71 results on '"Encéphalopathie hépatique"'
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2. Facteurs prédictifs de l'encéphalopathie hépatique au cours de l'atteinte hépatique aiguë sévère.
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Khsiba, Amal, Bradai, Samir, Mahmoudi, Moufida, Mohamed, Asma Ben, Medhioub, Mouna, Hamzaoui, Lamine, and Azouz, Mohamed Mousadek
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HEPATIC encephalopathy , *AUTOIMMUNE hepatitis , *LIVER failure , *HEPATITIS , *PROGNOSIS , *CHRONIC active hepatitis - Abstract
Introduction: severe acute liver injury (SALI) formerly known as severe acute hepatitis is an acute inflammation of the liver with markers of liver injury (elevated transaminases) and signs of hepatocellular failure (jaundice and INR greater than 1.5) according to the latest definition of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). An important prognostic factor in SALI is the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and thus its progression to acute liver failure (ALF), formerly known as acute severe hepatitis. The purpose of this study is to investigate factors predicting the development of hepatic encephalopathy during SALI. Methods: we conducted a retrospective study of patients treated for SALI between January 2000 and December 2019. We divided patients into two groups depending on whether hepatic encephalopathy occurred. We performed an analytical study comparing the two groups according to their epidemiological, biological and evolutionary data. Results: data from the medical records of fifty-nine patients were collected. A virus was the most frequent cause (63%). Hepatic encephalopathy occurred in 15 patients (25.4%). Factors predicting the development of HE in univariate analysis were a delay in consultation of more than 9 days, an INR level of more than 2.45, a bilirubin level of more than 230 µmol/l, creatinine greater than 60.5 µmol/l, urea greater than 5.5 mmol/l and MELD score greater than 26.5 (p=0.023, p=0.017, p=0.0001, p=0.049, p=0.0001, p=0.0001 respectively). Autoimmune hepatitis and an undetermined cause were associated with the development of HE (p=0,003 and p=0,044, respectively). In multivariate analysis, autoimmune aetiology and a urea level above 5.5 mmol/l were significantly associated with the occurrence of HE. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups with regard to age, sex and diabetes. Conclusion: SALI is a rare disease, mainly due to a virus in our country. Predictive factors of HE are important for early identification of patients at risk of adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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3. [Management of hepatic encephalopathy: A general review].
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Broca F, Dufrenoy M, and Martin M
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Hepatic encephalopathy is a severe complication with high mortality in patients with hepatopathy and/or portosystemic shunts, partly due to the presence of hyperammonemia because of defective hepatic detoxification. Diagnosis is essentially clinical, characterized by various neuropsychiatric symptoms, possibly associated with hyperammonemia. Complementary tests, such as electroencephalogram to identify metabolic encephalopathy, or specific abnormalities on cerebral magnetic resonance imagery, may also support the diagnosis. Management is essentially based on treatment of triggering factors such as ionic disorders or sepsis, and symptomatic therapy with non-absorbable disaccharides (notably lactulose) or polyethylene glycol, possibly combined with rifaximin. Progression varies according to the initial severity and management of hepatic encephalopathy, but this condition is potentially reversible with treatment., Competing Interests: Déclaration de liens d’intérêts Les auteurs déclarent ne pas avoir de liens d’intérêts., (Copyright © 2024 Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
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- 2024
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4. Klinisches Management von Patienten mit Leberzirrhose
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Bergamin, Irina, Meyer-Herbon, Pamela, Künzler-Heule, Patrizia, and Semela, David
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- 2021
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5. Encéphalopathies métaboliques.
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Marois, C., Quirins, M., Hermann, B., Mouri, S., Bouzbib, C., Rudler, M., Thabut, D., and Weiss, N.
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Résumé Les encéphalopathies métaboliques (EMtb) sont des causes fréquentes de recours au système de soins, via les urgences, l'hospitalisation et même la réanimation. Elles pourraient représenter jusqu'à 10 à 20 % des causes de coma en réanimation et compromettre le pronostic vital, notamment chez le sujet âgé. L'EMtb correspond à une altération du fonctionnement cérébral due à un déficit en une substance indispensable au métabolisme normal ou à l'accumulation d'une substance toxique que celle-ci soit endogène ou exogène. Elle survient préférentiellement chez des patients présentant des comorbidités, complexifiant ainsi son diagnostic et sa prise en charge. Son diagnostic clinique repose sur la survenue subaiguë de troubles des fonctions supérieures et de mouvements anormaux, myoclonies principalement, en l'absence de signe de localisation neurologique. Indispensables pour éliminer les diagnostics différentiels, certains examens complémentaires sont parfois en mesure d'apporter des arguments positifs en faveur du diagnostic. C'est le cas pour certains dosages biologiques, et l'électroencéphalogramme. Une fois les mesures symptomatiques simples mises en œuvre à l'évocation du diagnostic, le traitement repose souvent sur le traitement de la cause. Seules certaines encéphalopathies métaboliques dont l'encéphalopathie hépatique bénéficient de prises en charge spécifiques. Nous décrirons successivement les principaux mécanismes physiopathologiques et les étiologies les plus fréquentes d'EMtb, les circonstances favorisantes, la présentation clinique, les diagnostics différentiels à éliminer, et les examens complémentaires utiles au diagnostic. Nous proposerons enfin une stratégie de prise en charge de l'EMtb. Abstract Metabolic encephalopathies (ME) are a common cause of admission to emergency rooms, to hospitalization wards or to intensive care units. They could account for 10 to 20% of causes of comatose states in ICU and could be associated to a poor outcome especially in older patients. Nevertheless, they are often reversible and are associated with a favorable outcome when diagnosed and rapidly treated. They correspond to an altered brain functioning secondary to the deficiency of a substance that is mandatory for the normal brain functioning or to the accumulation of a substance that can be either endogenous or exogenous. It preferably occurs in co-morbid patients, complicating its diagnosis and its management. Altered brain functioning, going from mild neuropsychological impairment to coma, movement disorders especially myoclonus and the absence of any obvious differential diagnosis are highly suggestive of the diagnosis. Whereas some biological samplings and brain MRI are essential to rule out differential diagnosis, some others, such as electroencephalogram, may be able to propose important clues in favor of the diagnosis. Once simple symptomatic measures are introduced, the treatment consists mainly in the correction of the cause. Specific treatment options are only seldom available for ME; this is the case for hepatic encephalopathy and some drug-induced encephalopathies. We will successively describe in this review the main pathophysiological mechanisms, the main causes, favoring circumstances of ME, the differential diagnosis to rule out and the etiological work-up for the diagnosis. Finally, a diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for the care of patients with ME will be proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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6. Encéphalopathie hépatique minime : enjeux actuels.
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Perignon, Claire, Allaire, Manon, Ollivier-Hourmand, Isabelle, and Dao, Thông
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In patient with cirrhosis, minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is defined by the presence of neuropsychological abnormalities detectable by psychometric or neuropsychological tests without any clinical sign of hepatic encephalopathy. Its frequency is high, affecting between 20 and 60% of hospitalized cirrhotic patients. MHE is predictive of the occurrence of clinical hepatic encephalopathy, is a factor of poor prognosis and is associated with higher mortality. MHE also impacts everyday life by increasing traffic and household accidents. Diagnostic methods are complex, require time and a trained practitioner which explains the low screening rate despite the existence of effective therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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7. Analyzing three different cognitive spheres (memory, reasoning and verbal ability) : an online psychometric battery for the assessment of covert hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis
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Tres, Silicia Ane and Rose, Christopher
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cirrhosis ,plateforme en ligne ,hepatic encephalopathy ,Cambridge Brain Sciences ,neurocognitive tests ,online platform ,encéphalopathie hépatique ,cirrhose ,tests neurocognitifs - Abstract
L'encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est une complication neurocognitive débilitante de la cirrhose qui affecte la qualité de vie et augmente le risque de décès. L'EH est divisée en EH minimale, définie comme subclinique et HE manifeste, diagnostiquée avec des symptômes cliniques. Cette étude vise à effectuer une évaluation des troubles cognitifs chez les patients atteints de cirrhose en évaluant trois domaines cognitifs (mémoire, raisonnement et capacité verbale) et en interprétant les valeurs prédictives de ces tests pour identifier les patients à haut risque de développer leur premier épisode d'EH manifeste dans l'année. Cette étude longitudinale prospective a inclus des patients sans antécédent d'EH, recrutés à la clinique d'hépatologie du CHUM entre janvier et octobre 2021. Chaque patient a complété l'évaluation cognitive en ligne Cambridge Brain Sciences (CBS) au départ, composée de 12 tests neurocognitifs, qui prend 45 minutes. Les scores des patients ont été comparés aux normes CBS appariés pour l'âge, le sexe et les années d'éducation. Les scores moyens des patients (n=34, 61,7% hommes, âge moyen 60,7±8,5 ans) étaient inférieurs à la moyenne des normes dans tous les domaines cognitifs étudiés (p, Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a debilitating neurocognitive complication of cirrhosis that impacts quality of life and increases the risk of death. HE is divided into covert, defined as subclinical HE and overt HE, diagnosed with clinical symptoms. This study aims to perform a detailed assessment of cognitive impairment in patients with cirrhosis by evaluating three different cognitive domains (memory, reasoning and verbal ability) and interpreting the predictive values of these tests in identifying patients who are at high risk of developing their first episode of overt HE within one year. This prospective longitudinal study included patients with cirrhosis without a history of HE, recruited from the CHUM hepatology clinic between January to October 2021. Each patient completed the Cambridge Brain Sciences (CBS) online cognitive assessment at baseline, composed of 12 neurocognitive tests, which required 45 minutes. Patient scores were compared to CBS controls matched for age, sex and years of education. The patients (n=34, 61.7% male, average age 60.7±8.5 years) mean scores were lower than the average of the norms in all the cognitive domains studied (p
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- 2022
8. Actualités du TIPS en 2018, seconde partie : complications et contre-indications.
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Billey, Chloé, Depaire, Martin, and Bureau, Christophe
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TIPS correspond in a prothetic and calibrated anastomosis between portal and hepatic veinous network. Efficiency of TIPS is now well known to prevent portal hypertension complications and, more recently, to improve transplant free survival in cirrhotic patients. However, patients may develop complications and a full workup is required to be sure that there is no contraindication before TIPS creation. A better patient selection, an improvement of technique and TIPS's long term patency should give to TIPS, in the coming years, a more important and earlier place in the therapeutic regimen for cirrhotic patients with severe complications of portal hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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9. Hepato- and neuro-protective influences of biopropolis on thioacetamide-induced acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats.
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Mostafa, Rasha E., Salama, Abeer A.A., Abdel-Rahman, Rehab F., and Ogaly, Hanan A.
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HEPATIC encephalopathy , *NEUROBEHAVIORAL disorders , *THIOACETAMIDE , *OXIDATIVE stress , *LIVER function tests - Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that ultimately occurs as a complication of acute or chronic liver failure; accompanied by hyperammonemia. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of biopropolis as a hepato- and neuro-protective agent using thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute HE in rats as a model. Sixty Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: Group 1 (normal control) received only saline and paraffin oil. Group 2 (hepatotoxic control) received TAA (300 mg/kg, once). Groups 3, 4, and 5 received TAA followed by vitamin E (100 mg/kg) and biopropolis (100 and 200 mg/kg), respectively, daily for 30 days. Evidences of HE were clearly detected in TAA-hepatotoxic group including significant elevation in the serum level of ammonia, liver functions, increased oxidative stress in liver and brain, apoptotic DNA fragmentation and overexpression of iNOS gene in brain tissue. The findings for groups administered biopropolis, highlighted its efficacy as a hepato- and neuro-protectant through improving the liver functions, oxidative status and DNA fragmentation as well as suppressing the brain expression of iNOS gene. In conclusion, biopropolis, at a dose of 200 mg/kg per day protected against TAA-induced HE through its antioxidant and antiapoptotic influence; therefore, it can be used as a protective natural product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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10. The role of a high protein diet in the prevention and precipitation of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic rodents
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Kroupina, Katerina and Rose, Christopher
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Sarcopenia ,Hyperammoniémie ,High protein diet ,Oxidative stress ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Régime hyperprotéiné ,Stress oxydatif ,Hyperammonemia ,Sarcopénie ,Hepatic encephalopathy - Abstract
L'encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est une complication grave de la cirrhose, provoquant des troubles de mémoire, de coordination motrice et de sommeil, avec une progression vers le coma et la mort. Le stress oxydatif dû au foie défaillant et l'ammoniac provenant de la dégradation des protéines alimentaires sont des facteurs pathogènes connus. Simultanément, l'hyperammoniémie et la malnutrition protéino-calorique contribuent à la sarcopénie. Comme les muscles sont le principal mécanisme d'élimination de l'ammoniac pendant la cirrhose, il existe un cercle vicieux où l'hyperammonémie contribue à l'EH et à la sarcopénie, et la sarcopénie contribue à l'hyperammonémie et à l'EH. Notre objectif était de déterminer les effets d’un régime riche en protéines de lactosérum ou de soja administré à long terme, sur la masse musculaire, l'hyperammonémie, et l'EH chez les rats cirrhotiques. Ensuite, nous voulions déterminer les effets d’un gavage aigu de protéines sur l'hyperammonémie et l'EH. Nos résultats montrent qu'un apport élevé en protéines à long terme n'a pas maintenu la masse musculaire ou diminué l'ammoniac, mais que le stress oxydatif a été réduit, ce qui a conduit à la prévention de l'EH, améliorant la mémoire à court et à long terme, l'anxiété, et l'activité locomotrice. Un gavage aigu de protéines chez les rats cirrhotiques n’a pas augmenté l'ammoniac ni précipité l'EH. Cette étude est la première à évaluer l'effet d'un régime élevé en protéines chez des rats cirrhotiques pour observer la masse musculaire, l'ammoniac et l'EH. Nos résultats soutiennent la sécurité et l'efficacité d'une stratégie nutritionnelle riche en protéines dans la cirrhose., Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious complication of liver disease, causing impairments in memory, motor coordination, sleep, with progression to coma and death. It affects up to 70% of patients, severely impacting quality of life. Oxidative stress from the failing liver and ammonia from the breakdown of dietary protein are known pathogenic factors. Concurrently, hyperammonemia and protein-calorie malnutrition contribute to muscle wasting, sarcopenia. As muscle is the main clearance mechanism for ammonia during cirrhosis, a vicious cycle exists where elevated ammonia contributes to HE and sarcopenia, and sarcopenia in turn contributes further to hyperammonemia and HE. Our aim was to determine whether long-term high protein whey or soy diets administered from the onset of liver disease in rats could maintain muscle mass, decrease hyperammonemia, and prevent symptoms of HE. Secondly, we wanted to determine the effects an acute load of high protein on hyperammonemia and HE in cirrhotic rodents. Our results show that long-term high protein intake did not maintain muscle mass or decrease ammonia, but oxidative stress was reduced, leading to HE prevention, as shown by the improvement of short- and long-term memory, anxiety, and locomotor activity. An acute load of protein was shown to be safe in cirrhotic rodents, with no increase in ammonia or precipitation of HE. This study is the first of its kind to evaluate the effect of high protein intake in cirrhotic rodents to observe muscle mass, ammonia, and HE. Our results support the safety and efficacy of a high protein nutritional strategy in cirrhosis.
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- 2022
11. Nitric oxide mediates effects of acute, not chronic, naltrexone on LPS-induced hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic rats.
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Ghiassy, Bentolhoda, Rahimi, Nastaran, Javadi-Paydar, Mehrak, Gharedaghi, Mohammad Hadi, Norouzi-Javidan, Abbas, and Dehpour, Ahmad R.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of nitric oxide , *NALTREXONE , *HEPATIC encephalopathy , *PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of lipopolysaccharides , *CHEMICAL inhibitors , *TREATMENT of cirrhosis of the liver , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
Recent studies suggest endogenous opioids and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). In this study, the interaction between the opioid receptor antagonist and NO was investigated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HE in cirrhotic rats. Male rats were divided in the sham- and bile duct ligation (BDL)-operated groups. Animals were treated with saline; naltrexone (10 mg/kg, i.p.); or L-NAME (3 mg/kg, i.p.), alone or in combination with naltrexone. To induce HE, LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 1 h after the final drug treatment. HE scoring, hepatic histology, and plasma NO metabolites levels and mortality rate were recorded. Deteriorated level of consciousness and mortality after LPS administration significantly ameliorated following both acute and chronic treatment with naltrexone in cirrhotic rats. However, acute and chronic administration of L-NAME did not change HE scores in cirrhotic rats. The effects of acute but not chronic treatment of naltrexone on HE parameters were reversed by L-NAME. Plasma NOx concentrations elevated in BDL rats, which were decreased after acute and chronic treatment by naltrexone or L-NAME, significantly. We suggest both acute and chronic treatment with naltrexone improved LPS-induced HE. But, only acute treatment with naltrexone may affect through NO pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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12. L'encéphalopathie hépatique, du diagnostic au traitement en 2016.
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Mouri, S., Bouzbib, C., El Mourabit, H., Schaefer, A., Imbert-Bismut, F., Galanaud, D., Tripon, S., Mallet, M., Rudler, M., Housset, C., Thabut, D., and Weiss, N.
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Copyright of Reanimation is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2016
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13. Encéphalopathie hépatique chez le cirrhotique à Bamako.
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Katilé, D., Dicko, M., Doumbia Samake, K., Sow Coulibaly, H., Mallé, O., Guindo, H., Sanogo Sidibé, S., Maiga, A., Tounkara, M., Konaté, A., Diarra, M., and Maiga, M.
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal Africain D'Hépato-Gastroentérologie is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2017
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14. Cibler le système digestif pour protéger le foie : évaluation de l’efficacité prophylactique et thérapeutique de traitements de l’encéphalopathie hépatique dans un modèle murin de cholestase hépatique par ligature de la voie biliaire
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Petrazzo, Grégory and Rose, Christopher
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Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Cirrhose ,Pirfénidone ,Ligature de la voie biliaire ,Bile duct ligation ,Pirfenidone ,Acide ursodésoxycholique ,Lactulose ,Rifaximin ,Cirrhosis ,Ursodeoxycholic acid ,Rapamycine ,Obeticholic acid ,Rifaximine ,Rapamycin ,Acide obéticholique ,Hepatic encephalopathy - Abstract
Introduction. L’encéphalopathie hépatique (HE) est une complication commune mais sévère des insuffisances hépatiques. La physiopathologie de l’HE provient essentiellement de l’ammoniac dérivé du métabolisme des bactéries intestinales. Le traitement standard pour les patients qui subissent des épisodes manifestes d’HE est le lactulose mais son observance est faible du fait d’effets secondaires inconfortables. La rifaximine est un candidat potentiel mais il n’y a pas de données issues d’essais cliniques suffisamment robustes pour supporter sa seule utilisation. Les traitements anti-fibrotiques sont une autre piste de traitement dans le sens où s’il est possible de prévenir l’avancement de la défaillance hépatique il est alors possible de diminuer la probabilité et la sévérité des épisodes. Deux études indépendantes ont été réalisées dans un modèle de ligature de la voie biliaire, la première étude pour évaluer l’efficacité de traitements thérapeutiques de l’HE (lactulose et rifaximine) utilisés seuls ou en combinaison pour réduire le taux d’ammoniac et améliorer le statut de l’HE; et la seconde étude, pour évaluer des traitements utilisés individuellement pour prévenir l’établissement de la fibrose (acide obéticholique, rapamycine, pirfénidone, acide ursodésoxycholique). Matériel et méthodes. Les deux projets utilisent un modèle murin de ligature de la voie biliaire. Pour l’évaluation de la rifaximine, trois semaines après la chirurgie, les animaux sont séparés en cinq groupes en fonction du traitement reçu quotidiennement et du modèle : SHAM-VEH, pour les animaux ayant subi un simulacre de chirurgie de ligature de la voie biliaire (SHAM) et traité par le véhicule (VEH); BDL-VEH, pour les animaux ayant subi la chirurgie de ligature de la voie biliaire et traité par le véhicule; BDL-RIF, pour les animaux traités par la rifaximine (RIF); BDL-LAC, pour les animaux traités par le lactulose (LAC); BDL-LAC+RIF, pour les animaux traités par le lactulose et la rifaximin (LAC+RIF). Pour l’évaluation des composés anti-fibrotiques, une semaine après la chirurgie, les animaux sont séparés en six groupes en fonction du traitement reçu quotidiennement et du modèle : SHAM-VEH; BDL-VEH; BDL-OCA pour les animaux traités par l’obéticholique acide (OCA); BDL-RPM, pour les animaux traités par la rapamycine (RPM); BDL-UDCA, pour les animaux traités par l’acide ursodésoxycholique (UDCA); BDL-PFN pour les animaux traités par la pirfenidone (PFN). Les animaux sont alors évalués au cours du modèle pour leur survie, leur consommation de nourriture et leur poids. Les paramètres biochimiques de la fonction hépatiques sont évalués en fin de modèle. Plus particulièrement, le projet sur les composés anti-fibrotiques comprend une analyse plus approfondie de la fibrose par histologie avec établissement du score MÉTAVIR et par mesure du contenu hépatique en hydroxyproline. Le projet rifaximine comprend des analyses comportementales pour évaluer l’HE mais également une mesure de l’œdème cérébral. Résultats. Pour le projet rifaximine, aucun des deux composés testés (i.e. rifaximin et lactulose) seuls ou combinaison n’ont pas eu d’effets bénéfiques globaux en termes de survie, de croissance, de consommation de nourriture, de tests comportementaux, d’œdème cérébral, de paramètres biochimiques incluant l’ammoniac. Aucun des traitements pris séparément ou en combinaison n’a montré d’efficacité pour le traitement de l’HE. Pour le projet des composés anti-fibrotiques, certains composés ont entrainé une mortalité plus élevée. Aucune différence entre les traitements ne fut observée en termes de croissance, de consommation de nourriture, de paramètres biochimiques, d’histologie et de contenu en hydroxyproline. Conclusions. Globalement, l’étude sur la rifaximine ne présente pas de résultats suffisamment concluants pour recommander l’utilisation de la rifaximine en remplacement ou en concomitance avec le lactulose. L’étude sur les composés anti-fibrotiques ne permet pas de mettre en évidence un composé capable de limiter la progression de la fibrose., Introduction. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major but common complication of liver failures diseases. The physiopathology of HE mainly involves intestinal bacteria metabolism derived ammonia. The golden standard for patients who experience overt episodes of HE is lactulose but its observance is poor due to uncomfortable side effects. On the other hand, Rifaximin is a potent candidate but there is a lack of relevant data from clinical trials to support its sole use. Antifibrotic drugs are another category of treatment that can be useful in the setting of HE since it can prevent the onset of cirrhosis and thus of the liver failure, this can decrease the appearance and severity of the episodes. The aim of this study is to evaluate in a murine model of bile duct ligation the efficiency of therapeutic treatments (lactulose and rifaximin) alone or in combination to decrease blood ammonia and ameliorate HE status; and of prophylactic treatments (obeticholic acid, rapamycin, pirfenidone, ursodeoxycholic acid) individually to prevent the onset of fibrosis. Materials and methods. The two projects used a murine model of bile duct ligation. For the evaluation of the efficiency of rifaximin, three weeks after surgery, the animals were sorted into five groups according to the treatment they received daily and according to the model : SHAM-VEH, for animals that underwent a mock surgery (SHAM) and were treated with vehicle (VEH); BDL-VEH, for animals that underwent a bile duct ligation surgery (BDL) and were treated with vehicle; BDL-RIF, for animals that were treated with rifaximin (RIF); BDLLAC, for animals that were treated with lactulose (LAC); BDL-LAC+RIF for animals that were treated with lactulose and rifaximin (LAC+RIF);. For the evaluation of the effect of antifibrotic drugs, one week after surgery, the animals were sorted into six groups according to the treatment they received daily and according to the model : SHAM-VEH, BDL-VEH, BDL-OCA for animals that were treated with obeticholic acid (OCA); BDL-RPM, for animals that were treated with rapamycine (RPM); BDL-UDCA, for animals that were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA); BDL-PFN, for animals that were treated with pirfenidone (PFN). All animals were evaluated during the model for survival, food consumption and growth. The biological parameters of the liver function were evaluated at the end of the model. More specifically, this project includes a deeper analysis on fibrosis through histological analysis with establishment of the METAVIR score and measure of the content on hydroxyproline. The rifaximin project includes behavioural analysis to evaluate the HE status and measurement of cerebral edema. Results. Concerning the rifaximin project, no difference can be established between the treatments in term of survival, growth, food consumption, behavioural tests, cerebral edema, biochemistry parameters including ammonia. No treatment, taken alone or in combination, showed efficacy to treat HE. Concerning the antifibrotic drug study, some compounds have shown an increase in mortality, although no difference can be observed on growth, food consumption, biochemistry parameters, histology or hydroxyproline content. Conclusions. Overall, the study on rifaximin does not present strong and conclusive results on the sole use of rifaximin. According to the study on the antifibrotic drugs, no compounds show evidence of prevention of the onset of the fibrosis.
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- 2020
15. Severe pentasomide Armillifer armillatus infestation complicated by hepatic encephalopathy.
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Adeyekun, Ademola A., Ukadike, Ikechukwu, and Adetiloye, Victor A.
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HEPATIC encephalopathy , *AUTOPSY , *RADIOGRAPHY , *TOMOGRAPHY , *HEALTH education - Abstract
Background: Diagnosis of Armillifer armillatus infestation is usually incidental, commonly via autopsy or radiography. Affected individual are usually asymptomatic. The case presented here, however, had severe thoracic and abdominal involvement with clinical manifestations. Aim: To report a case of heavy A. armillatus infestation in an adult female Nigerian rural dweller complicated by hepatic parenchyma damage. Setting: Case report from semi-urban southern Nigeria, using clinical records and imaging findings. Materials and Methods: Clinical case records, including laboratory results and radiographic /computed tomography images. Conclusion: Parenchymal damage with organ dysfunction can be seen with severe A. armillatus infestation. Thus, there is a need for regular health education regarding the risk of A. armillatus infestation for individuals who consume snake meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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16. Electroencephalographic analysis for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy: Comparison of non-parametric and parametric spectral estimation techniques
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Amodio, P., Orsato, R., Marchetti, P., Schiff, S., Poci, C., Angeli, P., Gatta, A., Sparacino, G., and Toffolo, G.M.
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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *HEPATIC encephalopathy , *SPECTRUM analysis , *FOURIER transforms , *AUTOREGRESSION (Statistics) , *MATHEMATICAL models in medicine , *NUMERICAL analysis , *PROGNOSIS - Abstract
Summary: Objective: To compare electroencephalographic spectral analysis obtained by periodogram (calculated by means of Fast Fourier Transform) and autoregressive (AR) modelling for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. Methods: The mean dominant frequency (MDF) and the relative power of delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands were computed by both techniques from the electroencephalograms (EEG) of 201 cirrhotics and were evaluated in the clinical and prognostic assessment of the patients. Results: The values of all the five indexes computed by periodogram and AR modelling matched each other, but the latter provided stable values after the analysis of fewer epochs. Independently of the technique, the relative power of theta and alpha bands fitted the clinical data and had prognostic value. The relative power of beta and delta bands computed by AR modelling fitted more closely with clinical data fitted the clinical data more closely. Conclusions: The electroencephalographic spectral indexes obtained by periodogram and AR modelling were found to be, on average, undistinguishable, but the latter appeared less sensitive to noise and provided a more reliable assessment of low-power bands. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Consensus on the use of neurophysiological tests in the intensive care unit (ICU): Electroencephalogram (EEG), evoked potentials (EP), and electroneuromyography (ENMG)
- Author
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Guérit, J.-M., Amantini, A., Amodio, P., Andersen, K.V., Butler, S., de Weerd, A., Facco, E., Fischer, C., Hantson, P., Jäntti, V., Lamblin, M.-D., Litscher, G., and Péréon, Y.
- Subjects
- *
NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC monitoring , *NEUROLOGICAL intensive care , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY , *EVOKED potentials (Electrophysiology) , *ELECTROMYOGRAPHY , *PATIENT management , *EVIDENCE-based medicine , *MEDICAL function tests - Abstract
Summary: Study aim: To provide a consensus of European leading authorities about the optimal use of clinical neurophysiological (CN) tests (electroencephalogram [EEG]; evoked potentials [EP]; electroneuromyography [ENMG]) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and, particularly, about the way to make these tests clinically useful for the management of individual patients. Methods: This study gathered together several European clinical neurophysiologists and neurointensivists whose leading contributions in the adult or paediatric ICU and in continuous neuromonitoring had been peer-acknowledged. It was based on both a literature review and each participant''s own experience. Given the methodological impossibility to gather studies fulfilling criteria of evidence-based medicine, this article essentially relies on expert opinions that were gained after several rounds, in which each expert was invited to communicate his own contribution to all other experts. A complete consensus has been reached when submitting the manuscript. Results: What the group considered as the best classification systems for EEG and EP abnormalities in the ICU is first presented. CN tests are useful for diagnosis (epilepsy, brain death, and neuromuscular disorders), prognosis (anoxic ischemic encephalopathy, head trauma, and neurologic disturbances of metabolic and toxic origin), and follow-up, in the adult, paediatric, and neonatal ICU. Regarding prognosis, a clear distinction is made between these tests whose abnormalities are indicative of an ominous prognosis and those whose relative normalcy is indicative of a good prognosis. The prognostic significance of any test may vary as a function of coma etiology. Conclusion: CN provides quantitative functional assessment of the nervous system. It can be used in sedated or curarized patients. Therefore, it should play a major role in the individual assessment of ICU patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Mortalité et facteurs pronostiques des patients cirrhotiques en encéphalopathie hépatique admis en réanimation
- Author
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Benhaddouch, Z., Abidi, K., Naoufel, M., Abouqal, R., and Zeggwagh, A.A.
- Subjects
- *
DEATH , *TOXIC psychoses , *BRAIN damage , *BILE - Abstract
Abstract: Objective: To assess mortality and to identify variables that could predict it in cirrhotic patients hospitalized to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) for hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Study design: Retrospective cohort study. Patients and methods: From January 1995 to December 2004, the cirrhotic patients admitted consecutively in MICU were screened and those with altered level of consciousness were included. The MICU mortality rate was assessed. Nearly 80 variables were analyzed and compared between survivors and non-survivors. Statistical analysis: t test, χ2 or Fisher exact tests, Kaplan-Meier and log rank, Cox regression analysis. Results: A total of 180 patients (42 women - 138 men, mean age: 59±10 years) were admitted (incidence: 2.6%). The SAPS II was 30.1±11, Acute Physiology Age and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II): 16.5±5.3, Child-Pugh score: 9.1±1.9 and GCS: 11±2.8. The causes of liver cirrhosis was identified in 41.2% of cases (viral: 35.6%, alcohol: 5.6%). Nearly 18% of patients had an antecedent of HE. The causes of HE were: infection (65.6%), upper gastrointestinal bleeding (32.2%), drugs (5%) and metabolic cause (5%). MICU mortality rate was 33.3% and seemed higher in gastrointestinal bleeding. Eighteen variables were significantly associated with poor prognosis in univariate analysis. Only three variables remained significant in multivariate analysis: systolic blood pressure<90 mmHg (RR=4; IC95%=2–8.1), total WBC>12000 n/mm3 (RR=3.1; IC95%=1.8–5.3) and use of mechanical ventilation (RR=3.1; IC95%=1.7–5.6). Conclusion: The MICU mortality of cirrhotic patients with HE was high and significantly associated with haemodynamic instability, hyperleucocytosis and mechanical ventilation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Electroencephalographic staging of hepatic encephalopathy by an artificial neural network and an expert system 1
- Author
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Pellegrini, A., Ubiali, E., Orsato, R., Schiff, S., Gatta, A., Castellaro, A., Casagrande, A., and Amodio, P.
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- *
HEPATIC encephalopathy , *ARTIFICIAL neural networks , *ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHERS , *PROTHROMBIN , *LIVER failure - Abstract
Abstract: [1] Done under the auspices of the CIRMAN MEC, University of Padova, Italy. Aim of the study. – To provide an objective EEG assessment of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), we set up and tested an entirely automatic procedure based on an artificial neural network-expert system software (ANNESS). Patients and methods. – A training set sample of 50 EEG (group A) and a test sample of 50 EEG (group B) of 100 cirrhotic patients were considered. The EEGs had been visually classified by an expert electroencephalographer, using a modified five-degree Parsons-Simith classification of HE. The efficiency of the ANNESS, trained in group A, was tested in group B. Results. – Both the ANNESS and the visually-based classifications were found to be correlated to liver insufficiency, as assessed by the Child–Pugh score (Spearman''s coefficient ρ =0.485, P <0.0001; ρ =0.489, P <0.0001, respectively) and by the biochemical indexes of hepatic function (bilirubin: ρ =0.31 vs. 0.27; albumin: ρ =–0.13 vs. –0.18; prothrombin time ρ =–0.35 vs. –0.52). The classifications were found to be correlated to each other (ρ =0.84 P <0.0001, Cohen''s kappa=0.55). However, the ANNESS overestimated grade 2 EEG alterations. Conclusion. – An ANNESS-based classification of EEG in HE provided data comparable with a visually-based classification, except for mild alterations (class 2) that tended to be overestimated. Further optimization of automatic EEG staging of HE is desirable, as well as a prospective clinical evaluation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Brain oedema and acute liver failure
- Author
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Spahr, L.
- Subjects
- *
CEREBRAL edema , *HYPERTENSION , *LIVER failure - Abstract
Brain oedema leading to intracranial hypertension occurs in a significant proportion of patients with acute liver failure in whom it is a leading cause of death. Although precise pathogenic mechanisms associated to this severe complication remain incompletely understood, increasing evidence points to gut-derived neurotoxins including ammonia as key mediators in cerebral osmotic and perfusion disturbances. The management of brain oedema and intracranial hypertension requires a multidisciplinar approach in a center where liver transplantation is available, as this option is the only treatment modality that provides improvement in outcome. This article reviews the most common causes of acute liver failure and the standard of supportive care management, and describes future potential therapeutic aspects of brain oedema and intracranial hypertension. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Hepatic encephalopathy during cirrhosis, from pathophysiology to treatment
- Author
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Mouri, Sarah, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CR Saint-Antoine), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université, and Dominique Damais-Thabut
- Subjects
Inflammation ,Barrière hémato-encéphalique ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Cirrhose ,Biotine ,Biotin ,digestive system ,digestive system diseases ,Ammoniémie ,Cirrhosis ,Ammonia ,[SDV.MHEP.PHY]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO] ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Blood-brain barrier - Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe complication of cirrhosis. Pathophysiology still debated. Hyperammonia involvement is well known. Systemic inflammation could participate, increasing blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Alterations of TCA cycle could exist too in HE (pilot study of metabolomic in cerebrospinal fluids of patients with HE). The objectives were : to define the different contributions of ammonia, systemic inflammation and suspected dysregulation of energetic metabolism using animal models of cirrhosis ; to study efficiency of differents drugs on the abnormalities. We used a behavioral test to evaluate HE on two models of cirrhosis (biliary-BDL and toxic-CCl4) versus controls. Treatments given were hyperammoniemic (NH3), hypoammoniemic (sodium benzoate-BNa), antibiotic (rifaximine-RFX) or aiming to restore TCA (biotine). Ammonemia, cytokins and BBB permeability measured by fluorimetry were evaluated. Ammonemia was higher in the two models BDL and CCl4 compared to controls ; BDL had HE and an increased permeability of BBB ; these modifications were not observed in CCl4. Cytokins were significantly higher in BDL than in CCl4. NH3 treatment did not potentiate HE nor BBB alteration. BNa, RFX and biotine prevent the development of HE and BBB abnormalities. Hyperammonia and inflammation could act synergistically in HE. Innovating efficiency of biotine in HE could open new perspectives of pathophysiology pathway and therapeutic tools.; L’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est une complication sévère de la cirrhose. La physiopathologie est mal élucidée. Le rôle de l’hyperammoniémie est connu. L’inflammation systémique pourrait participer (rôle sur la perméabilité de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE)). Il existerait aussi des anomalies du cycle de Krebs (TCA) dans l’EH (étude pilote métabolomique de liquide céphalorachidien de patients). Les objectifs étaient de déterminer les parts respectives de l’hyperammoniémie, de l’inflammation et d’un éventuel déficit énergétique dans l’EH, au moyen de modèles animaux et étudier la prévention des anomalies par des médicaments. L’EH était évaluée par un test comportemental sur deux modèles de cirrhose (biliaire-BDL et toxique- CCl4 versus contrôles). Les traitements étaient hyperammoniémiant(NH3), hypoammoniémiant (benzoate de sodium-BNa), antibiotique(rifaximine-RFX) ou visant à restaurer le TCA (biotine). L’ammoniémie, les cytokines et la perméabilité de la BHE par fluorimétrie était mesurées. L’ammoniémie était élevée dans les 2 modèles ; les BDL avaient une EH et une augmentation de perméabilité de la BHE, anomalies non retrouvées chez les CCl4. Les BDL avaient des cytokines significativement plus élevées que les CCl4. Le régime NH3 ne majorait pas les anomalies. Les traitements par BNa, RFX et biotine prévenaient l’apparition de l’EH et la modification de la BHE. L’hyperammoniémie et l’inflammation seraient donc synergiques dans l’EH. L’efficacité de la biotine ouvre la voie à de nouvelles perspectives physiopathologiques et thérapeutiques.
- Published
- 2019
22. L’encéphalopathie hépatique au cours de la cirrhose, de la physiopathologie au traitement
- Author
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Mouri, Sarah, STAR, ABES, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université, and Dominique Damais-Thabut
- Subjects
Inflammation ,Barrière hémato-encéphalique ,[SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,[SDV.MHEP.PHY] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO] ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Cirrhose ,Biotine ,Biotin ,digestive system ,digestive system diseases ,Ammoniémie ,Cirrhosis ,Ammonia ,[SDV.MHEP.PHY]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO] ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Blood-brain barrier - Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe complication of cirrhosis. Pathophysiology still debated. Hyperammonia involvement is well known. Systemic inflammation could participate, increasing blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Alterations of TCA cycle could exist too in HE (pilot study of metabolomic in cerebrospinal fluids of patients with HE). The objectives were : to define the different contributions of ammonia, systemic inflammation and suspected dysregulation of energetic metabolism using animal models of cirrhosis ; to study efficiency of differents drugs on the abnormalities. We used a behavioral test to evaluate HE on two models of cirrhosis (biliary-BDL and toxic-CCl4) versus controls. Treatments given were hyperammoniemic (NH3), hypoammoniemic (sodium benzoate-BNa), antibiotic (rifaximine-RFX) or aiming to restore TCA (biotine). Ammonemia, cytokins and BBB permeability measured by fluorimetry were evaluated. Ammonemia was higher in the two models BDL and CCl4 compared to controls ; BDL had HE and an increased permeability of BBB ; these modifications were not observed in CCl4. Cytokins were significantly higher in BDL than in CCl4. NH3 treatment did not potentiate HE nor BBB alteration. BNa, RFX and biotine prevent the development of HE and BBB abnormalities. Hyperammonia and inflammation could act synergistically in HE. Innovating efficiency of biotine in HE could open new perspectives of pathophysiology pathway and therapeutic tools., L’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est une complication sévère de la cirrhose. La physiopathologie est mal élucidée. Le rôle de l’hyperammoniémie est connu. L’inflammation systémique pourrait participer (rôle sur la perméabilité de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE)). Il existerait aussi des anomalies du cycle de Krebs (TCA) dans l’EH (étude pilote métabolomique de liquide céphalorachidien de patients). Les objectifs étaient de déterminer les parts respectives de l’hyperammoniémie, de l’inflammation et d’un éventuel déficit énergétique dans l’EH, au moyen de modèles animaux et étudier la prévention des anomalies par des médicaments. L’EH était évaluée par un test comportemental sur deux modèles de cirrhose (biliaire-BDL et toxique- CCl4 versus contrôles). Les traitements étaient hyperammoniémiant(NH3), hypoammoniémiant (benzoate de sodium-BNa), antibiotique(rifaximine-RFX) ou visant à restaurer le TCA (biotine). L’ammoniémie, les cytokines et la perméabilité de la BHE par fluorimétrie était mesurées. L’ammoniémie était élevée dans les 2 modèles ; les BDL avaient une EH et une augmentation de perméabilité de la BHE, anomalies non retrouvées chez les CCl4. Les BDL avaient des cytokines significativement plus élevées que les CCl4. Le régime NH3 ne majorait pas les anomalies. Les traitements par BNa, RFX et biotine prévenaient l’apparition de l’EH et la modification de la BHE. L’hyperammoniémie et l’inflammation seraient donc synergiques dans l’EH. L’efficacité de la biotine ouvre la voie à de nouvelles perspectives physiopathologiques et thérapeutiques.
- Published
- 2019
23. Associations entre l’état nutritionnel, la qualité de vie et l’encéphalopathie hépatique lors de maladies chroniques du foie
- Author
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Picinbono-Larose, Cassandra, Bémeur, Chantal, and Rose, Christopher
- Subjects
Cirrhosis ,Nutritional status ,Maladie hépatique chronique ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Health-related quality of life ,Cirrhose ,Malnutrition ,État nutritionnel ,Qualité de vie ,Chronic liver disease ,Nutritional assessment ,Évaluation nutritionnelle ,Hepatic encephalopathy - Abstract
Introduction : La malnutrition est la complication la plus fréquente (65-95%) chez les patients souffrant d’une maladie hépatique chronique (MHC ; cirrhose). La malnutrition lors de cirrhose peut accroître le risque de développer d’autres complications telle que l’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH ; désordre neuropsychiatrique complexe) et affecter la qualité de vie (QV) des patients. Les stratégies thérapeutiques axées sur l'état nutritionnel en relation avec les complications de la cirrhose représentent un besoin clinique urgent. Hypothèse: Un pauvre état nutritionnel chez les patients cirrhotiques affecte négativement la QV et augmente le risque de complications, notamment le développement d’EH. Objectifs principaux : 1) Évaluer les relations entre l’état nutritionnel et la QV ; 2) Vérifier la présence, la gravité et les historiques d’EH ; 3) Évaluer les relations entre l’état nutritionnel, l’EH et les antécédents (ATCD) d’EH ; 4) Investiguer les relations entre l’EH, les ATCD d’EH et la QV des sujets cirrhotiques. Méthode : Étude observationnelle et transversale réalisée auprès de patients (hospitalisés et ambulatoires du service d’hépatologie de l’hôpital St-Luc du CHUM ; N=60) atteints de cirrhose d’étiologies et de sévérité (score Child-Pugh) diverses. Un groupe de patients non-cirrhotiques hospitalisés pour des interventions mineures au sein du même établissement ont été recrutés comme contrôles (N=30). Les sujets ont été évalués pour : 1) État nutritionnel : Questionnaire standardisé évaluation subjective globale (ESG) ; 2) Qualité de vie : Questionnaire généraliste SF-36 évaluant la QV telle que perçue par le patient; 3) EH : Présence ou historique d’EH à l’aide d’un test informatisé (Stroop EncephalApp) et d'une échelle d’évaluation de l’EH (CHESS). Résultats : À la suite de l'application de critères d'exclusion pertinents, ce projet pilote inclut 50 patients MHC (72% hommes) d’étiologies variées (12% alcoolique, 6% virale, 18% SHNA, 8% auto-immune, 12% autres et 44% étiologies mixtes), Child-Pugh (15A, 7B, 18C et 10 N/D), âgés de 56±12 ans et 18 patients non-cirrhotiques (33% hommes, âge moyen 42±15). L’ESG révèle que 34% des sujets MHC souffrent de malnutrition. Parmi les patients MHC malnutris, 18% avaient un diagnostic d’EH. Les patients MHC malnutris présentaient une perception de leur QV moindre que les patients MHC bien nourris, et ce pour toutes les dimensions du SF-36 (p, Introduction : Malnutrition is the most common complication (65-95%) in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD : cirrhosis). Malnutrition during cirrhosis may increase the risk of developing other complications including hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and may also affect patients' functional status and quality of life (QOL). Management strategies focussing on nutritional status in relation to complications of cirrhosis are an unmet clinical need. Hypothesis : Poor nutritional status in cirrhotic patients negatively affects QOL and increases the risk of developing HE. Main objectives : 1) Assess nutritional status and its relationship to QOL ; 2) Ascertain the presence, severity and history of HE ; 3) Investigate the relationship between nutritional status, HE and history of HE ; 4) Investigate the relationship between HE, history of HE and QOL of cirrhotic subjects. Method : Observational and cross-sectional study involving 60 patients (hospitalized and outpatients) from the Department of Hepatology at St-Luc Hospital, CHUM). A group of non-cirrhotic patients hospitalized for minor interventions were used as controls (N=30). All subjects were assessed for: 1) Nutritional Status: Standardized Questionnaire Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) ; 2) Quality of life : General questionnaire SF-36 evaluating the QV as perceived by the patient; 3) HE : History or presence of HE using a computerized test (Stroop EncephalApp) and an evaluation scale of HE (CHESS). Results : After consideration of relevant exclusion criteria, this pilot project included 50 CLD patients (72% men) of various etiologies (12% alcoholic, 6% viral, 18% NASH, 8% autoimmune, 12% others and 44% mixed etiologies), Child-Pugh (15A, 7B, 18C and 10 N/A), aged 56 ± 12 years and 18 non-cirrhotic patients (33% male, mean age 42 ± 15). The SGA revealed that 34% of CLD subjects were malnourished. Among malnourished CLD patients, 18% were diagnosed with HE. CLD malnourished patients had a lower perception of QOL than well-nourished CLD patients for all SF-36 scales (p
- Published
- 2018
24. Hepatic encephalopathy in aptients with cirrhosis : pathophysiology, TIPS as a risk factor, multimodal MRI for the prediction of neurological prognosis after TIPS placement
- Author
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Rudler, Marika, Pathologies biliaires, fibrose et cancer du foie, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (UMRS893), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, Damien Galanaud, and Dominique Damais-Thabut
- Subjects
Pronostic neurologique ,IRM cérébrale multimodale ,Cirrhosis ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Cirrhose ,Hémorragie digestive par rupture de varices oesophagiennes ,Ascite ,[SDV.MHEP.PHY]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO] ,Ascites ,Hepatic encephalopathy - Abstract
TIPS placement is required for the management of variceal bleeding or ascites in cirrhosis. However, hepatic encephalopathy (HE) may occur in 35% of patients after TIPS placement. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best exam for the diagnosis and the prognosis of several neurological diseases. Multimodal MRI combines spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging and resting state. It has been proven to help for neurological prognostic in comatose patients after traumatic brain injury or cardiac arrest. In this manuscript, we will explain HE pathophysiology and management of HE in 2017. We will also describe results obtained with TIPS placement in patients with variceal bleeding. The second part of the manuscript will be dedicated to multimodal MRI: we will clarify each technique and what has been published in the setting of cirrhosis. Last, we will explain our results obtained in patients who are candidate for non urgent TIPS placement and will suggest that a low fractional anisotropy before TIPS may help to identify patients that are at risk of developing HE after TIPS.; Le TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts) est le traitement de référence au cours de l'hémorragie digestive par rupture de varices, ou dans le traitement de l'ascite réfractaire chez les patients atteitns de cirrhose. Il peut entraîner une encéphalopathie hépatique (EH), dans 35% des cas environ. L'imagerie par résonnance magnétique (IRM) cérébrale est l'examen de référence pour le diagnostic et le pronostic des maladies neurologiques. L'IRM multimodale combine la spectroscopie, l'imagerie par tenseur de diffusion, et l'IRM fonctionnelle de repos. La combinaison de ces différentes techniques a un intérêt pour le pronostic neurologique après traumatisme crânien ou arrêt cardio-respiratoire. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous ferons une revue de la littérature sur l'EH en 2017. Nous décrirons les bénéfices du TIPS dans la prise en charge des complications de la cirrhose telles que l'hémorragie digestive et l'ascite, et aussi la probabilité de développer une EH après TIPS. La deuxième partie de ce travail sera consacrée à l'IRM cérébrale mutimodale. Nous en expliquerons les principes généraux, puis nous décrirons les données publiées dans la cirrhose. Enfin, nous présenterons les résultats obtenus en IRM cérébrale multimodale chez des patients candidats à la pose d'un TIPS. Nous décrirons en particulier qu'il existe des facteurs prédictifs de développement d'une EH après TIPS. En effet, la fraction d'anisotropie est plus basse dans notre série avant TIPS chez les aptients qui vont développer une EH après TIPS. Ainsi, le tenseur de diffusion pourrait aider à discrimier les patients qui sont les plus à risque de développer une EH.
- Published
- 2017
25. Encéphalopathie hépatique chez les patiens atteints de cirrhose : le TIPS comme facteur de risque, apport de l'IRM multitmodale
- Author
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Rudler, Marika, Pathologies biliaires, fibrose et cancer du foie, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (UMRS893), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, Damien Galanaud, and Dominique Damais-Thabut
- Subjects
Pronostic neurologique ,IRM cérébrale multimodale ,Cirrhosis ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Hémorragie digestive par rupture de varices oesophagiennes ,Cirrhose ,Ascite ,[SDV.MHEP.PHY]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO] ,Ascites ,Hepatic encephalopathy - Abstract
TIPS placement is required for the management of variceal bleeding or ascites in cirrhosis. However, hepatic encephalopathy (HE) may occur in 35% of patients after TIPS placement. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the best exam for the diagnosis and the prognosis of several neurological diseases. Multimodal MRI combines spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging and resting state. It has been proven to help for neurological prognostic in comatose patients after traumatic brain injury or cardiac arrest. In this manuscript, we will explain HE pathophysiology and management of HE in 2017. We will also describe results obtained with TIPS placement in patients with variceal bleeding. The second part of the manuscript will be dedicated to multimodal MRI: we will clarify each technique and what has been published in the setting of cirrhosis. Last, we will explain our results obtained in patients who are candidate for non urgent TIPS placement and will suggest that a low fractional anisotropy before TIPS may help to identify patients that are at risk of developing HE after TIPS.; Le TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts) est le traitement de référence au cours de l'hémorragie digestive par rupture de varices, ou dans le traitement de l'ascite réfractaire chez les patients atteitns de cirrhose. Il peut entraîner une encéphalopathie hépatique (EH), dans 35% des cas environ. L'imagerie par résonnance magnétique (IRM) cérébrale est l'examen de référence pour le diagnostic et le pronostic des maladies neurologiques. L'IRM multimodale combine la spectroscopie, l'imagerie par tenseur de diffusion, et l'IRM fonctionnelle de repos. La combinaison de ces différentes techniques a un intérêt pour le pronostic neurologique après traumatisme crânien ou arrêt cardio-respiratoire. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous ferons une revue de la littérature sur l'EH en 2017. Nous décrirons les bénéfices du TIPS dans la prise en charge des complications de la cirrhose telles que l'hémorragie digestive et l'ascite, et aussi la probabilité de développer une EH après TIPS. La deuxième partie de ce travail sera consacrée à l'IRM cérébrale mutimodale. Nous en expliquerons les principes généraux, puis nous décrirons les données publiées dans la cirrhose. Enfin, nous présenterons les résultats obtenus en IRM cérébrale multimodale chez des patients candidats à la pose d'un TIPS. Nous décrirons en particulier qu'il existe des facteurs prédictifs de développement d'une EH après TIPS. En effet, la fraction d'anisotropie est plus basse dans notre série avant TIPS chez les aptients qui vont développer une EH après TIPS. Ainsi, le tenseur de diffusion pourrait aider à discrimier les patients qui sont les plus à risque de développer une EH.
- Published
- 2017
26. New insights on ammonia metabolism in endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier
- Author
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Macedo de Oliveira, Mariana and Rose, Christopher
- Subjects
œdème cérébral ,Hyperammoniémie ,Endothelial cells ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Brain edema ,NKCC1 ,Cellules endothéliales ,Hyperammonemia ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Glutamine synthetase - Abstract
L'encéphalopathie hépatique (HE) est un syndrome neuropsychiatrique complexe, une complication majeure de la maladie du foie. L'œdème cytotoxique est une complication grave de l'encéphalopathie hépatique, connu comme étant le résultat d'un gonflement des astrocytes. Les facteurs pathogéniques dérivés du sang tels que l'ammoniaque (NH4+) et le stress oxydatif (SO) sont connus pour être synergiquement impliqués. Les cellules endothéliales (CE) de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE), régulant le passage vers le cerveau, sont les premières cellules à entrer en contact avec les molécules circulantes. L'effet de l'ammoniaque et du SO sur le transport et le métabolisme des CE n'a jamais été complètement exploré. Par conséquent, notre objectif était d'évaluer les effets de NH4+ et des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS) sur les CE de la BHE en utilisant des systèmes de modèles in vivo et in vitro. Il a été démontré que le cotransporteur Na-K-2Cl (NKCC1) était impliqué dans la pathogenèse de l'œdème cérébral dans de nombreuses affections neurologiques. Le NKCC1 peut transporter NH4+ vers le cerveau et est régulé par les ROS. Par conséquent, l'expression de NKCC1 a été évaluée dans des CE primaires soumises à différentes concentrations de ROS et de NH4+ ainsi que dans des microvaisseaux cérébraux (MVC) isolés chez le rat BDL (bile-duct ligated), un modèle d'EH induit par une maladie hépatique chronique. Aucune régulation à la hausse de NKCC n'était présente chez les CE traitées ou les MVC. La glutamine synthétase (GS) est une enzyme qui joue un rôle compensatoire important dans la détoxification du NH4+ au cours de la maladie du foie. La GS est exprimée dans le muscle et le cerveau (astrocytes), mais n'a jamais été totalement explorée dans les CE de la BHE. L'expression et l'activité de la protéine GS ont été trouvées dans les CE de la BHE in vitro (CE primaires) et in vivo (MVC isolés de rats naïfs). Dans le modèle BDL, l'expression de GS dans les MVC n'était pas significativement différente des témoins (SHAM). Par ailleurs, nous avons traité des CE avec du milieu conditionné à partir de plasma de rats BDL et avons trouvé une diminution de l’expression de la protéine GS et de l'activité par rapport aux SHAM. De plus, les CE traitées avec NH4+ augmentaient en activité de GS tandis que les traitements avec SO avec et sans NH4+ diminuent l'activité de GS. Globalement, ces résultats démontrent pour la première fois que la GS est présente dans les CE, à la fois in vivo et in vitro. La GS est régulée à la baisse dans les CE traitées avec du plasma de BDL (mais pas dans les MVC de BDL). Il est intéressant de noter que le NH4+ stimule l'activité de GS dans les CE, alors que le SO inhibe l'activité de GS, ce qui justifie possiblement les résultats de nos études avec les milieux conditionnés. Nous supposons que le SO empêche la régulation à la hausse de GS de la BHE, en diminuant la capacité des CE à détoxifier l'ammoniaque et à limiter l'entrée d'ammoniaque dans le cerveau. Nous envisageons qu'une régulation à la hausse de GS dans les CE de la BHE pourrait devenir une nouvelle cible thérapeutique de l'EH., Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome, which is a major complication of liver disease. Cytotoxic edema is a serious complication of HE, known to be the result of astrocyte swelling. Blood derived pathogenic factors such as ammonia (NH4+) and oxidative stress’ (OS) are known to be synergistically implicated. Endothelial cells (EC) of the blood brain barrier (BBB) are the first cells regulating passage into the brain and to contact blood-derived molecules. The effect of ammonia and oxidative stress on EC transport and metabolism has never been thoroughly explored. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the effects of NH4+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on EC of the BBB using in vivo and in vitro models systems. The Na–K–2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of brain edema in numerous neurological conditions. NKCC1 can transport NH4+ into the brain and is regulated by ROS. Therefore, the expression of NKCC1 was evaluated in primary EC submitted to different concentrations of ROS and NH4+ as well as in cerebral microvessels (CMV) isolated from the bile-duct ligated (BDL) rat, a model HE induced by chronic liver disease. No upregulation of NKCC1 was present in either the treated EC or CMV. Glutamine synthetase (GS) is an enzyme with an important compensatory role in NH4+ detoxification during liver disease. GS is expressed in muscle and brain (astrocytes) but has never been thoroughly explored in ECs of the BBB. GS protein expression and activity was found in EC of the BBB in vitro (primary EC) and in vivo (CMV isolated from naive rats). In the BDL model, GS expression in CMVs was not significantly different from SHAM-operated controls. In addition, we treated ECs with conditioned medium from plasma of BDL rats and found a decrease in GS protein and activity when compared to SHAM. Furthermore, EC treated with NH4+ increased GS activity while treatments with ROS with and without NH4+ decreased GS activity. Overall these results demonstrate for the first time that GS is present in EC both in vivo and in vitro. GS is downregulated in EC treated with BDL plasma (but not in BDL CMV). Interestingly, NH4+ stimulates GS activity in ECs, while ROS inhibits GS activity, possibly justifying the results found from the conditioned medium studies. We speculate that ROS prevents the upregulation of GS in the BBB, decreasing the capacity of the EC to detoxify ammonia and to limit ammonia entry into the brain. We foresee that upregulating GS in ECs of the BBB could become a new therapeutic target for HE.
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- 2017
27. Increased brain lactate is central to the development of brain edema in rats with chronic liver disease
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Helen A. Marin, Jimmy Huynh, Christian Parent-Robitaille, Mélanie Tremblay, Claudia Zwingmann, Christopher F. Rose, Cristina R. Bosoi, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Taurine ,Cirrhosis ,Glutamine ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Résonance magnétique nucléaire biomoléculaire ,Maladie du foie en phase terminale ,Biology ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Pathogenesis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonia ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Acide lactique ,Oedème cérébral ,Lactic Acid ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Hepatology ,Liver Diseases ,Brain ,medicine.disease ,Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ,Rats ,Citric acid cycle ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Osmolyte ,Chronic Disease ,Brain edema ,Chronic liver failure ,Lactate - Abstract
The pathogenesis of brain edema in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and minimal hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains undefined. This study evaluated the role of brain lactate, glutamine and organic osmolytes, including myo-inositol and taurine, in the development of brain edema in a rat model of cirrhosis.Six-week bile-duct ligated (BDL) rats were injected with (13)C-glucose and de novo synthesis of lactate, and glutamine in the brain was quantified using (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Total brain lactate, glutamine, and osmolytes were measured using (1)H NMR or high performance liquid chromatography. To further define the interplay between lactate, glutamine and brain edema, BDL rats were treated with AST-120 (engineered activated carbon microspheres) and dichloroacetate (DCA: lactate synthesis inhibitor).Significant increases in de novo synthesis of lactate (1.6-fold, p
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- 2014
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28. Synergistic effect of aminoguanidine and l-carnosine against thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats: behavioral, biochemical, and ultrastructural evidence.
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Afifi NA, Ramadan A, Erian EY, Sedik AA, Amin MM, Hassan A, and Saleh DO
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- Ammonia metabolism, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain pathology, Brain Chemistry drug effects, Drug Synergism, Hepatic Encephalopathy chemically induced, Hepatic Encephalopathy psychology, Liver pathology, Liver Function Tests, Male, Motor Activity drug effects, Motor Skills drug effects, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Carnosine therapeutic use, Guanidines therapeutic use, Hepatic Encephalopathy prevention & control, Thioacetamide
- Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy depicts the cluster of neurological alterations that occur during acute or chronic hepatic injury. Hyperammonemia, inflammatory injury, and oxidative stress are the main predisposing factors for the direct and indirect changes in cerebral metabolism causing encephalopathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible synergistic effect between aminoguanidine (AG; 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and l-carnosine (CAR; 200 mg/kg, p.o.) on hepatic encephalopathy that was induced by thioacetamide (TAA; 100 mg/kg, i.p.) administered three times weekly for six weeks. Behavioral changes, biochemical parameters, histopathological analysis, and immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies were conducted 24 h after the last treatment. Combining AG with CAR improved TAA-induced locomotor impairment and motor incoordination evidenced by reduced locomotor activity and decline in motor skill performance, as well as ameliorated cognitive deficits. Moreover, both drugs restored the levels of serum hepatic enzymes and serum and brain levels of ammonia. In addition, the combination significantly modulated hepatic and brain oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Furthermore, they succeeded in activating nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity and ameliorating markers of hepatic encephalopathy, including hepatic necrosis and brain astrocyte swelling. This study shows that combining AG with CAR exerted a new intervention for hepatic and brain damage in hepatic encephalopathy due to their complementary antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects and hypoammonemic effects via Nrf2/HO-1 activation and NO inhibition.
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- 2021
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29. Multimodal approach for the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy
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Hermann, Bertrand, Université Paris Descartes - Faculté de Médecine (UPD5 Médecine), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), and Nicolas Weiss
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[SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,MESH: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Cirrhose ,Critical Flicker Frequency test (CFF) ,Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) ,MESH: Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,MESH: Ammonemia ,Ammoniémie ,Hypertension portale non cirrhotique ,PHES ,Spectroscopie par résonance magnétique ,MESH: Hepatic Encephalopathy ,MESH: Liver Cirrhosis ,Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension ,CFF ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,IRM - Abstract
There is no gold-standard for the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). We studied the interest of a multimodal approach combining clinical, neuropsychological and paraclinical tests. Out-patients addressed in our center underwent a clinical examination, psychometric tests (Critical Flicker Frequency, Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score), ammonemia and cerebral MRI with spectroscopy (MRS). They were classified as having HE or not by consensus between two experts. We included 56 patients between February 2013 and April 2016, 57% had an HE, whereas 43% hadn’t. Among the clinical informations, only the presence of a portosystemic shunt (TIPS or surgical) and the absence of a previous hepatic transplantation were associated with HE. A venous ammonemia > 50 μmol/l, MRI T1 hypertensity of the basal ganglia and an MRS suggestive of HE were all statistically associated with the diagnosis in the univariate analysis (p 50 μmol/L and an MRS suggestive of HE were independently associated with the diagnosis of HE. A multimodal approach combining clinical data, ammonemia and cerebral MRI with MRS seems to have good accuracy for the diagnosis of HE; Il n’existe pas de gold-standard pour le diagnostic de l’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH), qui reste un diagnostic difficile et non consensuel. Nous avons étudié l’intérêt d’une approche diagnostique multimodale, combinant examen clinique, tests psychométriques et examens paracliniques. Les patients adressés en consultation d’hépato-neurologie à l’hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière étaient classés par consensus de 2 experts en EH confirmée ou absente après la réalisation d’un interrogatoire, d’un examen clinique, de tests psychométriques (Critical Flicker Frequency, Psychometrice Hepatic Encephalopathy Score) et d’examens complémentaires (ammoniémie (NH3), EEG, IRM avec spectroscopie (SRM)). Cinquante-six patients ont été inclus entre février 2013 et avril 2016, 57 % avaient une EH confirmée et 43% n’avaient pas d’EH. Parmi les éléments cliniques, seuls la présence d’un shunt (TIPS ou chirurgical) et l’absence de transplantation hépatique étaient associés à l’EH. Un NH3 >50 μmol/L, un hypersignal T1 des noyaux gris centraux (HST1NGC) et un profil de SRM en faveur d’une EH étaient tous associés au diagnostic d’EH en analyse univariée (p50μmol/L (AUC=0,91). En analyse multivariée, la présence d’un shunt (TIPS ou chirurgical), d’un NH3 >50μmol/L et d’un profil SRM en faveur d’une EH étaient de manière indépendante associées au diagnostic d’EH. Une approche multimodale fondée sur la combinaison de données cliniques, du dosage du NH3 et de l’IRM avec SRM semble une approche prometteuse pour le diagnostic d’EH.
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- 2016
30. Impact de l'hypotension chez le rat avec encéphalopathie hépatique due à la maladie de foie chronique : implication pour les complications neurologiques suivant la transplantation hépatique
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Clément, Marc-André and Rose, Christopher
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ornithine phénylacétate ,Liver transplantation ,BDL rats ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,transplantation hépatique ,Hepatic Encephalopathy ,Ornithine phenylacetate ,Neuronal death ,Hypotension ,Rat BDL ,mort neuronale - Abstract
L’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est une complication neuropsychiatrique de la maladie de foie telle que la cirrhose, caractérisée par des dysfonctions cognitives et motrices. Le seul traitement curatif est la transplantation hépatique (TH). Historiquement, l’EH est considérée comme un désordre métabolique réversible et il est attendu qu’il soit résolu suivant la TH. Cependant, il a été démontré que des complications neurologiques persistent chez 47% des patients transplantés. La TH est une opération chirurgicale complexe accompagnée de stress péri-opératoire telle que la perte sanguine et l’hypotension. L’hypothèse de ce projet d’étude est que l’EH minimale (EHm) rend le cerveau plus susceptible à une perte neuronale suite à une insulte hypotensive. Nous avons donc caractérisé un modèle d’hypotension chez des rats cirrhotiques avec ligation de la voie biliaire (BDL) dans lequel une hypovolémie de l’artère fémorale a été faite. Avec ce modèle, nous avons étudié l’impact de différentes pressions sanguines de 120 minutes sur le compte neuronal. Nos résultats démontrent que les BDL hypotendus à une pression artérielle moyenne de 60 mmHg et 30 mmHg ont une diminution du compte neuronal et que les neurones mourraient par apoptose (observée par la présence de caspase-3 clivée). Nous avons également déterminé que le flot sanguin cérébral était altéré chez les rats cirrhotiques BDL. Le second objectif était d’évaluer si le traitement de l’EHm par l’ornithine phénylacétate (OP) permettait d’éviter la perte neuronale chez les BDL hypotendus. Nos résultats ont démontrés que l’OP permettait de partiellement rétablir les fonctions cognitives chez les rats BDL. De plus, les rats BDL traités avec l’OP peuvent éviter la mort neuronale. Cependant, le processus apoptotique est toujours enclenché. Ce résultat suggère la possibilité de mort cellulaire retardée par l’OP. Ces résultats suggèrent que les patients cirrhotiques avec EHm sont plus susceptibles à une mort neuronale induite par hypotension. La combinaison de l’EHm et l’hypotension permet d’expliquer les complications neurologiques rencontrées chez certains patients. Le diagnostic et le traitement de ce syndrome doit donc être fait chez les patients cirrhotiques pour éviter ces complications post-TH., Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a major neuropsychiatric complication caused by chronic liver disease such as cirrhosis and is characterized by cognitive and motor dysfunction. The only curative treatment to date remains liver transplantation (LT). Historically, HE has always been considered to be a reversible metabolic disorder and has therefore been expected to completely resolve following LT. However, persisting neurological complications remain a common problem affecting as many as 47% of LT recipients. LT is a major surgical procedure accompanied by intraoperative stress and confounding factors, including blood loss and hypotension. We hypothesize, in the setting of minimal HE (MHE), the compromised brain becomes susceptible to hypotensive insults, resulting in cell injury and death. To investigate this hypothesis, six-week bile-duct ligated (BDL) rats with MHE and respective controls (SHAM) were used. Blood is withdrawn from the femoral artery (inducing hypovolemia) until a mean arterial pressure of 30, 60 and 90 mmHg (hypotension) and maintained for 120 minutes. Our results demonstrated that BDL with following hypotension of 30 and 60 mmHg have a lower neuronal cell count compared to SHAM-operated animals. Furthermore, we provide evidence neuronal cell death is occurring due to apoptosis (observed by presence of cleaved caspase-3). In addition, cerebral blood flow is reduced in BDL rats compared to SHAM-operated controls. Second objective was to assess the therapeutic potential of the ammonia-lowering agent ornithine phenylacetate (OP) in preventing hypotension-induced neuronal loss in BDL rats. OP-treated BDL rats, in addition to lowering blood ammonia, also ameliorated cognitive function. However, cleaved caspase-3 levels were still elevated in the brains of OP-treated BDL rats therefore suggesting OP delays the onset of neuronal death in BDL rats. Overall, these findings strongly suggest that cirrhotic patients with MHE are more susceptible to hypotension-induced neuronal cell loss. Moreover, these results suggest a patient with HE (even MHE), with a “frail brain”, will fare worse during LT transplantation and consequently result in poor neurological outcome. Combination of MHE and hypotension may account for the persisting neurological complications observed in a number of cirrhotic patients following LT. Therefore, MHE, i) should not be ignored and therefore diagnosed and ii) merits to be treated in order to reduce the risk of neurological complications occurring post-LT
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- 2016
31. Pathogenèse de l’oedème cérébral dans l’encéphalopathie hépatique minimale : rôles du stress oxydatif et du lactate
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Bosoi Tudorache, Cristina and Rose, Christopher
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brain edema ,reactive oxygen species ,espèces réactives d’oxygène ,hyperammonemia ,AST-120 ,hepatic encephalopathy ,résonance magnétique nucléaire ,stress oxydatif ,allopurinol ,dichloroacétate ,ligature de la voie biliaire ,oedème cérébral ,nuclear magnetic resonance ,anastomose portocave ,hyperammoniémie ,glutamine ,oxidative stress ,encéphalopathie hépatique ,bile-duct ligation ,portacaval anastomosis - Abstract
L’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est un syndrome neuropsychiatrique découlant des complications de l'insuffisance hépatique. Les patients souffrant d'une insuffisance hépatique chronique (IHC) présentent fréquemment une EH minimale (EHM) caractérisée par des dysfonctions cognitives subtiles qui affectent leur qualité de vie. L'insuffisance hépatique entraîne une hyperammoniémie, le facteur central dans la pathogenèse de l'EH. Pourtant, les taux d'ammoniaque sérique ne sont pas corrélés avec la sévérité de l'EH lors d'une IHC, suggérant que d'autres facteurs y contribuent. L'oedème cérébral est une caractéristique neuropathologique décrite chez les patients souffrant d'une EHM et plusieurs facteurs dont le stress oxydatif, les altérations du métabolisme énergétique et l'augmentation de la glutamine cérébrale pourraient contribuer à la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC. Les mécanismes sous-jacents exacts ainsi que les relations entre ces facteurs et l'ammoniaque ne sont pas connus. Présentement, le seul traitement efficace de l'IHC est la transplantation hépatique, une option thérapeutique très limitée. Le but de cette thèse est de contribuer à l'avancement des connaissances sur les mécanismes sous-jacents liés au rôle du stress oxydatif, de la glutamine et du lactate dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC afin d'envisager de nouvelles options thérapeutiques. Les objectifs précis étaient: 1. Établir le rôle de l’ammoniaque et sa relation avec le stress oxydatif dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC. 2. Établir le rôle du stress oxydatif dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral, sa relation avec l'ammoniaque et l'effet du traitement avec des antioxydants. 3. Confirmer l'effet synergique entre l'ammoniaque et le stress oxydatif dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral. 4. Établir le rôle du lactate et de la glutamine dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral et leur relation avec l’ammoniaque. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, 2 modèles animaux d'EHM obtenus par microchirurgie chez le rat ont été utilisés: 1) la ligature de voie biliaire, un modèle d'IHC et 2) l'anastomose porto-cave, un modèle d'hyperammoniémie induite par la dérivation portosystémique. Nos résultats démontrent que l'ammoniaque et le stress oxydatif indépendamment n'induisent pas l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM. Pourtant, lorsque les 2 facteurs agissent ensemble ils présentent ii un effet synergique qui entraîne le développement de l'oedème cérébral, le stress oxydatif étant une première insulte, qui est suivie par l'hyperammoniémie comme deuxième insulte. En plus, le stress oxydatif a été mis en évidence seulement au niveau systémique, et non au niveau central dans notre modèle d'IHC en association avec l'oedème cérébral, suggérant que le stress oxydatif systémique est une conséquence de la dysfonction hépatique et que l'hyperammoniémie n’induit pas le stress oxydatif ni systémique ni central. Nous avons démontré qu’une augmentation du lactate cérébral est une conséquence directe de l'hyperammoniémie et joue un rôle important dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC, tandis qu’une augmentation de la glutamine au niveau cérébral n'est pas un facteur clé. La compréhension de ces mécanismes a entraîné la proposition de 3 nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques potentielles pour l'EHM. Elles ciblent la diminution de l'ammoniaque sérique, la réduction du stress oxydatif et l'inhibition de la synthèse du lactate., Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a metabolic neuropsychiatric syndrome which occurs as a complication of liver failure/disease. Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) present often with minimal HE (MHE) characterized by subtle cognitive dysfunction which impairs their quality of life. Impaired liver function leads to hyperammonemia which is a central factor in the pathogenesis of HE. However, ammonia alone is poorly correlated with the severity of HE during CLD, strongly suggesting other factors may contribute. Brain edema is a neuropathological feature described in MHE patients and several factors such as oxidative stress, energy metabolism alterations and an increase in glutamine may to contribute to the pathogenesis of brain edema during HE related to CLD. However the exact underlying mechanisms and the relationships between these factors and ammonia are poorly understood. To date, the only effective treatment of CLD remains liver transplantation, a limited therapeutic option. The aim of this thesis is to advance the knowledge into the mechanisms underlying the role of oxidative stress, glutamine and lactate in the pathogenesis of brain edema during MHE associated with CLD in order to uncover new therapeutic options. The study objectives were: 1. Define the role of ammonia and its relationship with oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of brain edema in CLD. 2. Define the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of brain edema, its relationship with ammonia as well as the effect of antioxidant treatment. 3. Confirm a synergistic role of ammonia and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of brain edema. 4. Define the role of lactate and glutamine in the pathogenesis of brain edema and their relationship with ammonia. To achieve these objectives, we used 2 microsurgical rat models: 1) bile-duct ligation, a cirrhosis model and 2) portacaval anastomosis, a hyperammonemia model following portal-systemic shunting. Our findings demonstrate that ammonia and systemic oxidative stress independently do not induce brain edema in MHE related to CLD. However, when both factors are present, they exert a synergistic effect leading to the development of brain edema with oxidative stress presenting as a “first hit”, followed by hyperammonemia as a “second hit”. Moreover, solely systemic and not central oxidative stress was observed in our CLD rat model in relation to brain edema implying that systemic oxidative stress is a consequence of liver dysfunction and that central oxidative stress is not a direct iv effect of hyperammonemia in the setting of CLD. Moreover, we revealed that increased cerebral lactate is a direct consequence of hyperammonemia and also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain edema, while increased cerebral glutamine does not. The understanding of these mechanisms led to the proposal of three different strategies as potential HE therapies. These are directed towards lowering ammonia, reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting lactate synthesis.
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- 2015
32. Manganese deposition in basal ganglia structures results from both portal-systemic shunting and liver dysfunction
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Christopher F. Rose, Louise Normandin, Pierre-Michel Huet, Gilles Pomier-Layrargues, Joseph Zayed, Kathryn G. Todd, Adrianna Michalak, Laurent Spahr, Roger F. Butterworth, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine
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Liver Cirrhosis ,Male ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cirrhosis ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Anastomose chirurgicale portosystémique ,Caudate nucleus ,Fibrose ,Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Magnetic resonance imaging ,Cortex (anatomy) ,Basal ganglia ,Imagerie par résonance magnétique ,Animals ,Humans ,Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical ,Medicine ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Manganèse ,Manganese ,Portal-systemic shunting ,Hepatology ,business.industry ,Putamen ,Portacaval anastomosis ,Noyaux gris centraux ,Gastroenterology ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Rats ,Globus pallidus ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Female ,business - Abstract
Background & Aims: Manganese (Mn) deposition could be responsible for the T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance signal hyperintensities observed in cirrhotic patients. These experiments were designed to assess the regional specificity of the Mn increases as well as their relationship to portal-systemic shunting or hepatobiliary dysfunction. Methods: Mn concentrations were measured in (1) brain samples from basal ganglia structures (pallidum, putamen, caudate nucleus) and cerebral cortical structures (frontal, occipital cortex) obtained at autopsy from 12 cirrhotic patients who died in hepatic coma and from 12 matched controls; and from (2) brain samples (caudate/putamen, globus pallidus, frontal cortex) from groups (n = 8) of rats either with end-to-side portacaval anastomosis, with biliary cirrhosis, or with fulminant hepatic failure as well as from sham-operated and normal rats. Results: Mn content was significantly increased in frontal cortex (by 38%), occipital cortex (by 55%), pallidum (by 186%), putamen (by 66%), and caudate (by 54%) of cirrhotic patients compared with controls. Brain Mn content did not correlate with patient age, etiology of cirrhosis, or history of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. In cirrhotic and portacaval-shunted rats, Mn content was increased in pallidum (by 27% and 57%, respectively) and in caudate/putamen (by 57% and 67%, respectively) compared with control groups. Mn concentration in pallidum was significantly higher in portacaval-shunted rats than in cirrhotic rats. No significant changes in brain Mn concentrations were observed in rats with acute liver failure. Conclusions: These findings suggest that brain Mn deposition results both from portal-systemic shunting and from liver dysfunction. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1999;117:640-644
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- 1999
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33. Intérêt de l’électroencéphalogramme (EEG) dans le diagnostic de l’encéphalopathie hépatique : à propos d’un cas et revue de la littérature.
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Bouattour, Nadia, Sakka, Salma, Daoud, Sawsan, Farhat, Nouha, Kacem, Hanen Haj, Hdiji, Olfa, Dammak, Mariem, and Mhiri, Chokri
- Abstract
Introduction L’encéphalopathie hépatique est une complication grave de la cirrhose hépatique et représente ainsi un enjeu thérapeutique et socioéconomique important. Sa survenue chez des patients non cirrhotique présentant une thrombose des veines extra-hépatiques est rare. Observation Nous rapportons le cas d’un homme âgé de 46 ans, sans antécédents pathologiques particuliers qui consulte pour désorientation temporospatiale. Son histoire de la maladie remonte à 1 mois avant son admission par la survenue d’un état d’agitation nocturne sans mouvements toniques ni cloniques d’une durée 30 min à 12 heures qui récidivent avec une fréquence quotidienne. L’examen neurologique ne montre pas de signes de localisation. L’évolution était marquée par la persistance de ces épisodes associés à une régression cognitive (MMSE : 20/30), des fausses reconnaissances, un ralentissement psychomoteur marqué et des troubles dysexécutifs qui retentissent sur sa vie quotidienne. L’imagerie par résonance magnétique a montré des anomalies de signal des noyaux bipallidales en hypersignal T1 et en isosignal T2 et Flair. L’électroencéphalogramme (EEG) a montré des complexes triphasiques : des ondes lentes triphasiques à prédominance antérieur avec une activité de fond ralentie et réactive à l’ouverture des yeux. Le diagnostic d’une encéphalopathie métabolique était suspecté. Le contrôle du bilan hépatique qui était initialement strictement normal, a montré une diminution du Taux de prothrombine à 50 % et le dosage de l’amoniémie était élevé à un taux de 267,7 UI/L. Le diagnostic d’encéphalopathie hépatique était confirmé. L’échographie abdominale a montré des signes d’hypertension portale avec un cavernome porte. Le patient était mis sous lactulose avec une nette amélioration. Conclusion Il faut toujours penser à l’encéphalopathie hépatique devant tout tableau de démence rapidement progressive et pratiquer un EEG même chez des patients non connus cirrhotiques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Le rôle de l’inflammation dans le développement des complications neurologiques associées à l’insuffisance hépatique aiguë chez la souris
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Chastre, Anne and Butterworth, Roger
- Subjects
Barrière hémato-encéphalique ,Azoxyméthane ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Pro-inflammatory cytokines ,Azoxymethane ,Insuffisance hépatique aiguë ,Cytokines pro-inflammatoires ,Facteur de nécrose tumorale-alpha ,Hepatic encephalopahy ,Ammoniaque ,Neuroinflammation ,Ammonia ,Astrocytes ,Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ,Infection ,Acute liver failure ,Blood-brain barrier - Abstract
L’insuffisance hépatique aiguë (IHA) se caractérise par la perte soudaine de la fonction hépatique résultant de la nécrose massive des hépatocytes en l’absence de pathologie hépatique préexistante. L’IHA s’accompagne de perturbations métaboliques et immunologiques qui peuvent entraîner l’apparition de complications périphériques et cérébrales telles qu’un syndrome de réponse inflammatoire systémique (SIRS), une encéphalopathie hépatique (EH), un œdème cérébral, une augmentation de la pression intracrânienne, et la mort par herniation du tronc cérébral. Les infections sont une complication fréquente de l’IHA et elles sont associées à un risque accru de développer un SIRS et une aggravation subséquente de l’EH avec un taux de mortalité augmenté. L’ammoniaque joue un rôle majeur dans les mécanismes physiopathologiques qui mènent au développement de l’EH et de l’œdème cérébral, et des études récentes suggèrent que les cytokines pro-inflammatoires sont également impliquées. Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle des cytokines pro-inflammatoires circulantes et cérébrales dans le développement de l’EH et de l’œdème cérébral lors d’IHA. Dans l’article 1, nous démontrons que l’inhibition périphérique du facteur de nécrose tumorale-α (TNF-α) par l’etanercept retarde la progression de l’EH en diminuant le dommage hépatocellulaire, réduisant l’inflammation périphérique et centrale ainsi que le stress oxydatif/nitrosatif hépatique et cérébral associé chez la souris avec une IHA induite par l’azoxyméthane (AOM). Ces résultats démontrent un rôle important du TNF-α dans la physiopathologie de l’EH lors d’IHA d’origine toxique et suggèrent que l’etanercept pourrait constituer une approche thérapeutique dans la prise en charge des patients en attente de transplantation hépatique. Dans l’article 2, nous simulons la présence d’une infection chez la souris avec une IHA induite par l’AOM pour mettre en évidence une éventuelle augmentation de la réponse inflammatoire. Nous démontrons que l’endotoxémie induite par le lipopolysaccharide (LPS) précipite la survenue du coma et aggrave la pathologie hépatique. Les cytokines pro-inflammatoires systémiques et cérébrales sont augmentées de façon synergique par le LPS lors d’IHA et résultent en une activation accrue de la métalloprotéinase matricielle-9 cérébrale qui s’accompagne d’une extravasation d’immunoglobulines G (IgG) dans le parenchyme cérébral. Ces résultats démontrent une augmentation majeure de la perméabilité de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) qui contribue à la pathogenèse de l’EH lors d’IHA en condition infectieuse. Les résultats de l’article 3 démontrent que l’augmentation de la perméabilité de la BHE lors d’IHA induite par l’AOM en condition non infectieuse ne résulte pas de l’altération de l’expression des protéines constitutives de la BHE. Dans l’article 4, nous démontrons que l’exposition d’astrocytes en culture à des concentrations physiopathologiques d’ammoniaque ou d’interleukine-1β résulte en l’altération de gènes astrocytaires impliqués dans la régulation du volume cellulaire et dans le stress oxydatif/nitrosatif. Un effet additif est observé dans le cas d’un traitement combiné au niveau des gènes astrocytaires impliqués dans le stress oxydatif/nitrosatif. L’ensemble des résultats de cette thèse démontre un rôle important de l’inflammation périphérique et cérébrale dans la survenue des complications neurologiques lors d’IHA et une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués pourrait contribuer à la mise en place de stratégies thérapeutiques chez les patients atteints d’IHA en attente de transplantation., Acute liver failure (ALF) is the clinical manifestation of an abrupt loss of hepatic function resuting from a massive hepatocyte necrosis in a patient with no preexisting liver disease. ALF is associated with metabolic and immunological disturbances that may lead to peripheral and cerebral complications such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), hepatic encephalopathy (HE), brain edema, increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and ultimately death by cerebral herniation. ALF is frequently complicated by infections, which are known to increase the risk of developing a SIRS with a subsequent worsening of HE and higher mortality rates. Ammonia plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to HE and brain edema, and recent studies suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines may also be involved. The aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate the role of circulating and cerebral pro-inflammatory cytokines in the setting of HE and brain edema during ALF. In article No. 1, we demonstrated that peripheral inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by etanercept delays the progression of HE by reducing hepatocellular damage, decreasing peripheral and cerebral inflammation as well as associated oxidative/nitrosatif stress in mice with ALF induced by azoxymethane (AOM). These findings demonstrate an important role of TNF-α in the pathophysiology of HE during toxic liver injury and suggest that etanercept may provide a therapeutic approach in the management of patient awaiting liver transplantation. In article No. 2, we mimicked infection in mice with AOM-induced ALF in order to better understand the effects of an increased inflammatory response. We demonstrated that endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) precipitates the onset of coma and worsens the liver pathology. Peripheral and brain pro-inflammatory cytokines are synergistically raised by LPS during ALF and result in a large increase in cerebral matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) activity that was associated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) extravasation in the brain parenchyma. These results demonstrate a major increase of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability that contributes to the pathogenesis of HE during ALF with superimposed infection. Results from article No. 3 demonstrate that increase of BBB permeability during AOM-induced ALF without superimposed infection is not due to alteration of BBB constitutive proteins. In article No. 4, we demonstrated that exposure of cultured astrocytes to pathophysiological concentrations of ammonia or interleukin-1β results in an alteration of the expression of astrocytic genes implicated in cell volume regulation and oxidative/nitrosative stress. An additive effect on astrocytic genes implicated in oxidative/nitrosative was made evident in case of co-treatment. Taken together, results of the present thesis demonstrate a major role of peripheral and cerebral inflammation in the onset of neurological complications during ALF and a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms implicated may contribute to new therapeutic strategies for ALF patients awaiting transplantation.
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- 2013
35. Oxidative stress: a systemic factor implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy
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Cristina R. Bosoi, Christopher F. Rose, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM
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Liver Cirrhosis ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,Antioxidant ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Biology ,Chronic liver disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Pathogenesis ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Liver disease ,Ammonia ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Ammoniac ,Reactive oxygen species ,Stress oxydatif ,Hyperammonemia ,medicine.disease ,Oxidative Stress ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Liver ,Hepatic Encephalopathy ,Neurology (clinical) ,Oxidative stress ,Maladies du foie - Abstract
Although ammonia is considered the main factor involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), it correlates well with the severity of HE in acute liver failure, but not in chronic liver disease. Oxidative stress is another factor believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome; it represents an imbalance between the production and neutralization of reactive oxygen species, which leads to cellular dysfunction. In the setting of liver disease, oxidative stress represents a systemic phenomenon induced by several mechanisms: decreased antioxidant synthesis, increased systemic release of oxidant enzymes, generation of reactive oxygen species, and impaired neutrophil function. High ammonia concentrations induce cerebral oxidative stress, thus contributing to severe hepatic encephalopathy, as observed in acute liver failure. In chronic liver disease, significantly lower degrees of hyperammonemia (
- Published
- 2012
36. Brain edema in acute liver failure and chronic liver disease: similarities and differences
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Cristina R. Bosoi, Christopher F. Rose, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine
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Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Intracranial pressure ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Brain Edema ,Chronic liver disease ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Défaillance hépatique aigüe ,medicine ,Humans ,Oedème cérébral ,Pression intracrânienne ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,business.industry ,Brain edema ,Astrocyte swelling ,Liver failure ,Cell Biology ,medicine.disease ,Pathophysiology ,Chronic disease ,Acute Disease ,Chronic Disease ,business ,Acute liver failure ,Liver Failure - Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome that typically develops as a result of acute liver failure or chronic liver disease. Brain edema is a common feature associated with HE. In acute liver failure, brain edema contributes to an increase in intracranial pressure, which can fatally lead to brain stem herniation. In chronic liver disease, intracranial hypertension is rarely observed, even though brain edema may be present. This discrepancy in the development of intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure versus chronic liver disease suggests that brain edema plays a different role in relation to the onset of HE. Furthermore, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of brain edema in acute liver failure and chronic liver disease are dissimilar. This review explores the types of brain edema, the cells, and pathogenic factors involved in its development, while emphasizing the differences in acute liver failure versus chronic liver disease. The implications of brain edema developing as a neuropathological consequence of HE, or as a cause of HE, are also discussed.
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- 2012
37. Systemic oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of brain edema in rats with chronic liver failure
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Christian Parent-Robitaille, Mélanie Tremblay, Wenlei Jiang, Jimmy Huynh, Cristina R. Bosoi, Xiaoling Yang, Christopher F. Rose, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,medicine.drug_class ,Allopurinol ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Brain Edema ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Lipid peroxidation ,End Stage Liver Disease ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonia ,Physiology (medical) ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Bile-duct ligation ,Animals ,Hyperammonemia ,Xanthine oxidase ,Xanthine oxidase inhibitor ,Ligation ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Reactive oxygen species ,Hyperammoniémie ,Portacaval Shunt, Surgical ,Portacaval anastomosis ,Espèces réactives de l'oxygène ,medicine.disease ,Rats ,Disease Models, Animal ,Oxidative Stress ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Blood-Brain Barrier ,Lipid Peroxidation ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,Oxidative stress ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Chronic liver failure leads to hyperammonemia, a central component in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE); however, a correlation between blood ammonia levels and HE severity remains controversial. It is believed oxidative stress plays a role in modulating the effects of hyperammonemia. This study aimed to determine the relationship between chronic hyperammonemia, oxidative stress, and brain edema (BE) in two rat models of HE: portacaval anastomosis (PCA) and bile-duct ligation (BDL). Ammonia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, BE, oxidant and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as lipid peroxidation were assessed both systemically and centrally in these two different animal models. Then, the effects of allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor, 100 mg/kg for 10 days) on ROS and BE and the temporal resolution of ammonia, ROS, and BE were evaluated only in BDL rats. Similar arterial and cerebrospinal fluid ammonia levels were found in PCA and BDL rats, both significantly higher compared to their respective sham-operated controls (p < 0.05). BE was detected in BDL rats (p < 0.05) but not in PCA rats. Evidence of oxidative stress was found systemically but not centrally in BDL rats: increased levels of ROS, increased activity of xanthine oxidase (oxidant enzyme), enhanced oxidative modifications on lipids, as well as decreased antioxidant defense. In PCA rats, a preserved oxidant/antioxidant balance was demonstrated. Treatment with allopurinol in BDL rats attenuated both ROS and BE, suggesting systemic oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of BE. Analysis of ROS and ammonia temporal resolution in the plasma of BDL rats suggests systemic oxidative stress might be an important “first hit”, which, followed by increases in ammonia, leads to BE in chronic liver failure. In conclusion, chronic hyperammonemia and oxidative stress in combination lead to the onset of BE in rats with chronic liver failure.
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- 2011
38. AST-120 (spherical carbon adsorbent) lowers ammonia levels and attenuates brain edema in bile duct-ligated rats
- Author
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Cristina R. Bosoi, Christopher F. Rose, Christian Parent-Robitaille, Mélanie Tremblay, Keith Anderson, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM
- Subjects
Liver Cirrhosis ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cirrhosis ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Maladie du foie en phase terminale ,Brain Edema ,Acetates ,Motor Activity ,medicine.disease_cause ,digestive system ,Cerebral edema ,Ammonia production ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonia ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Infusions, Intravenous ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Ligation ,Ammoniac ,Hepatology ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Stress oxydatif ,Oxides ,medicine.disease ,Activated carbon microspheres ,digestive system diseases ,Carbon ,Microspheres ,Rats ,Dose–response relationship ,Oxidative Stress ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Models, Animal ,Chronic liver failure ,Bile Ducts ,Ammonium acetate ,Oxidative stress - Abstract
The pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy is multifactorial, involving gut-derived toxins such as ammonia, which has been demonstrated to induce oxidative stress. Therefore, a primary hepatic encephalopathy treatment target is reducing ammonia production in the gastrointestinal tract. AST-120, an oral adsorbent of engineered activated carbon microspheres with surface areas exceeding 1600 m(2) /g, acts as a sink for neurotoxins and hepatotoxins present in the gut. We evaluated the capacity of AST-120 to adsorb ammonia in vitro and to lower blood ammonia, oxidative stress and brain edema in cirrhotic rats. Cirrhosis was induced in rats by bile duct ligation for 6 weeks. AST-120 was administered by gavage preventively for 6 weeks (0.1, 1, and 4 g/kg/day). In addition, AST-120 was evaluated as a short-term treatment for 2 weeks and 3 days (1 g/kg/day) and as a sink to adsorb intravenously infused ammonium acetate. In vitro, AST-120 efficiently adsorbed ammonia. Ammonia levels significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner for all AST-120-treated bile duct-ligated rats (nontreated: 177.3 ± 30.8 μM; AST-120, 0.1 g/kg/day: 121.9 ± 13.8 μM; AST-120, 1 g/kg/day: 80.9 ± 30.0 μM; AST-120, 4 g/kg/day: 48.8 ± 19.6 μM) and significantly correlated with doses of AST-120 (r = -0.6603). Brain water content and locomotor activity normalized after AST-120 treatments, whereas arterial reactive oxygen species levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, AST-120 significantly attenuated a rise in arterial ammonia after ammonium acetate administration (intravenously). Conclusion:AST-120 treatment decreased arterial ammonia levels, normalized brain water content and locomotor activity but did not demonstrate an effect on systemic oxidative stress. Also, AST-120 acts as an ammonia sink, efficiently removing blood-derived ammonia. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate the effects of AST-120 on hepatic encephalopathy in patients with advanced liver disease. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;).
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- 2011
39. Increase brain lactate in hepatic encephalopathy: Cause or consequence?
- Author
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Christopher F. Rose, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Energy failure ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Encephalopathy ,Central nervous system ,Biological Transport, Active ,Brain Edema ,Central nervous system disease ,Pathogenesis ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Cerebrospinal fluid ,Internal medicine ,Chronic liver failure ,Animals ,Humans ,Medicine ,Acide lactique ,Lactic Acid ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Brain Chemistry ,business.industry ,Cell Biology ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Lactate ,Energy Metabolism ,business - Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome which develops as a result of liver failure or disease. Increased concentrations of brain lactate (microdialysate, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue) are commonly measured in patients with HE induced by either acute or chronic liver failure. Whether an increase in brain lactate is a cause or a consequence of HE remains undetermined. A rise in cerebral lactate may occur due to (1) blood-borne lactate (hyperlactataemia) crossing the blood-brain barrier, (2) increased glycolysis due to energy failure or impairment and (3) increased lactate production/release or decreased lactate utilization/uptake. This review explores the different reasons for lactate accumulation in the brain during liver failure and describes the possible roles of lactate in the pathogenesis of HE.
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- 2010
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40. Neuropathological changes in the brain of pigs with acute liver failure
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Sigurd Lindal, Christopher F. Rose, Lars M. Ytrebø, Rune Gangsøy Kristiansen, Kate Myreng, Arthur Revhaug, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Swine ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Portacaval shunt ,Brain Edema ,Blood–brain barrier ,Cerebral edema ,Central nervous system disease ,Défaillance hépatique aigüe ,Ammonia ,medicine ,Animals ,Blood-brain-barrier ,Oedème cérébral ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Ammoniac ,business.industry ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Gastroenterology ,Hyperammonemia ,Liver Failure, Acute ,medicine.disease ,Barrière hématoencéphalique ,Disease Models, Animal ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Frontal lobe ,Female ,business ,Complication ,Acute liver failure - Abstract
Objective. Cerebral edema is a serious complication of acute liver failure (ALF), which may lead to intracranial hypertension and death. An accepted tenet has been that the blood-brain barrier is intact and that brain edema is primarily caused by a cytotoxic etiology due to hyperammonemia. However, the neuropathological changes in ALF have been poorly studied. Using a well characterized porcine model we aimed to investigate ultrastructural changes in the brain from pigs suffering from ALF. Materials and methods. Sixteen female Norwegian Landrace pigs weighing 27-35 kg were randomised into two groups: ALF (n = 8) and sham operated controls (n = 8). ALF was induced with an end-to-side portacaval shunt followed by ligation of the hepatic arteries. Biopsies were harvested from three different areas of the brain (frontal lobe, cerebellum, and brain stem) following eight hours of ALF and analyzed using electron microscopy. Results. Profound perivascular and interstitial edema were found in all three areas. Disruption of pericytic and astrocytic processes were seen, reflecting breakdown/lesion of the blood-brain barrier in animals suffering from ALF. Furthermore, neurons and axons were edematous and surrounded by vesicles. Severe damage to Purkinje neuron (necrosis) and damaged myelin were seen in the cerebellum and brain stem, respectively. Biopsies from sham operated animals were normal. Conclusions. Our data support the concept that vasogenic brain edema plays an important role in the development of intracranial hypertension in pigs with ALF.
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- 2010
41. Cerebral edema and acute liver failure : pathophysiological mechanisms and new therapeutic approaches
- Author
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Jiang, Wenlei and Butterworth, Roger
- Subjects
Insuffisance hépatique aiguë ,encéphalopathie hépatique ,Acute liver failure ,Hepatic encephalopathy - Abstract
L’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) se développe chez les patients atteints d’une maladie du foie et se caractérise par de nombreuses anomalies neuropsychiatriques. L’insuffisance hépatique aiguë (IHA) se caractérise par une perte progressive de l’état de conscience, par une augmentation rapide de l’œdème cérébral et une augmentation de la pression intracrânienne entraînant une herniation cérébrale et la mort. Plusieurs facteurs sont responsables du développement de l’EH mais depuis une centaine d’années, l’hyperammonémie qui peut atteindre des concentrations de l’ordre de plusieurs millimolaires chez les patients atteints d’IHA aux stades de coma est considérée comme un facteur crucial dans la pathogenèse de l’EH. La présente thèse comprend 4 articles suggérant l’implication de nouveaux mécanismes pathogéniques dans le développement de l’EH et de l’œdème cérébral associés à l’IHA et tente d’expliquer l’effet thérapeutique de l’hypothermie et de la minocycline dans la prévention de l’EH et de l’œdème cérébral: 1. L’IHA induite par dévascularisation hépatique chez le rat se caractérise par une augmentation de la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires cérébrales (IL-6, IL-1, TNF-). Cette observation constitue la première évidence directe que des mécanismes neuro-inflammatoires jouent une rôle dans la pathogenèse de l’EH et de l’œdème cérébral associés à l’IHA (Chapitre 2.1, articles 1 et 2). 2. L’activation de la microglie telle que mesurée par l’expression de marqueurs spécifiques (OX42, OX-6) coïncide avec le développement de l’encéphalopathie (stade coma) et de l’œdème cérébral et s’accompagne d’une production accrue de cytokines pro-inflammatoires cérébrales (Chapitre 2.1, article 1 et 2). 3. Un stress oxydatif/nitrosatif causé par une augmentation de l’expression de l’oxyde nitrique synthétase et une augmentation de la synthèse d’oxyde nitrique cérébral participe à la pathogénèse des complications neurologiques de l’IHA (Chapitre 2.3, articles 3 et 4). 4. Des traitements anti-inflammatoires tels que l’hypothermie et la minocycline peuvent constituer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques chez les patients atteints d’IHA (Chapitre 2.1, article 1; Chapitre 2.2, article 2). 5. Les effets bénéfiques de l’hypothermie et de la minocycline sur les complications neurologiques de l’IHA expérimentale s’expliquent, en partie, par une diminution du stress oxydatif/nitrosatif (Chapitre 2.3, article 3; Chapitre 2.4, article 4)., Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) contains a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities observed in patients with liver disease. A quick worsening of consciousness and increasingly growing cerebral edema, high intracranial pressure, which leads to cerebral herniation and death, are characteristics of acute liver failure (ALF). Multiple factors are found responsible for the development of HE, whereas, over 100 years, hyperammonia is considered the most crucial factor in defining the pathogenesis of HE in ALF, which can increase to millimolar concentrations in the brain at the coma stages of HE. The present thesis comprises 4 articles, which demonstrates new pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of HE and cerebral edema in ALF, and elucidates part of the therapeutic mechanism of hypothermia and minocycline in the prevention of HE and cerebral edema during ALF. The major findings are listed below: (1) Experimental ALF leads to the increase in brain production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α), and provides the first direct evidence that central inflammatory mechanisms play a role in the pathogenesis of the encephalopathy and brain edema in ALF (chapter 2.1 - article 1; chapter 2.1 - article 2). (2) Activation of cerebral microglia, measured by OX-42, OX-6, predicts the presence of severe encephalopathy (coma) and brain edema in rats with ischemic ALF, which accompanies the increased production of brain proinflammatory cytokines (chapter 2.1 - article 1; chapter 2.2 - article 2). (3) Oxidative/nitrosative stress participates in the pathogenesis of brain edema and its complications in experimental ALF animals with ischemic liver failure. The increases in cerebral NOS isoform expression caused by ALF were sufficient to cause increased NO production in the brain (chapter 2.3 - article 3; chapter 2.4 - article 4). (4) Anti-inflammatory treatment, such as hypothermia or antibiotics, may be beneficial in patients with ALF (chapter 2.1 - article 1; chapter 2.2 - article 2). (5) The beneficial effect of both hypothermia and minocycline on the neurological complications of experimental ALF is mediated, at least in part, by reduction of brain-derived oxidative/nitrosative stress (chapter 2.3 - article 3; chapter 2.4 - article 4).
- Published
- 2010
42. Portacaval anastomosis-induced hyperammonemia does not lead to oxidative stress
- Author
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Cristina R. Bosoi, Wenlei Jiang, Xiaoling Yang, Christopher F. Rose, Mélanie Tremblay, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Blotting, Western ,Oxidative phosphorylation ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Pathogenesis ,Protein Carbonylation ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Western blot ,Ammonia ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Hyperammonemia ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,PCA ,Reactive oxygen species ,Aldehydes ,Hyperammoniémie ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Portacaval Shunt, Surgical ,Stress oxydatif ,Portacaval anastomosis ,Brain ,Liver Failure, Acute ,medicine.disease ,Frontal Lobe ,Rats ,Disease Models, Animal ,Oxidative Stress ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Anaphylaxie cutanée passive ,Hepatic Encephalopathy ,Neurology (clinical) ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis ,Oxidative stress ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Ammonia is neurotoxic and believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). It has been demonstrated, in vitro and in vivo, that acute and high ammonia treatment induces oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive and can lead to oxidization of proteins resulting in protein damage. The present study was aimed to assess oxidative status of proteins in plasma and brain (frontal cortex) of rats with 4-week portacaval anastomosis (PCA). Markers of oxidative stress, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and carbonylation were evaluated by immunoblotting in plasma and frontal cortex. Western blot analysis did not demonstrate a significant difference in either HNE-linked or carbonyl derivatives on proteins between PCA and sham-operated control rats in both plasma and frontal cortex. The present study suggests PCA-induced hyperammonemia does not lead to systemic or central oxidative stress.
- Published
- 2009
43. Identifying the direct effects of ammonia on the brain
- Author
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Christopher F. Rose, Cristina R. Bosoi, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine
- Subjects
Défaillance hépatique ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Ataxia ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Encephalopathy ,Encéphale ,Biochemistry ,Cell membrane ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Hyperammonemia ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Cation Transport Proteins ,Ammoniac ,Coma ,Membrane potential ,Adenosine Triphosphatases ,Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ,Neurons ,Cell Membrane ,Liver failure ,Brain ,medicine.disease ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Hepatic Encephalopathy ,Neurology (clinical) ,medicine.symptom - Abstract
Elevated concentrations of ammonia in the brain as a result of hyperammonemia leads to cerebral dysfunction involving a spectrum of neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms (impaired memory, shortened attention span, sleep-wake inversions, brain edema, intracranial hypertension, seizures, ataxia and coma). Many studies have demonstrated ammonia as a major player involved in the neuropathophysiology associated with liver failure and inherited urea cycle enzyme disorders. Ammonia in solution is composed of a gas (NH(3)) and an ionic (NH(4) (+)) component which are both capable of crossing plasma membranes through diffusion, channels and transport mechanisms and as a result have a direct effect on pH. Furthermore, NH(4) (+) has similar properties as K(+) and, therefore, competes with K(+) on K(+) transporters and channels resulting in a direct effect on membrane potential. Ammonia is also a product as well as a substrate for many different biochemical reactions and consequently, an increase in brain ammonia accompanies disturbances in cerebral metabolism. These direct effects of elevated ammonia concentrations on the brain will lead to a cascade of secondary effects and encephalopathy.
- Published
- 2008
44. Études du métabolisme cérébral et musculaire lors d'une insuffisance hépatique aiguë : implications pour de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques
- Author
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Chatauret, Nicolas and Butterworth, Roger
- Subjects
Ammoniaque ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Glutamine ,Muscle squelettique ,Glutamine synthétase ,Insuffisance hépatique aiguë ,Lactate ,Oedème cérébral ,Hypothermie - Abstract
Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
- Published
- 2006
45. Modifications de l'expression génique du système nerveux central lors de l'insuffisance hépatique aiguë : rôle dans les mécanismes pathophysiologiques responsables de l'œdème cérébral
- Author
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Bélanger, Mireille and Butterworth, Roger
- Subjects
Ammoniaque ,edème cérébral ,Récepteur des benzodiazépines de type périphérique ,Azoxyméthane ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Dévascularisation hépatique ,Transporteur du glucose ,Protéine glio-fibrillaire acide ,Astrocyte ,Hypothermie - Abstract
Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
- Published
- 2006
46. Consensus on the use of neurophysiological tests in the intensive care unit (ICU): electroencephalogram (EEG), evoked potentials (EP), and electroneuromyography (ENMG).
- Author
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UCL - MD/MINT - Département de médecine interne, UCL - (SLuc) Service de soins intensifs, Guérit, Jean-Michel, Amantini, Aldo, Amodio, Piero, Andersen, Kjeld Visti, Butler, Stuart, de Weerd, Alle, Facco, Enrico, Fischer, Catherine, Hantson, Philippe, Jäntti, V, Lamblin, Marie-Dominique, Litscher, Gerard, Péréon, Yann, UCL - MD/MINT - Département de médecine interne, UCL - (SLuc) Service de soins intensifs, Guérit, Jean-Michel, Amantini, Aldo, Amodio, Piero, Andersen, Kjeld Visti, Butler, Stuart, de Weerd, Alle, Facco, Enrico, Fischer, Catherine, Hantson, Philippe, Jäntti, V, Lamblin, Marie-Dominique, Litscher, Gerard, and Péréon, Yann
- Abstract
STUDY AIM : To provide a consensus of European leading authorities about the optimal use of clinical neurophysiological (CN) tests (electroencephalogram [EEG]; evoked potentials [EP]; electroneuromyography [ENMG]) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and, particularly, about the way to make these tests clinically useful for the management of individual patients. METHODS : This study gathered together several European clinical neurophysiologists and neurointensivists whose leading contributions in the adult or paediatric ICU and in continuous neuromonitoring had been peer-acknowledged. It was based on both a literature review and each participant's own experience. Given the methodological impossibility to gather studies fulfilling criteria of evidence-based medicine, this article essentially relies on expert opinions that were gained after several rounds, in which each expert was invited to communicate his own contribution to all other experts. A complete consensus has been reached when submitting the manuscript. RESULTS : What the group considered as the best classification systems for EEG and EP abnormalities in the ICU is first presented. CN tests are useful for diagnosis (epilepsy, brain death, and neuromuscular disorders), prognosis (anoxic ischemic encephalopathy, head trauma, and neurologic disturbances of metabolic and toxic origin), and follow-up, in the adult, paediatric, and neonatal ICU. Regarding prognosis, a clear distinction is made between these tests whose abnormalities are indicative of an ominous prognosis and those whose relative normalcy is indicative of a good prognosis. The prognostic significance of any test may vary as a function of coma etiology. CONCLUSION : CN provides quantitative functional assessment of the nervous system. It can be used in sedated or curarized patients. Therefore, it should play a major role in the individual assessment of ICU patients., BUT DE L’ÉTUDE : Présenter l’avis consensuel d’un groupe d’experts européens à propos de l’utilisation optimale de la neurophysiologie clinique (électroencéphalogramme : EEG, potentiels évoqués : PE, électroneuromyographie [ENMG]) en unité de soins intensifs (USI) et, plus particulièrement, de la manière de maximiser l’utilité de ces tests dans la mise au point individuelle des patients. MÉTHODES : Cette étude a rassemblé plusieurs neurophysiologistes cliniciens et neurointensivistes européens dont la compétence en matière de neuroréanimation adulte ou pédiatrique et de neuromonitoring était unanimement reconnue par leurs pairs. Elle est basée à la fois sur une revue de la littérature et sur l’expérience de chaque participant. Vu l’impossibilité, d’ordre méthodologique, de rassembler des études satisfaisant les critères de la médecine factuelle, cet article repose essentiellement sur des opinions d’experts et un consensus atteint au bout de plusieurs « tours de table » lors desquels chaque expert était invité à soumettre sa propre contribution à l’opinion de tous les autres. RÉSULTATS : Nous présentons d’abord ce que le groupe a considéré comme les meilleurs systèmes de classification des anomalies EEG et PE en USI. Les tests neurophysiologiques sont utiles pour le diagnostic (épilepsie, mort cérébrale, anomalies neuromusculaires), le pronostic (encéphalopathies anoxo-ischémiques, traumatismes crâniens, dysfonctionnements neurologiques d’origine métabolique ou toxique) et le suivi, dans les USI adultes, pédiatriques et néonatales. Sur le plan du pronostic, il importe de bien distinguer les tests dont les anomalies sont indicatives d’un mauvais pronostic et ceux qui, lorsqu’ils sont relativement peu perturbés, impliquent un pronostic favorable. Un même test peut avoir une signification pronostique variable en fonction de l’étiologie du coma. CONCLUSION : La neurophysiologie clinique évalue fonctionnellement et quantitativement le système nerveux, même chez les patien
- Published
- 2009
47. Hypothermia in acute liver failure
- Author
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Rajiv Jalan, Christopher F. Rose, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Neurology ,Intracranial pressure ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Encephalopathy ,Brain Edema ,Hypothermia ,Liver transplantation ,Biochemistry ,Brain herniation ,Hypothermie ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Fulminant hepatic failure ,Défaillance hépatique aigüe ,Hypothermia, Induced ,Medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Hyperammonemia ,Pression intracrânienne ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Transplantation hépatique ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,business.industry ,Brain ,Liver Failure, Acute ,medicine.disease ,Treatment Outcome ,Anesthesia ,Neurology (clinical) ,medicine.symptom ,Intracranial Hypertension ,business ,Acute liver failure - Abstract
The development of encephalopathy in patients with acute liver injury defines the occurrence of liver failure. The encephalopathy of acute liver failure is characterized by brain edema which manifests clinically as increased intracranial pressure. Despite the best available medical therapies a significant proportion of patients with acute liver failure die due to brain herniation. The present review explores the experimental and clinical data to define the role of hypothermia as a treatment modality for increased intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure.
- Published
- 2004
48. Effects of hypothermia on brain glucose metabolism in acute liver failure: a H/C-nuclear magnetic resonance study
- Author
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Chatauret, Nicolas, Zwingmann, Claudia, Rose, Christopher, Leibfritz, Dieter, Butterworth, Roger, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM
- Subjects
Défaillance hépatique aigüe ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Glutamine ,Brain edema ,Oedème cérébral ,Hypothermia ,Acute liver failure ,Hypothermie ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Nuclear magnetic resonance - Abstract
Mild hypothermia has a protective effect on brain edema and encephalopathy in both experimental and human acute liver failure. The goals of the present study were to examine the effects of mild hypothermia (35°C) on brain metabolic pathways using combined 1H and 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a technique which allows the study not only of metabolite concentrations but also their de novo synthesis via cell-specific pathways in the brain. :1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy using [1-13C] glucose was performed on extracts of frontal cortex obtained from groups of rats with acute liver failure induced by hepatic devascularization whose body temperature was maintained either at 37°C (normothermic) or 35°C (hypothermic), and appropriate sham-operated controls. At coma stages of encephalopathy in the normothermic acute liver failure animals, glutamine concentrations in frontal cortex increased 3.5-fold compared to sham-operated controls (P < 0.001). Comparable increases of brain glutamine were observed in hypothermic animals despite the absence of severe encephalopathy (coma). Brain glutamate and aspartate concentrations were respectively decreased to 60.9% ± 7.7% and 42.2% ± 5.9% (P < 0.01) in normothermic animals with acute liver failure compared to control and were restored to normal values by mild hypothermia. Concentrations of lactate and alanine in frontal cortex were increased to 169.2% ± 15.6% and 267.3% ± 34.0% (P < 0.01) respectively in normothermic rats compared to controls. Furthermore, de novo synthesis of lactate and alanine increased to 446.5% ± 48.7% and 707.9% ± 65.7% (P < 0.001), of control respectively, resulting in increased fractional 13C-enrichments in these cytosolic metabolites. Again, these changes of lactate and alanine concentrations were prevented by mild hypothermia. Mild hypothermia (35°C) prevents the encephalopathy and brain edema resulting from hepatic devascularization, selectively normalizes lactate and alanine synthesis from glucose, and prevents the impairment of oxidative metabolism associated with this model of ALF, but has no significant effect on brain glutamine. These findings suggest that a deficit in brain glucose metabolism rather than glutamine accumulation is the major cause of the cerebral complications of acute liver failure.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Mild hypothermia prevents cerebral edema and CSF lactate accumulation in acute liver failure
- Author
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Chatauret, Nicolas, Rose, Christopher, Therrien, Guy, Butterworth, Roger, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine
- Subjects
Défaillance hépatique aigüe ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Brain edema ,Acide lactique ,Lactate ,Oedème cérébral ,Hypothermia ,Brain energy metabolism ,Acute liver failure ,Hypothermie ,Hepatic encephalopathy - Abstract
Evidence from both clinical and experimental studies demonstrates that mild hypothermia prevents encephalopathy and brain edema in acute liver failure (ALF). As part of a series of studies to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in this protective effect, groups of rats with ALF resulting from hepatic devascularization were maintained at either 37°C (normothermic) or 35°C (hypothermic), and neurological status was monitored in relation to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of ammonia and lactate. CSF was removed via implanted cisterna magna catheters. Mild hypothermia resulted in a delay in onset of encephalopathy and prevention of brain edema; CSF concentrations of ammonia and lactate were concomitantly decreased. Blood ammonia concentrations, on the other hand, were not affected by hypothermia in ALF rats. These findings suggest that brain edema and encephalopathy in ALF are the consequence of ammonia-induced impairment of brain energy metabolism and open the way for magnetic resonance spectroscopic monitoring of cerebral function in ALF. Mild hypothermia could be beneficial in the prevention of severe encephalopathy and brain edema in patients with ALF awaiting liver transplantation.
- Published
- 2001
50. Loss of noradrenaline transporter sites in frontal cortex of rats with acute (ischemic) liver failure
- Author
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Roger F. Butterworth, Adrianna Michalak, Christopher F. Rose, Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine, and Université de Montréal. Faculté de médecine. Centre de recherche du CHUM
- Subjects
Male ,Hepatic coma ,Brain Edema ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Norepinephrine ,Défaillance hépatique aigüe ,Thalamus ,Ischemia ,Edema ,Oedème cérébral ,Hepatic encephalopathy ,Ammoniac ,Symporters ,Portacaval Shunt, Surgical ,Cerebral cortex ,Frontal Lobe ,Transporteurs de la norépinéphrine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Liver ,Acute Disease ,medicine.symptom ,medicine.drug ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Microdialysis ,Encéphalopathie hépatique ,Encephalopathy ,Central nervous system ,Nerve Tissue Proteins ,Biology ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Cortex cérébral ,Ammonia ,Internal medicine ,Fluoxetine ,medicine ,Extracellular ,Animals ,Noradrenaline transporter ,Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ,Cell Biology ,medicine.disease ,Rats ,Endocrinology ,Hepatic Encephalopathy ,[³H]-nisoxetine ,Carrier Proteins ,Acute liver failure ,Liver Failure - Abstract
There is increasing evidence that central noradrenaline (NA) transport mechanisms are implicated in the central nervous system complications of acute liver failure. In order to assess this possibility, binding sites for the high affinity NA transporter ligand [3H]-nisoxetine were measured by quantitative receptor autoradiography in the brains of rats with acute liver failure resulting from hepatic devascularization and in appropriate controls. In vivo microdialysis was used to measure extracellular brain concentrations of NA. Severe encephalopathy resulted in a significant loss of [3H]-nisoxetine sites in frontal cortex and a concomitant increase in extracellular brain concentrations of NA in rats with acute liver failure. A loss of transporter sites was also observed in thalamus of rats with acute liver failure. This loss of NA transporter sites could result from depletion of central NA stores due to a reserpine-like effect of ammonia which is known to accumulate to millimolar concentrations in brain in ischemic liver failure. Impaired NA transport and the consequent increase in synaptic concentrations and increased stimulation of neuronal and astrocytic noradrenergic receptors could be implicated in the pathogenesis of the encephalopathy and brain edema characteristic of acute liver failure.
- Published
- 2000
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