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This study aims to evaluate the impact of red LED irradiation on the viability, proliferation, colonogenic potential, markers expression along with osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. DPSCs were isolated from sound human permanent teeth using enzymatic digestion method and seeded with regular culture media. Cells at P4 were irradiated using red LED Light (627 nm, 2 J/cm2) and examined for growth kinetics, and multilineage differentiation using the appropriate differentiation media. The irradiated groups showed an increase in cellular growth rates, cell viability, clonogenic potential, and decrease in population doubling time compared to the control group. Cells of the irradiated groups showed enhanced differentiation towards osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages as revealed by histochemical staining using alizarin red and alcian blue stains. Photobiomodulation is an emerging promising element of tissue engineering triad besides stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors.

Background: Direct relation between hypercholesterolemia and hyposalivation was suggested. Phytosterols of herbal origin have been used as prophylactic or curative agents against many disorders. Objectives: Evaluate the protective role of Nigella sativa (Ns) versus Lepidium sativum (Ls) on the histological picture of submandibular salivary glands in hypercholesterolemic albino rat; and its immunomodulatory role of nuclear factor kappa B cell (NF-κB) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression on the tissues. Materials and method: This study was performed with forty male albino rats, divided into four equal groups as follow: Group 1 (n=10): served as negative control, Group 2 (n=10): were fed with hypercholesteremic supplement (HCS) for 8 weeks. Group 3 (n=10): were fed HCS with oral administration of (Ns) seeds for 8 weeks. Group 4 (n=10): were fed HCS with oral administration of (Ls) seeds suspension for 8 weeks. Results: Histological results of submandibular salivary gland in group 2 revealed severe atrophic and degenerative changes in the secretory terminal portions & ducts. In group 3, the tissues appeared with nearly normal histological structures which reflect the beneficial effects of Ns. In group 4, a lesser degree of improvement was noticed with Ls. Quantitative analysis for α-SMA and NF-κB revealed highly statistically significant decrease in group 3 and 4 in comparison with group 2. Conclusion: The immunohistochemical finding confirmed the histological results of the present study that proved the superior protective effects of Ns rather than Ls seeds against hypercholesterolemia on the submandibular salivary glands of albino rats.

Introduction: Periodontal disease is one of the main dental diseases that affectmillions of people around the world. Modern nanotechnology progression andrenovations through nanodentistry providing a suitable solution for the treatment of manydental illnesses including periodontal disease. Aim: Histological and ultrastructuralevaluation of the effect of silver nanoparticles in treatment of periodontitis in albinorats. Materials and methods: A total of 18 adults male albino rats with body weightranging from 150 to 180 gm were used and divided into three groups group 1: served ascontrol, group 2: used for induction of experimental periodontitis using wiring aroundthe cervix of mandibular central incisors for two weeks, and group 3: after induction ofexperimental periodontitis as in group 2 they were subjected to intraperitoneal injectionwith silver nanoparticles for the treatment of periodontitis three times per week for fourweeks. Results: Histological and ultrastructural investigation revealed that periodontalligament around ligated mandibular incisors showed marked improvement in thedegenerated fibers after injection with silver nanoparticles in group 3 compared togroup 2 as the fibers regained their association in strong bundles and they regained theirattachment to regenerated bone and tooth surface. Conclusions: Marked regenerationof the periodontium of periodontally affected ligated mandibular incisors reflected thatsilver nanoparticles have a great anti-inflammatory effect

Chemotherapy tends to stop the growth and eliminate cancer cells even at distant sites. Most of them lead to adverse side effects and induce changes in normal tissues. The aim of the present study was to evaluate of apoptotic changes induced by 5-fluorouracil on the lingual mucosa and salivary glands of male albino rats through clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric assessments. Twenty male albino rats were divided equally into two groups. Control group did not receive any type of treatment and study group received intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU (150 mg/kg) for 7 days. On the 14th day, the tongue and submandibular salivary gland specimens were dissected and processed. The study group showed histopathological changes as atrophy of the lingual papillae which confirmed statistically through histomorphometric analysis. The submandibular glands showed marked degeneration in the duct system and acini. The assessment of apoptosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical findings, there was highly statistically significant increase in the expression pattern of Bax and Caspase-3 with significant decrease in PCNA level in comparison to the control group. So, 5-FU caused deleterious histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations of the submandibular salivary glands and tongue mucosa.

Aim of the study: The goal of the current study was to evaluate the protective impact of chitosan nanoparticles (COS-NPs) against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced oxidative stress in submandibular salivary glands and genotoxicity of bone marrow chromosomes. Material and methods: 30 adult male albino rats were randomly divided into three equal groups and treated orally for 24 days as follow: Group I the (control) group, group II (MSG-treated group): each rat received a daily MSG at a dose of (400mg/Kg. b. w.) and group III: (MSG + COS-NPs treated group): rats treated orally with monosodium glutamate (400 mg/kg. b. w.) then the chitosan nanoparticles (280 mg/kg b. w.) respectively was administered to rats daily by oral gavage. After 24 days, both sides of the submandibular salivary glands were excised, processed and finally inspected histologically and immunohistochemically. Bone marrow was obtained from both femora of rats, 500 well spread metaphases per each animal were checked microscopically for both structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations. Results: The submandibular salivary glands (SMSG) of MSG treated rats revealed severe histopathological changes, moderate to strong granular cytoplasmic reaction of caspase-3 immunoreactivity in the acinar and ductal cells. And increase in the frequency of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations of bone marrow cells. Chitosan nanoparticles (COSNPs) exhibited significant amelioration in histological and immunohistochemical picture in the submandibular salivary glands of MSG treated rats. Also chitosan nanoparticles could significantly inhibit the chromosomal aberrations and succeeded to neutralize the MSG genotoxic effects in bone marrow cells of rats. Conclusion: It could be concluded that COS-NPs have potential antioxidant effect that protect against cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by MSG in rats.

Introduction: With the growing interest in the applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in biotechnology and their physiological effects, possible toxicity of gold nanoparticles is becoming an increasingly important issue. It was shown that the toxicity is both dose- and size-dependent, and the AuNPs of higher concentration would cause more cytotoxicity. Objectives: The aim of this work was to study the toxic effect of intraperitoneal administration of gold nanoparticles -if any- on the mucous membrane of the tongues of albino rats and the possibility of one-month recovery period. Material and methods: Forty-six male albino rats were used in the present investigation. They were divided into the following groups: Group (1) (16 rats) served as controls, they received the solvent of AuNPs intraperitoneally daily for 21 days. Group (2) (15 rats) received 10mg/kg body weight of AuNP solution intraperitoneally daily for 21 days. Group (3) (15 rats) were treated the same way as Group 2 for 21 days and then left for one-month as a recovery period. Results: Examination of the tongue of the rats which were exposed to gold nanoparticles solution revealed atrophic and degenerative changes of both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the tongue as well as the lingual salivary glands. The examined tongues of the rats which were allowed a recovery period showed improvement in the histological picture. Conclusion: Exposure to over dose of AuNPs causes atrophic and degenerative changes. A recovery period of one-month can lead to regeneration and improvement in the histological picture.

Introduction: Depression is one of the most common causes of loss of health and productivity and inability to work. Duloxetine (Cymbalta) is an antidepressant drug that belongs to the class of Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). In addition, this class is used for the treatment of anxiety disorders. One of the members of the bcl-2 family is the BAX (BCL2 Associated X, Apoptosis Regulator) and it has a key role in the mitochondrial apoptotic process. Under stress conditions, Bax undergoes a conformation change that triggers apoptosis. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the possible impact of long term administration of antidepressant duloxetine on the oral mucosa and salivary glands in tongue. Material & methods: Twenty adult male albino rats were divided into two equal groups. Group one served as control group. Group two served as treated group which received duloxetine dissolved in distilled water in a daily oral dose of 10 mg/kg body weight using a curved metallic oro-pharyngeal tube. At the end of the experiment which lasted for three months, the rats were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to evaluate histopathological finding. Masson’ trichrome for collagen detection. Other sections were used to reveal the immuno-histochemical expression of Bax antibodies through computerized image j analysis software. The expression of the marker was analyzed statistically using Mann-Whitney test. Results: Histopathological finding of long term administration of duloxetine treated animals showed noticeable atrophic and degenerative changes in the surface epithelium and lamina propria of both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the tongue as well as the lingual salivary gland. Immuno-histochemical finding revealed marked increase in the expression of Bax all over the epithelial cells as well as fibroblast, blood vessels and the lingual salivary glands in the lamina propria. Statistical finding in duloxetine treated animals showed highly significant difference in the expression of Bax. Conclusion: Although duloxetine being useful drug in treatment depression, anxiety and severe pain, it harmfully affected the histological structure of oral mucosa and salivary glands of the tongue in adult rats. Accordingly using of these drugs should be under supervision and strong caution.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential cytotoxic effect of oral administration of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on adult albino rats’ pulp tissue; due to the enormous uses of Ag-NPs in the medical and dental field. The Ag-NPs were synthesized via the green process using peels of pomegranate extract. The pomegranate-mediated Ag-NPs were subjected to morphological and spectral analysis through ultraviolet visible absorption spectra, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared, Zeta-potential measurements, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The structural and morphological characterization techniques confirmed the proper synthesis of biosynthesized Ag-NPs with a size around 20 ​nm and the surface plasmon resonance peak within 400–450 ​nm. The oral cytotoxic effect of Ag-NPs was assessed through detecting the histological (hematoxylin & eosin, Masson’s trichrome) and immunohistochemical (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Caspase-3 proteins) variations. The data was analyzed statistically through using the SPSS software. Dental pulp tissues of albino rats-treated with Ag-NPs revealed that most of the odontoblasts with marked hydropic degeneration, vacuolization of their cytoplasm, loss of organization and apoptosis. Marked vasodilatation and cognition of blood vessels were detected. There was weak to moderate positive reactivity to Masson’s trichrome stain. There was statistically significant decrease in the expression of VEGF in the treated group and highly statistically significant increase in the expression of Caspase-3 in comparison with the control group. Conclusion Oral administration of Ag-NPs induced size and dose-dependent structural changes in the pulp tissue of adult male albino rats.

Background: oral cancer is the third most common cancer in developing countries. Thymoquinone has a powerful anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim: To compare the topical chemopreventive effect of thymoquinone (TQ) versus thymoquinone loaded on gold nanoparticles (GNPs-TQ) on DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis through histological and immunohistochemical expression of p53. Material & methods: Characterization of the prepared drugs was done through transmission electron microscope, and Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscope. Experimental design: The study was carried out on forty male Syrian golden hamsters, weighing 90-100 grams. Negative control group A (n=10) didn’t receive any type of treatment till the end of experiment. Positive control group B (n=10) was painted with DMBA, 3times/week for 14 weeks. Group C (n=10) was daily painted by topical application of TQ for two weeks, and then painted with both TQ and DMBA on alternative days for 14 weeks. Group D (n=10) had been managed as group C but TQ was replaced by GNPsTQ. These groups was examined histologically and immunohistochemically through expression of p53. Results: Proper loading of TQ on GNPs was confirmed. Histopathological evaluation showed superior effect of GNPs-TQ in retardation of carcinogenesis compared to free TQ. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed significant decrease in P53 expression in the group treated with GNPs-TQ than TQ in comparison with positive control group. Conclusions: GNPs-TQ is a promising chemo-preventive agent of oral cancer through topical application.

Aim : This study aim to evaluate the physicochemical properties (pH, calcium ion release, solubility and setting time) of different pulp capping materials [Bioaggregate (BA), Nano Bioactive glass (NBAG), Nano MTA& MTA] in vitro, and to observe the histopathological pulp response following direct pulp capping of dog’s teeth. Material &Methods : for the weight loss, pH changes and calcium ions release, the tested specimens were immersed in distilled water. The solubility tests recorded weight loss of the test materials after immersion in distilled water. The evaluations were performed at 1h, 24h and 7 days. For the histological evaluation twenty adult dogs were used in this study, (8 teeth for each dog), classified into 4 experimental groups as follows :Group 1: BA. Group 2: NBAG. Group 3: MTA. Group 4: NMTA, the pulpal tissue response was assessed at 1 month and 3 months time intervals. Results: Bioaggregate showed the highest mean values for ph, ca ions release and solubility tests, while MTA showed the highest setting time mean value. On the other hand, Nanobioactive glass was the only material which recorded negative solubility. Histological results showed that dental pulpal tissues of teeth capped with MTA revealed absence of inflammatoion in addition to tubular pattern dentin bridge formation at site of exposure, BA showed dentin bridge formation and minimal inflammatory reaction, NMTA and NBAG enhanced the dentin bridge thickness, but of inferior quality than MTA and BA. Conclusion: based on histological analysis MTA and Bioaggregate are favorable materials for direct pulp capping, however BA revealed the superior physicochemical properties.

Introduction: Organ transplantation provides life-saving therapy for patients with end-organ disease. Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug used to lower the risk of organ rejection. This study was performed to investigate the immunohistochemical expressions of Ki-67 (a proliferation associated antigen) and Bcl-2 (antiapoptotic protein) and their correlation with the increased risk of development of neoplasms in the buccal mucosa of tacrolimus-induced immunosuppressed albino rats. Material & methods: Twenty adult male albino rats were divided into two equal groups. Group one treated with tacrolimus in a daily oral dose 0.5 mg/kg for 3 months. Group two served as negative control, received distilled water in comparable volume. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to evaluate histopathological finding. Other sections were used to reveal the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 and Bcl-2 antibodies through computerized image j analysis software. The expression of both markers was analyzed statistically through using Mann-Whitney test. Results: Histopathological finding showed moderate dysplasia in tacrolimus-treated group. There was marked increase in normal mitotic figures, basal cell hyperplasia, loss of basal cell polarity, swirling of the spinous layer, prominent nucleoli, hyperchromatism, and altered N/C ratio. Immunohistochemical finding revealed marked increase in the nuclear expression of Ki-67 in basal cells and cytoplasmic expression of Bcl-2 in all layers of keratinocytes in tacrolimus-treated group. Statistical finding in tacrolimus – treated group showed significant difference in the expression of Ki-67 and highly significant difference in the expression of Bcl-2. Conclusion: There is an obvious relation between prolonged systemic use of tacrolimus and development of premalignant lesions. The marked increase in Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression may play a role in tumorgenesis.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases. Statins are the most commonly prescribed medications to lower plasma LDL-C levels. Statins also have been shown to reduce the progression of atherosclerotic plaques.Stem cell (SC) therapy is emerging as a potentially revolutionary way to treat disease and injury with wide ranging medical benefits.Aim: to evaluate the effect of SC versus simvastatin on the mucous membrane and salivary glands of the tongue of rats with streptozotocin-induced DM. Material and Methods: Seventy-five male albino rats (weight 150-180gr) were divided into the following groups: Group1.1 (15 rats) served as controls.Group 2.1 (15 rats) were subjected to a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60mg/kg body weight) for induction of DM. Group 3.1 (15 rats) were subjected to induction of DM (as in group 2.1). One week later, the animals were treated with simvastatin in a daily intraperitoneal dose of 5mg/kg body weight. Group 4 (30 rats) were subdivided into:Subgroup.4.1 (15 rats) subjected to induction of DM (as in group 2.1). One week later they were subjected to single intravenous infusion of mesenchymal bone marrow SCs. Subgroup. 4.2 (15 rats)were used for isolation and culture of bone marrow SC.By the end of the experimental periods all animals were sacrificed, and the tongue of all rats were dissected and processed for light and scanning electron microscopic examinations. Results: Examination of diabetic rats' tongues revealed atrophic and degenerative changes on the tongue papillae. The examined tongues of the rats treated with simvastatin showed partial improvement in the histological picture while the tongue of rats treated with SC showed almost normal histology. Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory effect of SMV on the diabetic tongue. Bone marrow-derived SC are responsible for repairing the tissues and replacing them when injured or exposed to tear, wear or diseases.