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Background Toy slime is popular in Korea, and in parallel, pre-pubertal girls visit hospitals for early pubertal signs. Thus far, numerous studies have investigated the association of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with precocious puberty (PP). However, there is a lack of studies on the clinical manifestations and sex hormones. We aimed to investigate early pubertal development in Korean girls with or without a history of toy slime exposure and determine changes in bone age, Tanner stage, and sex hormones. Methods In this study, 140 girls underwent stimulation tests at Kyungpook National University Children’s Hospital Endocrinology Department, during January 2018 and December 2020. Patients were divided into two groups for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test and frequency of exposure to toy slime (EDCs). GnRH stimulation test was conducted after an intravenous injection of 100 µg of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Slime exposure was defined as Slime ≥ 3 times/week for ≥ 3 months. Results History of slime exposure was found in 14 of 58 and 65 of 82 patients in the central PP (CPP) and non-CPP groups, respectively. Slime-exposed patients had advanced bone age, although their Tanner stage was low. Patients with a history of toy slime exposure were 5.5 times more likely to be diagnosed with non-CPP than patients without slime exposure (p ). Conclusions Exposure to toy slime in prepubertal girls may be associated with rapid clinical advancement of pubertal development and bone age, and the patients appear more likely to be diagnosed with non-CPP.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Minimal attention has been paid toward the relationship between diabetes and depression in developing countries such as India, despite a number of studies in developed countries, exploring casual pathway between the two highly prevalent conditions. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and severity of depression among patients of diabetes attending the endocrinology department of a tertiary care hospital of Kashmir. Methodology: A total of 527 patients having diabetes of ≥6 months with age ranging from 18 years to 60 years were screened for major depressive disorder (MDD) using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV-based criteria. Severity of depression was assessed by the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Results: Depression was present in 39.65% of patients. Depression was more prevalent in the age group of 29–38 years, in females as compared to males, among literates and government employees. Prevalence of depression among Type 1 diabetic patients was 60%, while as in case of Type 2, it was 37.75%. Depressed patients had higher fasting blood glucose levels as compared to nondepressed diabetic patients. Conclusion: MDD is inordinately high among adult diabetic patients, and majority of the depressive patients have moderate intensity of MDD.

Сongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) – is one of the versions of inherited enzymopathy. If it was dedected too late, that can lead not only to some fatal consequences, but to patient’s death as well. Neonatal screening of CAH allows to detect the desease promtly and start an immediate therapy in order to prevent difficult complications of the desease and patient’s disablement.Aim:Analisys of the frequency of CAH case rate within children in the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) after neonatal screening and also prevalence rate of different clinic forms of empairments and types of gene CYP21A2’s mutations.Methods:Reports of the results of CAH screening by medicogenetic service in RT were analysed. Information about children born, detected cases of CAH was taken from statistic form № 12 “Information on the number of diseases, detected within patient residing in the service area of medical organization, Rosstat” during 2006–2018yrs. Materials for analysis of health clinic of children’s CAH were case histories of patient, observed in endocrinology department of GAUZ “Republican children clinic hospital” Ministry of Health of The Republic of Tatarstan (DRKB MZ RT). Molecular-genetic researches were conducted on the basis of Federal state budgetary institution “National medical center for endocrinology” of the Russian ministry of Health. (FGBU “NMIC of endocrinology) of The Russian ministry of Health) with the support of “Alfa Endo” program CAF charity foundation.Results:During 2007–2017 yrs. according to the results of neonatal screening 32 children with CAH were detected. The case rate ranged from 1:5054 to 1:56 598 newborn. The maximum of the disease case in RT was detected in 2016 (11 children). With 24 children molecular-genetic analysis was conducted, as a result 24 gene CYP21A2’s mutations were detected in homo- and heterozygotic state. The most widely spread mutation turned to be 12spl, which was found in 45,8% of cases.Conclusion:Conducted analysis confirms the necessity of the further study of the CAH case rate distinctions in different areas and cities of RT, and also upgrade of the organization and performance of the neonatal screening.

Aim: This study aims to investigate knowledge and motivation levels of diabetic patients related to medication adherence, and the factors effecting medication adherence. Material and Method: Study sample in this descriptive type of study consists of 85 patients who applied to Endocrinology outpatient clinic of a university hospital, have been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus at least one year before and volunteered to participate in the study. A survey questioning personal information, socio-demographical properties and daily habits, and "Modified Morisky Adherence Scale" were performed on all patients by face-to-face interview. Analysis of data was carried out on SPSS 15.0 software using chi-square, Fischer's exact chi-square and Student t tests. Results: Mean age of the participants was 55.58 ±13.35; fifty six (65.9%) of them were women. Fifty five (65.9%) patients stated they were paying attention to eat regular meals and balanced diet, 30 (35.3%) patients stated they were exercising regularly. For medication adherence, 64 (75.3%) patients were determined to have high motivation level, 76 (89.4%) patients were determined to have high knowledge level. Those who paid attention to regular meals and balanced diet had significantly higher motivation and knowledge levels. Conclusion: Since diabetes medications require dietary regulation, it is important that patients are encouraged to pay attention for eating regular meals and have balanced diet. Education of patients and their relatives to enhance their motivation would be beneficial for developing habits to adhere to their medications.Amaç: Bu araştırma, diyabetli hastaların ilaç uyumu konusunda bilgi ve motivasyon durumlarını ve ilaç uyumlarını etkileyen faktörleri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.Materyal ve Metod: Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu araştırmanın örneklemini bir üniversite hastanesinin Endokrinoloji polikliniğine başvuran en az bir yıldır diyabet tanısı olan ve araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 85 hasta oluşturmuştur. Hastalara kişisel bilgiler, sosyo-demografik özellikler, yaşam alışkanlıklarını içeren anket formu ve ‘Modifiye Morisky İlaç Uyum Ölçeği’ yüz yüze görüşme tekniğiyle uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, SPSS 15.0 programı ile, Ki-kare, Fisher’in kesin ki kare ve Student t testi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 55.58 ±13.35 olup, 56 (%65.9)’sı kadındır. 56 (%65.9) kişi düzenli ve dengeli beslenmeye dikkat ettiğini, 30 (%35.3) kişi ise düzenli egzersiz yaptığını belirtmiştir. İlaç uyumu konusunda 64 (%75.3) kişinin motivasyonu yüksek, 76 (%89.4) kişinin ise bilgi düzeyi yüksek olarak saptanmıştır. Düzenli ve dengeli beslenmeye dikkat eden hastaların motivasyon ve bilgi düzeyleri anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Diyabet ilaçlarının bir beslenme düzenine göre kullanılması gerektiğinden, uyumu arttırmak için düzenli ve dengeli beslenmenin teşviki önemlidir. Hastalara ve yakınlarına motivasyonu arttırıcı eğitimler verilmesinin, düzenli ilaç kullanma alışkanlığı geliştirme konusunda faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

The numbers of abnormal findings incidentally detected in adjacent regions are increasing with advances in imaging modalities. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence and characteristics of incidental findings in the thyroid gland on computed tomography (CT) images of the oral and maxillofacial region. CT scans of the oral and maxillofacial region in patients obtained between January 2012 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Images that revealed incidental findings in the thyroid gland, including nodules, were recorded, together with the sizes and characteristics of the findings. The Japan Association of Breast and Thyroid Sonology (JABTS) guidelines were used for classification. The rate of descriptions of these findings in the radiographic interpretation reports were also examined. Of the 1,135 patients examined, 326 (28.7%) had several types of incidental findings. In particular, 169 (14.9%) of the 1,135 patients had nodules >5 mm in diameter, for which further careful examination is recommended in the JABTS guideline. The description rate for nodules >5 mm in diameter in the radiographic interpretation reports was 30.8% (52/169 patients), of whom 17.3% (9/52 patients) were referred to the endocrinology department for further careful examination. Incidental findings in the thyroid gland were relatively common on CT images of the oral and maxillofacial region. Oral radiologists tend to focus specifically on the oral and maxillofacial region during diagnosis on oral and maxillofacial CT images, but should pay the same careful attention to observe adjacent regions, such as the thyroid gland.

Objective: To explore the application of CICARE communication mode in the communication between nurses and patients in the endocrinology nurses. Methods: A total of 40 internship nurses from the hospital endocrinology department from January 2018 to June 2018 were selected as the research objects. The survey nurses communicated with the patients in their daily work. They were divided into two groups, each with 20 cases. The observation group Based on the knowledge and trust model, the CICARE communication model was designed according to the characteristics of the hospital. The control group received traditional communication training and compared the training effects of the two groups. Result: After the training, the scores of communication ability between the two groups of nurses were significantly different. The scores of the observation group were higher than those of the control group (P 0.05), after the training, the score of the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P

Summary Introduction Regular medical control and adherence to treatment are critical in the management of diabetes and in meeting blood glucose targets. The aim of the present study was to evaluate adherence to anti-diabetic treatment and the determining factors. Method A prospective 3-month study was conducted in the Endocrinology Department of the Farhat Hached University Hospital in Sousse, Tunisia. Seventy-three patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes were included: 41% male, 59% female; mean age, 52 ± 12 years. Poor treatment adherence was observed in 49% of patients. Univariate analysis identified five significant independent factors affecting adherence (P Discussion and conclusion This study established a relationship between treatment adherence and determining factors. To improve adherence to anti-diabetic treatment and thereby meet blood glucose targets, these factors must be taken into consideration.

Methods:- 50 patients of diabetes who were attending OPD Endocrinology Department were taken randomly over 3 months in the study. patients were enquired about the diet they were avoiding or taking with the belief of Glycaemic control. Result:- Of the 50 patients of the study 17 were males and 33 females.32 belonged to rural and 18 urban areas. 32 were illiterate and only 18 were literate.43(80%) patients were avoiding sweet fruits like Banana, Mango and Apple. 42 (84%)were found avoiding underground vegetables like Potato, Turnip, Radish, Carrots and Onions. 17 (34%)were taking unlimited rice. 22(44%) were consuming refined oils.22 (44%) had tried bitter gourd for glycaemic control. 12(24%)had tried Fenugreek seeds for Glycaemic control.22 (44%) were avoiding lunch. 45(90%) were avoiding Dhals like Rajma. 11(22%) were having Miscellaneous beliefs. JMS 2017;20(2):69-72

Cytology in China developed from nothing and underwent a long journey from gynecologic cytology to that of all organs, laying a solid foundation for new developments in the 21st century. Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was primarily developed in an endocrinology department and then in the clinical laboratory department or pathology department in the 1970-80s. Wrights staining is popular in endocrine and clinical laboratory departments, while hematoxylin and eosin staining is common in pathology. Liquid based cytology is not common in thyroid FNA cytology, while BRAF V600E mutation analysis has been the most popular molecular test. The history and practice of thyroid FNA practice in China were reviewed based on retrospective study of the practice in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University.

Background: Several studies have shown micro-nutrient deficiencies in the Middle East region. Prominent defects in vitamin D, folate, and iron were especially noted. There are not many studies currently that tell us about the prevalence of dietary supplement intake in Saudi Arabia. Aim: The aim was to observe the current prevalence of dietary supplement use in Saudi Arabia. We will also attempt to elicit the reason they take the supplements, and how it affects their overall quality of life. Method: Cross-sectional study among 489 Saudi patients was without any exclusion criteria using a standard questionnaire. The study was held at the endocrinology department of King Abdul Aziz Hospital & Oncology Center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Results: The overall prevalence of multivitamin, mineral and supplement intake in the Saudi population was found to be 22%. Among them 16% were male and 24% were female. Conclusion: Healthcare providers must spread more awareness about the potential benefits of dietary supplements in preventing non-communicable diseases.

Introduction: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEPNEN) are rare and heterogeneous tumours with variable biology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of GEPNEN in the population of Krakow and Krakow district in 2007–2011. Material and methods: The Database of the Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, comprising the data on NEN cases collected from the Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow and from independent sources: surgery, pathology, and endocrinology departments located in the Krakow area, was searched for cases of GEPNEN patients living in Krakow and Krakow district, diagnosed between 2007 and 2011. Eighty-eight such patients (39 males, 49 females, median age at diagnosis 59 ± 17 years) were identified and characterised. Results: The mean follow-up time was 2.67 ± 1.6 years. The most frequent primary location of GEPNEN was small intestine (20%), followed by the appendix (18%), stomach (16%), pancreas (16%), rectum (15%), and colon (15%). NENG1 predominated (64%) in the analysed group. Most well-differentiated GEPNEN (63%) were diagnosed at stage I; however, 18% of them were diagnosed at stage IV. Metastases at diagnosis were found in 31% of patients. The GEPNEN incidence rate in 2007–2011 was 2.1/100000 inhabitants/year, without significant increase during the studied period. Conclusions: GEPNEN incidence and epidemiology in the population of Krakow and Krakow district is similar to the incidence observed in most European countries. Registers are important tools to evaluate GEPNEN epidemiology. (Endokrynol Pol 2017; 68 (1): 42–46)

В статье анализируется возможность применения системной динамики для описания медицинских процессов. Приводятся примеры, для которых использование системной динамики являлось бы эффективным. Описываются основные понятия, которые используются в системной динамике. Были проанализированы некоторые пакеты имитационного моделирования. Рассматриваются основные элементы моделей: резервуары, потоки, облака, конвертеры, соединители. Приводятся «медицинские» примеры таких элементов. Описывается возможность построения временных диаграмм. Были построены две модели. Первая модель является системой с обратной связью. Она моделирует функцию зависимости численности заболевших гриппом и пневмонией от времени. В этой модели есть два резервуара и четыре потока. Вторая модель отражает работу эндокринологического отделения. Данная модель на основании статистических данных выстраивает поток пациентов от поступления в отделение до их выписки. В этой модели есть пять резервуаров и пять потоков. В модели использовался коэффициент генетической предрасположенности и коэффициент смертности. Модель предусматривает перераспределение пациентов в другие отделения. Для каждой из двух моделей приводятся значения элементов и формулы. Также представлены две временные диаграммы, которые отражают поведение во времени всех резервуаров в системе, The article analyzes the possibility of using system dynamics to describe medical processes. Examples are given for which the use of system dynamics would be effective. It describes the basic concepts that are used in system dynamics. Some simulation packages were analyzed. The main elements of the models are considered: reservoirs, streams, clouds, converters, connectors. “Medical” examples of such elements are given. The possibility of constructing time diagrams is described. Two models were built. The first model is a feedback system. It models the dependence of the number of cases of influenza and pneumonia on time. In this model there are two tanks and four streams. The second model reflects the work of the endocrinology department. On the basis of statistical data, this model builds up the flow of patients from admission to the department before their discharge. There are five reservoirs and five streams in this model. The model used a genetic predisposition coefficient and a mortality coefficient. The model provides for the redistribution of patients to other departments. For each of the two models, the values of the elements and formulas are given. Also presented are two time diagrams that reflect the time behavior of all tanks in the system, №4 (2018)

Background: The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of health education with conversation map on self-management ability of rural elderly diabetic patients.Methods: 60 rural elderly diabetic patients in endocrinology department of a 3A hospital from January to December in 2019 were selected as the research objects. According to the parity of the last two digits of the hospitalization number, the odd number was divided into the control group and the even number was divided into the experimental group. The control group was given traditional health education and interactive education with conversation map was added to the experimental group. After 3 months of intervention, fasting blood glucose, 2 hours postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and self-management behavior of the two groups were observed.Results: The fasting blood glucose, 2h postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and self-management ability of the experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group and the difference was statistically significant (p

Background and objective No conclusive data exist on the value of a high resolution thyroid nodule clinic for management of nodular thyroid disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of and user satisfaction with a high resolution thyroid nodule clinic (HRTNC) in coordination with primary care. Patients and method A prospective, observational, descriptive study was conducted to analyze data from 3726 patients (mean age 61 ± 12 years; 85% women) evaluated at an HRTNC during 2014 and 2015. Demographic data (sex and age), number of ultrasound examinations and fine needle aspiration cytologies (FNAC), referral center and consultation type were assessed. Results In 2014 and 2015, 3726 neck ultrasound examinations and 926 FNACs (3.8% rated as non-diagnostic) were performed. Among the 1227 patients evaluated for the first time, 21.5% did not require a second endocrine appointment, which resulted in mean estimated savings of 14,354.55 euros. Of all patients, 41.1% were referred from primary care, 33.4% from endocrinology, and 26.5% from other specialties. As compared to 2013, the number of thyroid ultrasound examinations requested decreased by 65.3% and 59.7% in 2014 and 2015 respectively, with mean estimated savings of 137,563.92 euros. Mean user satisfaction assessed was 4.0 points (95% confidence interval, 3.7–4.3) on a 5-point scale. Conclusions HRTNCs at endocrinology departments, coordinated with primary care, are a viable, cost-effective alternative with a positive user perception.

Objective: To explore the effect of Nursing Quality Improvement on reducing the incidence of hypoglycemia prior to and during colonoscopy in diabetes patients. Methods: The causes of hypoglycemia prior to and during colonoscopy were first analyzed. Then, the corresponding improvement plan and special procedure rules prior to and during colonoscopy were put forward. All the nurses including 23 nurses in the endocrinology department and 2 nurses in the endoscopy room must strictly obey the procedure rules. The Ward of Manager and the Nurse in charge were responsible for supervision. The awareness rate of nurse staff on the knowledge of colonoscopy and behavior improvement of nurse staff before and after the improvement were compared. The incidence of hypoglycemia prior to and during colonoscopy before and after the improvement were calculated. Results: After the Nursing Quality Improvement, the awareness rate of colonoscopy related knowledge in nurse staff was improved from 97.6 to 100%. All the nurses changed their nursing behavior related to bowel preparation from “Occasionally” to “Always”. Besides, the incidence of hypoglycemia prior to and during colonoscopy was reduced from 25% to 8.58% after the improvement. Conclusion: The application of Nursing Quality Improvement prior to and during colonoscopy can reduce the incidence of hypoglycemia and ensure the safety of patients.

Objective To analyze the available information about continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems in the public health care system of the Community of Madrid. Material and methods A survey consisting of 31 items was sent to the 28 endocrinology department of the Madrid public hospitals. Items focused on CSII and CGM and included patients’ registrations, as well as data regarding healthcare, administrative, and logistic aspects. Responses from a total of 20 hospitals where these procedures are used were received from March 2013 to May 2014. Data about pediatric patients were obtained from adult endocrinology departments, except for two hospitals which directly reported the information. Results A total of 1256 CSII pumps were recorded in the Madrid region, of which 1089 were used by adults, and the remaining 167 by pediatric patients. During 2013, 151 new CSII systems were implanted (12% of the total), while 14 pumps were withdrawn. Availability of human resources (medical assistance) and the number of staff practitioners experienced in management of these systems widely varied between hospitals. Eighty-five percent of hospitals used retrospective CGM systems, and 40% routinely placed them before starting an insulin pump. Thirteen hospitals (65%) used long-term, real-time CGM systems in selected cases (a total of 67 patients). Conclusions Use of these technologies in diabetes is unequal between public health care hospitals in Madrid, and is still significantly lower as compared to other countries with similar incomes. However, there appears to be a trend to an increase in their use.

// Junqi Liu 1, * , Chuanfeng Zhang 1, * , Jiegang Hu 1 , Qing Tian 1 , Xin Wang 1 , Hao Gu 1 , Song Zhang 1 , Di Zhao 2 and Ruitai Fan 1 1 Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000 Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2 Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000 Zhengzhou, Henan, China * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Ruitai Fan, email: fanruitai@126.com Keywords: programmed death-1 (PD-1); programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1); urothelial carcinoma; meta-analysis Received: September 18, 2017 Accepted: December 05, 2017 Published: January 13, 2018 ABSTRACT Background: Urothelial carcinoma ranks the ninth among malignant cancers. We conducted this study to identify which patients could benefit more from the treatment of programmed death-1 (PD–1)/programmed death-ligand1 (PD–L1) inhibitors. Materials and Methods: We performed literature searches, combined data from qualified literature and performed comparative analyses on the effectiveness of anti-PD–1/PD–L1 antibodies in patients with different PD–L1 expression levels. Results: We divided patients into three groups according to the percentages of PD–L1-positive cells, namely the low- PD-L1 (PD-L1 < 1%), the medium-PD-L1 (PD-L1 ≥ 1 and < 5%) and the high–PD–L1 (PD-L1 ≥ 5%) groups. We found that the high-PD-L1 group responded significantly better than other groups ( P = 0.0003, ORs = 0.45, 95%CI: 0.29-071; P = 0.0009, ORs = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.25-0.73, for low-PD-L1 and medium-PD-L1 groups, respectively), while the latter two groups responded similarly ( P = 0.90, ORs = 1.06, 95%CI: 0.62-1.83) to both PD–1 and PD–L1 inhibitors. Furthermore, we found that the medium-PD–L1 and high-PD–L1 groups responded similarly to PD-1/ PD-L1 inhibitors ( P = 0.65, ORs = 1.11, 95%CI: 0.69–1.77), while the low-PD–L1 group responded better to PD-1 inhibitors than PD-L1 inhibitors ( P = 0.046, ORs = 1.92, 95%CI: 0.98–3.89). Conclusions: Our results suggest that PD–L1 positive patients should be defined as those with ≥ 5% or greaterPD-L1-positive cells. PD-1 antibodies performed better only in the low-group patients, likely because they could block the interactions of PD–1 with both PD–L1 and PD–L2.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Internet technology on continuing nursing in elderly patients with diabetic feet. Method From January 2015 to July 2016, 12 elderly patients with diabetic foot ulcers were enrolled from the Endocrinology Department in our hospital. We used “WeChat”, “E nursing” and other Internet technologies to perform remote extended care and to observe the foot ulcer outcomes. Results All foot ulcers healed with a wound healing time between 38 and 73 days (average 57.08 ± 12.69 days). Patients did not need to travel long distances to seek medical treatment for foot ulcers, improving their satisfaction. Conclusions The implementation of extended care for elderly patients with diabetic foot ulcers was based on the application of Internet technology. It is helpful to facilitate medical treatment, share high quality health resources and promote disease rehabilitation.

We introduce the audience to the personal and professional life of M.I. Balabolkin ? a prominent Russian endocrinologist, scientist and a proliferous author. We highlight his contribution into the development of national endocrinology services, including the foundation of academic departments of endocrinology in 1977 (first in the nation) and in 1991 (in the Institute of Higher Professional Education, now part of the First Moscow Medical University). We also attempt to summarize professor Balabolkin?s educational and scientific heritage that encompasses studies on pathogenesis and clinical management of major endocrine disorders, as well as instruction of a multitude of successful clinicians and scientists.

β-Thalassemia major (BTM) is a rare disease that challenges clinicians because of the high prevalence of complications despite progress in the development of new therapeutic methods. The aim of this study was to identify clinical and hematological parameters associated with hypogonadism, the most frequent iron overload-related complication found in Romanian patients.Patients with BTM were evaluated in the Endocrinology Department of Elias Hospital between February 2004 and December 2013. Only patients who provided written informed consent were included in the study. A complete physical and hormonal evaluation was performed on all patients, and data regarding treatment of the hematological disease were collected.Of the evaluable patients, 85 were included in the study (median age, 21[10] years; range, 13-36 years). We found that 30.6% of the study participants (26 of 85) had normal gonadal status, 54.1% (46 of 85) had early forms of hypogonadism (delayed or arrested puberty), and 15.3% (n = 13) developed hypogonadism after complete sexual maturation. Patients with any form of hypogonadism were older (median age 22 vs 16.5 years, P = 0.047), had significantly lower average hemoglobin levels (P = 0.003), and had higher levels of serum ferritin (P = 0.006) versus patients without hypogonadism. Patients with delayed puberty were associated with increased average serum ferritin levels (P = 0.007), decreased hemoglobin levels (P = 0.001), and increased age at initiation of iron chelation therapy (P0.01). We found no significant differences between patients with early forms of hypogonadism and those with hypogonadism after complete sexual maturation, with respect to the analyzed parameters. Patients with adult hypogonadism were significantly older (median age 26 vs 16.5 years, P = 0.007) and tended to have higher serum ferritin levels (P = 0.056) compared with patients without hypogonadism.Our data show that hypogonadism is highly prevalent among Romanian patients with BTM, its presence being associated with higher iron overload and lower hemoglobin values. The late start of iron chelation therapy was particularly associated with pubertal abnormalities.

May 14, 2014 marks 200 years since the establishment of the Medical Department of the Imperial Kazan University (now Kazan State Medical University, KSMU). Since the XIX century, scientists of the Kazan Medical School studied physiology and pathology of the endocrine system. The first researchers were interested in the problems of endemic goitre, diabetes mellitus, and function of the adrenal glands. In 1976, the Endocrinology Department was organised in the Kazan State Medical Institute, the first among universities of the RSFSR. The head of the Department, V.V. Talantov, became the chief non-staff endocrinologist of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) and organiser of the Association of Endocrinologists in the RT. Moreover, he contributed to the organisation of the endocrine service in the republic and endocrinology began to be taught as an independent discipline. V.V. Talantov was a member of the Scientific Council of Endocrinology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Deputy Chairman of the Committee of Endocrinology Problems of the Ministry of Health, and a member of the editorial boards of four medical journals. The research in the field of endocrinology is now actively continued on the endocrinology course at KSMU. In-depth study of various aspects of the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications was selected as the first-priority.

A 71-year-old woman who had been taking ibandronate for 10 years presented to an Endocrinology Department with persistent mid-thigh pain. Pelvic X-ray showed bilateral femoral cortical expansion, indicating impending atypical femoral fractures (AFFs). AFFs have been linked to long-term bisphosphonate therapy and have morbidity and mortality similar to that of hip fractures. Such fractures can be averted by regular reviews of bisphosphonate therapy and vigilance for prodromal symptoms. This patient’s bisphosphonate therapy was stopped, and fractures were avoided by treatment with vitamin D and parathyroid hormone.

Objective: The aim of this research was to study the craniofacial structures in Short-Statured patients in Shiraz, 2009. Materials and Methods: The method of this study is descriptive. The case group consists of 178 (90 girls - 88 boys) Short-Statured patients who referred to Endocrinology Department of Shiraz Namazi Hospital and a private office to consult about short-stature and growth problems. Considering the skeletal age, they had been categorized as two solid groups, familial short statured (76 total: 38 girls, 38 boys), and un-familial short-statured consisting of other causes of short-stature (102 total: 52 girls, 50 boys). For craniofacial structural evaluation, 50 Short-statured patients (25 boys and 25 girls) were compared to two normal groups divided according to their malocclusion. 147 patients (74 girls, 73 boys) with normal growth but class II malocclusion as group 1, and group 2 of 184 patients (90 girls, 94 boys) with normal growth but class II malocclusion. Results: Evaluation of craniofacial indexes of short-statured patients indicated that the male short-statured patients have significantly shorter cranial base length and more convex profile (P

Objective: The usefulness of repeated fine-needle cytology (FNC) in thyroid nodules with benign cytology remains unknown. We analyzed the relevance of repeated FNC to detect suspicious or malignant (S/M) cytologies and carcinomas. Design: A retrospective study (1983–2004) was conducted in our endocrinology department. Methods: We reviewed the reports of 895 adequate FNC performed in 298 patients (298 nodules) during a mean follow-up of 5 years. We compared the nodules with at least one suspicious or malignant FNC (S/M nodules) with nodules with repeatedly benign (RB) FNC (RB nodules). Results: Among the nodules with initial benign cytology, we found 35 nodules with one or more later suspicious or malignant results. The interval between the first FNC and the first S/M FNC was 2.9 years. The probability for a nodule to have a repeated benign FNC decreases with time and with the number of FNC. We did not find any clinical or ultrasonographic characteristics related to an S/M cytology. Seven cancers were detected by the second or the third FNC with S/M results. The proportion of cancers among S/M nodules was similar when S/M cytology appears during the first, the second, or the third FNC. Conclusions: We suggest to repeat FNC up to three adequate samples in the follow-up of thyroid nodules so as not to miss the presence of malignant neoplasm.

Thirty children with precocious puberty (PP) were followed in Endocrinology department, from 2000 to 2015. The disorder was more common in girls than in boys with a sex ratio (F/M) of 3. The mean age at diagnosis was 4.2 ± 1.4 years (1-8.5) in girls and 5.6 ± 1.4 years (17 months - 9 years) in boys. The average delay for consultation, relative to the ascertainment of the first sign of that early puberty is 2.5 years (6 months - 6 years) in girls and 3.2 years (6 months - 4 years) in boys. The PP was scalable for all boys and half of girls (52.5%). Pubertal precocity was of central origin (CPP) in 83% of girls and in 70% of cases it was idiopathic. In boys organic cause was noted in all of them, it was central in 28.5%. The peripheral origin noted in 72% of cases is related to a congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Aim. To study the lacrimal fluid glucose level in patients with diabetes and dry eye syndrome with hyperglycemia and after compensation. Methods. Glucose oxidase method was used to determine the level of glucose in tears of 40 patients with diabetes (80 eyes) who were treated at the endocrinology department. Of these, the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 has been established in 17 (42.5%) patients, type 2 - in 23 (57.5%). The study also included the control group, which included 20 healthy volunteers (40 eyes) aged 25 to 45 years (12 females, 8 males). Three groups were formed: healthy subjects, patients with diabetes mellitus and no signs of dry eye syndrome, patients with diabetes mellitus and clinical signs of dry eye syndrome. Results. Glucose level in the tear fluid of healthy individuals did not exceed 0.2 mmol/l. No signs of «dry eye» syndrome were found in patients with blood glucose levels up to 9 mmol/l (2nd clinical group). Patients of 3rd group were observed with the clinical symptoms with «dry eye» syndrome if there was an increase of blood glucose level over 17 mmol/l, tear glucose levels were also increased to 7 mmol/l. After the treatment the level of blood glucose in the patients of the second group decreased from 9 to 5 mmol/l, while tear glucose levels decreased from 1.2 to 0.5 mmol/l. In the third group the same clinical pattern was observed: reduction of blood glucose from 17.1 to 7 mmol/l was accompanied by a decrease of tear glucose levels from 7 to 1 mmol/l. There was a reduction of the subjective complaints characteristic for dry eye syndrome in patients from the third group. Conclusion. «Dry eye» syndrome is associated with increased tear glucose levels. The blood glucose level control is one of the methods of dry eye syndrome prevention in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Poitiers, Poitiers, France) for secretarial help, Elodie Rogeon (Inserm CIC0802, Poitiers, France) for organizational help and S. Brishoual and G. Mauco (Inserm1082 andBiochemistryDepartment, Poitiers, France) for biological determinations. Adjudication committee members are thanked for their excellent work: type 2 diabetes classification (SH, PJS, Xavier Piguel and Florence Torremocha, Endocrinology department — Poitiers, France), and cardiovascular disease classification (AM, SH, PS). We are grateful to Kurt Liittschwager— Alex Edelman and Associates (Malakoff, France) for editing the English of the manuscript.

A 40 yrs female muslim housewife attended Endocrinology department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital with the complaints of swelling in front of neck, alone with dryness of the skin, cold intolerance, constipation and menorrhagia. Physical examination and laboratory investigations substantiated the diagnosis of accessory thyroid gland in front of neck above the isthmus of the thyroid gland. RAIU and scanning showed normally present thyroid gland with accessory thyroidal nodular swelling in the midline in the upper part of front of neck .USG of the thyroid gland showed normal size of thyroid gland with coarse echo texture. A hypo echoic solid thyroid nodule was also seen above the isthmus of the thyroid gland, measuring about 2.4 cm×2.2cm. Thyroid function tests revealed hypothyroidism. She is on thyroid hormone replacement therapy. This rare presentation of accessory thyroid gland with hypothyroid state led us to report the case. Keywords: Accessory thyroid gland, Hypothyroidsm, Ectopic, Bangladesh DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v12i2.8426 JOM 2011; 12(2): 180-182

Introduction: The salivary flow rate reduces Hyposalivation. Type 2 diabetes mellitus patient with hyposalivation have a high risk of various oral complications if untreated adequately. The aim of this study was to find the prevalence of hyposalivation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patient at RSUP Dr Hasan Sadikin Bandung. Methods: This study was a descriptive observational with a cross-sectional approach and consecutive sampling method to 30 samples. The study was performed with objective assessment through measuring the unstimulated salivary flow of the whole saliva using spitting method for 5 minutes. Results: The result of this study shows that the prevalence of hyposalivation on type 2 diabetes mellitus patient is 10%. The mean of salivary flow rate sample with hyposalivation is 0,07 mL/minute. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study shows a low prevalence of hyposalivation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at RSUP Dr Hasan Sadikin Bandung in October 2011.

A 53-year-old lady was referred to the Endocrinology department of our institute for management of postsurgical metabolic complaints following near total thyroidectomy done elsewhere for obstructive nodular goitre 2 weeks back. She was started on thyroxine of 150 mcg and calcium of 3 g in divided doses postoperatively. Her clinical evaluation showed her to have positive Chvostek's (video 1) and delayed Trousseau's sign. Her calcium was …

The complete hospital information system supports the electronic patient record, which, with the history registration, its laboratory and depiction examinations through the use of expert systems, leads to the immediate and effective diagnosis and treatment of the illness. In this present study with the use of a data flow diagram, which consists of a small indication of the way an expert system based on Artificial Intelligence can be made applicable, the steps which lead to the diagnosis of thyroid cancer will be mentioned, when the patient is admitted to the outpatient Endocrinology department. With the data flow diagram, the users can visualize the way in which the system will operate and what it can achieve. Also it will present the course which the medical professional follows in order to reach the diagnosis of thyroid cancer with the slightest error percentage, using the medical information in the extensive hospital information system.

Methods 103 school age children (7-16 y.o. M 50, F 53) with obesity (centile of BMI>97) were included to the study. All children were under the care of the out-patient endocrinology department. Clinical data, detail interview about the risk factors of obesity and allergies, were evaluated. Prick skin tests (Allergopharma) with common alergens and spirometry (Jaeger) were performed in all children. The statistical analysis was done using program Statistica vs 10.0.