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Tanaman tebu (Saccharum officinarum (L)) merupakan bahan baku industri gula putih. Salah satu faktor penurunan produktifitas gula yaitu tingkat kesuburan lahan yang terus menurun, yang disebabkan oleh pertanian modern lebih menekankan pada penggunaan pupuk anorganik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bahan organik terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman tebu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Fakultas Pertanian UMG pada bulan Maret - Juni 2022. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan split plot (rancang petak terbagi) dengan dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah klon (V) yaitu V1 (klon SB03), V2 (klon SB19) dan V3 (klon SB33). Faktor ke dua yakni dosis pupuk organik cair guano terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu P1 (kontrol), P2 (pupuk guano cair 15 ml per 15 liter air) dan P3 (pupuk guano cair 30 ml per 15 liter air). Masing-masing diulang empat kali sehingga terdapat 36 kombinasi perlakuan. Variabel pertumbuhan yang diukur yaitu tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah anakan dan diameter batang. Analisis data mengunakan Anova Uji F. Jika terdapat beda nyata maka dilanjutkan dengan DMRT 5%. Selanjutntya dilakukan uji regresi (korelasi), dan uji heritabilitas,. Hasil penelitian tidak menunjukan perbedaan nyata pada interaksi. Perlakuan pupuk menunjukan perbedaan tidak nyata pada semua variabel pengamatan. Pada perlakuan jenis klon menunjukan perbedaan nyata pada umur 18 MSK (minggu setelah kepras) pada variabel tinggi tanaman dan diameter batang serta pada variabel daun pada umur 12 dan 14 MSK.

Kacang bambara adalah salah satu tanaman jenis kacang-kacangan yang dikembangkan di Indonesia karena memiliki gizi yang kompetitif serta seluruh bagian tanaman dapat dimanfaatkan (zero-waste). Upaya meningkatkan hasil tanaman diupayakan melalui penanaman berbagai jenis galur kacang bambara pada berbagai jenis volume air. Penelitian dilaksanakan di dalam greenhouse pada bulan Maret sampai dengan Agustus 2021, di kebun percobaan Fakultas Pertanian di Desa Klangonan Kecamatan Kebomas Kabupaten Gresik. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan dua faktor. Faktor yang pertama yaitu jenis galur (G) yang terdiri atas lima galur (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5) dan faktor kedua yaitu volume air (V) yang terdiri atas empat taraf (V1, V2, V3, V4). Kedua faktor dikombinasikan sehingga diperoleh 20 kombinasi perlakuan kemudian perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Pengamatan pada fase pertumbuhan meliputi, laju perkecambahan, tinggi tanaman (2,4,6,8,10 dan 12 mst), jumlah daun (2,4,6,8,10 dan 12 mst), lebar tajuk (4,8 dan 12 mst), panjang daun tengah, panjang internode, panjang petiole, persentase bukaan stomata, saat pertama berbunga dan 50% berbunga. Pengamatan komponen hasil meliputi bobot basah dan kering brangkasan, jumlah polong, jumlah biji, bobot basah dan kering polong, bobot kering biji, bobot kering 100 biji, bobot kering akar, persen kupasan dan estimasi hasil polong kering ton/hektar. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam (ANOVA) berdasarkan uji F5%. Jika terdapat perbedaan nyata, dilanjutkan uji lanjut dengan Duncan’s multiple range test dengan taraf signifikan 5% serta uji korelasi. Dari hasil penelitian ini tidak terdapat interkasi nyata perlakuan galur dan volume air terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kacang bambara.

Kacang bambara merupakan salah satu kacang–kacangan minor yang belum banyak diminati. Kacang ini diminati oleh petani karena harga jualnya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan harga jual kacang-kacangan pada umumnya. Upaya meningkatkan hasil tanaman kacang bambara melalui pemberian pupuk NPK dan arang sekam padi. Pemberian pupuk anorganik dan organik dapat menyediakan unsur hara yang dibutuhkan oleh tanaman kacang bambara seperti unsur hara P. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 2 faktor yaitu perlakuan dosis pupuk NPK (P) dan dosis pupuk arang sekam padi (S), yang terdiri dari 9 taraf perlakuan dan 2 kali ulangan. Penelitian ini digunakan jarak tanam 40 x 25 cm. Mode perhitungan pada penelitian ini ialah Analisis sidik ragam untuk mengetahui pengaruh nyata antara perlakuan pada taraf F 5%. Perlakuan yang memperlihatan pengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil emudian di uji lanjut dengan DMRT. Pada interaksi dosis pupuk arang sekam padi dan pupuk NPK tidak menunjukan pengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang bambara. Sedangkan perlakuan dosis pupuk NPK menunjukkan pengaruh nyata teradap pertumbuhan dan hasil kacang bambara. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disarankan penelitian lebih lanjut terhadap dosis arang sekam agar menunjukkan pengaruh nyata terhadap tanaman.

Kacang bambara adalah salah satu tanaman asal Afrika yang memiliki sumber protein tinggi, di Indonesia Keberadaan galur yang bermutu sangat dibutuhkan oleh para petani kacang bambara untuk bisa meningkatkan hasil produksi tanaman kacang Bambara, Selain teknik budidaya yang kurang maksimal, faktor rendahnya hasil pertanian tanaman kacang bambara yaitu benih yang ditanam belum jelas potensi hasilnya, Benih kacang bambara yang tidak bermutu seringkali digunakan oleh petani untuk di budidayakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pertumbuhan dan hasil enam galur kacang bambara (Vigna Subterranea (L). Verdcourt). Penelitian ini dilaksankan pada bulan April sampai bulan Agustus 2021 di lahan Pertanian yang berlokasi di Dusun Nongkokerep Rt/03 Rw/01 Desa Bungah, Kecamatan Bungah, Kabupaten Gresik, Provinsi Jawa Timur pada ktinggian 5 m dpl. Penelitian ini menggunakan single Faktor yaitu 6 Galur kacang bambara yang meliputi : G11 (Gresik Hitam A), G12 (Gresik Hitam B), G13 (Jabar Coklat A), G14 (Jabar Coklat B), G15 (Gresik No 8 Black), G16 (Gresik No 8 Black B). Analisis data menggunakan analisis sidik ragam lebih lanjut apabila terdapat perbedaan nyata pada uji F 5%, dilanjutkan dengan Uji Duncan’s multiple range test pada taraf 5%.. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan nyata pada variabel pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman 2 mst – 12 mst, jumlah daun 4 mst – 12 mst, lebar tajuk 4 mst – 12 mst, panjang daun tengah, panjang internot dan panjang petiol. Sedangkan pada variabel hasil terdapata perbedaan nyata pada variabel bobot basah polong, bobot kering polong, bobot kering biji, bobot kering akar, bobot 100 biji, persen kupasan dan estimasi hasil ton/hektar.

Kacang bambara merupakan salah satu dari lima tanaman penting di Afrika selatan yang memiliki kemampuan tahan terhadap kekeringan dibandingkan dengan tanaman kacang-kacang lainnya. Di Indonesia kacang bambara lebih dikenal dengan nama kacang Bogor. Hasil analisis kimiawi biji kacang bambara mengandung 32.72% dari total asam amino esensial dan 66.10% dari asam amino non esensial. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kebun percobaan Fakultasi Pertanian Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik di desa Klangonan kecamatan Kebomas Kabupaten Gresik yang memiliki ketinggian ±20 mdpl. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan 3 kali ulangan terdiri 5 galur (G1,G2,G3,G4,G5) dan 4 taraf volume air (V1,V2,V3,V4) sehingga diperoleh 20 satuan percobaan Pengamatan dilakukan pada fase pertumbuhan yaitu laju perkecambahan, tinggi tanaman 2,4,6,8,10 dan 12 mst, jumlah daun 2,4,6,8,10 dan 12 mst, lebar tajuk 4,8 dan 12 mst, Panjang daun tengah, panjang internode, Panjang petiole, bukaan stomata, saat pertama berbunga dan 50 % berbunga. Variabel hasil bobot basah dan kering brangkasan, jumlah polong, jumlah biji, bobot basah dan kering polong, bobot kering biji, bobot 100 biji, bobot kering akar, persen kupasan dan estimasi ton/hektar. Dari data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA), Uji Lanjut dengan Duncan’s dengan taraf 5% dan uji korelasi. Dari hasil penelitian ini tidak terdapat Interkasi perlakuan galur dan volume air terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kacang bambara

Pemanfaatan ekstrak akar bambu sebagai PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) pada tanaman kacang bambara diharapkan dapat berperan sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan. Akar bambu banyak terkolonisasi oleh bakteri PF (Pseudomonas fluorescens). Bakteri ini berperan sebagai PGPR karena menghasilkan zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) dan dapat meningkatkan ketersediaan hara melalui produksi asam organic. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui perbedaan dosis PGPR pada pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kacang bambara (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdcourt). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) faktor tunggal yaitu perlakuan dosis pupuk PGPR (P), yang terdiri atas 6 taraf perlakuan dan diulang tiga kali. Analisis data menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA) untuk mengetahui perbedaan nyata perlakuan pada uji F 5%. Perlakuan yang memperlihatkan perbedaan nyata terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil kemudian diuji lebih lanjut dengan Uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan nyata pada pemberian dosis pupuk PGPR terhadap laju perkecambahan, jumlah daun pada seluruh pengamatan, tinggi tanaman 4 dan 6 mst, panjang petiol dan internode, panjang batang dan bobot kering akar.

A total of 170 bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) accessions were evaluated using both simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated using genotyping-by-sequencing (GbS), of which 56 accessions were collected from West and East Java. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), population structure, and cluster analysis suggest that the East Java accessions could be a result of the introduction of selected West Java accessions. In addition, the current Indonesian accessions were likely introduced from Southern Africa, which would have produced a very marked founding effect such that these accessions present only a fraction of the genetic variability that exists within this species.

The purpose of this study is; to determine the effect of feed supplement on different doses of feed can improve the survival and retention of vannamei shrimp protein. The method used is the Design Randomized (RAK), consisted of 4 treatments, 3 times repetition and 1 control. Every place of cultivation has spread vannamei shrimp seeds size 5 – 7 cm with the density of 20 tails / m2. Applying fish oil of every treatment of shrimp feed with appropriate concentration related to treatment, those are: F0 = Control (0 ml/kg), F1 = 5 ml/kg, F2 = 10 ml/kg dan F3 = 15 ml/kg. Based on the result of the research study, able to conclude that giving a dose of feed supplement to vannamei shrimp shows that real difference in the survival rate variables. The treatment of F2 (10 ml/kg feed) is the best treatment. While the variable protein retention showed no significant difference in all treatments.

Kacang bambara adalah salah satu tanaman jenis kacang-kacangan yangdikembangkan di Indonesia karena memiliki gizi yang kompetitif. Upaya meningkatkanhasil tanaman kacang bambara di lakukan melalui penanaman berbagai jenis galur kacangbambara dan jenis mulsa. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui interaksi jenis galur dan mulsapada tanaman kacang bambara (Vigna subterranea (L). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di jlnPesantren Rt 01 Rw 02 Desa Pengulu, Kecamatan Sidayu, Kabupaten Gresik Jawa Timur,pada ketinggian 7 m dpl pada bulan Juni - Agustus 2020. Penelitian menggunakan duafaktor, Faktor pertama yaitu jenis galur (G) yang terdiri atas 2 (dua) taraf perlakuan galurJawa Barat (G1), galur Gresik (G2). Faktor kedua yaitu jenis mulsa (M) terdiri atas 3 (tiga)yaitu, mulsa plastik (M1), mulsa brangkasan kacang bambara 6 ton/ha (M2), mulsa jeramipadi 6 ton/ha (M3). Analisis data menggunakan analisis sidik ragam lebih lanjut apabilaterdapat perbedaan nyata pada uji F 5%, dilanjutkan dengan Uji Duncan’s multiple rangetest pada taraf 5%. Untuk mengetahui keeratan hubungan dua variabel atau lebih digunakanuji korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat interaksi nyata perlakuan jenis galur danmulsa pada variabel tinggi tanaman pada umur pengamatan 2 mst, 4 mst, dan 6 mst. Tinggitanaman terbaik ditunjukkan oleh kombinasi perlakuan mulsa brangkasan kacang bambaradan galur Gresik (M2G2)

Availability, access, utilization, and stability access are the central canal between economic distresses and food security. Food security in pandemic era should sort out with conservation, seed banks, building water reservoir, urban farming, and those programs involved the Penta helix to speed gaining the goals. The Government, private sectors, institutions, local community, and social entrepreneurs have to work all together to succeed in food security.

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean L. (Verdc.)) is an underutilised African legume crop which shows a high degree of drought tolerance. It continues to be an important leguminous crop in tropical Africa and is grown mainly by women who are small-scale farmers in Africa under traditional low input agricultural systems. It is grown mainly for its protein and carbohydrate, as a fixer of agricultural nitrogen and for its high levels of drought tolerance. Genetic studies into this species could provide important data for breeding programmes and to enhance food security in sub-Saharan Africa. The main project work was to construct two initial genetic linkage maps for Bambara groundnut and to carry out a trait QTL analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from 73 bulked lines (effectively F3) derived from a cross between the DipC and Tiga necaru landraces. A set of 94 pre-tested SSR primers designed from a 454-sequenced microsatellite-enriched library were tested for segregation in this cross. Thirty primers were polymorphic and revealed that the residual heterozygosity in this population was around 25%, consistent with an F3 population. DArT markers for Bambara groundnut were previously developed and 236 polymorphic markers have also been applied in this study. The genetic map consisted of 231 markers in 25 linkage groups of two or more linked markers, totalling 498cM and covering a predicted 44% of Bambara groundnut genome. The high marker-marker linkage (at 87%) suggests a more comprehensive coverage. Nine QTL loci were identified on 7 LGs. A major QTL was identified for internode length on LG3, explaining 41% of phenotypic variation. The ‘Narrow’ map, in contrast with wide cross population, was constructed from two domesticated landraces and would be expected to segregate for agronomically important traits, rather than domestication traits. The development of molecular tools for mapping and QTL analysis potentially allows more rapid breeding progress to be achieved in this species.

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) is an underutilised, drought tolerant legume that has the potential to form an important part of Food Security for the coming decades. The challenges facing farmers to produce enough food for the growing world population – particularly that of climatic instability – are well documented and together represent probably one of the biggest challenges humanity has faced. Our extreme reliance on a limited number of staple (often nonindigenous and sometimes also poorly adapted) crops represents a clear vulnerability. This can be partly reduced by the development of alternative crops. These currently underutilised crops often have beneficial characteristics not found in conventional main crops and if these traits address either biotic or abiotic stresses in a sustainable way, then there is the potential for agricultural diversification. There are a number of stumbling blocks to developing such crops, including; poor yields, unadapted crop features, limited processing knowledge, few value-added products, poorly developed transport chains and markets, negative cultural perceptions and little perceived profit margin for commercial breeders. An integrated approach is needed to begin to address these problems. As part of this, we have focused on the application of molecular genetics to Bambara groundnut and the opportunities to exploit knowledge from other species, new technologies and new approaches, to establish a framework for genetic improvement through breeding. We also try to draw out lessons from our work in Bambara groundnut which may be relevant in other underutilised species, to try to contribute to the development of a generic approach (and hopefully, a faster and cheaper approach) to tackling these same questions in other underutilised species. In this paper we ask what is the fundamental information we need about the breeding system of an underutilised species and how could this alter our genetic improvement, using Bambara groundnut as an example. INTRODUCTION Developing new crops and expanding the range and level of production and use of existing underutilised crops is a major challenge which could help to generate more resilient agriculture. While this does not underestimate the critical importance of improvements to staple crops, such developments could provide alternatives where climate, demographic or soil nutritional changes prevent current staples from being economically cultivated in future. Bambara groundnut is an indigenous African legume with good drought tolerance which is still grown widely in sub-Saharan Africa, albeit at Proc. 2 Int. Symp. on Underutilized Plants Species “Crops for the Future – Beyond Food Security” Eds.: F. Massawe et al. Acta Hort. 979, ISHS 2013 452 low levels. Many such crops exists which have potential to be more utilised than they currently are, but establishing extensive research programmes on a large number of underutilised crops is not feasible, either in terms of capacity or in terms of finance. BAMLINK was an EU FP6 INCO-DEV programme which aimed to evaluate the use of Bambara groundnut at the molecular, eco-physiological, nutritional and end-user levels to try to identify the constraints to enhanced uptake of this crop for a range of uses. We are also attempting to use this crop as an exemplar for other underutilised crops, to understand what we need to know about a crop to be able to make progress with it. Here, we specifically look at our results for the molecular analysis of this crop to identify what information we need to understand to be able to make focused progress in a generic crop. In Bambara groundnut we have generated within species data, where specific tools were needed for subsequent quality control and breeding and have also applied data across species to try to link this underutilised species with available data from major species. This article focuses on the generation of data within species and how this knowledge has allowed us to map out breeding and genetic improvement options within Bambara groundnut, which could allow a strategic approach to be developed for other underutilised species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Materials All Bambara groundnut genotypes analysed were drawn from either the collection at the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria) or from the Nottingham University stock collections (Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham University, UK). The 24 standard landrace accessions (single genotypes) used for characterising the SSR markers are given in Table 1. Fifty individual seed of UniSwaRed and S19-3 landraces, grown in the Tropical Crops Research Unit (TCRU) glasshouses in 2007, were leaf sampled. DNA was extracted from individual genotypes using standard approaches and all 100 samples were screened against three SSR markers from Basu et al. (2007). Microsatellites were labelled, amplified and analysed as described below. The Correspondence Analysis was generated using the defaults in MVSP v.3 (Kovachs Computing Services) and the first two axes plotted. Development of Microsatellites for Bambara Groundnut Three approaches were used to develop within species microsatellite markers: 1. Development of a genomic fragment microsatellite-enriched library, essentially according to Basu et al. (2007). Sanger sequencing of clones containing repeat sequences was used to allow the construction of primers flanking the microsatellite repeat sequences. 2. The amplified PCR products from the adaptor bearing insert of the library from 1) was sequenced using part of a 1/16 Roche 454 pyrosequencing run (9 species libraries with single base changes in the adaptors were mixed before sequencing; Eurofins MWG). 3. A plate of 454 pyrosequencing (Titanium reagents) from the leaf transcriptome of a single plant of the Namibian accession S19-3 (50 days after sowing; 28°C/23°C cycle with 12 hours photoperiod, planted directly into a sandy loam) was produced. The data were assembled (Newbler, by Deep Seq, University of Nottingham) and microsatellite repeats within the transcriptome had primer pairs designed to them, were possible. In each of the three cases, the MISA.pl script (IPK, Gartersleben, Germany; pgrc.pik-garterleben.de/misa/misa.html) was used to characterise the microsatellites present. Primers were designed using the Primer3 software (frodo.wi.mit.edu) including a minimum primer length of 24 nucleotides and optimal length of 27. For all primers an M13 extension was added to the forward primer of the pair to allow third primer labelling (Schuelke, 2000), with a dye-labelled (Well-RED blue; Sigma-Aldrich) to be incorporated allowing fragment size assessment on a Beckmann CEQ 8000. PCR

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an indigenous underutilized legume that has the potential to improve food security in semi-arid Africa. So far, there are a lack of reports of controlled breeding populations that could be used for variety development and genetic studies. We report here the construction of the first genetic linkage map of bambara groundnut using a F3 population derived from a “narrow” cross between two domesticated landraces (Tiga Nicuru and DipC) with marked divergence in phenotypic traits. The map consists of 238 DArT array and SSR based markers in 21 linkage groups with a total genetic distance of 608.3 cM. In addition, phenotypic traits were evaluated for a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis over two generations. A total of 36 significant QTLs were detected for 19 traits. The phenotypic effect explained by a single QTL ranged from 11.6% to 49.9%. Two stable QTLs were mapped for internode length and growth habit. The identified QTLs could be useful for marker-assisted selection in bambara groundnut breeding programmes.

Milkfish is including commodities that easy to cultivated and has high interest comsumption. The technology that support cultivation of milkfish still weak in optimalyze the growth of it. Research design of this study is group randomized design (RAK). The purpose of this study is to analyze the appropriate dose of growth variable, and FCR of milkfish by using policulture system. This study using 4 treatment and 3 repeatition by different probiotic dose of treatement. Treatment P0 (control), P1 (giving probiotic 8 ml/kg of feed), P2 (giving probiotic 10 ml/kg of feed), P3 (giving probiotic 12 ml/kg of feed). Variable that observed by growth, and FCR of milkfish. The result of ANOVA analysis shows that the difference is very real of variable of daily growth rate, absolute weight, FCR of milkfish, and SGR of seaweed. Varibale that shows a difference next by BNT further testing, so that the best treatment as known is P2 (giving probiotic 10 ml/kg of feed). Giving of dose variety of feed gives real difference toward growth. Growth is indicated by daily growth rate and absolute weight. Giving P2 of probiotic (giving probiotic 10 ml/kg of feed) able to apply to cultivators so that press the value of feed conversion ratio.

Streptococcus agalactiaeis a bacterium that causes Streptococcosis in tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus). Antibioticis being used efforts to control the disease. Using antibiotics constantly willadversely affect the aquatic environment, bacterial resistance and presence of residues in fishconsumption. Another alternative is to use phytopharmaca materials that are natural andenvironmentally friendly. One of the phytopharmaca materials that can be used is cinnamon(Cinnamomum burmanii) which contains active ingredients such as Saponin, Alkanoid, Tanin,Flavanoid, Sinamaldehid. The purpose of this study was to investigates the effectiveness and thebest dose of cinnamon leaves (C. burmanii) as an antibacterial agent for the prevention of S.agalactiaeinfection. This research was experimental desion was group randomized design (GRD)3 treatments and 3replicationswere used treatments that is A (concentration 0,25%), B(concentration 0,5%), C (concentration 1%), K (control). Test this study by calculating thenumber of colonies grown on agar medium. The result showed that B treatment (0.5%concentration) can inhibit S. agalactiae bacteria growth with marked growth of bacteria on TSA(Trypticase soyaagar) medium.