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RELEVANCE of the study lies in the assessment of the impact that various carbon regulation instruments stimulating the achievement of national climate goals have on the development scale of different electricity and heat production technologies in Russia.THE PURPOSE. To consider the change in the optimal technological structure of the electric power industry and district heating in Russia by 2050 assuming the introduction of various carbon regulation instruments in 2030.METHODS. We used the developed at ERI RAS system technological model EPOS for the optimization of the energy technology structure in the Russian energy sector according to the criterion of the minimum total discounted costs for energy supply to the economy until 2050.RESULTS. The article provides an analysis of the scale of changes in installed capacity and electricity production of various types of power plants in the UES of Russia, as well as changes in heat production of different heat supply sources by 2050 for 16 carbon regulation options and business-as-usual scenario. Also it describes the optimal technological structure in the electric power industry and district heating under the conditions of certain administrative, fiscal and economic instruments of climate policy. Carbon regulation options based on the corresponding increases in the installed capacity of power plants in the UES of Russia by 2050 are compared.CONCLUSION. Decarbonization of the electric power industry in Russia will mainly occur by expansion of nuclear energy, heat production – by deployment of electric boilers, taking into account current forecasts of scientific and technological progress. At the same time, for carbon regulation options leading to a greenhouse gas emissions reduction by 30% relative to 2019 level, nuclear power plants could become the new dominant technology in the structure of electricity production instead of gas thermal power plants. The total increase in installed capacity of power plants in the UES of Russia by 2050 may differ by almost seven times for various carbon regulation options. Among the climate policy options considered, emission quotation and carbon taxes have the strongest impact on the technological structure of the electric power industry and district heating in Russia.

People aim for thermal comfort inside their homes. However, this is not achievable for everyone due to several factors, such as low income, poor building envelope, expensive technology, and increased energy costs, thus leading to energy poverty. This work gathers studies regarding energy poverty and its indicators, identified by different authors and considering different regions, techno-economic, governmental, and political considerations. It was observed that renewable energy sources are a good investment in the long term but require a high initial investment. Government policy measures should be applied to mitigate the costs, especially given the increasing requirement for clean energy use in new buildings. There are still many barriers to overcoming energy poverty, and the variables for action are numerous. The best solution passes through the assessment of adequate technological solutions with economic incentives from the government for the most vulnerable individuals that should be identified by region and economic power. Energy poverty is a multidimensional problem that depends on individual characteristics such as households' income, specific energy needs, and available technologies, as well as external factors such as energy prices, climatic conditions, and energy access. The majority of energy indicators are directly related to economic aspects, whereas social or environmental considerations are only indirectly accounted for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyze the economical suitability of numerous on-site renewable electricity generation technologies which were intended to be used in a recently built industrial facility designed and utilized as a warehouse. The facility was located in the vicinity of Riga, Latvia. Data were collected and calculations were performed within the scope of the project "Mitigating Energy Poverty through Innovative Solutions" as part of several planned activities to address the broad spectrum of energy poverty and self-reliance issues in both the residential sector and small-scale industrial facilities. During the project, evaluations of various renewable energy technologies, including PV installations, wind energy installations, battery storage solutions, and hybrid technologies, were carried out. The aim of these evaluations was to develop an electricity production–consumption model for efficient and cost-effective energy use and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the test facility. A model was created and subsequent research scenarios were developed based on a payback period instead of the net present value criterion. The project was carried out over several steps to develop a calculation methodology. The open access databases of energy resource providers were used to evaluate statistical data and make forecasts for the analysis of the electricity consumption of companies. MATLAB/Simulink 23/2 was used for the data analysis, and the H-TEC method was employed. This made it possible to modulate the required production capacity as the model allowed for the addition of new modules to modules already installed. The project results proved that despite high initial investment costs, renewable energy sources and efficient storage systems can provide cost-effective solutions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global radiation is a significant input in the design and simulation of solar PV as well as low temperature solar thermal systems. Moreover, meteorological conditions of any location also greatly influence the design, simulation, and output of the solar energy system. The considerable importance of global radiation leads to a dire need for global radiation models in the lack of measurement. Consequently, to enhance the predictability of solar resources over India, models for global radiation simulation through meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) are proposed. Data of nine stations from NASA for 10 years (2008–2017) are used in the study to calibrate the models and performance of developed models is assessed through different statistical indicators (MPE, MBE, RMSE, R2, RMSD, NSE, and TS). The investigation reveals that out of the three proposed models, the model correlating total solar radiation with relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed is found to provide the highest accuracy in global radiation simulation with least statistical errors and is selected as best fit model. Moreover, validation of the proposed models is approved through monthly average daily total solar radiation predication for the remaining four testing cities of India and also through comparison with previously available models in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid growth in the global population and associated elevated reliance on modern technology has resulted in increased demand for energy consumption. This has resulted in an increased focus on the development and generation of advanced sustainable energy systems. The swift implementation of sustainable renewable energy resource utilization and improvement in their efficiency by the modification of current technologies are the possible solutions that gave rise to the emergence of geothermal technology as a potential alternative. Geothermal technology is a non-carbon renewable energy resource that could be utilized efficiently to fulfil the energy demands while mitigating the climate change threat. According to the surveyed literature, the global geothermal energy power plant installation capacity has reached 14.3 GWe to successfully implement this sustainable alternative. In order to have a successful and uninterrupted way forward, it is essential to evaluate the constraints both in terms of technicality and economic feasibility to establish an approved framework. Moreover, the governance and monitoring regarding the social and environmental impact alongside the legal challenges should also be addressed. The significant barriers include increased capital cost, site selection, superiority of resources at diverse levels of rock bottoms, and obstruction from nearby residents that need to be addressed appropriately. As a result, policymakers will continue to seek measure that have least negative impact on environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, energy systems are continuously impacted by external and internal conditions. The worldwide events of recent years have led to the need to consider not only the requirements for moving towards climate neutrality but also the security and independence of energy supply when creating new or transforming existing energy systems. The aim of this study was to answer the question of whether there is a possibility of transforming the energy supply process by promoting increased energy security and independence while not reducing energy demand, as well as creating high economic and environmental indicators. The research focuses on developing alternative scenarios for further decision-making studies by introducing modern energy technologies. Scenarios are analysed using the complex method developed, which includes three main steps: assessing the current situation, identifying available technologies, and assessing alternatives. The results suggest that Stirling's technology can provide 100% energy independence for individual energy consumers. At the same time, thanks to the combination of Stirling technology and solar technologies, there is an opportunity to reduce emissions and energy production costs, but capital investment is increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to provide an efficient and cost-effective renewable energy supply. It assesses the potential for photovoltaic (PV) and hydro energy in Pirthala, Haryana, India, using HOMER Pro® v3.14.2. A Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) can continuously power 855 homes. The optimal HRES configuration comprises well-optimized PV modules, hydro turbines, converters, and batteries. The top four configurations were selected based on criteria such as net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy production (COE). The most effective HRES configuration involves a 3461-kW solar array, a 98.1 kW hydro turbine, 304 lithium-ion batteries of 100 kWh, and a 2785-kW converter, achieving a 100 % integration of renewable energy. This ideal HRES was thoroughly assessed regarding economic, technical, and renewable energy considerations. The results and the optimized HRES configuration can serve as a valuable reference for similar initiatives in rural areas, contributing to adopting renewable energy sources and enhancing energy access and reliability.

In biological metabolism, the conversion of materials and energy involving hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen occurs efficiently under ambient temperature and pressure conditions. For instance, in photosynthesis, the H2O oxidation and the NADP+ reduction make a pair, ultimately transforming CO2 into organic substances. In oxygenic respiration, the oxidation of organic substances is coupled with the O2 reduction, providing the energy necessary to sustain life processes. Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria synthesize organic substances from CO2, utilizing H2 as the reducing agent. Understanding the nature of these material transformations in biological processes, which are based on redox reactions, is valuable for advancing electrochemical technologies, including fuel cells, H2O electrolysis, CO2 electrolysis, air batteries, and artificial photosynthesis. The author has extensively conducted fundamental researches on electrode reactions, including H2 evolution, H2 oxidation, O2 reduction, H2O oxidation, CO2 reduction, and oxidation of organic substances, based on these basic concepts. The individual studies cover a broad spectrum of fields. While these studies are interdependent for the author, it is difficult to systematically compile these interdisciplinary research results into a single article. Therefore, the focus of this article is put on presenting the results of fundamental researches on lithium-air batteries, which is a part of the electrode reaction research that the author has been conducting.

The growing interest in the world for research on microwave processing technologies of raw materials is shown. It has been established that information in available sources is only about laboratory-scale equipment, and theoretical information (models, mechanisms, calculation methods) is practically absent. The aim of the work is to conduct systematic studies in the “extractor — dehydrator — plant material” scheme. To achieve the goal, these electrodynamical systems are presented with parametric, mathematical, and experimental models. The most significant result of the work is that the concept of a “hybrid” process is introduced to explain the mechanism of interaction between the electromagnetic field and the raw material. Using the first law of thermodynamics, it is shown that the “hybrid” process performs work to move the solution from the volume of the material to its surface. As a result, sluggish diffusion processes are accompanied by powerful flows, the driving force of which is the pressure difference in the capillary of the material and the environment. The importance of the work is that new effects are established: mechanodiffusional and vapordynamical. Mechanodiffusional allows obtaining polyextracts in one extractor, and vapordynamical allows the dehydration of the solid phase in the form of two parallel streams — vapor and juice. Experiments were conducted with rosehip fruits, soybeans, tomato squeezes, and sunflower meal. It is shown that electrodynamical dehydrators are characterized by stable performance indicators of vapor generation up to concentrations of 85°brix, at low levels of energy consumption. The results of chemical studies of the obtained samples in electrodynamical devices are presented.

People aim for thermal comfort inside their homes. However, this is not achievable for everyone due to several factors, such as low income, poor building envelope, expensive technology, and increased energy costs, thus leading to energy poverty. This work gathers studies regarding energy poverty and its indicators, identified by different authors and considering different regions, techno-economic, governmental, and political considerations. It was observed that renewable energy sources are a good investment in the long term but require a high initial investment. Government policy measures should be applied to mitigate the costs, especially given the increasing requirement for clean energy use in new buildings. There are still many barriers to overcoming energy poverty, and the variables for action are numerous. The best solution passes through the assessment of adequate technological solutions with economic incentives from the government for the most vulnerable individuals that should be identified by region and economic power. Energy poverty is a multidimensional problem that depends on individual characteristics such as households’ income, specific energy needs, and available technologies, as well as external factors such as energy prices, climatic conditions, and energy access. The majority of energy indicators are directly related to economic aspects, whereas social or environmental considerations are only indirectly accounted for.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the economical suitability of numerous on-site renewable electricity generation technologies which were intended to be used in a recently built industrial facility designed and utilized as a warehouse. The facility was located in the vicinity of Riga, Latvia. Data were collected and calculations were performed within the scope of the project “Mitigating Energy Poverty through Innovative Solutions” as part of several planned activities to address the broad spectrum of energy poverty and self-reliance issues in both the residential sector and small-scale industrial facilities. During the project, evaluations of various renewable energy technologies, including PV installations, wind energy installations, battery storage solutions, and hybrid technologies, were carried out. The aim of these evaluations was to develop an electricity production–consumption model for efficient and cost-effective energy use and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the test facility. A model was created and subsequent research scenarios were developed based on a payback period instead of the net present value criterion. The project was carried out over several steps to develop a calculation methodology. The open access databases of energy resource providers were used to evaluate statistical data and make forecasts for the analysis of the electricity consumption of companies. MATLAB/Simulink 23/2 was used for the data analysis, and the H-TEC method was employed. This made it possible to modulate the required production capacity as the model allowed for the addition of new modules to modules already installed. The project results proved that despite high initial investment costs, renewable energy sources and efficient storage systems can provide cost-effective solutions and reduce dependence on fossil fuels in the long term.

India's commitment to renewable energy has been reinforced through its ranking as the fourth-largest global solar power capacity holder, as reported in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy's 2022 year-end review. Non-fossil fuel-based power generation has reached 42.26% of India's total installed capacity. In this context, solar pump installations for agricultural use, under the component – A, B, C, are in progress. This study proposes the deployment of stand-alone solar power plants using the System Advisor Model (SAM) in three distinct regions of Andhra Pradesh, India. Aimed at facilitating the adoption of green energy and income generation through surplus power sales in rural communities, this work is grounded in a comprehensive survey conducted across eight diverse locations: Ganayigudem, Manduru, Jogannapalem, Vegavaram, Veeravallipalem, Ainavillilanka, Seetharampuram, and Naguladevupadu. Real-time power requirement data was collected from 112 farmers across approximately 882 acres of land. These locations were divided into three sets, designated as set-A, set-B, and set-C, using a clustering approach. The energy requirements for agricultural purposes were derived from the survey data, enabling the near-practical construction of a solar plant via the SAM software, using actual weather data and load requirements. The Levelized cost of energy nominal (LOCE) was calculated to be 3.38 $/kWh and 2.7 $/kWh per cent of land area for set-A, 3.18 $/kWh and 2.54 $/kWh for set-B, and 3.33 $/kWh and 2.66 $/kWh for set-C. These figures encapsulate the cost of constructing and maintaining the solar plant over its lifespan. The lower LOCE for set-B compared to set-A is attributed to the larger plant size in set-A. The feasibility of solar plant construction is enhanced by government-provided tax benefits. However, it is noteworthy that changes in weather patterns may introduce slight discrepancies in practical implementation, as the current results are based on past weather data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of the low-emission energy technologies including renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, and energy storage facilities make up the core of global carbon neutrality scenarios. These technologies stand out by their increased materials intensity, in particular that of energy-intensive materials: steel, aluminum, polymers, silicon, copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt. The article introduces a method for calculating and assessment of the global energy consumption to sustain carbon neutrality scenarios. Currently, the infrastructure of the low-emission economy consumes 0.4% of the world's energy. By 2050, this should increase by almost 20 times and exceed the current energy consumption of metallurgy and the construction materials industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is the energy-efficient equipment creation for production of a high-quality dry product from a plant raw material and development of scientific and engineering foundation for the design of such an equipment. The achievement of this aim lies in a deep analysis of ten-dency in the development of a drying theory and technique. The graph is presented, on the basis of which the development of heat and moisture transfer model of A.V. Lykov is given, taking into account the P. A. Rebinder moisture bond forms specificity. The problems of convective drying modern technologies are determined; the reasons of high-energy consumption during their work are substantiated. The electrodynamic dehydrators classification is given, which con-sideres the combined simple modes (drying) and hybrid dehydration modes. On the basis of the first law of thermodynamics, the possibility of a significant decrease in energy consumption is shown by the organization of a “vapordynamic” effect. The most significant result of the work is the construction of the electrodynamic apparatus module for dehydration of food and medici-nal plant raw material. By the combination of electromagnetic field with the filtration process the specific energy consumptions were 1.9 MJ per 1 kg of the removed moisture, at the hybrid pro-cesses — juice yield exceeded vapor yield by 3.5 times. The significance of the work consists in the fact that the scientific conception of the authors on the possibilities of the significant de-crease in energy consumption during the raw material dehydration at the innovative electrody-namic type apparatuses was practically proven.

The concept of technological learning is a method to anticipate the future development of the costs of technologies. It has been discussed since the 1930s as a tool for determining manufacturing cost reductions, starting in an airplane manufacturing plant, by means of learning curves and has been widely used since the 2000s in energy models to endogenize technological change. In this paper, the theoretical concept of technological learning based on energy technologies is analyzed based on examples from the literature. The main low‐carbon power generation technologies, photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, wind and nuclear energy were analyzed, showing different cost trends. Additionally, the impact of policy support on technological learning was discussed in concrete examples of bioethanol and heat pumps. We find that the homogeneity and the modularity of a technology are essential for high learning rates. A good proof is the manufacturing cost development of photovoltaics in recent decades, where a rather stable learning rate of 20% has been identified. On the contrary, nuclear power did not evolve into a homogeneous technology due to required environmental adaptations caused by accidents and the lack of standardization and application of new engineering approaches. In that case, the overall price further increased. Finally, another important condition is stable legal and regulatory conditions regarding the implementation. This article is categorized under:Policy and Economics > Green Economics and Financing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the editorial of the VSI (virtual special issue) of Applied Energy (APEN) dedicated to the 18th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) held in 2023, from September 24th to 29th in Dubrovnik, Croatia. The VSI, after a rigorous pre-screening among the more than 600 submissions, around 40 authors were invited to submit the extended version of their work to Applied Energy with a final number of 14 published articles. Sustainable Energy Systems are explored by the authors of those papers from different perspectives by presenting innovative and cutting-edge solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extensive research on the impact of policy on objective outcomes of performance, the effects on subjective perceptions remain relatively unexplored, yet these are critical in shaping public behaviors and influencing policy makings. To address this gap, we investigate the impact of China's smart city pilots on both objective and subjective environmental performance, examining the underlying mechanisms involved. The empirical illustration is based on rich micro-level data and a difference-in-differences approach. Our results suggest that smart city initiatives have a negative and statistically significant impact on pollution. This reduction is facilitated through the spread of digital technologies and the increased adoption of energy technologies. However, smart city initiatives also reinforce subjective perceptions of environmental degradation. We find that information transmission, measured using the level of educational attainment, internet use and migration, plays an important role in shaping these subjective perceptions. Our study contributes to the literature on smart cities and research on gaps between objective outcomes and subjective perceptions, as well as information transmission theories, while our results offer multiple policy implications. • Smart cities have opposite effects on objective and subjective environmental performance. • Digital and energy technologies moderate the objectively measured positive effect. • Smart city initiatives reinforce subjective perceptions of environmental degradation. • Information transmission serves as a mechanism of the negative subjective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Investigates the role of energy policy uncertainty (ENERPU) on energy technologies. • ENERPU reduces renewable energy consumption and RR&D expenditures. • ENERPU stimulates energy efficiency technologies. • The governments should minimize ENERPU for renewable energy development. Uncertainty can affect both macroeconomic indicators and the environment. Countries are implementing various energy policies to combat global warming, but these policies contain some uncertainties and contradictions. The environmental impact of uncertainties in energy policies is a research topic that has just begun to be investigated by researchers. This study examines the effects of energy policy uncertainty (ENERPU) on renewable energy R&D (RR&D), energy efficiency R&D (EER&D) and renewable energy consumption in the four countries with the highest RR&D expenditures (USA, Germany, Japan, and Spain). The study uses the novel multivariate quantile-on-quantile (M-QQR) approach from 2003m1 to 2022m9. The results of the study show: (i) The impact of ENERPU varies by quantile and country. (ii) ENERPU causes a decrease in renewable energy consumption and hinders RR&D expenditures. (iii) ENERPU increases EER&D. The Fourier quantile causality test confirms the robustness of the empirical results. Based on these findings, policymakers are recommended to minimize ENERPU and implement stable energy policies to develop the renewable energy sector and technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa has limited capacity to develop its own energy technologies and has been largely dependent on importation for its economic development. It is anticipated that there will be huge challenge for the very limited manufacturing industries in the continent to respond to the increasing energy demand. This will largely require the up scaling of the local manufacturing industries in-terms of skills, design capability, engineering management, manufacturing process and other related issues. Experiences from the developed world showed that academics and industries play critical role in innovation and technology development with proper policy and focus from the policymakers. African academics and industries could play similar role but requires revitalizing with enabling policies and sufficient funding. For this reason, African governments should prioritize their policies and investments towards achieving local energy technology development and innovation in order to build resilient economy. In light of this, we provided necessary recommendations for African led development pathways and policies to promote local manufacturing of energy technologies. This will have huge implications in supporting post COVID recovery and sustainable growth of the African countries.

Renewable energy (RE) is the key element of sustainable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective electricity generation. An official report by International Energy Agency (IEA) states that the demand on fossil fuel usage to generate electricity has started to decrease since year 2019, along with the rise of RE usage to supply global energy demands. Researches on RE technologies are continuously growing in order to enhance the performance of RE generation, especially in term of energy conversion efficiency. The aim of this review paper is to understand and study further the current RE technologies such as solar energy, hydro energy, wind energy, bioenergy, geothermal energy, and hydrogen energy. Several hybrid RE technologies have been also studied and compared, to improve the overall performance of RE in generating electricity. Lastly, suggestions are provided for the purpose to solve and overcome the challenges and limitations of RE technologies in terms of economy, technical, and energy conversion efficiency.

The aim of presented study was to identify the most promising new business models which could help to reach climate and energy targets. ‘Business model’ means new opportunities (e.g. business for profit or non-profit community collaboration models) enabled by various technologies in energy domains, i.e., heat and power supply and demand as well as mobility. Based on scientific publications, nine most important technologies and 37 new business models, which could be among the most important for sustainable energy transition, were identified. Mapping of the new business models was done by looking at synergies between the technologies and the energy domains. Valuation of the business models is done by finding ‘expected impact’ with regards to reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which is obtained by multiplication of two factors: ‘potential’ and ‘feasibility’. The ’potential’ represents ability to reduce GHG emissions considering technical characteristics of technologies involved and scalability. The ‘feasibility’ indicates how realistic is implementation of the new business model in the near to mid-term. Experts in the field of energy and environmental engineering were interviewed to obtain scores for the ‘potential’ and the ‘feasibility’ for all business models. The results show that electric mobility is among the solutions with the largest expected impact for reduction of GHG emissions. Results of this valuation will be used to choose the most promising solutions for further analysis with system dynamic modelling.

One of the problems encountered in training with photovoltaic panels is the source of light to be applied. It is difficult to train with natural light due to the fact that the sun is not at the desired intensity at all times of the day and meteorological events. In training in indoor environments, instead of applying natural sunlight to the panel, using artificial light sources with large volumes and high power requirements is the most preferred method. With an emulator with the same electrical characteristics as photovoltaic panels, practical training can be carried out at low costs without the need for natural or artificial light sources. In this study, a photovoltaic panel emulator was designed based on the single diode model of the photovoltaic cell, and a prototype system has been revealed that does not need a light source in experimental studies and can improve psychomotor behaviors on students. The electrical properties of a commercially produced photovoltaic panel were taken as reference for the design of the emulator. A digital twin has been created for the reference panel to be used in the verification of the designed emulator. In the developed emulator; the amount of sun exposure and the panel temperature can be changed by computer. In the emulator, 10W maximum power was targeted, and 10.01W has been obtained with an error of 0.1%. In the verification of the developed emulator with its digital twin, it has been seen that the electrical data obtained were compatible with the electrical data of the reference panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, district energy systems allow long-distance distribution of energy and the use of renewable energies, increasing their interest in the fight against global warming and the energy crisis. This paper presents the current deployment of heat and cold distribution networks in Spain in order to analyze their technical and economic potential, opportunities and future challenges. Subsequently, a comparison is made with the networks at an international level. It has been observed that heat and cold networks in Spain have increased substantially since 2013, but the installed power in 2019 of these systems to provide either heat or cold covers a very small proportion of the total demand. These systems in Spain are supplied mainly by biomass, natural gas or a combination of them, however, the use of renewable energy is still below the European average. It can be concluded that heating and cooling networks still do not have the potential to replace all the demand of the residential sector, although their implementation is important to achieve greater energy efficiency, more flexibility in supply, greater energy independence and to avoid the waste of energy resources. Thus, technical and financial barriers are identified.

The market trends of food products of long-term storage, instant cooking and functional purpose are analyzed. The problems of energy technologies for the production of such concentrates were identified. The aim of the study is to develop energy technology systems that guarantee a high degree of raw material target components preservation during energy costs reducing. To achieve this aim the hypotheses of the implementation of innovative projects, based on the technology of address energy delivery to the elements of food raw materials were formulated. Physical, par-ametric and mathematical models of evaporators and dryers with electromagnetic energy sources were presented. The results of a study of the drying kinetics on a belt plant with combined infra-red and microwave generators were analyzed. The most significant results of the work are: mathematical models of heat and mass transfer processes under the electromagnetic energy ac-tion, a complex of kinetic dependences during plant material drying, samples of innovative equipment for dehydration of food raw materials using microwave and infrared energy sources. The significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that energy-intensive drying is excluded from traditional technologies for the concentrate production. Implementation of innovative pro-jects for the concentrate production from food raw materials in the extractors and evaporators reduces energy expenditures by 1.5–2 times from 39.5 MJ per kg of removed moisture to 11.4 MJ. High quality products are ensured, since more than 80% of the volatile aromatic and flavor-ing compounds that are lost in the spray dryer are fully preserved.

The aim of this paper is to assess the environmental impact of electricity production from one of the best available gas-fired power plants and to compare it with the current mix of electricity and the supply of electricity from a typical gas plant. The scope of the paper includes gas field exploration, natural gas processing, pipeline transportation, and electricity generation as well as construction and decommissioning of the plant. The influence of efficiency of the plant and natural gas supply from different countries on the results is explored within the sensitivity analysis. The findings indicate that the global warming potential is estimated at 388 g CO2 eq./kWh. The natural gas system described offers major improvements in all considered environmental impacts compared to the typical natural gas electricity generation system, ranging from 4.9% for abiotic depletion potential to 82.1% for acidification potential. Increasing the contribution of natural gas in the electricity mix would reduce only eutrophication, human toxicity, freshwater, and marine aqua ecotoxicity potentials. The lower environmental impacts in this paper are due to the different gas composition, relatively high efficiency assumed as well as the proximity of Turkey to Azerbaijan which reduces transport distances. The results of this study would be of benefit to the future energy market, as natural gas is one of the electricity-producing plants promoted in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to review and evaluate models used to assess the market penetration of energy technologies. While there are different models and tools, choosing the appropriate approach for a particular application is very challenging. In this paper, each model is reviewed and discussed extensively and a hierarchy diagram is developed to help choose a model. Market penetration models based on subjective estimation and market survey could be individual-dependent and not reliable for long-term forecasts. Cost estimation, diffusion, and econometric models offer more reliable results both for short- and long-term forecasts. Based on the review, a new combined model was developed and applied to a case study. The combined use of different market penetration models offers more accurate and robust results, as demonstrated in the case study.

Making informed estimates of future energy technology costs is central to understanding the cost of the low-carbon transition. A number of methods have been used to make such estimates: extrapolating empirically derived learning rates; use of expert elicitations; and engineering assessments which analyse future developments for technology components' cost and performance parameters. In addition, there is a rich literature on different energy technology innovation systems analysis frameworks, which identify and analyse the many processes that drive technologies' development, including those that make them increasingly cost-competitive and commercially ready. However, there is a surprising lack of linkage between the fields of technology cost projections and technology innovation systems analysis. There is a clear opportunity to better relate these two fields, such that the detailed processes included in technology innovation systems frameworks can be fully considered when estimating future energy technology costs. Here we demonstrate how this can be done. We identify that learning curve, expert elicitation and engineering assessment methods already either implicitly or explicitly incorporate some elements of technology innovation systems frameworks, most commonly those relating to R&D and deployment-related drivers. Yet they could more explicitly encompass a broader range of innovation processes. For example, future cost developments could be considered in light of the extent to which there is a well-functioning energy technological innovation system (TIS), including support for the direction of technology research, industry experimentation and development, market formation including by demand-pull policies and technology legitimation. We suggest that failure to fully encompass such processes may have contributed to over-estimates of nuclear cost reductions and under-estimates of offshore wind cost reductions in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the editorial for the virtual special issue (VSI) of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (RSER) dedicated to three Sustainable Development of Energy Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) Conferences held in 2022, namely: (i) the 5th South East European Conference SEESDEWES 2022 held from May 22 to 26, 2022 in Vlore, Albania; (ii) the 3rd Latin American LASDEWES 2022 held from July 24 to 28, 2022 in Sao Paulo, Brazil and (iii) the 17th SDEWES 2022 held from November 6 to 10, 2022 in Paphos, Cyprus. The VSI collected both high quality review papers and original research articles presented at these conferences, aligning with the aims and scope of RSER. Following a rigorous peer review process, seventeen articles were accepted and published. These articles explore techniques and technologies essential for advancing feasible Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems. Spanning multidisciplinary topics, many of them address almost all the Sustainable Development Goals, offering feasible solutions for much-needed decarbonization pathways. • The VSI SDEWES 2022 presents the ready solutions for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems. • Five clusters for presenting the Renewable and Sustainable energy cutting edge solutions. • The positioning in the scientific context of the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Systems. • Feasible solutions for much-needed decarbonization pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Energy conservation is an all-encompassing principle that embodies building economics, behaviours, technology and education, and whose cumulative effects can facilitate energy access, availability and sufficiency, quality of life, a positive impact on climate change and a reduction in the carbon footprint of a country. Several studies have revealed factors such as energy literacy, inadequate finances, consumer-electricity utility relationships, and prevalence of energyinefficient lighting technologies as constraints to energy conservation practices in developing countries. However, in-depth and explicit studies on promoting energy conservation in Nigeria's household is scarce. To fill this research gap, this paper uses a systematic literature review to examine different perspectives on energy conservation and contextualise them under the Nigerian scenario, unearth factors that have constrained energy conservation practices (precursors) and unravel crucial factors (enablers) capable of entrenching the practices in Nigeria's residential sector. The study revealed how the neglect of best practices has complicated energy conservation practices and proffers the way forward for entrenching the culture in the residential sector. Policy prescriptions include the need to reinvigorate the campaign to phase out energy-inefficient lighting technologies, boost a climate of positive consumer-electricity utility relationships that instils mutual confidence that will entrench an energy-saving culture, and accelerate the pace of transition to green lighting through rejigging of government's policies on energy efficiency and renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the principle of thermodynamics, this study proposes a benchmarking analysis framework for evaluating the energy efficiency of carbon capture technology. First, the boundary and elements for the benchmarking framework are defined. Then, the specific heat consumption, coefficient of CO2 capture performance, and exergy efficiency are calculated as indicators for the benchmarking analysis using a general calculation method. Second, benchmarking analysis is conducted using performance data from the literature for a temperature swing adsorption (TSA) case study. Previous research is used to classify energy consumption into three TSA boundary levels: adsorbent, adsorption chamber, and adsorption system. Third, a more complete benchmarking analysis is presented based on cyclic data from a self‐coded TSA simulation program. The influence of regeneration temperature and regeneration partial pressure on the energy‐efficiency performance is analyzed to demonstrate the viability and fairness of the proposed benchmarking analysis method. Finally, the ways to obtain standard data for the proposed benchmarking analysis via experimental methods are discussed. The proposed method can be used to guide the current design of TSA‐based carbon capture technology toward optimal energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risky energy technologies are often controversial and debates around them are polarized; in such debates public acceptability is key. Research on public acceptability has emphasized the importance of intrapersonal factors but has largely neglected the influence of interpersonal factors. In an online survey (N = 948) with a representative sample of the United Kingdom, we therefore integrate interpersonal factors (i.e., social influence as measured by social networks) with two risky energy technologies that differ in familiarity (nuclear power vs. shale gas) to examine how these factors explain risk and benefit perceptions and public acceptability. Findings show that benefit perceptions are key in explaining acceptability judgments. However, risk perceptions are more important when people are less familiar with the energy technology. Social network factors affect perceived risks and benefits associated with risky energy technology, hereby indirectly helping to form one's acceptability judgment toward the technology. This effect seems to be present regardless of the perceived familiarity with the energy technology. By integrating interpersonal with intrapersonal factors in an explanatory model, we show how the current "risk–benefit acceptability" model used in risk research can be further developed to advance the current understanding of acceptability formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the twenty-first century, renewable energy and power technologies have become an important part of development. Pakistan has good potential in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, biomass, and hydroelectricity. Only a few public and private companies have started to develop renewable energy technology (RET) developments in the rural areas of Pakistan. The present study is exploratory based on RETs and new development policy implementations for the rural areas of Pakistan. The analysis shows the relationship among fossil fuel energy, clean energy, and population in rural areas, energy potential, national policies, and international policies to recover the off-grid areas in Pakistan. The outcome shows that households in urban areas have more consumption of electricity than rural areas while maximum income comes from the agriculture sector. It is therefore suggested that government should provide renewable energy projects in rural areas to boost the e\mployment, living standard and economy. The presence of electricity consuming appliances always contributes little to fulfill the needs of households and commercial. Thus, to control or reduce the demand for electricity, the use of renewable energy technologies must be increased and the government should implement best policies such as China and the US. Some related policies insights that energy supply, technology improvement, hydroelectricity, solar, wind, wave, geothermal, and tidal power resources are more efficient instead of prime energy sources such as oil, coal, and gas in rural areas of Pakistan. Abbreviations: RE: Renewable Energy; FFC: Fossil fuel Cost; EPC: Environmental performance costs; EAPI: Energy architecture performance index; REPG: Renewable Energy power generation; RES: Renewable energy policies; GCISC: Global Change Impact Studies Centre; ES: Energy System [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mounting energy consumption and increased concern over the financial and ecological repercussions necessitate the implementation of renewable energy technology in India. Renewable energy sources have experienced a variety of challenges, which shows their growth level. Given its extensive population and finite fossil fuel reservoirs, India stands at a significant opportunity to excel in renewable energy forms like wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, biomass, and tidal energy. The objective of this study is to recognize and evaluate the barriers hindering the adoption of renewable energy technology and to prioritize the various renewable energy sources prevalent in India. An exhaustive literature analysis has revealed 21 barriers, which were classified into five categories: economic, technical, social, environmental, and political. The existing literature rarely addresses tidal energy and political barriers, both of which are explored here. Additionally, this research integrates fuzzy data. As fuzzy sets allow partial membership in contrast to crisp sets, this offers enhanced flexibility. Graph Theory and Matrix Approach is utilized for ranking the renewable energy sources with the help of matrix permanent in fuzzy environment. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the consistency of the sequence of importance. The case study reveals that among the alternatives, wind energy holds the highest permanent value, followed by solar and biomass energy, with tidal energy having the lowest value. This indicates that, considering the barriers, wind energy is the most preferred renewable energy source in India, followed by solar and biomass energy. The outcomes might be applicable to numerous developing countries with similar technological and technical limitations. Moreover, this comprehension could prove valuable in formulating policies and strategies aimed at embracing renewable and sustainable energy technologies. [Display omitted] • A fuzzy GTMA approach is proposed for ranking renewable energy sources (RES). • Finalize 21 barriers to adopting RES from the literature and expert opinion. • Rank the RES based on the impact of the barriers to adopting them in India. • Perform sensitivity analysis to check the consistency of the order of importance. • Managerial implications and suggestions are provided as research direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]