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The production of microbial nanocellulose implicates physical and mechanical methods such as the application of ultrafine grinders and ultrasonicators. Nano-sized microbial cellulose must contain high crystallinity to be utilized as a filler in nanocomposite polymers. This research aimed to optimize the processing time and amplitudes of the ultrasonication process to stimulate nano-sized microbial cellulose with high crystallinity. In this analysis the Surface Responses Method was used, that is Central Composite Design (CCD) with two factors, that is processing time (X1 = 30, 60, and 90 minutes) and ultrasonication amplitude (X2 = 70, 80, and 90 %) to the degree of crystallinity. The results indicated the optimum point was obtained at a combination of 60 minutes of processing time and 80% amplitudes with the highest degree of crystallinity of 76.23%. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrum at wavenumbers 3340 cm-1 to 2899 cm-1 showed the characteristics of absorption bands in the form of carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups, which indicate the existence of cellulose compounds. The scanning electron microscope showed the surface morphology of the ultrafine grinding microbial cellulose fibers was denser.

Anthocyanins are compounds responsible for plants’ blue, purple, violet, magenta, red, and orange colours. Anthocyanins are found in tropical fruits. Generally, anthocyanins are found in the peel tissues of plants. The increasing interest in anthocyanins, especially in the field of food and health, supports the development of anthocyanin exploration research. One of the uses of anthocyanins that are widely developed today is the addition of anthocyanins as indicators in smart packaging. For application on the packaging, in addition to extraction techniques, it is also necessary to assess the characteristics of anthocyanins in the environment. This study aims to examine the anthocyanin potential of red banana waste and the effect of light on anthocyanin stability. The anthocyanins observed are the result of anthocyanin extraction from the red banana peel and bracts using the maceration method. The solvent used is water acidified with citric acid. The study results showed that the total anthocyanin content in red banana bracts extract was higher than in extract from red banana peel. A concentrated extract from the bracts of a red banana contains 114.26 μg/g FW of total anthocyanins. In comparison, the concentrated extract of red banana peel contains 110.27 μg/g FW of total anthocyanins. Identification of concentrated extracts of red banana peel and flower through FTIR test, maximum wavelength test with UV-Vis and discolouration test showed that the extract contains anthocyanin compounds. Irradiation with a 25-watt bulb lamp, UV lamp and sunlight on concentrated extracts of the red banana peel and bracts showed degraded anthocyanin content. The results of this study show that the peel and flower of red bananas have the potential to be developed as a source of anthocyanins.

The use of intelligent sensor-based packaging in food products provide quick evaluation of the quaility of the food. This study was done to develop bio-based color sensor from surimi-based color sensor incorporated with sappan wood extract (SWE) for smart food packaging. The SWE with different concentration (0.15%, 0.25%, and 0.35%) was incorporated to the myofibrillar protein-based edible film. The sappan wood-surimi edible film (SSEF) was subjected to physical properties analysis and the color changes at different pH values and soaking time at different condition were evaluated. Based on the results, different concentration of the SWE significantly (p

Boiler ash from palm oil mill contains high SiO2compound. The boiler ash used in this study was from PKS Cikasungka PTPN VIII, Bogor. The research objectives were to (i) optimize the conditions of silica synthesis process from boiler ash, (ii) analyze the silica content of the synthesis, (iii) and analyze the performance of silica as a moisture absorber. This research was designed using a central composite design (CCD) and the variables were optimized using the response surface method (RSM), silica was synthesis using sol-gel method and silica content was measured using XRF. The performance of silica as a moisture absorber was also studied to determine the appropriate adsorption kinetics at 32%, 64%, 75%, 85% and 97% RH conditions. The results showed that the optimum process conditions that produced the highest silica yield (41.17%) were solvent concentration of 7.39 M and extraction time 78.13 minutes. The silica gel produced is a white powder with SiO2content of 79.20%. The results showed that the water vapor adsorption kinetics at 64% RH was simulated with a first order model, while other treatments with 32%, 75%, 85% and 97% RH were simulated with a second order pseudo model. At 32% RH had a higher k value of 0.086 g/g/day than the 97% RH of 0.011 g/g/day.

This study aims to provide an approach for increasing the hydrophobicity of nanofibrillated cellulose in oil palm empty fruit bunches (NFC-OPEFBs) through surface modification using a sustainable cationic surfactant, i.e., cetyltrimethylammonium chloride derived from palmityl alcohol (CTAC-PA). The NFC-OPEFB was prepared by sulfuric acid treatment. The hydrophobicity of NFC-OPEFB was increased following modification using CTAC-PA, indicated by an increase in the water contact angle value. The dispersibility of the modified NFC-OPEFB (modNFC) in chloroform solution was more stable than that of unmodified NFC-OPEFB (unmodNFC) as observed via ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry and based on visual appearance. Observation through transmission electron microscopy confirmed that modNFC was completely dispersed in chloroform but undispersed in water. Furthermore, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis revealed that the functional groups of NFC-OPEFB were successfully modified using CTAC-PA, justifying the increase in their hydrophobicity characteristics. Peaks were observed at 2892 and 2921 cm−1 for symmetrical and asymmetrical CH2 from the long alkyl chain of CTAC, at 1480 cm−1 for the trimethyl groups of the quaternary ammonium, and at approximately 805 cm−1 for the C–Cl bond on the FTIR spectra of modNFC which were absent from the FTIR spectra of the unmodNFC. This work provides an eco-friendly way to enhance the hydrophobicity characteristics of NFC-OPEFB and expand the use of NFC-OPEFB in hydrophobic polymer matrices, such as poly (lactic acid), polyethylene, etc.

Corrugated cardboard covered with ethylene absorbers is an innovation that can be used to extend the shelf life of mango fruit to slow the loss of fruit quality. Mango fruits ‘Gedong’ were placed in boxes having as the inner parts corrugated cardboard covered with ethylene absorbers. Three storage treatments – corrugated cardboard without ethylene absorber, with activated carbon or activated carbon + potassium permanganate – were used to find the best method to prevent quality deterioration of mango. The color change, mass loss, texture value, and total soluble solids content were evaluated after 10 days of storage. The initial results showed that the highest accumulation of ethylene production by fruit samples was 0.628 ppm·kg−1 on the fourth day after harvest, while the total ethylene production during 8 days of storage was 2.231 ppm·kg−1. The use of ethylene absorbers had significant effects on the quality parameters except for the color changes. Storage for 10 days in boxes lined with corrugated cardboard ethylene absorber in form of activated carbon + potassium permanganate resulted in the lowest mass loss (4.40 ± 2.6%), softness (0.2 ± 0.1 mm·g−1·s−1) and total soluble solids (14.7 ± 1.2 °Brix).

Research in fruit ripeness indicator is still experiencing especially due to major difficulties of several fruits with no color changes in its skin when it is ripen. From the previous research, there was found that ammonium molybdate [(NH4) 6Mo7O24.4H2O] embedded in the polymer matrix could be used as an indicator label to detect the ripeness of climacteric fruits base on the color change from yellow to blue and then green. However, the performance label still needs to be developed further. The surface of the label was still poor due to air or bubble trapping inside the film. It was found that mixing H2O2 and molydate agent produced air or bubble thus in this research, a pre-treatment of film solution was done to chase away the air by storing and vacuuming the solution in cold temperature and time period of storage. A variety of film drying method was also carried out to find the best temperature of the oven to produce smooth surface of the film. The sensitivity of the label to ethylene gas was improved by adding more agent solution into the film. The best form of smart labels was produced using an oven at 40°C for 18 hours. The label composition was 100 mL distilled water, 3.5 g PVOH, 2 mL glycerol, and a color indicator solution (ammonium molybdate and hydrogen peroxide ratio of 1:10) at 4 mL. The molydate solution had to be stored for 3 days in temperature of 7oC before used. The label sensitivity was improved as low as 100 ppm of pure ethylene gas. Label application in a pack of avocados showed a relationship between label color changes and fruit quality degradation. The value of hue label on days 0 to 6 changed from yellow to greenish yellow, while on the 7th to the 10th day the color of the label was still in the same color as the day of 6th. Decreasing the quality of fruit during storage can be seen from the increase in the percentage of weight loss and hardness of fruit texture.

Background: Adolescence is a transitional phase that causes biological, cognitive, social-emotional, and behavioral changes. One of the issues of concern is aggressive behavior in adolescents. Parenting styles and peer attachment are one of the factors that have an influence on potential aggressive behavior in adolescent boys. Objectives To analyze the relationship between parenting styles and peer attachment to the potential aggressive behavior of adolescent boys. Method: The subjects were junior high school male students who are cared for by both biological parents and can follow all of the research procedures. The research design was cross-sectional with total sampling technique. Subjects performed anamnesis related data self, parent demographic data, and peers. (PAQ), (IPPA) (BPAQ). The analyzes used were Pearson, Spearman, and Anova. Results: The majority of parenting styles was permissive (34.06%; 48.00%). Parenting styles and peer attachments did not have a significant relationship with potential aggressive behavior (p = 0.798; p = 0.071; p = 0.695). There was a negative correlation of peer attachment with alienation dimension (p = 0.001). Other significant dimensions with potential dimensions of aggressive behavior were trust (p = 0.018; 0.022) and communication (p = 0.029; p = 0.000). Conclusion: Parenting styles and peer attachments did not have a meaningful relationship with potential aggressive behavior in adolescent boys. However, there were some significant correlations between the dimensions of parenting and peer attachment with potential dimensions of aggressive behavior.

Introduction: Plumbum is a heavy metal that is neurotoxic in children. Plumbum exposure in slum and densely populated environments adversely affects physical growth, nervous system development, memory disorders and learning disorders, cognitive deficits, psychological disorders and negative temperament of children that persist until adulthood. Zinc is an important trace element in the body. Increased free radical production and oxidative stress can interfere with homeostasis trace elements. Trace element zinc plays an important role in the mechanism of oxidants and antioxidants in microorganisms. Method: This study is an analytical study with a cross-sectional design with sampling using the random sampling method in grade 3 to 6 grade BK Surabaya elementary school. Measuring plumbum and zinc levels using hair media was measured by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and temperament measurements using the Indonesia’s Children’s Temperament Questionnaire. Results and Discussions: Disorders of elemental levels and elemental imbalances will result in oxidative cellular component damage associated with the child’s negative temperament which adversely affects communication with parents, siblings with peers and poor academic performance. This disorder can be sustained in adolescence with clinical manifestations of aggressiveness, behavioral disorders and substance abuse and in adulthood the negative impact of difficulty finding work and poor communication in the family. Conclusions: Pb, Zinc, the ratio of zinc to Plumbum is significant to the child’s temperament.

Handling improper packaging can lead to decrease the quality of product. This can be caused by a leakage in the packaging so that the gas and water enter the packaging.Efforts are made to inform early of the leaking by attaching the package with indicator which called leakage indicator. The aims of this research were to formulate, characterize and examine the performance of leakage indicator. The factors investigated were the effect of the amount of Ca added (1-8 g) in the formula, the mole ratio of glucose to methylene blue (0.8:1-4.8:1) and the concentration of methylene blue (1-2%)on duration of glucose to reduct methylene blue, sensitivity time, water content, irreversible property and performance of leakage indicator.The results showed thatthe best formula of indicator were7 and 8 g of Ca , 0.8:1-2.8:1 of mole ratio of glucose to methylene blue and 2% of concentration of methylene blue. The analysis ofvariance showedthat the amount of Ca and the mole ratio of glucose to methylene blue affected the time of reduction and water content while the sensitivity time was only influenced by the mole ratio of glucose to methylene blue.The best leakage indicator was obtained from the amount of Ca of 8 g and the mole ratio of glucose to methylene blue of 1.8:1. The leakage indicator had irreversible property with reduction time of 72 min, sensitivity time of 31 s and water content of 10.85%. The response of oxygen indicator showedthat the colour changedfrom white to purple. Keywords : leakage detector,methylene blue, oxygen indicator

The packaging design elements that have appeal and take into account consumers' Kansei are crucial in introducing new products and influencing purchasing decisions. Integration of packaging design elements to produce a certain character has a combination and complexity, but can produce unequal perception. To reduce the emergence of perceptual ambiguity, then in the design process requires a measurable and standard model. The purpose of research were to design the attributes and sub elements and to make the decision rules so that the knowledge obtained underlying consumer expression. This research used a combination of Business Process Model Notation method to explain activity and data flow, Relief and Principle Component Analysis method to select design attributes and packaging selection, and Bayes Rough Set method to get the combination of decision rule. The results obtained represented the design elements and packaging samples such as size, colour, letter writing, and packaging bottle grouping as a means of reducing the number of samples. The Kansei expression of seriously was explained by a combination of text writing products that were not legibility, small font size, single color on the text, the dominant color of brown labels, black, green and no illustration of the image. The Kansei expression of eye cathing was explained by the combination of the design attributes of the sharpness of the colour, the text of the product, the text size of the product, the product text colour and the dominant colour, and the water illustration. The ergonomic aspect of bottled beverage design was that if it has a combination of high-element proportional bottles, it has a curved, low bottle cap, and a small bottle bottom diameter.Keywords: bayes rough set, design element, decision rule, kansei

Tempoyak is one of traditional food that has short shelf life. The pasteurization and packaging improvement could be expected can maintain the quality and extend the tempoyak’s shelf life. This research used polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and polyamide as packaging materials; with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), non MAP, vacuum and non vacuum. The parameters quality of tempoyak were observed by value of pH, sugar content, lactic acid, alcohol, lactic acid bacteria growth and total plate count. The result showed that the best quality of tempoyak was produced by product with pasteurization treatment . Lactobacillus genus with L.plantarum, L. casei, and L . fermentum were the dominant species of lactic acid bacteria. The result also showed that after the tempoyak was fermented during 84 hours, then the pasteurization should be conducted to stop the fermentation. The 84 th hours was a constant phase in which that was the right time to inhibit the acid lac tic bacteria growth. Pasteurized tempoyak packaged in PET with MAP technique had the longest shelf life as much as 84 days than others treatment whose had aboutonly 14 untill 56 days. The decreasing of tempoyak quality at 84 days was showed by colour change of tempoyak from yelowness to brown, pH decreased from 3.97 to 3.73, lactic acid content decreased from 1.49 % to 0.99 % , sugar content decre a sed from 16.57 % to 3.28%, alcohol content of 0.32%, number of lactic acid bacteria decreased from 174.3×10 4 cfu/g to 8.6×10 2 cfu/g, and total plate count from 177×10 4 cfu/g to 182 .3 ×10 3 cfu/g . Keywords: modified atmosfir packaging, pasteurization , t empoya k, vacuum

The extract which is still in liquid form, has several weaknesses, such as unstable in enviroment changes, low flexibility uses and trouble in material handling and transportation. For these reasons, nanoencapsulation technique using β-siklodextrin as matrix agent is an alternative way. The aims of this research were characterization of total phenols, antioxidant activity of nanoencapsulation and the stability of the extract as well as nanocapsules against the changes of pHs, temperatures and boiling times. Nanocapsules of roselle extract was containing phenol 4,53 + 0,26 mg/g, anthocyanin 2,99 + 0,18 mg/g, vitamin C 2,77 + 0,04 mg/g and water moisturizer 5,16 + 0,03%, antioxidant activity 49%. Nanocapsules more resistence against the enviroment changes than the extract itself. The stability test against the enviroment changes, the nanocapsules form more stable than the extract. Showed with the slope of linier regression of nanocapsules form for phenols and antioxidant activity, respectively were: 0,111; 1,307 lower than the extract : 2,825; 7,634. Nanocapsules more resistence against temperature and boiling time than the extract itself. The stability test against temperature and boiling time, the nanocapsules form more stable than the extract. Showed with the slope of linier regression of nanocapsules for phenols and antioxidant activity respectively were: 1,3315; 0,3162 lower than the extract : 1,5864; 0,5389

Pada penelitian ini diproduksi bioplastik komposit dari pati kuit singkong yang ditambahkan dengan nanosilika sebagai kemasan plastik biodegradable . Secara umum bioplastik berbasis pati masih memiliki beberapa kelemahan dari segi karakteristik fisis dan mekanis sehingga penggunaan komersial bioplastik ini masih terbatas. Berbagai usaha telah dilakukan untuk memperbaiki kelemahan sifat bioplastik ini. salah satunya dengan penambahan bahan penguat/ reinforce seperti nanosilika. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan nanosilika terhadap karakteristik bioplastik. Metode yang digunakan dalam pembuatan bioplastik adalah dengan teknik casting (cetak). Konsentrasi nanopartikel silika yang ditambahkan ke dalam larutan bioplastik yaitu 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, dan 8% (b nanosilika/b pati). Penambahan nanosilika pada komposit bioplastik mampu meningkatkan ketebalan dan kuat tarik secara signifikan dari 0,20 mm (0% nanosilika) menjadi 0,31 mm (8% nanosilika) dan dari 1,6 Mpa (0% nanosilika) menjadi 3,5 MPa (4% nanosilika). Sedangkan peningkatan nilai densitas, elongasi, dan laju transmisi uap air tidak memperlihatkan perbedaan nyata secara statistik. Berdasarkan sifat fisik dan mekanis tersebut diperoleh bahwa perlakuan terbaik pada penelitian ini adalah penambahan nanosilika dengan konsentrasi 4%. Film bioplastik hasil perlakuan terbaik dianalisis bentuk morfologi permukaan menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) dan tingkat kristalinitas menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) . Hasil SEM menunjukkan bioplastik memiliki permukaan yang kasar dan hasil XRD menjelaskan struktur penyusun komposit bioplastik lebih didominasi oleh jenis amorf daripada kristalin. Dengan demikian, penambahan nanosilika dalam pembuatan bioplastik ini telah membuktikan dapat memperbaiki sifat fisis dan mekanis film sehingga mempunyai peluang baik dalam penggunaan bioplastik komposit ini sebagai kemasan komersial di masa yang akan datang

Mono-diacylglycerol (M-DAG) in this research was produced from the esterification reaction of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) and glycerol. Crude M-DAG from esterification had low purity, due to the remaining free fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides. Thus, purification with saponification to remove free fatty acids, solvent extractionand crystallization to separate M-DAG from triglycerides was needed. This study aimed to determine the best sodium carbonate (NaHCO3) concentration (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) in saponification reaction and to investigate the effect of saccharides (glucose, GOS, and maltodextrin) addition as a seed in M-DAG crystallization. The best sodium carbonate concentration was 10% (w/w) with the yield of 49.33%, 20.47% FFA content, 0.8% ash, pH 7.28, 69.6% emulsion stability, 0.29% total glycerol, and 0.03% free glycerol. Crystallization with glucose produced the yield of 34.21%, 15.69% FFA, 1.02% ash, 11.02% water content, pH 7.1, 87.82% emulsion stability, 0.35% total glycerol and 0.04% free glycerol. However, addition of saccharides had no significant effect on the quality of pure M-DAG.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder with a prevalence of 5%-10% in the world that negatively impacts school behavior and achievement. There have been many studies reveals that attention disorders are caused by the decreased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter. However, particular concern nowadays are the emotional and behavioral problems. The emotional and behavioral problem is suspected to be caused by the decrease in serotonin level. The aim of this study was to determine the difference in serotonin level between ADHD and non-ADHD children. Method: This study was an observational case-control study design using random sampling method. Subject of this study was children in Bina Karya Elementary School Surabaya. ADHD severity was assessed using Conners Abreviated Rating Scale. Examination of serotonin levels in blood was done by ELISA method. Informed consent was signed by parents before the study. Data was analyzed using independent T-test. Results: 44 (23 ADHD and 21 non-ADHD) children from grade 1 to 6 was included in the study. Based on the gender, 13 children were girls and 31 children were boys. Serotonin level in ADHD children was significantly higher than non-ADHD children (2.148 ± 0.94 vs 2.006 ± 0.115 ?mol/L; p = 0.0001). Conclusion: Serotonin level in ADHD children was significantly higher than non-ADHD children.

Shelf life is an important factor in determining the quality and safety of food for consumption. Refrigerator becomes an alternative in extending product shelf life. Shelf life is difficult to be identified if the product stored for too long. Smart label of Time Temperature Indicators (TTI) can record the product shelf life based on its storage time. In this research, identification of indicator and material for smart label development based on liquid diffusion in material was conducted. This study used several types of materials (Buffalo paper, HVS 80 gr, photo paper, concord, drawing paper and cardboard duplex), low viscosity indicators (board-marker ink, stamp, tubs, permanent tattoo and non-permanent tattoos) and high viscosity indicators (cooking oil, lubricant A and lubricant B). The initial phase was characterizations such as grammage, density, mass density and viscosity test aimed to determine the properties of indicators and materials. Identification was implemented by measuring the diffusion length of indicator in the material at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in temperature of 30.15°C and 50°C for cooking oil, while 30.15°C and 5°C for oil A and B. The slope of diffusion length versus time is called by rate constant (k), where as the slope of ln k versus 1/T is called by activation energy (Ea). Best indicator and the material were selected based on their high value of Ea. Result showed that the ink was not be absorbed during storage due to its high volatility and low viscosity, while cooking oil, lubricant A and lubricant B have specific diffusion length during storage. These indicators and mediums were able to detect up to 4 days of shelf life during storage. Based on activation energy, the most suitable indicator for smart label was lubricant A. The best materials for this label development sequentially from low-to-high activation energy were Buffalo paper, duplex cartons, drawing paper, concord, HVS 80 g and photo paper

Zeolite is aluminosilicate containing pores and cavities that are usually used as absorbent materials. Nano zeolite - molybdate was used as a ripeness indicator of avocado. The ripeness indicator was made by dissolving molybdate in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and mixed with nano zeolite. This study was aimed to determine the colour change of indicator, and the relationship between the changing colour of indicator and the ripening of avocado. The ripeness indicator was prepared used activated nano zeolite with HCl 1 N for 24 h, then mixed with 4 mL peroxomolybdate. Nano zeolite-molybdate tablets was packed using 0,04 mm thick of LDPE plastic, and it was inserted inside avocado packaging. The ripeness indicator would identified by the ethylene production of avocados, and resulted changing the indicator colour from yellow to blue. The yellow colour would represent unripe avocado, but the blue colour would represent ripe avocados. The colour changing was related with the decrease of avocado quality during 10 days storage with the rate of weight loss 0.0113%, the rate of sugar level 0.7182% and the rate of avocado hardness 2.1132% by day.

Kapok is a source of natural fiber in addition to cotton, which availability is abundant and contain high cellulose but not been utilized optimally. This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions of sulfuric acid concentration and hydrolysis time in the production process of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from kapok fiber. The research was conducted in several stages, namely the delignification with alkali hydrothermal, bleaching with alkaline hydrogen peroxide agents, isolation with sulfuric acid solutions, and NCC characterization. The optimization used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD), which consisted of two factors, namely H2SO4 concentration and hydrolysis time. The optimized parameter was the crystallinity degree of the NCC. NCC characterization included functional group analysis with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), surface profiles and dimensions by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the optimum condition of NCC isolation from kapok fiber was obtained at 54.46% (b/b) H2SO4 with hydrolysis time of 48.96 minutes, resulting in a maximum degree of crystallinity of 71.8%. The hydrolysis process with H2SO4 caused a change in the NCC functional group. NCC had a diameter of about 11.2 ± 2.63 nm and high thermal stability that potential for various composite materials

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood psychiatric disorder often encountered in clinical practice with major symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Pollution of lead (Pb) is thought to be cause of ADHD that affects the cognitive deficit of the brain. Zinc supplementation (Zn) can improve the symptoms of ADHD by increasing dopamine transporters binding. The aims of this study is to compare the level of Pb and Pb to Zn ratio on the subject of ADHD and normal children. Method: This is an observational analytic study with case control design on 44 respondents. Statistical analysis using non-parametric test Man Witney. Result: There is no significant difference of Pb level in children with ADHD and normal children with p = 0,431 and there is a significant difference of Zn level in ADHD and normal children with p = 0,011 and significant difference in Pb to Zn ratio with p = 0,015.

Recently, researches on nanotechnology have been developed very rapid, as well as the utilization of nano-zeolites. Nano-sized material has several advantages which are expanding absorptive surfaces so it will enhance the material absorption and shorten the absorption time. Zeolite as a KMnO4 binder, has been widely recognized for its ability to extend the shelf life of vegetables and fruits. This study was conducted to determine zeolites physico-chemical characters from different particle size and the effect on KMnO4 absorption. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a strong oxidizer for reducing the quantity of ethylene in storage process of fresh horticultural products. The treatment consisted of (1) different length of milling time (10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 minutes) and (2) the duration of chemical activation with 1 N KOH solution. Physical and chemical characters of zeolite were analyzed using BET, PSA, XRD and SEM. The research design was randomized design. The result implied that milling time was significantly affecting the zeolite particle size, material surface area, and the size of pore diameter and volume. Milling treatment for 40 minutes produced higher zeolite surface area and pore volume than other treatments. While the duration of chemical activation using 1 N KOH solution gives different effect on zeolite absorption to KMnO4 solution. Milling time for 60 minutes and activated for 48 hours has higher initial adsorption than other treatments.

Latar Belakang. Kanker yang paling sering ditemukan pada anak adalah Leukemia. Prevalensi penderita leukemia yang dirawat di RSUD Dr Soetomo sebesar 50% dimana jumlah penderita leukemia terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Salah satu gejala yang dirasakan pada anak dengan leukemia adalah nyeri. Kondisi nyeri pada anak yang dirasakan akan berpengaruh secara emosional, fisik, kognitif, dan sosial.Metode bermain diantaranya mendongeng dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan ketrampilan koping yang adaptif, mengalihkan rasa sakitnya (distraksi) pada permainannya dan relaksasi melalui kesenangannya sehingga dapat mengurangi rasa nyeri dengan meningkatkan efektivitas terapi farmakologis. Tujuan : Mengetahui pengaruh mendongeng terhadap kondisi nyeri pada leukemia anak yang dirawat di Ruang Rawat Inap Hematologi Onkologi Anak RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental klinis. Leukemia anak diukur skala nyerinya menggunakan Wong Baker Pain Scale . Subyek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok perlakuan akan mendapatkan mendongeng dan kelompok kontrol. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji statistik komparasi uji Chi Square dan uji Mann-Whitney dengan α=0,05. Hasil Penelitian : Didapatkan 24 subyek yang mengikuti prosedur penelitian, dibagi secara acak ke dalam kelompok kontrol (n=12) dan kelompok perlakuan (n=12). Pengukuran tingkat nyeri setelah mendongeng pada kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0,002). Si mpulan : Mendongeng dapat menurunkan tingkat nyeri penderita Leukemia anak yang dirawat di Ruang Rawat Inap Hematologi Onkologi RSUD Dr Soetomo Surabaya.

Biodegradable foam is a packaging material made from renewable resources which is very prospective to substitute synthetic polystyrene foam. Starch is now dominantly use as a promising material to produce this foam due to its superior characteristic and its availability. However, starch is preferable as food source thus it is important to looking for a material such as corn hominy to reduce its usage in biopolymer production. Corn hominy is a by-product of corn milling which has high content of starch and fiber. Its high fiber content could improve the strength of the foam. This research is aimed to formulate the composition of corn hominy and cassava starch to produce good quality of biodegradable foam. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is added for further better physical properties. The physical analysis showed that the composition of cassava starch and corn hominy feed has affected physical properties of biodegradable foam. Increasing the content of starch resulted on increasing of foam expansion. In contrast, the more starch content in the foam, the more brittle the foam will be. The best composition was given by ratio of 80 %-wt cassava starch and 20 %-wt corn hominy. The adding of PVOH affected the physical properties of less hardness and less brittle of the foam. Keywords: biodegradable foam, cassava starch, hominy feed, PVOH Abstrak Busa biodegradable merupakan bahan pengemas yang terbuat dari bahan nabati, ditujukan untuk subtitusi polistirena busa sintetik. Bio-polimer ini umumnya terbuat dari pati singkong karena ketersediaannya yang melimpah dan keunggulan sifat-sifat busa pati yang dihasilkan. Bagaimanapun, singkong adalah bahan pangan, sehingga bahan lain seperti ampok jagung perlu diujicobakan untuk mengurangi penggunaan singkong pada produksi bio-polymer ini. Ampok merupakan hasil samping dari penggilingan biji jagung. Kandungan serat ampok sangat tinggi dan diyakini dapat memperbaiki sifat fisis mekanis busa seperti meningkatkan kekuatan tarik dan mengurangi kerapuhan busa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasi komposisi pati singkong dan ampok jagung untuk memproduksi busa biodegradable berkualitas baik. Polivinil alkohol (PVOH) ditambahkan untuk membantu memperbaiki karakter fisik busa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio pati dan ampok mempengaruhi sifat fisik mekanis busa. Peningkatan kandungan pati dalam busa akan meningkatkan sifat rapuh bahan. Komposisi terbaik dihasilkan dari busa berbahan 80%-b pati dan 20 %-b ampok. Penambahan PVOH dapat memperbaiki sifat fisik busa dengan menurunkan kekerasan dan kerapuhan. Kata kunci: busa biodegradable, pati singkong, ampok jagung, PVOH

Biodiesel has gained a significant amount of attention over the past decade as an environmentally friendly fuel. However, the biodiesel production process generates glycerol-containing waste streams which have become a disposal issue for biodiesel plants and generated an abundant of crude glycerol, a low-value byproduct of biodiesel manufacturing. Conversion crude glycerol to valuable chemical such as lactic acid, a precursor of polylactic acid (PLA), has a great potential to substitute traditional feedstocks of PLA, i.e., carbohydrate or sugar sources. Some of the process perspectives and the potential of glycerol to produce lactic acid by chemical transformation or microbial conversion are discussed in this paper, as well as the possibility of extending lactic acid to polylactic acid (PLA).