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Objetivos: Este estudio analiza las enfermedades transmisibles (ET) como principales causas de muerte en Colombia durante en el primer año de la pandemia de COVID19 en Colombia. Métodos: Se examina la relación de muertes por sexo y la frecuencia de muertes por enfermedades transmisibles por departamentos del país. Se utiliza las razones de tasas para comparar los departamentos de la región Caribe colombiana y Bogotá. Resultados: Los hallazgos destacan la importancia de comprender y abordar adecuadamente el impacto de las ET en la salud pública de Colombia, especialmente durante la pandemia. Se destaca el aumento significativo de las muertes causadas por infecciones respiratorias agudas, especialmente por casos de Covid-19. Conclusión: Para abordar la crisis sanitaria y sus efectos en la economía y la administración pública del país, se requiere una gestión cuidadosa y coordinada a nivel nacional. La adaptabilidad y la capacidad de respuesta de las autoridades serán cruciales para superar los desafíos actuales y futuros.

Objective: To evaluate the level of COVID-19 risk perception (PCR-CV19) by returning to in-person classes and to analyze this perception with sociodemographic and health variables associated with such disease. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and prospective study. The questionnaire was adapted to assess the PCR-CV19 among 532 university students. Moreover, an association analysis of the four dimensions of the PCR-CV19 (cognitive vulnerability, emotional vulnerability, risky-protective behaviors and severity) and the perception index was performed with sociodemographic and health variables. The following statistical methods were used: one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, Levene's test for homogeneity of variances and Tukey's honest significant difference or Games-Howell post hoc tests. These analyses were performed using the Jamovi statistical software, version 1.2.2. Results: A moderate level of PCR-CV19 was found, where the most relevant dimensions were risky-protective behaviors and severity. In addition, there was an association between the dimensions PCR-CV19 and perception index with the variables age, gender, alcohol consumption, physical and mental health indicators (anxiety and depression), and experiences with COVID-19. Cognitive vulnerability and emotional vulnerability were the most sensitive dimensions in the evaluation of the PCR-CV19. Conclusions: We continue to face constant risk conditions, thus making it necessary to maintain a surveillance scheme of the PCR-CV19 experienced by the population. In university students, cognitive vulnerability and emotional vulnerability were the most sensitive dimensions in the evaluation of PCR-CV19 and experiences with COVID-19 (illness or death). The fact that university students do not feel vulnerable and/or do not perceive the severity associated with COVID-19 transmission may affect their self-care behaviors. These results have key implications for public health; therefore, an intersectoral approach is required to have relevant information in order to face future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Panorama Económico is the property of Universidad de Cartagena and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de percepción de riesgo de contagio de la COVID-19 frente al retorno a las clases presenciales y analizar esta percepción con variables sociodemográficas y de salud asociadas a esta enfermedad. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal y prospectivo. Se adaptó el cuestionario para evaluar la percepción de riesgo de contagio de la COVID-19 (PCR-CV19) en 532 universitarios. Además, se realizó un análisis de asociación de las cuatro dimensiones del PCR-CV19 (vulnerabilidad cognitiva, vulnerabilidad emocional, conductas de riesgo-protección y gravedad) y el índice de percepción con variables sociodemográficas y de salud. Se utilizaron técnicas estadísticas: análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de una vía (OneWay ANOVA), previa verificación de la prueba de normalidad Shapiro-Wilk y la prueba de Levene para la homogeneidad y la prueba post-hoc de Tukey o Ganes-Howell. Estos análisis se realizaron en el programa estadístico JAMOVI, versión 1.2.2. Resultados: Se evidenció un nivel moderado de percepción de riesgo de contagio, en donde las dimensiones de las conductas de riesgo-protección y gravedad se identificaron como las más relevantes; asimismo, se encontró asociación entre las dimensiones del PCR-CV19 y el índice de percepción con las variables edad, género, consumo de alcohol e indicadores de salud física y mental (ansiedad y depresión) y las experiencias vividas con la enfermedad de la COVID-19. Los aspectos de vulnerabilidad cognitiva y emocional fueron las dimensiones más sensibles en la evaluación de la percepción. Conclusiones: Seguimos enfrentando condiciones de riesgo que surgen de manera constante, lo que hace necesario mantener un esquema de vigilancia de la percepción de riesgo que experimenta la población. En los universitarios, los aspectos de vulnerabilidad cognitiva y emocional fueron las dimensiones más sensibles en la evaluación de la percepción del riesgo y las experiencias vividas con la COVID-19 (enfermedad o muerte). El hecho de que los universitarios no se sientan vulnerables y/o no perciban la gravedad asociada al contagio puede afectar sus conductas de autocuidado. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones claves para la salud pública, por lo que se requiere un abordaje intersectorial, con el objetivo de contar con información relevante para enfrentar futuras pandemias.

Chagas disease is a zoonosis caused by a hemoflagellate protozoan called Trypanosoma cruzi. We describe the clinical presentation of an acute outbreak of Chagas disease by oral transmission in a group of 3 cousins aged 10, 14, 16 years, with clinical picture of 18 days of fever peaks at 38 °C and moderate epigastric abdominal pain. The maternal grandmother was positive for Chagas disease, with no other history. On physical examination tachycardic, the rest without alteration. Paraclinical findings on admission: elevated CRP and negative thick drop. At 24 hours, positive Trypanosoma cruzi antibody in the 3 patients and positive febrile antigen for Proteus ox-19 1/320 in the youngest. Acute Chagas disease in pediatrics is usually asymptomatic; however, it is evident that it can rapidly progress to chagasic myocarditis and severe thrombocytopenia, increasing considerably the risk of cardiogenic shock, cardiac decompensation, and even death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2. La mayoría de las personas infectadas experimentarán una enfermedad respiratoria de leve a moderada. Sin embargo, algunas se enfermarán gravemente y requerirán atención médica. Las personas mayores y aquellas con ciertas comorbilidades tienen más probabilidades de desarrollar enfermedad grave. Objetivo. Sintetizar las recomendaciones incluidas en las guías Directrices para la profilaxis y el manejo de pacientes con COVID-19 leve y moderada en América Latina y el Caribe y Consideraciones sobre el uso de antivirales, anticuerpos monoclonales y otras intervenciones para el manejo de pacientes con COVID-19 en América Latina y el Caribe, publicadas por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, con el fin de orientar la profilaxis y el manejo de pacientes con COVID-19 leve a moderada y abordar aspectos claves de su implementación. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una síntesis de las guías y sus recomendaciones. Además, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en Pubmed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos y literatura gris de otros estudios desarrollados en la Región de las Américas con el fin de identificar barreras, facilitadores y estrategias de implementación. Resultados. Se presentan 21 recomendaciones que abordan la identificación de marcadores y factores de riesgo de mortalidad, eficacia de la profilaxis, tratamiento farmacológico y no farmacológico, manejo no hospitalario —inclusive mujeres embarazadas y población pediátrica—, uso de estudios por imágenes diagnósticas, profilaxis con anticoagulantes y esquema de seguimiento. Conclusiones. Las recomendaciones buscan proveer el conocimiento sobre la profilaxis y el manejo de pacientes con COVID-19 leve a moderada y ofrecer consideraciones para su implementación en la Región.

Objectives. To assess the accumulated knowledge of the effects of public health emergencies of international concern on disease control and local health systems, and contribute to a better understanding of their effects on health programs and systems. Methods. This was a systematic review of published and gray literature (in English, Portuguese, or Spanish). Electronic databases (BVS/LILACS, PubMed, and SciELO) and Google Scholar were searched. Search terms were: COVID-19 OR H1N1 OR Ebola OR Zika OR poliomyelitis AND (outbreaks OR epidemics) AND (public health systems OR public health surveillance). Results. A total of 3 508 studies were retrieved, of which 31 met the inclusion criteria. The studies addressed the effects of the emergencies on: communicable diseases notification systems; malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, and malaria surveillance, control, and treatment; microcephaly; dengue; and vaccinations. The populations affected by the emergencies experienced reduced health services, which included fewer health visits, failures in the diagnostic chain, decrease in vaccination, and increased incidence or underreporting of notifiable diseases. Conclusions. Socioeconomic inequity is a determinant of the effects of public health emergencies of international concern within affected populations. The diversion of resources and attention from health authorities disproportionately affects vulnerable populations and can lead, over time, to a weakening of health systems. The analysis of the effects of public health emergencies is important for the development of new protocols that can better respond to future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Systematize the experience and identify challenges and lessons learned in the implementation of an initiative for integrated serosurveillance of communicable diseases using a multiplex bead assay in countries of the Americas. Methods. Documents produced in the initiative were compiled and reviewed. These included concept notes, internal working papers, regional meetings reports, and survey protocols from the three participating countries (Mexico, Paraguay, and Brazil) and two additional countries (Guyana and Guatemala) where serology for several communicable diseases was included in neglected tropical diseases surveys. Information was extracted and summarized to describe the experience and the most relevant challenges and lessons learned. Results. Implementing integrated serosurveys requires interprogrammatic and interdisciplinary work teams for the design of survey protocols to respond to key programmatic questions aligned to the needs of the countries. Valid laboratory results are critical and rely on the standardized installment and roll-out of laboratory techniques. Field teams require adequate training and supervision to properly implement survey procedures. The analysis and interpretation of serosurveys results should be antigen-specific, contextualizing the responses for each disease, and triangulated with programmatic and epidemiological data for making decisions tailored to specific population socioeconomic and ecologic contexts. Conclusions. Integrated serosurveillance as a complementary tool for functional epidemiological surveillance systems is feasible to use and key components should be considered: political engagement, technical engagement, and integrated planning. Aspects such as designing the protocol, selecting target populations and diseases, laboratory capacities, anticipating the capacities to analyze and interpret complex data, and how to use it are key. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Introduction: the study of the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 makes it possible to determine risk groups in specific populations and to outline strategies by the institutions to improve the quality of care for these patients. Objective: to characterize patients with COVID-19 in Pinar del Río between March 2020 and March 2021. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the province of Pinar del Río between March 2020 and March 2021. The sample consisted of 450 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: female patients predominated (56 %), with a history of arterial hypertension (24,6 %). A high incidence of COVID was found in individuals with between two and five chronic non-communicable diseases (40,2 %). Of all patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 49 % were passive smokers. Conclusions: COVID-19 occurred mainly in patients with several chronic diseases, as well as in those exposed to tobacco smoke and with a history of infectious processes.

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the teachers’ attitudes and knowledge about the COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands region in Spain, between May 14 - 18, 2020. A virtual questionnaire based on a validated instrument was applied. We included 1,503 surveys, which showed that teachers are unwilling to work if there is risk of infection at the school (76.6%). However, they state that they would go to work if they had the appropriate hygiene (69.2%) and protection (67.0%) measures. In conclusion, it is important to guarantee the necessary preventive measures to avoid contagion in educational centers, promoting specific training of teachers in primary prevention.

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Background: Due to the pandemic, the Peruvian State decided to implement quarantine during a period of 2020 which caused changes in behavior, one of those: choosing to self-medicate. Therefore, the objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of self-medication in patients suspected of COVID-19 in Lambayeque during 2020. Materials and methods: cross-sectional analytical observational study in which a telephone survey was applied to 462 patients randomly selected volunteers. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis was performed and associations were searched. Results: the mean age was 42 years (minimun age = 18; maximun age = 90), more than half were women (58%), the majority had higher education (61.7%), they lived in the urban area of ​​Lambayeque (86, 6%) and 64.9% were affiliated with EsSalud. More than half (53.9%) self-medicated during the pandemic, ivermectin (35.7%; n = 218) was the most consumed. It was found that not clear (p <0.05) nor truthful (p = 0.001) the information on how to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, was associated with self-medication. Conclusions: The studied population used ivermectin to “prevent” COVID-19, they acquired this in pharmacies thanks to the information obtained from a doctor. It is also concluded that believing that the information on COVID-19 prevention provided by the Peruvian media is not clear or is not truthful is associated with a greater probability of self-medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Médicas UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río is the property of Editorial Ciencias Medicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: neonatology wards are high-risk areas due to the incidence of infectious diseases. Objective: to describe the microbiological pattern of antimicrobial resistance of the most frequently isolated germs in bacteriological studies of neonates admitted to the “Dr. Ernesto Guevara de la Serna” of Las Tunas in 2020. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive and observational study was carried out with neonates admitted to the aforementioned hospital and during the period herein declared. The universe was made up of the 303 microbiological studies with antibiograms from the neonatology ward. Results: Gram-negative (51,8 %) and Gram-positive (48,2 %) bacteria were isolated. Positivity was more frequent in blood cultures (62,37 %) and urine cultures (22,78 %). 76,03 % of the Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in blood culture. Gram-negative bacteria were mainly distributed between blood cultures (49.68%) and urine cultures (36,31 %). The most frequent germs were Staphylococcus coagulase – (30,03 %), 92,3 % isolated from blood cultures; E. coli (20,46 %), 70,96 % in urine cultures and Staphylococcus coagulase + (14,85 %), 44,44 % in blood cultures. Gram-positive bacteria showed high resistance to oxacillin (94,73 %), azythromycin (87,96 %), cefepime (76,92 %) and cefazolin (65,21 %). Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to nalidixic acid (78 %), cefazolin (76 %) and amoxicillin/sulbactam (69,96 %). E. coli reached 80 % resistance to cefepime and more than 50 % to cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. Staphylococcus coagulase – showed resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins and gentamicin. Conclusions: the antimicrobial resistance of isolated bacteria in the neonates of the study was described.

Before the COVID-19 outbreak, infectious diseases did not attract much political or social attention in Colombia. Now, it is clear that an infectious disease can levy an intolerable burden on society and the State. This article seeks to determine whether possible future pandemics can be considered a threat to Colombia's multidimensional security. Based on this research's first installment statements, this work begins by studying the main epidemiological outbreaks so far in the 21st century. Next, it analyzes the evolution of the current pandemic's threat and its social, economic, and geopolitical effects. Then, it reflects on whether this type of pandemic should be considered a threat to multidimensional security. Finally, it proposes some recommendations to the Colombian Government for anticipating and preparing the State's biodefense to face an impending pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antes de la irrupción del COVID-19, las enfermedades infecciosas no atraían mayor atención política ni social en Colombia, pero ahora es claro que una enfermedad infecciosa puede imponer una carga intolerable a la sociedad y el Estado. Este artículo tiene como propósito determinar si las probables pandemias futuras se pueden considerar una amenaza a la seguridad multidimensional de Colombia. A partir de lo planteado en la primera entrega de esta investigación, se comienza por estudiar los principales brotes epidemiológicos en lo que va corrido del siglo XXI. A continuación se analiza la evolución de la amenaza de la actual pandemia, así como sus efectos en términos sociales, económicos y geopolíticos. Luego se reflexiona acerca de si este tipo de pandemias deben considerarse una amenaza a la seguridad multidimensional. Y finalmente se proponen algunas recomendaciones al Gobierno de Colombia para la preparación y anticipación de la biodefensa del Estado ante una próxima pandemia.

En la actualidad, las enfermedades transmisibles afectan más de 14 millones de personas cada año, sobre todo en los países en desarrollo. Cerca del 50 % de las defunciones se producen por estas causas, de las cuales, el 90 % se atribuyen a las infecciones diarreicas y respiratorias agudas, el SIDA, la tuberculosis, el paludismo, el sarampión y la rabia. Esta última ha acompañado al hombre en toda su evolución, con una amplia distribución mundial y con la incorporación de un tratamiento exitoso desde el siglo XIX. Actualmente, sectores de la sanidad humana y animal establecen una alianza de colaboración en aras de eliminarla. En este artículo se realizó un recuento de la evolución epidemiológica de la rabia, su influencia en la humanidad y el desarrollo de la vacunación contra esta enfermedad; además de su re-emergencia como problema de salud.

Introduction: analysis of the health situation is one of the most important actions of the family doctor and constitutes a basic instrument in the family doctor and nurse's offices. Objective: to describe the health situation of families belonging to the Family Medical Clinic 28 of the Health Area II of Cienfuegos. Method: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in the population of the Family Medical Clinic 28 of the Health Area II of Cienfuegos in the period between January and December 2020. The universe consisted of 250 families, made up of 669 patients. The selection of variables was carried out according to the methodological guide to prepare the analysis of the health situation. Results: there was a predominance of the female sex (54,85 %) and the age group of 60 years and over (1,39 %). The Rosset Index was 24,66 %, the predominant dispensary group was group III (69,05 %). The main risk factor was sedentary lifestyle (50,07 %). Acute respiratory infections predominated with a rate of 14,48 per 100 inhabitants and arterial hypertension (237 patients) with rates of 35,42 per 100 inhabitants. Conclusions: an urban community was identified, with an aging population where the female sex predominated. Sedentary lifestyle was found as the predominant risk factor in a population that was mostly dispensed in group III, with a high prevalence of hypertensive patients and a high incidence of acute respiratory infections.

Objectives: to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and distribution of new leprosy cases in the population of Paulo Afonso, Bahia, between 2000 and 2015. Method: descriptive study with all new cases of leprosy reported at the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were used and annual detection coefficients were calculated. Population estimates were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Results: most of the 1,069 new reported cases were female (57.2%), living in the urban area (92%), brown race/color (66.92%), elementary school (67.6%), over fifteen years of age (92.5%), tuberculoid clinical form (48.26%), paucibacillary (62.3%), degree of physical disability at diagnosis (45.93%) and cure (29.75%). Conclusion: the epidemiological profile of leprosy in Paulo Afonso is similar to the national one, with variations in leprosy detection coefficients between years and spatial analysis showing heterogeneous distribution, with a higher concentration of cases in peripheral neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the teachers' attitudes and knowledge about the COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands region in Spain, between May 14 - 18, 2020. A virtual questionnaire based on a validated instrument was applied. We included 1,503 surveys, which showed that teachers are unwilling to work if there is risk of infection at the school (76.69%). However, they state that they would go to work if they had the appropriate hygiene (69.23%) and protection (67.05%) measures. In conclusion, it is important to guarantee the necessary preventive measures to avoid contagion in educational centers, promoting specific training of teachers in primary prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El dengue es la enfermedad hemorrágica más frecuente en este medio y la principal infección viral humana transmitida por artrópodos. La importancia de la patología radica en que se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública en el mundo, por ser enfermedad emergente con una alta tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad. Es importante la clasificación clínica y tener presente los signos de alarma. Se deben agrupar los pacientes para decidir el nivel de atención donde se debe brindar terapéutica y seguimiento. Siempre se debe realizar seguimiento clínico y de laboratorio. No existe un tratamiento específico para el dengue. La hidratación temprana, suficiente y adecuada es fundamental dentro del plan terapéutico. Las medidas higiénicas y el control del vector siguen siendo herramientas de prevención. Rev.cienc.biomed. 2013;4(2):366-372

Este ensayo crítico acerca de las declaraciones sobre la técnica y la vida en el planeta COVID-19 propone una reflexión ético-filosófica de los efectos de la pandemia. Trata de entender, atribuir significados y criticar las referencias a la pandemia, especialmente en Brasil, en momentos especialmente dramáticos, debido a la sinergia entre la grave enfermedad que afecta al país y al planeta, y un gobierno que se destaca por su gigantesca incapacidad para hacer frente a la calamidad. Este texto fue escrito en el periodo de “cuarentena” brasileña, desde mediados de marzo hasta fines de abril de 2020. Es un momento en el que los hechos nos golpean y no dejan de atormentarnos, y se vive a diario bajo el terrible dominio de esta pandemia. Así, este texto se caracteriza por estar elaborado en medio de un contexto social marcado por los esfuerzos de control y atención de la salud de los afectados, a pesar del complejo marco político actual y de las profundas dificultades económicas del país.

Las épocas de pandemia han despertado y despiertan miedo en individuos y pánico en sus comunidades. En este artículo el autor repasa brevemente los hechos históricos ocurridos durante La Gran Plaga (pandemia de peste bubónica) que dieron lugar a la denominada Columna Infame de Milán, haciendo un paralelismo con algunas situaciones de criminalización de los enfermos e individuos afectados por la actual pandemia de SARS-Cov-2.

El 31 de diciembre de 2019 China informó sobre un brote de neumonía susceptible de provocar síndrome de distress respiratorio del adulto. El agente etiológico causante se identificó poco más tarde como un nuevo coronavirus, que se denominó SARS-CoV-2. La enfermedad transmisible causada por este coronavirus, conocida por el acrónimo COVID-19, se extendió progresivamente a nivel mundial, lo que obligó, para controlar su expansión, a la adopción de medidas como el distanciamiento social, el confinamiento de la población y el aislamiento estricto de los enfermos. Este aislamiento estricto provocó, de manera disruptiva, cambios importantes en la comunicación profesional sanitario-paciente/familiares, que fueron especialmente significativos en la comunicación de malas noticias. Este texto refleja, en el momento álgido de la epidemia en Galicia (España), la experiencia en la comunicación de malas noticias a familiares de enfermos ancianos COVID-19 positivos. Finalmente, proponemos un decálogo de consejos sobre la comunicación telefónica de malas noticias.

Entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, la provincia de Mendoza presentaba un estado sanitario marcado por el crecimiento demográfico y urbanístico, la escasez de los servicios públicos y la destrucción de la antigua ciudad colonial como consecuencia del terremoto de 1861, lo que propiciaba un ambiente favorable para el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades infectocontagiosas. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar cómo se fue profesionalizando y expandiendo el sistema de salud en la provincia de Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, y cómo esos factores, junto con las representaciones sobre la enfermedad que predominaban en el discurso de la elite gobernante, incidieron en las políticas públicas para combatir las dolencias de la época. Para ello se consultaron diversos documentos escritos y fotográficos que permitieron analizar las modificaciones del discurso y las políticas públicas implementadas.

El crecimiento de la población mundial ha incrementado la demanda de agua, por otro lado, el cambio climático nos muestra que las fuentes de agua que antes eran seguras actualmente ya no lo son. Existen desigualdades entre las zonas urbanas y rurales, así el 96% de la población mundial urbana utiliza fuentes de agua potable frente al 84% de la población rural, mientras que el 82% de la población urbana frente al 51% de la población rural utiliza instalaciones de saneamiento. En el Perú el 80,4% de viviendas se provee de agua por red pública. En el área urbana, este servicio cubre 83,2%; mientras que en el área rural el 71,3% de las viviendas cuenta con servicio higiénico conectado a red pública. Todo lo anterior condiciona la presencia de enfermedades infecciosas relacionadas con el agua como las diarreas, malaria, dengue, leptospirosis, hepatitis virales A y E, cuya clasificación, se muestra en este artículo. En el mundo las diarreas son la tercera causa de muerte entre menores de cinco años y más de 340 000 niños menores de cinco años mueren por enfermedades diarreicas. Una de las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) es la relacionada al acceso universal al agua potable, saneamiento e higiene, lo que no puede lograrse sin prestar la debida atención a las desigualdades en el acceso observadas entre diferentes grupos, evitando las consecuencias de estas deficiencias tanto en nuestro país como en el mundo.

Copyright of Revista de Salud Pública is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia, Tecnología y Salud is the property of Ciencia, Tecnologia y Salud and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Nursing & Health is the property of Journal of Nursing & Health (JONAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Nursing & Health is the property of Journal of Nursing & Health (JONAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay intends to carry out an ethical and philosophical reflection on the effects of the emergency contingencies of the COVID-19 pandemic. With a focus on Brazil, it seeks to understand, critique, and attribute meaning to references to the pandemic, in particularly dramatic moments brought about by the synergy produced between the serious disease affecting the country and the world and a government that stands out for its remarkable unwillingness and inability to deal with this calamity. This text was written during the Brazilian "quarantine," which lasted from mid-March to late April, 2020. During this period, we were bombarded by facts that never ceased to haunt us, and lived each day under the terrible dominion of the pandemic. Therefore, this text was written in the midst of a social context marked by control efforts, with great attention directed at the health of those affected, despite the complex political framework and serious economic difficulties facing the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, la provincia de Mendoza presentaba un estado sanitario marcado por el crecimiento demográfico y urbanístico, la escasez de los servicios públicos y la destrucción de la antigua ciudad colonial como consecuencia del terremoto de 1861, lo que propiciaba un ambiente favorable para el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades infectocontagiosas. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar cómo se fue profesionalizando y expandiendo el sistema de salud en la provincia de Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, y cómo esos factores, junto con las representaciones sobre la enfermedad que predominaban en el discurso de la elite gobernante, incidieron en las políticas públicas para combatir las dolencias de la época. Para ello se consultaron diversos documentos escritos y fotográficos que permitieron analizar las modificaciones del discurso y las políticas públicas implementadas. From the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th, the province of Mendoza presented problematic sanitary conditions due to rapid demographic and urban growth, the scarcity of public services, and the poor state of the old colonial city (destroyed by the 1861 earthquake), which facilitated the spread of various infectious diseases. The objective of this article is to inquire into the ways in which the healthcare system in the province of Mendoza both expanded and became increasingly professionalized from the late 19th to early 20th century. We explore how these factors, along with the predominant social representations of disease that permeated the discourses of governing elites, influenced public policy aimed at combating the diseases of the time. To that end, we consulted a wide range of written documents and photographic material that allowed us to analyze changes in discourse as well as public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]