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Lowering Covid-19 cases globally and nationally provides a positive indication of economic growth, especially in Batam City, Indonesia. This condition is also followed by increased electrical energy consumption, particularly in residential houses. This paper presents an electrical energy audit process of a residential house using the IKE (Energy Consumption Intensity) parameter. The audit was conducted in a home with a building area of 226 m2 and an electrical capacity of 4400 VA. The result shows that the total electricity consumption of such a house is 1,266.34 kWh per month, to which the air-conditioning system contributed the most prominent electricity consumption of the whole facilities in the house. Providentially, the score of IKE is less than 8.5, which means such a residential house is categorized as very efficient energy consumption. Furthermore, the self-evaluating checklist technique has carried out to find the main factor that affects the electricity consumption of the air-conditioning system. Regarding the highest rating score on the self-evaluating checklist of air conditioning systems, the ceiling has a score of 77.5%. This result means that the ceiling needs to be evaluated to reduce the heat load of the house, which in turn reduces the electrical energy consumption of the air conditioning system. Finally, this work can use as an initial audit framework for assessing electrical energy consumption in residential houses in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper p esents the key characteristics and benefits from production and installation of asphalt materials at reduced temperature by using warm mix asphalt (WMA). Two broad approaches to manufacturing WMA, namely foaming processes and additive technologies offer different range of working temperatures but having similar their design requirements. The recent update to the UK Specification for Highway Works is presented, and findings from 6-year performance monitoring confirmed satisfactory performance of WMA, in terms of maintaining good stiffness modulus and good resistance against rutting, moisture and age-hardening. The immediate benefit to producing LTAs is the reduction in energy consumption required by burning fuels to heat conventional asphalt mixture. Other benefits include lower carbon emission, better health and safety for workers, and less odours generated at the plant and the paving site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over time, the use of fossil energy in everyday life is increasing. One effort can be made to replace fossil fuels with other renewable fuels, such as solar energy. The STEAM integrated solar panel fan development aims to analyze the STEAM concept in solar panel fans, analyze solar panel fans to reduce the use of fossil fuels and analyze the fan propeller speed obtained from the solar panels used. The research used the ADDIE Model and literature studies from Google Scholar and other journals. The trial was carried out at the researcher's house by manipulating the weather, time of day, and the magnitude of sunlight. Based on the research, it was found that the STEAM integrated solar panel fan can be used properly. Fans using energy sources from sunlight can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and are environmentally friendly. The speed of the fan blades constantly changes based on weather conditions and time of use. Fans can work optimally in sunny weather and high magnitudes of sunlight, usually during the day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of motorized vehicles in Indonesia has led to increased traffic congestion and parking challenges. This research primarily addresses the role of technology in monitoring parking lot availability. Wireless sensor networking (WSN) emerges as a viable technology for this purpose. Information gathered from sensor nodes within the WSN is aggregated and processed at a central node. WSN data transmission methods are categorized into single-hop, multi-hop, and clustering. Single-hop and multi-hop methods are less efficient due to rapid power depletion in end-point sensor nodes. In the clustering method, a sensor node represents a cluster member and forwards data to a designated destination node, with cluster head nodes alternating among sensor nodes within a particular cluster. The research methodology employed involves modeling and simulation. The implemented model encompasses several clustering protocols, including the Low Energy Adaptive Hierarchical Clustering (LEACH) and Hybrid Energy Efficient Distribution (HEED) protocols. The analysis conducted for both protocols centers on energy consumption and network lifespan, utilizing consistent parameters, namely Zigbee Xbee Pro, and simulation performed in Matlab R2013a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refrigeration is an important part of the food supply chain because low temperature environment helps to maintain the quality of perishable products, thus prolonging their shelf life. However, the refrigeration system requires a considerable amount of energy consumption. This fact contributes to an increased cost in electricity bills and a reduction of competitiveness in markets. The current status of the energy consumption performance of cold stores in food companies in Thailand is scarcely available. The company stakeholders usually have no tool to evaluate their cold stores and cannot implement energy-efficiency measures effectively. In this study, a simple model based on thermal loads was developed and used to estimate the energy consumption of seven cold stores. On-site investigations were also conducted to assess their temperature performance. The results showed that the energy consumption of all investigated cold stores appeared to be better than both international and national average practices. Conversely, most cold stores exhibited moderate temperature performance. A case study of one cold store was conducted to improve its energy performance. Energy savings of 20% can be achieved by either precooling product prior to storage or using new curtain strips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6LoWPAN is a method to deploy IPv6 into WSN standard which will add the capability for Internet paradigm communication, control and observation of devices from everywhere. Routing plays an important role in the overall architecture of 6LoWPAN. In 6LoWPAN, Border Router links the 6LoWPAN networks to the exterior net or the Internet. The aim of this proposed system is to implement a RPL and to examine the energy consumption of nodes in the network. Energy consumption in four different states namely Transmission (TX), Reception (RX), ON and Idle is analyzed. The analysis is carried out in linear topologies. The packet analysis is done using wireshark software. The proposed work is simulated using a Cooja Simulator. For this simulation,Tmote sky will be use which has a CC2420 transceiver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass in its original form with low bulk density causes large transport and storage costs, and therefore, it cannot be used as an effective combustion fuel. Densification of biomass using briquetting technology can resolve the aforementioned issues and enhance the effectiveness of biomass as a combustible fuel. The relevance of using this fuel in thermal conversion processes is growing because it is abundant and under-explored. Hence, examining the fuel characteristics of these resource materials is imperative for their effective utilization in energy generation. The aim of the present work is to assess the suitability of various agricultural and aquatic residues as sources of briquette production by determining their fuel properties. Sixteen types of agricultural and aquatic residues which are abundantly available in Kerala (southwestern coastal state of India) were selected for this investigation. The fuel properties of the selected feedstock materials were determined using proximate analysis, elemental analysis, and heating value testing. The density, moisture content, volatile matter content, ash content percentage, and fixed carbon percentage of the feedstock material were carried out according to different ISO standards. Furthermore, the elemental analysis and the heating value of all the feedstock materials have been determined. Finally, the paper concludes by comprehensively listing all the fuel properties of the feedstock materials investigated in this study. The density of the feedstock materials ranged from 105.92 to 700.10 kg/m3. The fuel properties showed that Water hyacinth leaves, oil palm fruit bunch, saw dust; grass waste, dry leaves, vegetable market waste, and spent tea waste have significant potential for bio-briquette production. Also, from the characterization of the feedstock material, it is evident that rice husk and banana peel have higher ash content (above 20 %). Therefore, they are not appropriate for the production of biomass briquettes. The fuel properties of various agro aquatic residues for briquette production obtained from this study are expected to be of great use to the manufacturers in the briquetting of these feedstock materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on thermal comfort are currently being conducted on Chhattisgarh's rural residential buildings, which are renowned for their utilization of natural resources. In rural development, most houses are converted from traditional to modern houses. In this transition, thermal comfort level and energy consumption also rapidly changes. A questionnaire survey was done across entire seasons to compare the results of the scientific investigation with user responses from occupants of Kutcha house (traditional) and Pucca house (modern). The result shows that, in the summer and monsoon, those living in pucca houses report feeling warmer than those in Kutcha. Wintertime temperatures in Kutcha homes are colder than those in Pucca homes. The findings also show that Chhattisgarh residents experience severe discomfort during the summer. According to the study, semi-detached homes are better and more comfortable in the winter than detached homes. This research adds to the expanding number of studies demonstrating that Chhattisgarh Kutcha homes are excellent at creating a suitable indoor climate and less energy consumption during the summer and monsoon seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an optimization approach is brought forward for optimal energy scheduling in a modern smart home. After the development of smart devices and their integration with smart grid, the end consumers have the chance to schedule their home appliances in order to decrease the overall electricity price and allaying the power Peak to Average ratio (PAR). The application pattern of home devices is observed at first for optimal energy scheduling. The home gateway (HG) obtains the demand response (DR) showing the real-time electricity price (RTEP) and later sent to energy management controller (EMC). With the Demand Response, the EMC results in the essential energy scheduling that can be sent to each electric appliance by the Home Gateway. The next feature is integrating RTEP with IBR, because if only RTEP is considered the appliances tend to be scheduled at lowest electricity price slot, this may lead to blackout during that time period. By executing this optimization method, our proposed approach could gradually reduce boththe electricity price and PAR, thereby, strengthening the stability of the entire Grid system. The optimization technique we used to solve this problem was Genetic Algorithm (GA) as the optimization problem was nonlinear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With greenhouse gas emissions reduction being the target, many countries are increasing the consumption of renewable energy. Majorly in transportation sector, many countries are moving forward with increase in share of biodiesel fuel usage. But some properties of biodiesel are not compatible with fuel supply components majorly fuel filter, which needs more study for biodiesel to replace fossil fuels significantly in the transportation industry. Two such major concerns affecting fuel filters are the poor water separation efficiency with biodiesel and difficulty in filterability. Biodiesel contains significantly higher water content than diesel fuel. This study was made with biodiesel fuel produced from feedstocks Karanja and waste cooking oil (WCO). This study attempted to make comparison of water separation efficiency of an automotive fuel filter with diesel fuel and biodiesel mixture (50% V/V) of both feedstocks as per JIS D1617. Filterability of biodiesel is relatively difficult because of higher viscosity and presence of oxidation substances in biodiesel. Previous study indicated heating the fuel enabling ease of filterability. This study attempted to further quantify this influence by measuring Filter blocking tendency (FBT) of biodiesel fuels as per ASTM D2068 with fuel preheated to 38°C. Results from the study indicated water separation efficiency of 98.1% and 91.7% with diesel and biodiesel correspondingly. FBT of the Karanja and Waste cooking Oil was found to be 2.24 and 2.52 with fuel preheating, whereas for diesel it is 1. This study concludes that filterability issues with conventional automotive fuel filter can be reduced significantly with fuel preheating, whereas water separation efficiency with biodiesel is poor, as conventional fuel filters are not developed considering the higher water content and hydrophilic nature of biodiesel. Fuel filters with advanced water separation techniques need to be used in place of convention fuel filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of the interior and exterior of modern cars is characterized by a variety of chromed parts. Due to the lightweight construction requirements to reduce fuel consumption or to maximize the range of electric vehicles, the use of metallic parts is adversarial. Typically, these parts are injection molded parts made of ABS or PC/ABS and subsequently electroplated. If the requirements on mechanical properties increase, mineral-filled polyamide 6 (PA6) is often used. The particles and their distribution are primarily responsible for the surface quality of the electroplated parts. Unfortunately, the rejection rate of electroplated PA6 is up to 30 %. Therefore, in this paper, the particle distribution in the boundary layer was investigated for different operating points by performing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using ANSYS Fluent. The simulations were executed for a microscopic section in the boundary layer and the boundary conditions were derived from a macroscopic simulation assuming continuous material properties using Sigmasoft. Particle interactions were also set using the DEM-collision-model. Significant process parameters for the particle distribution in the surface layer were determined and correlated with surface parameters from real experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand-side management (DSM) is an effectual approach by coordinating utility management and routinely tracking energy usage, the intelligent grid assists in controlling energy demand and promotes its efficiency. However, the paper aims to utilize Linear programming optimization algorithms as an effective tool for managing energy demand and maximizing the use of renewable energy sources. These algorithms are able to estimate which is the best utilization of what resources are accessible and reduce consumption by describing the energy system as a collection of linear equations. The optimization system makes assumptions about the various energy costs when it will be high or low and modifies energy use accordingly. We applied different scenarios to assess the resiliency of the system. The simulation took into account a number of variables, including the weather, energy usage, and pricing fluctuations. MATLAB R2023a and Simulink provide an integrated platform with data analytics to build the proposed system and optimization model to minimize cost in MATLAB. Compared to other methods using various optimization algorithms as the binary orientation search algorithm (BOSA), cockroach swarm optimization (CSO), and the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) were applied to DSM methodology for a residential community with a primary focus on decreasing peak energy consumption results as in previous study was, BOSA has a lower standard deviation (0.8) compared to the other algorithms (1.7 for SSA and 1.3 for CSOA), making it more robust and superior, in addition to minimizing cost (5438.98 cents of USD (mean value) and 16.3% savings), the suggested approach is used for lowering electrical energy costs in a micro-grid system while maintaining their regular load and operating hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines numerically the effects of using various volumetric blends water ammonia solution (WAS) and gasoline fuel (GF) on the combustion and engine performance of spark ignition (SI) engines. The Russian simulation software Diesel-RK is used for numerical investigation. Four blends are selected for the study starts with pure gasoline for comparison base line case, followed by 5% WAS, 10% WAS, 15% WAS then ends with 20% WAS. The results obtained showed a slight decrease in the combustion pressure and heat release rate for all WAS blends. The burning combustion temperature is reduced by 1.22%, 1.68%, 2.51%, and 3.47% for the operation with 5% WAS, 10% WAS, 15% WAS and 20% WAS respectively. Considerable increase in knock resistance is achieved with the use of WAS blends. Compared to neat gasoline. The minimum octane number (ONmin) required to prevent knock is dropped by 1.5%, 2.33%, 3.28%, 5.18% for 5% WAS, 10% WAS, 15% WAS and 20% WAS respectively. Significant reduction is observed in the exhaust gas temperature is noticed. The operation with 20% WAS reported higher increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) (2.34%) as well as lower decrease in the exhaust gas temperature (5.46%) compared to other blends of WAS. The brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for all blends considered is higher than neat gasoline. The results of other investigations are used to check the ones that were acquired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity demand is a crucial indicator of a country's economic growth, but a change in environmental factors significantly impacts this factor. This, in turn, will cause barriers while integrating renewable energy supplies into the grid and decrease the power system's ability to operate the grid securely and dependably. Hence many research studies have been presented to determine energy consumption efficiency in urban cities, but the construction of a thermal energy map for an urban city based on energy consumption and land surface temperature (LST) has not been considered. Therefore, this research generates a thermal energy map of Vadodara city, Gujarat. The thermal map has been constructed based on energy consumption based on the data collected from the residents of Vadodara. The thermal energy mapping can be replicated in developing countries for any region of similar climatic regions. Hence with this mapping, heat pockets and energy consumption can be studied, and electrical load rescheduling techniques can be decided to minimize the energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a case study enabling the performance evaluation of the Al-khairat power plant in Karbala city based on the application of the Pinch Analysis (PA) method to determine the best possible heat recovery (Qrec.) available in the plant and how can this be used to minimise energy consumption and save energy. PA has been used to study integration in several processes to help develop optimum heat transfer and minimise total cost: such work has also allowed the development of a Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) design to support this process. Al-khairat power plant consists of 10 units, each of which generates 125 MW; thus, the overall production of the plant is 1,250 MW. Unit 3 was selected as a representative unit for this study, based on its performance stability throughout the year. The data from control room facilities was then used to theoretically calculate the relevant heat loads (ΔH), which were applied in a Composite Curve (CC) to evaluate the Qrec. However, the results suggested that PA may not be effectively applied in this power plant, with similar conclusions being obtained from the application of simulation software (Aspen Energy Analyzer, AEA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In any manufacturing process, lots of challenges are faced by the manufacturer, and how these challenges are considered and resolved in a profitable way is also a challenge for researchers. This study investigates a cleaner production inventory model, considering the warm-up period and maintenance of machines. Imperfect production is considered in the warm-up period and normal period. In order to reduce the waste in society, after screening, reworking of faulty goods is performed. Environmental concerns are also considered in the form of associated costs due to energy consumption and carbon emissions in this model. The proposed production model is fuzzified considering triangular fuzzy numbers, and later on, learning in fuzziness is also considered. The impact of promotional efforts is also incorporated into the model to take competitive advantage in the market. Numerical examples are presented for different cases, and managerial insights are provided to illustrate the model. Results indicate that fuzzy models give optimal results in terms of finance, while fuzzy learning models give a real picture of the financial status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study outlines the principles behind constructing a mathematical and computer model for understanding the formation of sludge during the processing of phosphorus-containing ore raw materials. These models play a crucial role in identifying operationally efficient and environmentally friendly modes for process equipment intended for the thermal processing of phosphate raw materials in electrothermal furnaces. The developed model considers the essential qualitative and quantitative parameters of chemical-technological processes, providing an enhanced solution to the multifaceted problem of processes involving multiple stages. This is achieved by applying the criterion of energy efficiency and fuel resource conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a daily study of the Nissan Leaf electric car operated in a sharply continental climate. Daily monitoring was carried out according to three criteria: electric vehicle storage, battery charging and daily operation of the electric vehicle. As a result, we found that the power reserve of an electric car depends on the conditions of the trip (urban /suburban environment) and the manner of driving an electric car. Daily monitoring of the operation of the Nissan Leaf made it possible to monitor various aspects of the operation of the electric vehicle. With the help of monitoring, the mileage was monitored and the remaining battery charge readings were regularly analyzed. The studies were conducted in a temperature range from +30 to-25 °C. By collecting data on speed, driving mode and other factors, we determined the conditions of energy use and that in the future will allow us to choose ways to optimize the efficiency of using an electric car in the regions of the Far North and the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the European Union's energy policy has seen a trend towards a systematic increase in decarbonization, the main directions of which are reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the EU's energy mix, and increasing energy efficiency. Following the adoption of the first EU climate and energy legislation in 2009, which set out a number of targets and the necessary binding mechanisms to achieve these targets. The EU has come a long way in developing this area of energy policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of health monitoring systems has generated considerable interest among researchers in WBAN. The WBAN require a MAC protocol that aligns with BAN principles and fulfills specific requirements. However, designing an efficient MAC protocol for WBAN is challenging due to the distinctive attributes of the wireless channel and the need to minimize energy consumption. This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the performance of MAC protocols specifically designed for WBAN. To achieve this, under different scenarios, we evaluate the performance of two widely used MAC protocols, namely IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee MAC) and IEEE 802.15.6 (Baseline MAC). We utilize the Castalia-3.2 framework and the OMNet++ simulator to conduct our evaluations. We assess the performance of these MAC protocols in two configurations: GTS ON, which combines CSMA/CA and TDMA, meanwhile GTS OFF, which employs only the CSMA/CA access mechanism. The simulation results demonstrate that the MAC protocol incorporating CSMA/CA and TDMA outperforms the MAC protocol based solely on CSMA/CA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a crucial technique for photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize their energy conversion efficiency. This paper briefly reviews various MPPT techniques and algorithms utilized in solar-powered systems. The benefits and drawbacks of each strategy are explored, and a brief comparison table is offered to make it easier to choose the best MPPT approach for a given application. The paper also discusses the importance of MPPT research in harvesting pure energy from renewable energy sources. The paper also highlights the power output issues faced by solar-powered systems, especially in partial shading conditions, which reduce the power output of the systems. Nonetheless, the maximum power point (MPP) is the only power point needed to obtain maximum PV power. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into MPPT techniques and algorithms, their strengths, and limitations, and their suitability for different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor network (WSN), is a technology that can collect data over a large area using a set of sensor nodes. There are several research in the field of wireless sensor networks. One of the popular areas is optimizing the routing protocol strategy with respect to energy utilization of sensor nodes. Clustering mechanism is one of the popular WSN routing mechanism. In this paper, network performance analysis was performed using the LEACH modification algorithm. The results show that throughput, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay have increased. The measurement process in this research using Network Simulation 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the desired characteristics of adsorbent and adsorbate in adsorption cooling system. The development of competitive market ready adsorption chiller is hindered by the physics of the adsorbent-adsorbate pairs, the main component of this cooling system. A breakthrough is required to produce adsorbent-adsorbate pairs with superior characteristics. The adsorbent-adsorbate pair must have low heat of adsorption compared to the latent heat of vaporization of refrigerant. The adsorbent uptake must be sensitive to its temperature, to reduce energy usage for sensible heating during transition from adsorption to desorption phase. An increase on the rate of adsorption and desorption must be accompanied by increase in rate of heat transfer to make sure optimum performance can be achieved. For a quick assessment on performance of adsorbent, refrigerant and heat exchange surface, adsorption calorimeter could be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive control is used when the automatic control system has to modify its own characteristics depending on the operating conditions. Such control is embedded in many contemporary systems in industry. It is based on the integration of knowledge about the process, presented as a database, with real-time monitoring depending on the incoming information. This paper proposes a method for implementation of adaptive control on asynchronous drive of electric vehicles. The necessary components are specified – the proposed method uses PLC, sensors providing the required information and a database with pre-recorded characteristics. The requirements to the database are determined – it must include the calibration characteristics of the electrical drive. Verification of the method was carried out by a laboratory simulator. Calibration of the electrical drive is performed and the required characteristics are obtained. Power losses and some important factors (coefficients) are calculated, many graphs are plotted. Implementation of this method will lead to increased energy efficiency and comfort of passengers in vehicles and allows quick and accurate fault detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outlier detection based on density and clustering was used to overcome the limitations of statistical outlier detection. Prediction accuracy may be improved by reducing outliers in energy consumption. The 2004–2018 data set was obtained from PJM Interconnection LLC. The global outlier in hourly energy use was addressed using the paradigm for outlier detection. The Connectivity-Based Outlier Factor (COF), Memory Efficient Connectivity-Based Outlier Factor (MCOF), and Clustering-Based Local Outlier Factor (CBLOF) were the three types of outliers used in this method. The three techniques can handle the four different kinds of outliers. In terms of accuracy, precision, and specificity for detecting outliers, the CBLOF exceeds the COF and MCOF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high demand for diesel engines accelerates the increase in diesel fossil fuels and air pollution. This phenomenon can be reduced by utilizing jatropha. The cetane number and high oxygen content are the main considerations. However, increasing soot emissions and decreasing thermal efficiency are problems that urgently need to be solved. Diethyl ether has an oxygen content, and a high cetane number, and low viscosity. The properties of diethyl ether are predicted to reduce the problem of jatropha. This study aims to observe the power, fuel consumption of a 4JB1 diesel engine with an EGR system with a mixture of jatropha-diethyl ether fuel. Jatropha used is 10% and 20%. Meanwhile, the diethyl ether used was 5%, 10%, and 15%. All fuels are tested at 2500 Rpm engine operation. The test results explain that the hot DJ20DEE15 EGR produces the lowest decrease of 0.116% with 100% loading compared to using pure diesel. In testing the fuel consumption of DJ20 without EGR, the highest decrease is 27.183% at 25% loading compared to using pure Diesel (D100). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fossil fuel crisis is a problem that must be solved. One solution is the use of alternative fuels that are renewable and environmentally friendly, such as butanol. Butanol has a high octane rating so that the fuel can receive high pressure during the compression stroke. This increases the torque and power of the gasoline engine. In addition, the use of the EGR system reduces Nox and also increases engine power because the unburned fuel from the combustion is recirculated back into the combustion chamber so that it helps the combustion process in the next cycle. This study observes the addition of butanol 5%, 10%, and 15% in gasoline on torque, power, thermal efficiency, and fuel consumption of gasoline engines with and without the EGR system. The results showed that the addition of 15% butanol to gasoline using Cold EGR increased Brake Torque and Brake Power the highest by 13.42% respectively compared to without EGR. The use of Hot EGR in the engine reduces BSFC by 18.01% compared to no EGR. Meanwhile, Brake Thermal Efficiency increased by 21.96% by using Hot EGR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motorcycle population continues to increase along with population and economic growth. High flexibility is a strong reason for motorcycle enthusiasts. Phenomenon due to adverse effects on environmental health caused by exhaust emissions. Alcohol has properties similar to gasoline. The high octane number is believed to encourage low fuel consumption and environmentally friendly exhaust emissions. This study observes fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide and the purpose of the 110cc DOHC gasoline engine fueled by gasoline and alcohol-ethanol mixture. Alcohol ethanol used is 5 to 30% at intervals of 5% on a volume basis. Experimental results decrease fuel consumption, CO and HC emissions. This tendency occurs at the addition of 30% ethanol. The highest reduction in fuel consumption is 28.13%, the highest reduction in CO emissions is 83.36% by composition, and the highest reduction in HC emissions is 75.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the village level, there is still a lot of organic waste, namely in the form of cow dung, food waste and garden waste, as well as land for managing waste is also still wide. Morover, kitchen waste and organic waste can be changed into biogas which can be converted into electricity or for kitchen needs. Regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 27 in 2014 supports biogas development and will purchase electricity from biogas conversion. The potential of biogas from organic waste per 1000 people is 7619.8 litres of biogas, meaning that the energy contained is very abundant and its production can still be increased if it is processed with a modern digester system. Currently, there are many types of buried biogas design in the community, namely biogas that is buried in the ground. This design makes it difficult to maintain and check for leaks in the digester system. This research produces a tool in the form of a portable digester or another name is GenBIoT 2.0 (IoT-based Biogas Generator) which can be used by the public to produce biogas that can be used by home industries or factories in general. By using a research method that is almost similar to the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), this tool is built with several stages starting from planning analysis, design, testing and implementation. This tool can be used as an alternative as a cheap and easy source of energy. The use of a water ratio of only 10% makes the fermentation time too long. Although the biogas content is high in this ratio, it is not effective in terms of energy utilization time. Organic waste will pile up later if you keep using such a comparison. This year we will use the ratio 3:2:5 and 4:1:5. By mixing organic waste, cow dung and water, GenBIoT can produce VGM (Methane Gas Volume up to 120 Biogas (L) with a composition of 16 Kg Cow dung, 4 Kg Organic Waste and 20 litres of water means that 120 L is enough to meet the needs community by utilizing existing waste in addition to waste pollution will decreasen [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to renewable energy resources is a challenge for Romania, as well as for the whole world. The goal of the European Commission is to accelerate the use of renewable resources to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030. Romania had in 2022, 40,171 prosumers with the forecast that they will reach 100,000 in 2023. The previous research carried out showed a positive attitude of the household population in Romania towards these energy resources, but also important barriers that considerably slow down the process, Romania being behind the target set by the European Commission. Through this research, we seek to identify how gender differences are reflected in the approach to renewable energy resources to facilitate this transition. The present research covers a gap in the specialized literature by investigating, differentiated by gender, the perception of Romanian residents regarding renewable energy resources. The case study was carried out in 2023 on residents of two cities out of the 266 in Romania, Oradea and Timișoara. The reasons for choosing the two cities are related to their similar economic development, positioning in the same part of the country, and, in particular, their performance in increasing the number of green energy prosumers. A questionnaire survey was carried out with a result of 1098 valid questionnaires with a gender structure that allows a differentiated analysis (42.53 men, 53.18 women, 4.28 unspecified). The internal consistency of the answers was carried out with aCronbach. The data processing methods used are Importance-Performance Analysis, RStudio202207.1+554, and qualitative processing with Atlas.ti22. A hypothesis we tested is whether women are more sensitive to environmental issues and the type of energy produced and consumed or the cost factor is the one that dictates. The results suggest gender-differentiated solutions for raising public awareness and encouraging action. Limits of the paper are found only in the two Romanian cities, the geographical extension of the sample being a possible future research direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the performance of a water cooled chiller at various number of fan cooling tower under the constant cooling capacity. The nominal capacity of the water cooled chiller unit is 800.0 ton and the refrigerant is R-514A. The performance of the water cooled chiller system when using 6 fans with a COP of8.29 and a kW/TR value not exceeding the minimum value set under the ASHRAE standard of0.42. The largest energy consumption is generated when the system uses 3 fans which is 2513.58 kWh during the period of time the system is turned on (7 hours). While the lowest energy consumption is generated when the system uses 6 fans which is 2036.78 kWh during the period of time the system is turned on (7 hours). The percentage of energy consumption increase when using 6 fans to 5 fans by 12,78%, from 5 fans to 4 fans by 7.48 % and from 4 fans to 3 fans by I,79%. Based on the results of analysis of the use of fan cooling tower variations on the performance and energy consumption of water cooled chiller is best when using 6 fans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of airborne transmission of COVID-19 in an indoor environment is now widely recognized, and it has drawn worldwide attention from both government organizations and researchers. Also, highly occupied indoor spaces such as restaurants, bars, and pubs have been the primarily affected service sectors due to the enforced lockdown measures. In this paper, the relative reduction in virus-laden aerosol exposure in a single-zone highly occupied space due to (i) the operation of HVAC systems and (ii) usage of non-HVAC control measures are investigated by using a recently developed web-based simulation tool. This tool was used to model the release of bio-aerosols in a highly occupied indoor space (i.e., bar or pub) with three different types of HVAC systems (central air handling system, dedicated outdoor air system, and wall unit system). Besides, the non-HVAC control measures were considered, including wearing face masks and use of room air cleaners. The occupant exposure was evaluated for 1 μm aerosols by which SARS-CoV-2 are transported within the indoor space. The exposure was estimated for 3 hrs./day of continuous exposure to a continuous source. The mitigation effects of different types of air filters in the recirculation line of the HVAC systems, ventilation using outdoor air based on the Spanish Thermal Building Regulations (RITE) and use of portable air cleaners (PACs) were investigated. The combined effect of ventilation, recirculated air filtration, and use of the PAC was evaluated in the reduction of aerosol exposure to uninfected occupants with and without wearing face masks. The energy consumption related to the applied control measures was also estimated for each type of HVAC system. In summary, the results of this study contribute to the selection of control options depending on the type of existing HVAC systems and reduced energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the world is largely dependent on conventional energy sources which are non-renewable and its demand is increasing day by day. The emission due to utilization of these energy resources causes air pollution and human disease. So researchers are focusing their attention on biodiesel as an alternative to diesel. Biodiesel while being renewable, environment friendly, has poor performance and higher NOx emission. To eliminate these problems up to some extent, blending with diesel can be done but increasing blending percentage again causes the same problem. To eliminate these demerits of biodiesel researchers are using nano sized particles as additives to biodiesel. A large number of nanoparticles are used as additives and resulted in improved performance and emissions, viz. increased "brake thermal efficiency", reduced "brake specific fuel consumption" (bsfc), lower release of Hydrocarbon (HC) and Carbon monoxide (CO) etc. Apart from poor performance, higher NOx release is the main concern with the use of biodiesel. Some nanoparticles reduce NOx emission while use of some other nanoparticles result in increased NOx emission. NOx emission varies with the concentration of nano particle as well. This paper reviews the research work in which nanoparticles such as CeO2, TiO2, GO, CaO, Al2O3, Bi2O3, SiO2, ZnO, NiO, Ag-O, CNT, MWCNT, nano water emulsion as well as combination of these nano sized particles have been used as additives to biodiesel or biodiesel blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]