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Preterm births comprise all pregnancies coming to an end before the gestational age of 37 weeks and remain the leading cause of death in children under 5 years old despite efforts to reduce their occurrence. We aim to analyze all morbidity and mortality data to understand causes and risk factors, helping in prevention efforts. This study includes 140 cases collected during 2018–2022. Demographic, maternal, and thanatogenetic data were statistically analyzed. We observed an upward slope of stillborn babies. In the case of live-born premature, the average survival was 301.76 h. The multivariate analysis noted that extremely low birth weight (HR = 5.141) and very low birth weight (HR = 4.177) are risk factors involved in mortality. Increased parity was associated with premature births with low and very low birth weight (p = 0.019). We observed that a mother's age of over 30 years is predictable for the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Cerebral and pulmonary hemorrhages were the most common intermediate morbid conditions, with prematurity and plurivisceral hemorrhages serving as their root causes. We have identified that anthropometric measurements have a high predictability on malformed babies. The identified associations indicate a shared mechanism for certain lesion processes, which can help optimize resources for predicting and preventing preterm neonatal issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study highlights the apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA ploidy, and autophagy molecular mechanisms network to identify prostate pathogenesis and its prognostic role. Caspase 3/7 expressions, cell cycle, adhesion glycoproteins, autophagy, nuclear shrinkage, and oxidative stress by flow-cytometry analysis are used to study the BPH microenvironment's heterogeneity. A high late apoptosis expression by caspases 3/7 activity represents an unfavorable prognostic biomarker, a dependent predictor factor for cell adhesion, growth inhibition by arrest in the G2/M phase, and oxidative stress processes network. The heterogeneous aggressive phenotype prostate adenoma primary cell cultures present a high S-phase category (>12%), with an increased risk of death or recurrence due to aneuploid status presence, representing an unfavorable prognostic biomarker, a dependent predictor factor for caspase 3/7 activity (late apoptosis and necrosis), and cell growth inhibition (G2/M arrest)-linked mechanisms. Increased integrin levels in heterogenous BPH cultures suggest epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) that maintains an aggressive phenotype by escaping cell apoptosis, leading to the cell proliferation necessary in prostate cancer (PCa) development. As predictor biomarkers, the biological mechanisms network involved in apoptosis, the cell cycle, and autophagy help to establish patient prognostic survival or target cancer therapy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Teratomas can occur in the umbilical cord, and may or may not be associated with other congenital abnormalities. Case report: This 35-year-old primigravida gave birth 37–38 weeks to a 3290-g normal female. The umbilical cord, at 10 cm from the abdominal insertion, had an 8 cm mature teratoma. Work-up revealed no other abnormalities. Discussion: Mature teratomas may occur in the umbilical cord, and may or may not have additional clinical sequalae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rare disease Background: Uterine lipoleiomyoma is a rare benign tumor composed of varying proportions of smooth muscle fibers and mature adipocytes, without identification of hemorrhage, necrosis, or cyto-architectural atypia. It is part of the leiomyomas category, with an incidence of 0.03-0.2%. The pathogenesis of this lesional category is still unclear, but there are several theories that could explain the occurrence. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most useful diagnostic imaging method. There are a number of pathologies whose exclusion is necessary, with the differential diagnosis being made mainly based on microscopic examination and completed with immunohisto-chemical tests. Their treatment, when necessary, is surgical, with an excellent post-therapeutic evolution and prognosis. Case Report: We present the case of an elderly, postmenopausal patient who presented with abdominal pain, abnormal vaginal bleeding, and pollakiuria. The associated pathologies of the patient correspond to those mentioned in the literature, the particularities of the case being given by the large size of the tumor and the association with 2 other typical leiomyomas. Immunohistochemical markers used to exclude other diagnoses (desmin, h-caldesmon, S100, calretinin, MDM2, CD34) confirmed the diagnosis of uterine lipoleiomyoma. Because the patient was symptomatic and a large nodular mass was identified by ultrasound, surgical treatment was performed. Conclusions: Although it is a benign lesion with an excellent prognosis, the pathogenetic mechanisms are not fully known. Theories of pathogenesis range from misplacing embryonic adipocytes to connective tissue fatty degeneration, and further studies are needed to establish the origin of this lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objectives. Osteoclast-like giant cell urothelial carcinoma is a rare type of urinary bladder tumor and is represented by a biphasic malignant neoplastic proliferation of mononuclear cells and osteoclast giant cellslike. It is characterized by high stage at diagnosis, high clinical aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Materials and Methods. We present the case of a 56 years old smoker male patient, who came to emergency with gross hematuria and underwent bladder transurethral resection. Results. Histopathologycal examination was suggestive for a high-grade infiltrating urothelial carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells. Conslusions. Immunohistochemical tests supported the diagnosis of osteoclast like giant cell urothelial carcinoma of bladder. The presence of osteoclast-giant cells implies various considerations of differential diagnosis with malignant but also benign lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenocarcinoma o f the prostate is the most common malignant neoplasm o f the organ, which, from architectural point of view, is represented by small, large, fused glands and solid type. A common problem of differential diagnosis o f small glands adenocarcinoma is represented by sclerosing adenosis, a pseudoneplasic lesion. Differentiation o f these two entities is based, in addition to architectural and immunohistochemical features, on the nuclear changes in prostatic epithelial cells. In this study we aimed to assess nuclear morphometric features of epithelial cells in sclerosing adenosis (33 cases) compared with cases diagnosed with Gleason grade 1 and 2 adenocarcinoma (69 cases). Parameters evaluated were represented by the nuclear area, perimeter, maximum diameter, minimum diameter, mean diameter and elongation. Morphometric analysis revealed significantly higher values of nuclear parameters in adenocarcinomas compared with sclerosing adenosis cases (p <0.05). In conclusion, nuclear morphometry, proved useful in the discrimination of the two histopathological entities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men in Europe and the third in frequency among all malignant neoplasms. The rate of diagnosis is due to screening performed using serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA), whose normal ranges between 0-4 ng/ml and shows variations according to age. PSA is a specific prostatic marker but not a specific marker for detecting prostate cancer and raised values can be found not only in prostate cancer but also in pseudoneoplastic lesions as small acinar proliferations, inflammations and benign hyperplasia. In this respect there is not a cutoff value stating that the patient certainly does not present cancer. Materials and Methods. We report the case of a patient who was diagnosed with poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma - Gleason score 10, with low PSA values, bilateral hydronephrosis associated, urinary symptoms faded and modifications to digital rectal examination. Conclusions. The diagnosis of prostate cancer is limited by specificity of PSA and requires corroboration with other methods of investigation and further study of new markers with greater specificity in diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a rare subtype of cancer of the prostate. Recognition of this malignant neoplasia is important because of its particularities: diagnosis in advanced stages, normal or low serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and poor prognosis. It also shows no response to hormonal therapy, such as acinar adenocarcinomas and requires early aggressive treatment. We present the case of a male patient who suffered a transurethral prostatic resection surgery. Histopathological examination revealed a malignant neoplastic proliferation with predominantly papillary architecture composed of conjunctive-vascular cores lined by tall cylindrical epithelium with atypical pleomorphic nuclei and mitoses. Immunohistochemical examination highlighted the primary nature of tumour and origin in the prostatic ducts, excluding several primary or secondary neoplastic lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the literature, among multiple primary urogenital tumours, the association between bladder cancer and prostate cancer is less common. We present the case of a smoker male patient, 63-year-old, who in 2007 was diagnosed with high grade malignancy poorly urothelial carcinoma. He complained, in August 2011, of incomplete chronic urinary retention, dysuria, and polachiuria and prostate specific antigen (PSA) has a value of 7 ng/dl. A transurethral prostatic resection was performed. The histopathological examination of the prostate revealed prostate tissue with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, Gleason Score 9=4+5. Usually, the distinction of adenocarcinoma of the prostate from urothelial carcinoma of bladder can be performed on haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. But in this case, because both tumours are poorly differentiated, immunohistochemical tests were mandatory by applying a panel of monoclonal antibodies. The immunonohistochemical profile proved double bladder and prostate cancer. In conclusion, immunohistochemical techniques showed two distinct types of cancer located in close proximity, especially because both were poorly differentiated. Therefore, a diagnosis of cancer in urogenital area should not exclude the existence of other concomitant malignancy, especially in patients in the sixth decade of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the literature, among multiple primary urogenital tumours, the association between bladder cancer and prostate cancer is less common. We present the case of a smoker male patient, 63-year-old, who in 2007 was diagnosed with high grade malignancy poorly urothelial carcinoma. He complained, in August 2011, of incomplete chronic urinary retention, dysuria, and polachiuria and prostate specific antigen (PSA) has a value of 7 ng/dl. A transurethral prostatic resection was performed. The histopathological examination of the prostate revealed prostate tissue with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, Gleason Score 9=4+5. Usually, the distinction of adenocarcinoma of the prostate from urothelial carcinoma of bladder can be performed on haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. But in this case, because both tumours are poorly differentiated, immunohistochemical tests were mandatory by applying a panel of monoclonal antibodies. The immunonohistochemical profile proved double bladder and prostate cancer. In conclusion, immunohistochemical techniques showed two distinct types of cancer located in close proximity, especially because both were poorly differentiated. Therefore, a diagnosis of cancer in urogenital area should not exclude the existence of other concomitant malignancy, especially in patients in the sixth decade of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor heterogeneity results in aggressive cancer phenotypes with acquired resistance. However, combining chemical treatment with adjuvant therapies that cause cellular structure and function perturbations may diminish the ability of cancer cells to resist at chemical treatment and lead to a less aggressive cancer phenotype. Applied treatments on prostate hyperplasia primary cell cultures exerted their antitumor activities through mechanisms including cell cycle blockage, oxidative stress, and cell death induction by flow cytometry methods. A 5.37 mM Chloramphenicol dose acts on prostate hyperplasia cells by increasing the pro-oxidant status, inducing apoptosis, autophagy, and DNA damage, but without ROS changes. Adding 6.30 mM vitamin C or 622 µM vitamin E as a supplement to 859.33 µM Chloramphenicol dose in prostate hyperplasia cells determines a significant increase of ROS level for a part of cells. However, other cells remain refractory to initial ROS, with significant changes in apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 or G2/M. When the dose of Chloramphenicol was increased to 5.37 mM for 6.30 mM of vitamin C, prostate hyperplasia cells reacted by ROS level drastically decreased, cell cycle arrest in G2/M, active apoptosis, and autophagy. The pro-oxidant action of 1.51 mM Erythromycin dose in prostate hyperplasia cell cultures induces changes in the apoptosis mechanisms and cell cycle arrest in G0/G1. Addition of 6.30 mM vitamin C to 1.51 mM Erythromycin dose in hyperplasia cell cultures, the pro-oxidant status determines diminished caspase 3/7 mechanism activation, but ROS level presents similar changes as Chloramphenicol dose and cell cycle arrest in G2/M. Flow cytometric analysis of cell death, oxidative stress, and cell cycle are recommended as laboratory techniques in therapeutic and diagnostic fields., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: COVID-19 is a systemic disease with multiorgan damage, which requires a better understanding and deepening of histopathogenesis in order to improve treatment. Autopsy remains a gold standard to establish certain diagnoses and to integrate the morphological spectrum of lung lesions, explaining the cause of death, into a clinical context., Methods and Results: The study included 57 autopsies performed during 2020-2021 associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among the autopsies we performed, diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) was the most common pulmonary morphological change, 31.8% of them with acute or exudative phase and 33.3% with proliferative phase of DAD. Acute fibrous organizing pneumonia or organizing pneumonia with fibrous remodeling processes and pulmonary fibrosis were rarely observed. The most unfavorable outcome and death associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection was frequent in older men, with a high rate of comorbidities. Microscopically, SARS-CoV-2 presents many common aspects with MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1, such as alveolar hyaline membrane, desquamated alveolar cells, alveolar edema and alveolar and interstitial lymphocyte and monocytes infiltration., Conclusions: Our study includes a large number of autopsies on patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection performed in Romania. COVID 19 associated pneumonia combines classical aspects of alveolar and interstitial pneumonia with some peculiarities. Autopsies are of major importance in understanding SARS-CoV-2 infection., (©The Author(s) 2023. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY International License.)