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Oxychloride of zinc was used for years to treat teeth by different approaches and procedures. The success of material usage depended on how well the procedures were conducted and largely on the mix of the material. This article aims to review the evolutionary history of this material with a view to its clinical uses, properties, procedures, applications, and successes when used in the management of decayed tooth structure. Perspectives proffered within focus cover 110 years from 1850 to 1960., "Who has not mentally asked the question, as he has taxed himself and his patient to almost complete exhaustion in some dental operation of unusual magnitude or length, Is there not some way either to prevent this destruction of tissue or to restore these organs when attacked, unattended by the severe mental and physical strain upon the operator, and the shrinking, dread, and suffering to the patient which the present general practice and teaching involve?…If the profession would avert this evil, observation must be extended and accurate; new remedies must be sought and applied; investigation by experiment made popular, and the employment of other than mere mechanical remedies encouraged.", (Copyright 2024 © American Academy of the History of Dentistry.)

The use of trichloroacetic acid in dentistry has been advocated by several authors in the last 50 years due to its action on invasive gingival tissues that are seen in the presence of cervical resorption or proximal cavities. Publications addressing this substance and its applications are completely silent regarding its historical evolution or make general claims regarding its original source without substantiation. This perspective will attempt to provide the missing links to this substance and its contemporary use in dentistry, specifically in Endodontics., (Copyright 2024 © American Academy of the History of Dentistry.)

Oxyphosphate of zinc was used for years to treat teeth by different approaches and procedures. Like oxychloride of zinc, success of the material depended on how well the procedures were conducted and largely on the mix of the material. This article aims to review the evolutionary history of this material with a view to its clinical uses, properties, procedures, applications, and successes when used in the management of decayed tooth structure and rebuilding of teeth. Perspectives proffered within focus cover 110 years from 1850 to 1960., (Copyright 2024 © American Academy of the History of Dentistry.)

The Aim of the Study: Was a comparative analysis of the structural features of the endodontic system and the thickness of hard dental tissues over the past ten centuries., Materials and Methods: 180 teeth of people who lived from the X to XX centuries AD were studied using cone-beam computed tomography in endodontic mode: the volume of the endodontic system and the thickness of hard dental tissues were calculated using the algorithm developed by us. The Pearson correlation coefficient and Student's t-test were calculated in Excel program, and the data was analyzed with GraphPad Prism 8 Statistics Guide statistical program., Results: The most significant Pearson correlation coefficient was found between the volume of the endodontic system and the thickness of the enamel in the area of the support cusp ( r =0.723) and had a linear relationship for ten centuries. The dynamics of changes in other parameters has a non-linear dependence. Changes in parameters occur in a wave-like way., Conclusion: The article assesses variability of structure of endodontic system and variation of features of internal structure of teeth.

This narrative delineates the International, Australian and Queensland settings, between 1940 and 1970 that impeded the development of endodontology and evidence-based endodontic practice. It explores the genesis of the Endodontic Study Club of Brisbane between 1964 and 1970. Pioneers' contributions to endodontology in Australia, together with contemporaneous problems, are identified. The author used literature review and historic method. The historical and constitutional backgrounds contributed to the disjointed origins of the Australian Society of Endodontology, which were networked but autonomous study clubs that appeared in capital cities between 1960 and 1965. This was an era when dental education in Queensland was emerging from serious problems. Brown and Simpson liaised with Ehrmann and established the Endodontic Study Club of Brisbane. Members of the Endodontic Study Club of Brisbane were collegiate, disciplined, few, innovative, insular, isolated and visionary. Membership demanded a commitment to self-education, collective learning and peer review., (© 2016 Australian Society of Endodontology Inc.)

The landscape of New England lost a treasure on July 26, 2013 in the person of Dr. Adolph Bushell. He was a man for all seasons who dedicated his life to helping people around the world in meaningful ways. Dr. Bushell was 90 years old at the time of his passing, having spent over 60 of those years in the service of others; primarily through his dental expertise and leadership, but also through his amazing humanitarian efforts and lifetime of volunteerism for which he received numerous awards and recognition.

The removal of the infectious process caused by an abscess in the periapical tissues was a challenge to dentists in the early part of the 20th century. While they recognized the need to debride the periapical tissues, the process was slow, tedious, and often fraught with failure that resulted in tooth extraction. However, with some creative ingenuity, an irrigation-suction apparatus was developed in the 1930s that enabled rapid and thorough debridement. This appliance went through multiple developmental permutations and was successful in achieving the desired goal. Interestingly, while the purpose of this device was a controlled periapical debridement through the root canal, and not necessarily a focus on a cleaning of the intricacies of the root canal system, the basic concept purported was similar to contemporary approaches used in root canal debridement today.

Bernhard Gottlieb, physician and dentist, was born in 1885 in Kúty, Galacia (later Czechoslovakia). He received his doctor of medicine degree from the University of Vienna and a doctorate in medical dentistry from the University of Bonn. He belonged to a group of Viennese scientists who originated periodontics, orthodontics, pedodontics, endodontics, and oral surgery. In the 1930s he began to address in the European sector, root canal treatment in teeth with a vital pulp; following his immigration to the United States, he settled in Texas, in the position of professor and head of the Department of Pathology and Research at Baylor College of Dentistry. Gottlieb wrote many scientific articles and textbooks and is responsible for the beginnings of oral histology as a distinct scientific discipline within dentistry. His initial investigations focused on the periodontium and resorptive activity identified during orthodontic treatment. However, his continued research interests, which are rarely highlighted, focused on teeth and pulps that had undergone trauma and teeth that presented with necrotic pulps. Moreover, his most important legacy may lie in his establishment of the foundation for tissue engineering within dentistry, through his research on the impact of hard tissue elements such as bone, dentin and cementum on the formation of new tissues (regeneration). As stated by Dr. Gottlieb, "This seems to be the goal for which science should strive in endodontia".

Originally, Clark's rule was used to identify the position of unerupted or supernumerary teeth (a concept known as oral localization) prior to orthodontic tooth movement or surgical removal. However, the versatility of this rule's principles and concepts are also highly applicable to endodontic diagnosis and treatment. While contemporarily known by many different names, such as the "buccal object rule" and the "cone beam-shift technique," the importance of this rule in endodontics was not recognized in the literature until late in the 20th century, despite historical evidence demonstrating its incorporation into root canal procedures almost 100 years ago.

While Dr. Grossman was in Rostock with a letter of introduction from Dr. Prinz, he visited several distinguished dentists in Berlin. One was the aged Dr. Otto Walkoff, who, with the help of a physicist while in Wurzberg, was the first dentist to capture the image of a tooth soon after the discovery of radiology by Roentgen in 1895. At his home, Dr. Walkoff passed the X-ray tube head that had taken the historic film to Dr. Grossman, who then held this treasured artifact in his hands. This transfer of culture from Germany to the United States marked the beginning of modern endodontics. Similarly, when Dr. Goldman gave Dr. Schilder his backing by sending him to study under Dr. Grossman at the University of Pennsylvania, the progress of endodontic excellence moved forward, ensuring a Century of Endodontics.

The historical pathway to current surgical endodontic procedures and their applications has been tortuous and tumultuous. Influenced heavily in their development by the European sector, these surgical procedures faced many challenges over the decades. Fortunately for today's practitioners, influential members of the oral surgery community, and a few staunch believers in retaining devitalized teeth, persisted in their investigation of and search for improved procedures that had predictable outcomes. Many so-called "revolutionary" or newer techniques practiced today are but a re-emergence of surgical concepts that were lost in the archives of time. With the advent of evidence-based endodontics, these procedures are now supported extensively by science and by the integration of science into materials usage, technique applications and outcomes research. However, in many respects, this story is just beginning, as the "roots" of surgical endodontics are explored.

Present review makes an attempt to summarize the Hungarian endodontic literature of pulpal and periodontal diseases, published during the past 100 years. The experimental examinations and clinical studies make it possible to follow the changes in the methods and in the medicines, used in the field of pulpal treatment. The overview gives us information about the problem of disinfection, shaping, measuring, and obturation of root canal.

In 1970, there were few fully-educated endodontists and formalized endodontic programs in the United States. Dr. Alvin Krakow began a teaching/clinical program that combined the best in technical education and research for academically-minded young clinicians. The Forsyth Dental Center hosted the program while the Harvard University School of Dental Medicine (HSDM) offered the prerequisite courses in basic science. The program ended in 1987 and was reinstituted in 1993. Today, the program continues to graduate a small group of diversified and educated clinicians. A number of graduates in the original group have made significant contributions to the specialty. This historical perspective focuses on the early years of the combined program.

The concept of the germ theory of disease combined with the development of dentistry during the latter half of the 19th century had a direct effect on the practice of endodontics. The significance of root canal irrigation to endodontics strengthened in the period between 1859 when Taft recommended frequent syringing of the root canal to remove "irritants" until the mid-1940s when endodontics became a special field within dentistry and the American Endodontic Society was established. This paper reviews the role of irrigants and irrigation in root canal treatment during this period. A variety of recommendations on the use of solutions to clean root canals appeared in the dental literature, often innovative and at times entrepreneurial, but invariably empirically based. While it was widely assumed that by wiping the root canal with disinfectants sterilization would be achieved, many of the principles associated with cleaning the root canal published during this period, in particular by Willoughby Dayton Miller in the 1890s and Louis Grossman in the 1940s, remain equally relevant in the 21st century.

A historical review is presented of the growth and development of the MDSc programme in Endodontics at the University of Melbourne.

Clinical endodontics has made significant progress during this century. This lecture will critically review the major breakthroughs that have taken place during this period. The final judgement of the value of this progress, however, is the quality of care we can deliver to our patients. Although the advances have been impressive, there are also major disappointments and problems that need to be recognised. Looking at clinical endodontics today, there is clearly a dissonance between sound scientific knowledge and empirical clinical practice. It is important that these problems are recognised and that endodontic research and teaching are refocused. Only by decisive action can progress be assured for clinical endodontics and the prospect will be bright.

Continuing with the development of endodontics in 19th century, we show some progressive aspects which in the following century have become a rule because of scientific experience.

In this historical synthesis there are described some usual procedures to "kill the nerve", with arsenic; the "Knocking out the pulp" (the surprising destruction of pulpar tissue); and by means of local anaesthesia too.