine SN Aktivierung „core“ affektive Prozesse unterstützt, und dass die Simulationskonstruktion vom DMN gesteuert wird. EnGE-basierte emotionale Selbstregulation wurde mittels dem zweiten Set von Experi

The thesis investigates the endogenous generation of emotion (EnGE). Two main questions were pursued: 1) How is the volitional generation of emotion neurally and behaviourally implemented? and 2) How can this ability be used for emotional self- regulation? This was investigated in two projects: In the first project, neural, psychophysiological, and behavioural indices of EnGE were investigated in a large, representative sample. The second project investigated the behavioural, functional and structural correlates of meditation practices involving endogenous generation of positive emotion, in a sample of expert meditators. Answering the first question, the first project indicated that EnGE is neurally supported by the cooperation of nodes of the Default Mode (DMN), extended Salience (SN), and left Frontoparietal Control (FPCN) Networks. Results suggest dissociable functional component processes were implemented by these networks, with DMN supporting the generation of simulated representations, while SN supported the generation of core affective qualities of self-generated emotional experiences. FPCN co-activation patterns suggested it supports the coordination of the generation process. The second project showed similar activations during loving-kindness and compassion meditation. Moreover, expert meditators showed increased cortical thickness in, primarily, the left FPCN. This suggests endogenous emotion generation is neurally effected by left FPCN, entraining core affective processes supported by SN and simulation construction supported by DMN. EnGE-based emotional self-regulation was investigated in a second set of studies. Neural and behavioural measures indicated that expert meditators could successfully regulate their emotional reactions to negative external stressors. Comparing compassion with reappraisal-based emotion regulation, regulatory effects differed, with compassion-based regulation primarily increasing positive emotion while reappraisal primarily decr, Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die endogene Generation von Emotionen (EnGE). Zwei Hauptfragen wurde verfolgt: 1) Wie die willentliche Erzeugung von Emotionen neuronal oder im Verhalten implementiert ist, und 2) wie diese Fähigkeit für die emotionale Selbstregulation verwendet werden kann. Dies wurde in zwei Projekten genauer untersucht: Im ersten Projekt wurden neuronale und psychophysiologische Mechanismen sowie Verhaltensweisen in Bezug auf EnGE in einer großen und repräsentativen Stichprobe untersucht. Das zweite Projekt untersuchte die verhaltensbedingten, funktionellen, und strukturellen Korrelate von bestimmten Meditationsübungen, die die endogene Erzeugung von positiven Emotionen beinhalten, in einer Stichprobe von Meditationsexperten. In Bezug auf die erste Forschungsfrage, haben wir im ersten Projekt Daten erhoben, die nahelegen, dass EnGE auf neuronaler Ebene durch die Kooperation von wichtigen Arealen des Default Mode Netzwerks (DMN), sowie des erweiterten Salience (SN) und des linken Frontoparietal Control (FPCN) Netzwerks unterstützt wird. Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass unterscheidbare funktionelle Komponenten-Prozesse durch diese Netzwerke implementiert werden. Das DMN unterstützt dabei die Erzeugung von simulierten Repräsentationen, während das SN die Generation der „core“ affektive Qualitäten von selbstgenerierten emotionalen Erfahrungen unterstützt. Das FPCN Ko-Aktivierungsmuster legt eine Rolle bei der Koordination von Erzeugungsprozessen nahe. Das zweite Projekt zeigte ähnliche Aktivierungen durch Loving-kindness und Mitgefühls-Meditation. Weiterhin zeigten Meditationsexperten eine erhöhte kortikale Dicke vor allem im linken FPCN. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass eine endogene Emotionsgeneration neuronal vom linken FPCN beeinflusst wird, dass eine SN Aktivierung „core“ affektive Prozesse unterstützt, und dass die Simulationskonstruktion vom DMN gesteuert wird. EnGE-basierte emotionale Selbstregulation wurde mittels dem zweiten Set von Experi

Wind power has a great potential to rise its share of energy production in Finland to significantly in forthcoming years. Nordel and Fingrid have published a specific grid code section for wind power. The main issue is to ensure the power system's secure and reliable usage in the case of large amount of wind power connected to the power system. This thesis is inspecting the grid code for wind power, the similarity of Finnish grid code to benchmark European grid codes, and the ability of a large offshore wind farm to fulfil the grid code requirements of reactive power flow and fault ride through. Different grid codes are observed to have several structural and detail differences, making the comparison between the grid codes difficult. It is nevertheless discovered that the requirements for wind power are roughly similar in any grid code, including the Finnish grid code. From the grid code requirements, reactive power low between grid and wind farm and fault ride though are considered to be the most interesting topics and studied in the simulations in this thesis. The wind farm studied is a large offshore wind farm, including 144 variable speed full converter wind turbines. In the simulations, effects of wind turbines and the wind farm's internal network at the point of common coupling are studied, without taking the transmission grid dynamics into account. Reactive power requirements are examined with load flow calculations. It is shown that varying active power production of wind farm causes reactive power flow at the point of common coupling to vary as well. As this is an unwanted operation, reactive power compensation is needed to fulfil the grid code requirements. It is shown that a combination of wind turbine reactive power production or consumption and additional compensation unit connected to tertiary winding of the main transformer is a technically feasible solution to fulfil grid code requirements for reactive power. Fault ride through is examined with dynam, Tuulivoimalla on tulevina vuosina suuri potentiaali kasvattaa osuutensa Suomen energiantuotannosta mitättömästä merkittäväksi. Nordel ja Fingrid ovat varautuneet tähän julkaisemalla verkkoehtoihinsa tuulivoimaosion. Näin varmistetaan voimansiirtojärjestelmän luotettava ja. turvallinen käyttö myös kun merkittävä määrä tuulivoimaa on liitetty siihen. Tässä työssä tutkitaan tuulivoiman verkkoehtoja ja niiden vaatimuksia suhteessa muihin eurooppalaisiin tuulivoiman verkkoehtoihin, sekä suuren merituulipuiston kykyä täyttää verkkoehtojen vaatimukset loistehon tuotannolle ja tuulipuiston vasteelle verkon mitoittavan vian aikana. Eri maiden verkkoehtojen havaitaan olevan hankalasti vertailtavissa, niissä on eroavaisuuksia rakenteessa, laajuudessa ja yksityiskohdissa. Kuitenkin vaatimukset tuulivoimalle ovat pohjimmiltaan samat, näin myös Suomen verkkoehdoissa tuulivoimalle. Vaatimukset loistehokapasiteetille ja tuulipuiston vasteelle verkon mitoittavan vian aikana katsotaan olevan verkkoehtojen mielenkiintoisimmat osat. Näitä vaatimuksia tutkitaan työn kokeellisessa osuudessa. Tutkittava tuulipuisto on suuri merituulipuisto. joka koostuu 144:stä muuttuvanopeuksisesta täystaajuusmuuttaja tuuliturbiinista. Kokeellisessa osuudessa selvitetään tuuliturbiinien ja tuulipuiston sisäisen sähköverkon vaikutuksia liityntäpisteeseen, ottamatta voimansiirtoverkon dynamiikkaa huomioon. Loistehovaatimuksia on tutkittu tehonjakolaskelmilla. Ne osoittavat, että tuulipuiston loistehon tuotanto ja kulutus vaihtelee sen tuottaman pätötehon mukana merkittävästi. Loistehon kompensointia tarvitaan tämän vaihtelun kumoamiseen, jotta verkkoehdot voidaan täyttää. Tehonjakolaskelmat edelleen osoittavat, että yhdistelmä tuuliturbiinien loistehotuotantoa ja ylimääräinen kompensointilaitteisto asennettuna tuulipuiston päämuuntajan tertiäärikäämiin on teknisesti järkevä ratkaisu loistehovaatimusten täyttämiseksi. Dynaamisilla simuloinneilla on tutkittu tuulipuiston käyttäytymistä liityntäpisteen oikosu