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Herhold, Hollister W, Davis, Steven R, Degrey, Samuel P, Grimaldi, David A (2023): COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE INSECT TRACHEAL SYSTEM PART 1: INTRODUCTION, APTERYGOTES, PALEOPTERA, POLYNEOPTERA. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 459 (1): 1-184, DOI: 10.5531/sd.sp.55, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/sd.sp.55

International audience; The publication date, availability and onymotope of the nomen Scincus cyanurus are assessed. The nomen was validly published by Lesson in 1830 and is based on a holophoront, probably from the island of Tahiti. Elements allowing the identification of the nomina cited in the synonymy of Scincus cyanurus are given. Eumeces lessonii Duméril & Bibron, 1839 is a replacement name of this nomen (alloneonym) and Emoia pheonura Ineich, 1987 is a subjective synonym (doxisonym) whereas the nomina Tiliqua lessonii Cocteau and Tiliqua kienerii Cocteau are unavailable as the part of the work of Cocteau proposing these nomina has not been published. The nomen“Scincus celestinus” is a gymnonym (nomen nudum) to be listed in the synonymy of Mocoa caeruleocauda De Vis, 1892 as confirmed by the identity of the specimens from the MNHN collections on which the nomen is based.; La date de publication, la disponibilité et l’onymotope du nomen Scincus cyanurus sont analysés. Le nomen a été validement publié par Lesson en 1830 et il est basé sur un holophoronte, probablement de l’île de Tahiti. Des éléments permettant la reconnaissance de l’identité des nomina dans la synonymy de Scincus cyanurus basés sur des spécimens du MNHN sont donnés. Ainsi Eumeces lessonii Duméril & Bibron, 1839 est un nom de remplacement de ce nomen (allonéonyme) et Emoia pheonura Ineich, 1987 est un synonyme subjectif (doxisonyme). En revanche, les nomina Tiliqua lessonii Cocteau et Tiliqua kienerii Cocteau ne sont pas disponibles car cette livraison du travail de Cocteau n’a pas été publiée. Le nomen“Scincus celestinus” est un gymnonyme (nomen nudum) qu’il faut inclure dans la synonymie de Mocoa caeruleocauda De Vis, 1892, confirmé par l’identité des spécimens de la collection du MNHN sur lesquels le nomen est basé.

Pseudohestiasula borneana sp. nov. (Figs 7, 13, 37���42, 62) Material. Holotype (only specimen known): ♂, Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak Forestry Department Research Station, at station lights, N 01˚38���43.58������E 112˚16���41.98���, 15.��� 27.VI.2008, O. Konopik leg. (genitalia preparation Schwarz No. 43) (SMNK, ex. CS; pinned). Description. Head (Fig. 37) medium-sized, pentagonal in anterior view. Compound eyes roughly pentagonal, exophthalmic. Juxta-ocular bulges slightly protruding, separated from vertex by a very deep sulcus. Part of vertex between the parietal sulci strongly convex, about as high as the imaginary line connecting the dorsal margin of the eyes. Vertex with a short pyramidal process above the ocelli, and a pair of carinae connecting the base of the process with the antero-dorsal margin of the eyes. Ocelli elevated on sockets, forming an isosceles triangle. Frontal ocellus nearly round, lateral ocelli oval, slightly larger than the frontal ocellus. Scutellum transverse; its ventral margin slightly concave, lateral parts of dorsal margin concave, converging into a subacute apex. Lateral and dorsal margins of scutellum thickened, its surface depressed except two oblique paramedian carinae. Clypeus elevated medially, with a very thin carina in its ventral half. Pronotum (Fig. 38) ovoid in dorsal perspective, anterior and posterior margins rounded. Lateral margins of prozona toothed, metazona just posteriad supracoxal furrow with a triangular spine on each side. Prozona and metazona covered by setae, becoming more numerous laterally, lateral parts of metazona additionally with tubercles. Prozona with a deep sulcus following the curvature of the anterior margin, with a pair of sinuous paramedian ridges, and a small median ridge in its posterior half. Metazona 1.12 times as long as prozona, separated from the latter by a deep transverse supracoxal furrow, with a median ridge and a pair of large, rounded tubercles at its posterior margin. Lateral margins of metazona sharply bent dorsally in lateral perspective. Meso- and metathorax similar in size, covered by setae, metathorax ventrally with a cyclopean ear of the DK type. Forelegs. Fore coxa (Figs 13, 39) dorsally with 8���9 small oblique spines and some smaller tubercles, ventrally with one row of 14���16 small tubercles. Apical lobes divergent. Fore femur wide, with dilated, lamellar, nearly smooth dorsal edge, ratio dilated/ventral part 0.90���0.97. Surface of dilated part irregularly undulated. Posterior surface of the non-dilated part of the fore femur with several tubercles roughly arranged in one row. Ventral border with 13���14 antero-ventral, 4 discoidal, and 4 postero-ventral spines. Genicular lobes with a spine each. Anteroventral row with alternating longer and shorter spines, the first always short, the last always long, of the formula iIiIiIiIiIiI(i)I. Discoidal spines arranged in a curved row, the proximal one aligned with antero-ventral row; size of the spine as follows: 3>2>4>1. Postero-ventral spines almost equal in length, the proximal two closer to each other than the remaining. Ventral edge of the femur between postero-ventral spines serrulate. Fore tibia dorsally straight; ventrally with 12���13 antero-ventral and 14���16 postero-ventral spines. Tibial spines regularly elongating towards apex. Antero-ventral spines widely spaced apart, proximal 5 postero-ventral spines short and decumbent, remaining spines spaced apart and not decumbent, but slightly shorter than corresponding antero-ventral spines. Last postero-ventral spine only slightly longer compared to the others. Mid and hind legs cursorial, pilose, with a ventral ridge, meso-femora also with a small elongate proximal lobe. Femur with genicular spine at apex. Apex of tibia with a triangular elongation and two apical spines ventrad to elongation. Wings well developed. Tegmen elongate, moderately wide, with rounded apex. Costal field about 1/3 of tegmen width at basal third of the tegmen���s length, strongly narrowing distally, with irregular cross-veins. Towards the apex, cross veins form only one row of cells between main veins. Stigma indistinct. Hind wings oxygonal, with rounded apex. Abdomen long, with constant width and simple, transverse tergites and sternites. Supra-anal plate (Fig. 40) trapezoidal, apex very weakly concave at middle. Cerci setose, with 10 recognizable cercomeres, first cercomere consisting of two fused cercomeres. Cercomeres rounded in cross-section, wider than long, except last segment, which is longer than wide and cone-shaped. Subgenital plate (Fig. 41) anteriorly roughly triangular, with a rounded median lobe protruding anteriorly. Posterior margin semicircular. Styli completely absent. Dorsal corners slightly asymmetrical, weakly sclerotized. Posterior part of right half dorsally with two strongly sclerotized ridges. Genitalia (Fig. 42). Ventral phallomere roughly triangular. Distal process spoon-like, strongly sclerotized, with rounded apex. Dorsal lamina of the left phallomere sharply folded to the right along the middle, posteriorly fused with the base of apical process. Apical process short, digitiform, with rounded apex. Phalloid apophysis triangular, strongly sclerotized, serrulated, very slightly bifurcate subapically. Right phallomere triangular, with pilose apex, ventral process very large, pear-shaped, heavily serrate and strongly sclerotized. Coloration. Main color after storage in alcohol brownish. Head yellowish-brown, eyes mottled with dark, scutellum with a wide dark dorso-ventral band, labrum and apex of mandibles dark. Palps pale, with dark annulations, last segment of labial palpus darkened ventrally. Antennae pale, third segment with dark annulation. Pronotum mottled with dark, lighter along prozonal paramedian ridges and along posterior margin. Furcasternum shiny black anteriorly, pink posteriorly. Mesosternum shiny black, praecoxa pinkish-brown. Posterior side of fore coxae blackish in anterior half, pale brown in distal half. Anterior side of fore coxae shiny black in proximal half, distal half pink. Ventral apical lobe and anterior side of trochanter blackish. Fore femora brownish, mottled with dark. Anterior side of dilated part of fore femora brownish, mottled with dark, the mottling pattern forming three very indistinct spots along dorsal margin. Non-dilated part of fore femur black at base, claw groove dark brown, antero-ventral half of femur creamy white. Proximal discoidal spine pale with dark apex, remaining discoidal and long antero-ventral spines dark, short antero-ventral spines dark with slightly lighter base. Antero-ventral margin of fore femur with black markings at the base of all darkened spines. Postero-ventral spines with dark apex and a dark median stripe on the posterior side. Fore tibiae brownish posteriorly, reddish-brown to black anteriorly. Two blackish annulations are only faintly indicated on the posterior side, but very prominent on the anterior side, where they merge to form a blackish lateral stripe. Fore tarsus blackish ventrally, metatarsus apically darkened. Meso- and meta-coxae, -femora and -tibiae spotted with black and with three interrupted black annulations, respectively, one at base, one at middle, and a very indistinct one subapically. Meso and hind tarsomeres spotted with dark at apex, metatarsus additionally with an interrupted annulation at middle. Wings hyaline, spotted with dark, and with dark apex. On the tegmina the dark maculations form two indistinct smoky bands, one at middle, the second subapically. Alae hyaline with spotted anterior margin and dark apex. Subgenital plate with a brownish spot in anterior half. Measurements in mm. Body length 17.8; head width 3.5; head length 2.8; antennae length 13.2; pronotum length 3.6; pronotum width 3.1; prozona 1.7; metazona 1.9; fore coxa length 5.1���5.2; fore femur length 6.5���6.6; fore femur width 2.7���2.8; width of dilated part 1.3; fore tibia length 4.7���4.8; meso femur length 4.3���4.4; meso tibia length 4.0; hind femur length 4.8���4.9; hind tibia length 5.0���5.1; tegmen length 19.2; tegmen width 4.8; costal field width 1.1. Female not known. Remarks. This is the specimen referred to by Schwarz & Konopik (2014, p. 140). P. borneana is easily distinguished from the other Bornean taxa treated here by its much narrower fore femora and its distinctively dichromatic coxae. This species bears an interesting, convergently evolved resemblance to the recently described neotropical Ovalimantis maculata Roy, 2015. Etymology. Named after the type location., Published as part of Schwarz, Christian J. & Shcherbakov, Evgeny, 2017, Revision of Hestiasulini Giglio-Tos, 1915 stat. rev. (Insecta: Mantodea: Hymenopodidae) of Borneo, with description of new taxa and comments on the taxonomy of the tribe, pp. 243-274 in Zootaxa 4291 (2) on pages 262-266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4291.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/829531, {"references":["Schwarz, C. J. & Konopik, O. (2014) An annotated checklist of the praying mantises (Mantodea) of Borneo, including the results of the 2008 scientific expedition to Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak. Zootaxa, 3797 (1), 130 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3797.1.12","Roy, R. (2015) Un nouveau genre de Mante de Guyane francaise (Mantodea, Acanthopidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 120 (2), 143 - 146."]}

Genus Pseudohestiasula gen. nov. Type species: Pseudohestiasula borneana sp. nov. Diagnosis. Medium-sized Oxypilinae with moderately dilated femora and reduced styli. Head with short median process. Pronotum without paramedian spines. Width of dilated part of fore femur smaller than width of non-dilated part. Fore tibia dorsally straight. Meso- and meta-femora with a ventral carina, on meso-femur starting from a very small proximal lobe. Male subgenital plate dorsally with two sclerotized carinae on right side. Styli absent. Dorsal lamina of left phallomere strongly folded along median line, ventral process of right phallomere large, pear-shaped. Pseudohestiasula gen. nov. differs from Astyliasula gen. nov. by the presence of a process on the vertex and of a ventral lobe at the base of the meso femora, longer fore leg spines, the shorter and wider apical process, and also by the much less dilated dorsal lobe of the fore femora. It can be distinguished from Hestiasula, Ephestiasula, and Catestiasula by the absence of styli and of the membraneous gap along the left edge of the ventral phallomere, and by the presence of sclerotized carinae on the dorsal surface of subgenital plate, a sharply folded dorsal lamina of the left phallomere, and a narrow, digitiform apical process. Description. Male. Head pentagonal, slightly wider than long. Vertex with a small process. Eyes large, exophthalmic, ocelli large. Scutellum pentagonal, about two times wider than high, with acute apex. Antennae moniliform. Pronotum short, ovoid, lateral margin with a triangular tooth, metazona slightly longer than prozona. Fore coxae longer than pronotum, with divergent apical lobes, proximal part anteriorly black, distal part pink. Furcasternum longer than metazona of pronotum, anteriorly black, posteriorly pink. Fore femora with dilated, foliaceous dorsal margin, dilated part slightly less wide than ventral part, with 4 discoidal, 4 postero-ventral, and 13���14 antero-ventral spines, claw groove near base. Fore tibiae with 14���16 postero-ventral and 12���13 anteroventral spines, dorsal margin straight. First tarsomere about as long as remaining segments combined. Mid and hind legs rather short. Femora with a ventral carina, meso-femora also with a small elongate proximal lobe. Meso- and meta-tibiae simple, circular in cross-section. Hind metatarsus slightly shorter than remaining segments combined. Wings macropterous, longer than abdomen, hyaline, spotted with dark and with dark apex. Costal area narrow, stigma indistinct. Abdomen simple, without lobes. Supra-anal plate trapezoidal. Cerci short, pilose, last segment conical. Subgenital plate dorsally with two sclerotized carinae on right side. Styli absent. Genitalia with strongly pigmented processes. Dorsal lamina of left phallomere strongly folded along median line. Distal process spoon-shaped. Phalloid apophysis triangular, slightly bifurcate subapically. Ventral process of right phallomere very large, pear-shaped. Female and ootheca unknown. Etymology. The name is the combination of the ancient Greek ��ευ����ς for ���false���, and ��� Hestiasula ���. Named for its close resemblance to the latter., Published as part of Schwarz, Christian J. & Shcherbakov, Evgeny, 2017, Revision of Hestiasulini Giglio-Tos, 1915 stat. rev. (Insecta: Mantodea: Hymenopodidae) of Borneo, with description of new taxa and comments on the taxonomy of the tribe, pp. 243-274 in Zootaxa 4291 (2) on pages 261-262, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4291.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/829531

Schwarz, Christian J., Shcherbakov, Evgeny (2017): Revision of Hestiasulini Giglio-Tos, 1915 stat. rev. (Insecta: Mantodea: Hymenopodidae) of Borneo, with description of new taxa and comments on the taxonomy of the tribe. Zootaxa 4291 (2): 243-274, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4291.2.2

We present a suprageneric revision of the plant-mimicking mantis families Empusidae and Hymenopodidae on the basis of a total-evidence phylogenetic analysis with complete generic representation. We coded 124 characters from external morphology and used these together with a DNA dataset comprising ten gene fragments for an aligned matrix with 7514 nucleic acid sites to estimate phylogenetic relationships. We recovered largely congruent topologies across molecular, morphological and total evidence analyses. Empusidae and its assigned subfamilies were recovered as monophyletic. Hymenopodidae was recovered as paraphyletic with respect to Sibyllidae and Phyllothelyinae (Mantidae) whereas a small assemblage of hymenopodid taxa (Galinthias Stal, Congoharpax La Greca, Pseudoharpax Saussure and Harpagomantis Kirby) were recovered outside the family. The Caribbean genus Epaphrodita Audinet-Serville was also recovered far from the rest of the hymenopodid subfamily Epaphroditinae, in which it is traditionally classified. The nonmonophyly of Acromantinae was recovered with some species nested within Oxypilinae and others found within Hymenopodinae. We present a new classification scheme that includes an elevated family and subfamily (Galinthiadidae and Phyllocraniinae), two reinstated tribes (Anaxarchini and Otomantini), a family demoted to subfamily rank (Sibyllinae), a newly assigned subfamily to Hymenopodidae transferred from Mantidae (Phyllothelyinae), and new generic assignments to existing higher-level groups. We used our morphological characters to produce extensive re-descriptions of all suprageneric groups as well as character diagnoses. We provide a dichotomous key to genera supported by example illustrations of important morphological features as well as dorsal habitus images of representative specimens.

Tedrow, Riley, Nathan, Kabanguka, Richard, Nasasira, Svenson, Gavin J. (2015): A survey of the praying mantises of Rwanda, including new records (Insecta, Mantodea). Zootaxa 4027 (1): 67-100, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4027.1.3

EMPUSIDAE Burmeister, 1838 Idolomorpha dentifrons Saussure & Zehntner, 1895 (Figs 3 B, 14 C) Sampling. ANP. 2 ���One male (GSMC 004603) and one nymph (GSMC 005011). Distribution. Species within the genus Idolomorpha range across Africa, the Middle East, and Madagascar, but I. dentifrons is the first species within the genus recorded in Rwanda. Idolomorpha dentifrons is previously recorded in Ethiopia, Cape Province, Kenya, Mozambique, Sikumba, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Zanzibar, Transvaal, and Uganda., Published as part of Tedrow, Riley, Nathan, Kabanguka, Richard, Nasasira & Svenson, Gavin J., 2015, A survey of the praying mantises of Rwanda, including new records (Insecta, Mantodea), pp. 67-100 in Zootaxa 4027 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4027.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/239765, {"references":["Burmeister, H. C. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie. Fangschrecken, Mantodea. Handbuch der Entomologie, 2 (5 - 8), 512 - 552.","Saussure, H. & Zehntner, L. (1895) In: GRANDIDIER, A. (ed.) Histoire-Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar. Histoire Naturelle des Orthopteres (Blattides et Mantides). Histoire Naturelle, 23, 147 - 244."]}

Family: Empusidae Blepharopsis mendica (Fabricius, 1775) Mantis mendica Fabricius, 1775: 275. Empusa mendica: Blanchard, 1840: 10. Blepharis mendica: Saussure, 1871 a: 181; Westwood, 1889: 26; Bolívar, 1893: 8; Kirby, 1894: 138. Blepharopsis mendica: Kirby, 1904: 315; Çiplak & Demirsoy, 1997: 105; Ehrmann, 2002: 79; 2011: 7; Battiston et al., 2010: 87. Blepharis monstrosa: Krauss, 1909: 112. Blepharopsis mendica mendica Giglio-Tos, 1927: 645; Otte & Spearman, 2005: 43. Geographical records: Lebanon, Turkey, Jordan, Syria. General distribution: from Morocco to Syria. Type series: 2 males, 3 females, 1 female juv. ZMHB. Type locality: Egypt: Alexandria. Empusa fasciata Brullé, 1832 Empusa fasciata Brullé, 1832: 83; Bolívar, 1893: 7; Giglio-Tos, 1927: 637; Çiplak & Demirsoy, 1997: 106; Ehrmann, 2002: 126; 2011: 10; Eid et al., 2009: 23; Otte & Spearman, 2005: 46; Battiston et al., 2010: 96. Geographical records: Turkey, Jordan, Syria. General distribution: from Greece and Algeria to India. Type series: lost. Empusa longicollis Ramme, 1951 Empusa longicollis Ramme, 1951: 134 –135; Roy, 2004: 9; Battiston et al., 2010: 98. Geographical records: Turkey. General distribution: Turkey. Type series: Holotype female ZMHB, Allotype male ZMHB. Type locality: Turkey: Anatolia. Empusa pennicornis pennicornis (Pallas, 1773) Mantis pennicornis Pallas, 1773: 728; Linnaeus, in Gmelin, 1790: 2055; Olivier, 1792: 635, Otte & Spearman, 2005: 50. Empusa pennicornis Giglio-Tos, 1927: 639; Çiplak & Demirsoy, 1997: 107. Empusa orientalis Burmeister, 1838: 546 –547. Empusa attenuata Ramme, 1951: 135 –136. Empusa pennicornis pennicornis Ehrmann, 2002: 128; 2011: 12; Battiston et al., 2010: 99. Geographical records: Syria, Turkey. General distribution: from Ukraine to China. Type series: Syntype male ZMHB, (Synonym: (E.a.) Syntype male, female ZMHB, Paratype 4 males - 2 females ZMHB). Type locality: Syria: Caspium, (Paratype: Anatolia: Gebirge bei Malatia=Messina, Type: Aserbadsha=Bregli). Empusa uvarovi Chopard, 1921 Empusa uvarovi Chopard, 1921: 52 –53; Ehrmann, 2002: 130; Otte & Spearman, 2005: 52; Battiston et al., 2010: 100. Geographical records: Iraq. General distribution: Iraq, India. Type series: Syntype male, female NHM. Type locality: Iraq: Mesopotamia Amara, Alhagi.

Mantodea specimens from Jordan were collected from various parts of the country from March 2003 to November 2005. In addition, examination and identification of specimens previously housed in the University of Jordan Insects Museum and other Jordanian collections resulted in recording 16 species in four families. Mantidae included eight species in seven genera; Eremiaphilidae included four species all within a single genus; Empusidae included three species in two genera; and Tarachodidae included a single species. Nine species were recorded for the first time in Jordan: Iris oratoria, Holaptilon pusillulum, Ameles kervillei, Ameles syriensis, Sphodromantis viridis, Mantis religiosa, Eremoplana infelix, and Empusa pennata. World distribution, collecting information within Jordan, some notes on the biology, ecology or diagnostic characters were provided for each of the recorded species.

Ghahari, H., M.G, R, Blepharopsis, C, Empusa, L, Eremiaphila, B, Ameles, S, Armene, S, Bolivaria, B, Hierodula, S, Iris (2014): A contribution to the knowledge of the Mantodea (Insecta) fauna of Iran. Linzer biologische Beiträge 46 (1): 665-673, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5306450, {"references":["BEIER M. (1934): Mantodea. Subfam. Sibyllinae, Empusinae. - Genera Insectorum, Fascicule 197: 10 pp.","BEIER M. (1935): Mantodea. Subfamilie: Mantinae. - Genera Insectorum, Fascicule 203: 146 pp.","BEIER M. (1956): Mantiden aus Iran 1954 (Orthopt.). Ergebnisse der Entomologischen Reisen Willi Richter, Stuttgart, im Iran 1954 und 1956, Nr. 2. - Jahreshefte des Vereins fur vaterlandische Naturkunde in Wurttemberg 111 (1): 68-75.","GHAHARI H., HAYAT R., TABARI M., OSTOVAN H. & S. IMANI (2008): A contribution to the predator and parasitoid fauna of rice pests in Iran, and a discussion on the biodiversity and IPM in rice fields. - Linzer biologische Beitrage 40 (1): 735-764.","GIGLIO- TOS E. (1921): Mantodea. Subfamilie: Eremiaphilinae. - Genera Insectorum, Fascicule 177: 36 pp.","GIGLIO- TOS E. (1927): Das Tierreich. Orthoptera-Mantidae. - Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 707 pp.","INNES W. (1911): Une liste d'insectes recueillis probablement par J. Lord, en Egypte et determines par F. Walker. - Bulletin de la societe entomologique de l'Egypte 40: 97- 115.","INNES W. (1912): Revision des Orthopteres de l'Egypte. 3. Famille Mantides. - Memoires de la societe entomologique de l'Egypte 1 (3): 3-6, 39-78.","KALTENBACH A.P. (1982): Insects of Saudi Arabia. Mantodea. - Fauna of Saudi Arabia 4: 29-72.","KALTENBACH A.P. (1996): Unterlagen fur eine Monographie der Mantodea des sudlichen Afrika: 1. Artenbestand, geographische Verbreitung und Ausbreitungsgrenzen (Insecta: Mantodea). - Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 98 (B): 193-346.","KALTENBACH A.P. (1998): Unterlagen fur eine Monographie der Mantodea (Insecta) des sudlichen Afrika: 2. Bestimmungstabellen fur die hoheren Taxa, Nachtrage zum Artenbestand. - Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 100 (B): 19-59.","MOFIDI- NEYESTANAK M. (2000): A preliminary survey on the Orthopteroidea of the Iranian islands of Persian Gulf. - Proceedings of 14th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Isfahan University of Technology, p. 339.","MOHAMMAD S.K., GADALLAH S.M., EL- HAMOULY H., EHRMANN R. & M.G. NASSER (2011): Mantodea of Egypt. - Zootaxa 3044: 1-27.","OLIVEIRA D. 2009): Key to praying mantids - Revisions - Key to Families. - (accessed 10.08.2011).","PRESTON- MAFHAM K. (1990): Grasshoppers and mantids of the world. - Blandford, London, 192 pp.","PRETE F.R., WELLS H., WELLS P.H. & L.E. HURD (1999): The praying mantids. - Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, London, 362 pp.","RAMSEY G.W. (1990): Mantodea (Insecta): with a review of aspects of functional morphology and biology. - Fauna of New Zealand 19: 1-96.","SAKENIN H., ESLAMI B., SAMIN N., IMANI S., SHIRDEL F. & M. HAVASKARY (2008a): A contribution to the most important trees and shrubs as the hosts of wood-boring beetles in different regions of Iran and identification of many natural enemies. - Journal of Plant and Ecosystem 16: 27-46.","SAKENIN H., RAHEB J., IMANI S., HAVASKARY M., SHIRDEL F. & H. MOHSENI (2008b): A preliminary survey on dipteran predators and parasitoids and Odonata in Iranian rice fields. - Proceedings of National Conference of Agronomical Rice Breeding, Young Research Club Islamic Azad University of Ghaemshahr, 26-27 November, p. 79 (Full paper as CD Rom, 14 pp.) (In Persian with English Summary).","SAKENIN H., SAMIN N., SHAKOURI M.J., MOHEBBI H.R., EZZATPANAH S. & S. MOEMEN BEITOLLAHI (2011): A faunistic survey of the insect predators in some regions of Iran. - Calodema 142: 1-10.","SAUSSURE H. (1871): Melanges Orthopterologiques IV. Mantides. - Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve 3 (Supplement) 21: 1-214, 239-337.","UVAROV B.P. & V.M. DIRSH (1952): Orthoptera collected in Iran. Ergebnisse einer botanischzoologischen Sammelreise durch den Iran 1948/49. - Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 63 (1): 1-16.","UVAROV B.P. (1938): Orthoptera from Iraq and Iran. Zoology Ser. Field. - Museum Natural History 20 (33): 439-451.","ZEHZAD B., KIABI B.H. & H. MADJNOONIAN (2002): The natural areas and landscape of Iran: an overview. - Zoology in the Middle East 26: 7-10."]}

Pfäuti, Patrice, Hollier, John (2012): Additions to the catalogue of mantid type material deposited in the Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Genève (Insecta: Mantodea). Revue suisse de Zoologie 119 (3): 261-267, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.151211, URL: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/151211

Genus Dilatempusa Roy, 2004 Dilatempusa Roy, 2004: 9., Published as part of Mohammad, Salwa Kamal, Alla, Sohair Mohammad Gad, El-Hamouly, Hayam, Ehrmann, Reinhard & Nasser, Mohamed Gemal El-Den, 2011, Mantodea of Egypt, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278837, {"references":["Roy, R. (2004) Rearrangements critiques dans la famille des Empusidae et relations phylogenetiques (Dictyoptera, Mantodea). Revue francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.), 26 (1), 1 - 18."]}

Blepharopsis mendica (Fabricius, 1775) Mantis mendica Fabricius, 1775: 275. Mantis marmorata Olivier, 1792: 641. Gongylus mendicus Thunberg, 1815: 295. Blepharopsis mendica Fabricius, 1793 (cited in Krauss, 1890: 236) Blepharopsis mendica Ebner, 1921: 113. Distribution. Asia Minor, Cyprus, Canary Islands, Iran, Iraq and Northern Africa. Material examined. Egyptian Collection (45) specimens: Barrage 19.VII. 1952 (2 N); Cairo 2.I. 1953 (N); Cairo 8.I. 1954 (M); Cairo 8.I. 1954 (N); EL-Fayoum V. 2008 (F); El Nazla, EL-Fayoum 27.IV. 1967 (F); Etaka 20.III. 1951 (M); Gabal Asfer 21.VII. 1952 (F); Gabal Asfer 21.VII. 1953 (F); Hurghada 29.I. 1995 (F); Hurghada 27.7. 2007 (2 M); Ismailia, 22.XI. 1993 (N); Kharga oasis 10.II. 1953 (F) (M); Nabak 19.V. 1995 (N); Pyramids 19.XII. 1951 (N); St. Katrien 11.VIII. 1994 (M); Wadi Talaha, South Sinai 26.VII. 1992 (N); Warrak 4.VIII. 1952 (F) (ASUC); Abu Roush 26.X. 1943 (N); Abu Roush 13.VI. 1955 (F); Bir lahfan, Arish 4.IX. 1951 (M); El-Wasta 10.X. 1948 (N); Gabal Asfer 21.II. 1955 (M); Gabal Asfer 17.V. 1955 (F); Helwan 19.X. 1940 (N); Helwan 19.X. 1948 (N); Suez road 13.VII. 1955 (M); Wadi Sirdale, South Sinai, 15. IV. 1939 (M) (CUC); Coll. G. Ferante 1927 (3 F); EL-Fayoum 1.4. 1935 (M); Hurghada 1935 (F); Karanis, EL-Fayoum 5.12. 1933 (F); Maadi 11.1927 (F); Maadi 1932 (M); Massara 1927 (2 M); Ougret El Sheq 23.3. 1922 (M); Pyramids 1932 (M); Suez road 13.5. 1928 (F); Tour 7.8. 1922 (F); Tour 1927 (F) (EESC); International museum (34): (Cat.-Nr. 1207-1209) Egypt-C: Oase Bahriyah (28.15 N- 28.57 E), W Nil, leg. W. G. Ullrich, 06.XI. 1993. (3 N); (Cat.-Nr. 1211-1216) Egypt-C: Oase Dakhla (28.49 N- 32.24 E), leg. W. G. Ullrich, 01.I. 1996. (6 N); (Cat.-Nr. 1195-1200) Egypt-E: Hurghada (27.17 N- 33.47 E), leg. S. Materna, 07.V. 2002 (F) (7 ootheca); (Cat.-Nr. 1188-1193) Egypt-N: El Hamrawein, K��stenort am westl. ���Roten Meer��� zw. Port Safagan & El Quisier, leg. H. Kirchhauser, V. 1996. (3 M) (3 ootheca); (Cat.-Nr. 1194) Egypt-N: El Maadi (29.50 N- 31.15 E), 15 km S Cairo, leg. Einheimischer Sammler, ded. V. Schwenk, VII. 1993. (F); (Cat.-Nr. 1206) Egypt-N: El Maadi (29.58 N- 31.15 E), Stra��e nach Wadi Digla, leg. W. G. Ullrich, 05.IX. 1996 (N); (Cat.-Nr. 1205) Egypt-N: El Maadi (29.58 N- 31.15 E), Stra��e nach Wadi Digla, leg. W. G. Ullrich, 28.II. 1995 (N); (Cat.-Nr. 1201-1202) Egypt-N: El Maadi (29.58 N- 31.15 E), Stra��e nach Wadi Digla, leg. W. G. Ullrich, 28.II. 1995 (F), (2 N); (Cat.-Nr. 1210) Egypt-N: Ismailiya (30.36 N- 32.15 E), N Suez, leg. W. G. Ullrich, 15.XII. 1993 (F) (N); (Cat.-Nr. 1203) Egypt-N: Wadi an Natrun, Bir Hukir (30.22 N- 30.20 E), 100 km S Alexandria, leg. W. G. Ullrich, 12.I. 1994 (M) (N); (Cat.-Nr. 1204) Egypt-W: Oase Farafra, 150 km S (27.14 N- 28.09 E), im Al Wadi Al Jadid, leg. W. G. Ullrich, 02.I. 1996 (N) (SMNK)., Published as part of Mohammad, Salwa Kamal, Alla, Sohair Mohammad Gad, El-Hamouly, Hayam, Ehrmann, Reinhard & Nasser, Mohamed Gemal El-Den, 2011, Mantodea of Egypt, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278837, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema Entomologiae. Mantodea & Phasmodea. Korte, Flensburgi et Lipsiae, pp. 268 - 279.","Thunberg, C. P. (1815) Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata, plurimisque novis speciebus dilata ac descripta. Orthoptera - Mantodea. Memoires de l'Academie (Imperiale) des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 5, 211 - 301.","Krauss, H. A. (1890) Erklarung der Orthopteren-Tafeln J. C. Savigny's in der \" Description de I'Egypte. \" Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 40, 227 - 272.","Ebner, R. (1921) Un Orthoptere nouveau pour l'Egypte. Societe d'Entomologie de l'Egypte, 14, 113 - 116."]}

Empusa pennata Thunberg, 1815 Mantis pectinata Drury, 1770: 121. Mantis clavata Goeze, 1778: 34. Mantis spuria Goeze, 1778: 37. Mantis tricornis Goeze, 1778: 34. Gongylus pennatus Thunberg, 1815: 294. Phantoma variabilis Risso, 1826: 212. Empusa egena Charpentier, 1841: 297. Empusa brachyptera Fischer-Waldheim, 1846: 97. Empusa europaea Fieber, 1853: 96. Empusa occidentalis Fieber, 1853: 133. Empusa egena in Krauss, 1890: 235. Distribution. Mediterranean Basin. Material examined. Egyptian collection (12): Abu Ghali 10.IV. 1951 (F); Cairo 9.X. 1953 (F); EL-Fayoum III. 2008 (N); Mansourah 10.VIII. 1956 (F); Pyramid 21.VII. 1953 (F); Wadi Natroun 17.IV. 1952 (F) (ASUC); Abu Keir 15.III. 1959 (F); No data, Coll. Storey 1915 (2 F) (CUC); No data, Coll. G. Ferrante 1927 (M); No data, Coll. Innes 1927 (M); Deirout 25.7. 1923 (F) (EESC)., Published as part of Mohammad, Salwa Kamal, Alla, Sohair Mohammad Gad, El-Hamouly, Hayam, Ehrmann, Reinhard & Nasser, Mohamed Gemal El-Den, 2011, Mantodea of Egypt, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 3044 on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278837, {"references":["Thunberg, C. P. (1815) Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata, plurimisque novis speciebus dilata ac descripta. Orthoptera - Mantodea. Memoires de l'Academie (Imperiale) des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 5, 211 - 301.","Drury, D. (1770) Illustrations of natural history of exotic insects. White, London, 130 pp.","Goeze, J. A. E. (1778): Entomologische Beitrage zu des Ritter Linne zwolften Ausgabe des Natursystems. Weidmanns Erben und Reich, Leipzig, 2, 1 - 352.","Risso, J. A. (1826) Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe meridionale et principalement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes. Levrault, 5, 187 - 257.","Charpentier, T. von (1841) VII. Einige Bemerkungen die Orthopteren betreffend, besonders in Bezug auf Burmeister´s und Serville´s Schriften uber diese Insektenabtheilung. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie, 3 (2), 283 - 305.","Fieber, F. X. (1853) Synopsis der europaischen Orthopteren, mit besonderer Rucksicht auf die in Bohmen vorkommenden Arten als Auszug aus dem zum Drucke vorliegenden Werke \" Die europaischen Orthopteren \". Lotos, Prague, 3 (I - IV), 1 - 261.","Krauss, H. A. (1890) Erklarung der Orthopteren-Tafeln J. C. Savigny's in der \" Description de I'Egypte. \" Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 40, 227 - 272."]}

Empusa fasciata Brull��, 1832 Empusa fasciata Brull��, 1832: 83. Distribution. Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Palestine, Romania, Slovenia and Turkey. Remarks. Numerous reports of this species in Egypt exist in the literature, but specimens are absent from Egyptian reference collections (Bodenheimer 1937, Ehrmann 2002, Roy 2004 and Abu-Dannoun 2007)., Published as part of Mohammad, Salwa Kamal, Alla, Sohair Mohammad Gad, El-Hamouly, Hayam, Ehrmann, Reinhard & Nasser, Mohamed Gemal El-Den, 2011, Mantodea of Egypt, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278837, {"references":["Brulle, G. A. (1832) La partie des Insectes dans l'ouvrage de la commission scientifique de Moree. Zoologie - Insectes - Orthopteres - Mantides. Levrault, Paris 3 (2): I - XXIX + 64 - 400 pp.","Bodenheimer, F. S. (1937) Prodromus Faunae Palestinae - essai sur les elements zoogeographiques et historiques du sud-oust du sous-regne paleartique. Memoires de L' Institut d' Egypt, 23, 221 - 223.","Ehrmann, R. (2002) Mantodea - Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Munster, Germany, 519 pp.","Roy, R. (2004) Rearrangements critiques dans la famille des Empusidae et relations phylogenetiques (Dictyoptera, Mantodea). Revue francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.), 26 (1), 1 - 18."]}

Hypsicorypha gracilis (Burmeister, 1838) Empusa (Idolomorpha) gracilis Burmeister, 1838: 547. Idolomorpha longifrons Saussure, 1870: 224. Hypsicorypha juliae Krauss, 1892: 166. Hypsicorypha guichardi La Greca, 1952: 52. Distribution. North Africa, Canary Islands and western Asia. Material examined. Egyptian collection (5): Marsa Matrouh 1.V. 1957 (M) (ASUC); Suez road 20.VII. 1922 (F); Wadi Digla, 23.VIII. 1925 (F); Wadi Um Elak, 25.IV. 1919 (F); No data, 5.IX. 1926 (N) (EESC); International museums (1): (Cat.-Nr. 4606) Egypt-C: Oase Bahriyah (28.15 N ��� 28.57 E), leg. W. G. Ullrich, 12.V. 1995 (M) (SMNK)., Published as part of Mohammad, Salwa Kamal, Alla, Sohair Mohammad Gad, El-Hamouly, Hayam, Ehrmann, Reinhard & Nasser, Mohamed Gemal El-Den, 2011, Mantodea of Egypt, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278837, {"references":["Burmeister, H. C. (1838) Handbuch der Entomologie. Fangschrecken, Mantodea. Handbuch der Entomologie, 2, 397 - 756.","Saussure, H. (1870) Additions au systeme des Mantides. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 3 (5), 221 - 244.","Krauss, H. A. (1892) Systematisches Verzeichnis der canarischen Dermapteren und Orthopteren mit Diagnosen der neuen Gattungen und Arten. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 15, 163 - 171.","La Greca, M. (1952) Specie nuove e note critiche su Mantodei dell'Africa Orientale. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo di Zoologia dell'Universita di Napoli, 4 (1), 1 - 54."]}

Genus Empusa Illiger, 1798 Empusa Illiger, 1798: 499., Published as part of Mohammad, Salwa Kamal, Alla, Sohair Mohammad Gad, El-Hamouly, Hayam, Ehrmann, Reinhard & Nasser, Mohamed Gemal El-Den, 2011, Mantodea of Egypt, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278837, {"references":["Illiger, J. K. W. (1798) Verzeichnis der Kafer Preußens. Gebauer, Halle, 510 pp."]}

Genus Blepharopsis Rehn, 1902 Blepharopsis Rehn, 1902: 316. Blepharis Audinet-Serville, 1831: 47., Published as part of Mohammad, Salwa Kamal, Alla, Sohair Mohammad Gad, El-Hamouly, Hayam, Ehrmann, Reinhard & Nasser, Mohamed Gemal El-Den, 2011, Mantodea of Egypt, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278837, {"references":["Rehn, J. A. G. (1902) Notes on some generic names employed by Serville, in the Revue methodique, and Fieber, in the Synopsis der europaischen Orthopteren. Canadian Entomologist, 34, 316 - 317.","Audinet-Serville, J. G. (1831) Revue methodique des Insectes de l'ordre des Orthopteres. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 22, 1 - 101."]}

Empusa guttula (Thunberg, 1815) Gongylus guttula Thunberg, 1815: 294. Empusa dolosa Audinet-Serville, 1839: 143. Distribution. Madagascar and North Africa. Material examined. Egyptian collection (7): El-Marg 11.IX. 2008 (F) (ASUC); Wadi Isla, 10.IV. 1940 (M); Wadi Isla, 11.IV. 1940 (F) (EESC); Kardasa, 22 -XII- 1934 (F); Madi, 29.IV. 1916 (F); Madi, 28. II. 1917 (F); Salloum, 5.XII. 1917 (F) (MAC)., Published as part of Mohammad, Salwa Kamal, Alla, Sohair Mohammad Gad, El-Hamouly, Hayam, Ehrmann, Reinhard & Nasser, Mohamed Gemal El-Den, 2011, Mantodea of Egypt, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278837, {"references":["Thunberg, C. P. (1815) Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata, plurimisque novis speciebus dilata ac descripta. Orthoptera - Mantodea. Memoires de l'Academie (Imperiale) des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 5, 211 - 301.","Audinet-Serville, J. G. (1839): Histoire naturelle des Insects Orthopteres. Paris, Roret, V - XVIII, 776 (1 - 9, 133 - 214, 767 - 776).","Giglio-Tos, E. (1917) Mantidi esotici. Generi e specie nuove. Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, Firenze, 48, 43 - 108."]}

Dilatempusa aegyptiaca (Giglio-Tos, 1917) Empusa megalocephala Gistel, 1856: 427. Empusa aegyptiaca Giglio-Tos, 1917: 48. Empusa murati Chopard, 1940: 22. Empusa dilaticollis Lombardo, 1992: 282. Distribution. Egypt and some tropical and subtropical countries of Africa. Material examined. Egyptian collection (2): Wade Talha, S. Sina 2.V. 1997 (F); Wade Talha, S. Sina 2.V. 1997 (M) (ASUC)., Published as part of Mohammad, Salwa Kamal, Alla, Sohair Mohammad Gad, El-Hamouly, Hayam, Ehrmann, Reinhard & Nasser, Mohamed Gemal El-Den, 2011, Mantodea of Egypt, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278837, {"references":["Giglio-Tos, E. (1917) Mantidi esotici. Generi e specie nuove. Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, Firenze, 48, 43 - 108.","Gistel, J. (1856): Die Mysterien der europaischen Insectenwelt - Mantodea. Dannheimer, Kempten, Bavaria, 532 pp.","Chopard, L. (1940) Dictyopteres et Orthopteres recoltes en Mauritanie et dans la Region du Tchad, par la Mission d'etudes de la Biologie des Acridiens. Revue Francaise d'Entomologie, 7, 8 - 30.","Lombardo, F. (1992) Mantodei dell'Etiopia. (Insecta, Mantodea). Fragmenta Entomologica Roma, 23 (2), 277 - 286, 8 fig .. Lucas, M. H. (1880) Le meme membre lit la description d'une nouvelle espece Orthoptere de la famille des Mantides: Eremiaphila aristidis. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 10 (5), 1 - 75."]}

Empusa hedenborgii St��l, 1877 Mantis pectinicornis Linn��, 1767: 691 (possible synonym, nomen dubium). Empusa hedenborgii St��l, 1877: 77. Distribution. Almost all of Africa beyond the Sahara, including Cameroon, Cape Town, Eritrea, Senegal, and southwest Asia. Material examined. Egyptian collection (2): Marsa Matrouh 10.9. 1957 (2 F) (ASUC); International museums (11): (Cat.-Nr. 2473-2484) Egypt-E: Hurghada (27.17 N ��� 33.47 E), leg. S. Materna, 07.V. 2002. (2 M), (3 F) (20 ootheca); (Cat.-Nr. 2472) Egypt-E: Hurghada, Hotel-Anlage an Hauswand, leg. M. Karbaum, 17.VI. 1999 (ootheca); (Cat.-Nr. 2468) Egypt-N: Ismailiya (30.35 N ��� 32.16 E), Suweir-Abu Kharwa, leg. W. G. Ullrich, 19.XII. 1995 (N); (Cat.-Nr. 2465) Egypt-N: Wadi an Natrun, Bir Hukir (30.22 N ��� 30.20 E), 100 km S Alexandria, leg. W. G. Ullrich, 19.I. 1993 (N) (SMNK)., Published as part of Mohammad, Salwa Kamal, Alla, Sohair Mohammad Gad, El-Hamouly, Hayam, Ehrmann, Reinhard & Nasser, Mohamed Gemal El-Den, 2011, Mantodea of Egypt, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 3044 on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278837, {"references":["Stal, C. (1877): Systema Mantodeorum. Essai d'une systematisation nouvelle des Mantodees. Bihang till Koniglich Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar Stockholm 4 (10), 1 - 91.","Linne, C. (1767) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, sive regna tria Naturae systematice proposita per Classes, Ordines, Genera & Species cum Characteribus, Differentiis. Synonymis, locis. Vienna, reprint, 1327 pp."]}

Ghahari, H., Hayat, R., Tabari, M., Ostovan, H., Imani, S. (2008): A contribution to the predator and parasitoid fauna of rice pests in Iran, and a discussion on the biodiversity and IPM in rice fields. Linzer biologische Beiträge 40 (1): 735-764, {"references":["ABDULLAH A.R., BAJET C.M., MATIN M.A., NHAN D.D. & A.H. SULAIMAN (1997): Ecotoxicology of pesticides in the tropical paddy field ecosystem. - Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry 16: 59-70.","ALI A.B. (1990): Seasonal dynamics of microcrustacean and rotifer communities in Malaysian rice fields used for rice-fish farming. - Hydrobiologia 206: 139-148.","AMERASINGHE F.P. (1993): Rice field breeding mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a new irrigation project in Sri Lanka. - Mosquito-borne Diseases Bulletin 10 (1): 1-7.","BAMBARADENIYA C.N.B. (2000): Ecology and Biodiversity in an irrigated rice field ecosystem in Sri Lanka. - Ph.D. Thesis, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 525 pp.","BAMBARADENIYA C.N.B., FONSEKA K.T. & C.L. AMBAGAHAWATTE (1998): A preliminary study of fauna and flora of a rice field in Kandy, Sri Lanka. - Ceylon J. Sci. (Biol. Sci) 25: 1-22.","BAMBARADENIYA C.N.B. & J.P. EDIRISINGHE (2001. The Ecological Role of Spiders in the Rice fields of Sri Lanka. - Biodiversity 2 (4): 3-10.","BAMBARADENIYA C.N.B. & F.P. AMERASINGHE (2003): Biodiversity associated with the rice field agro-ecosystem in Asian countries: a brief review. - International Water Management Institute, Working paper 63, 29 pp.","BARRION A.T. & J.A. LITSINGER (1994): Taxonomy of rice insect pests and their arthropod parasites and predators. - In: HEINRICHS E.A. (ed.), Biology and management of rice insects, Wiley Eastern Ltd., India & IRRI, Manila, Philippines pp. 13-362.","BARRION A.T. & J.A. LITSINGER (1995): Riceland spiders of South and South-East Asia. - CAB International, UK & IRRI, Philippines. 700 pp.","BONHOF M.L., OVERHOLT W.A., VAN HUIS A. & A. POLASZEK (1997): Natural enemies of cereal stemborers in East Africa: A review. - Insect Sci. Applic. 17 (1): 19 - 35.","CAGAUAN A.G. (1995): The impact of pesticides on rice field vertebrates with emphasis on fish. - In: PINGALI P.A. & P.A. ROGER (eds), Impact of pesticides on farmer health and the rice environment. International Rice Research institute, Philippines, Chapter 8: 203- 247.","CHELLIAH S. & M. BHARATHI (1994): Insecticide management in rice. - In: HEINRICHS E.A. (ed.), Biology and management of rice insects, pp. 657-680. Wiley Eastern Ltd., India & IRRI, Manila, Philippines.","COHEN J.E., SCHOENLY K., HEONG K.L., JUSTO H., ARIDA G., BARRION A.T. & J.A. LITSINGER (1994): A food web approach to evaluation the effect of insecticide spraying on insect pest population dynamics in a Philippine irrigated rice ecosystem. - J. App. Ecol. 31: 747-763.","DALE D. (1994): Insect pests of the rice plant - Their biology and ecology. - In: HEINRICHS E.A. (ed.), Biology and management of rice insects, Wiley Eastern Ltd., India & IRRI, Manila, Philippines pp. 363-487.","FERNANDO C.H. (1977): Investigations on the aquatic fauna of tropical rice fields with special reference to South-East-Asia. - Geo-Eco-Trop. 3: 169-188.","FERNANDO C.H., FURTADO J.I. & R.P. LIM (1979): Aquatic fauna of the world's rice fields. - Wallaceana Suppl. (Kuala lampur) 2: 1-105.","FERNANDO C.H. (1980): Rice field Ecosystems: A Synthesis. - Tropical Ecology and Management pp. 939-942.","FERNANDO C.H. (1993): A bibliography of references to rice field aquatic fauna, their ecology and rice-fish culture. - SUNY Geneseo - University of Waterloo, N.Y., V & 110 pp.","FERNANDO C.H. (1996): Ecology of rice fields and its bearing on fisheries and fish culture. In: S. S. de Silva (Ed.). - Perspectives in Asian fisheries: 217-237.","FUJIOKO M. & J.S. LANE (1997): The impact of changing irrigation practices in rice fields on frog populations on the Kanto Plain, Central Japan. - Ecological Research 12: 101-108.","GHAHARI, H., HAYAT, R., OSTOVAN, H. & R.J. LAVIGNE (2007): Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae) of Iranian Rice Fields and Surrounding Grasslands. - Linzer biol. Beitr. 39/2: 919-928.","GHAHARI, H., HAYAT, R., TABARI, M. & H. OSTOVAN (2008): Hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Rice fields and around grasslands of Northern Iran. - Munis Entomol. Zool. 3: 275-284.","GHAHARI, H., OSTOVAN, H., KAMALI, K. & M. TABARI (2009): Arthropod predators of Rice Fields in Central Parts of Mazandaran. - Journal of Agricultural Science, Islamic Azad University, 15 (In press).","GONZALES- SOLIS J. & X. RUIZ (1996): Succession and secondary production of gastropods in the Ebro Delta rice fields. - Hydrobiologia 337: 85-92.","GRAF B., LAMB R., HEONG K.L. & L. FABELLAR (1992): A simulation model for the populations dynamic of rice leaf folders (Lepidoptera) and their interactions with rice. - J. Appl. Ecol. 29: 558-570.","HALWART M. (1994): Fish as biocontrol agents in rice. The potential of common carp Cyprinus carpio and Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. - Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim 169 pp.","HECKMAN C.W. (1979): Rice field ecology in North East Thailand. - Monographs of Biology 34: 228 pp.","HEINRICHS E.A. (1994): Biology and management of rice insects. - Wiley Eastern Ltd., IRRI 779 pp.","HEONG K.L., AQUINO G.B. & A.T. BARRION (1991): Arthropod community structures of rice ecosystems in the Philippines. - Bulletin of Entomological Research 81: 407-416.","HILL R.D. (1977): Rice in Malaya: a study in historical geography. - Kuala Lumpur, Oxford University Press 213 pp.","International Year of Rice (2004. Rice and agro-biodiversity. - FAO 2004. http://www.fao.org/ag/irc/default.htm","IRRI (1979): Brown planthopper: threat to rice production in Asia. - Los Banos, Laguna, the Philippines, International Rice Research Institute.","KENMORE P.E. (1996): Integrated pest management in rice. - In PERSLEY G.J. (ed.), Biotechnology and integrated pest management. pp. 76-97. Wallingford, U.K., CAB International 475 pp.","KENMORE P.E., CARINO F.O., PEREZ C.A., DYKE V.A. & A.P. GUTIERREZ (1984): Population regulation of the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens STAL) within rice fields in the Philippines. - J. Plant Prot. Tropics 1: 19-37.","KHAN Z.R., LITSINGER J.A., BARRION A.T., VILLANUEVA F.F.D., FERNANDEZ N.J. & L.D. TAYLOR (1991): World bibliography of rice stem borers 1974-1990. - International Rice Research Institute and International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology 415 pp.","KIRITANI K. (1975): Pesticides and ecosystems. - J. Pesticide Sci. Commem. Issue: 65-75 (In Japanese.)","KIRITANI K. (1979): Pest management in rice. - Ann. Rev. Entomol. 24: 279-312.","KIRITANI K. (1999): Shift of IPM strategy for rice under global warming in temperate areas. - In: ZHANG R., GU D., ZHANG W., ZHOU C. & Y. PANG (ed.), Integrated pest management in rice-based ecosystem. Guangzhou (China): Editorial Department of Journal of Zhongshan University, pp. 235-244.","KIRITANI K. (2000): Integrated biodiversity management in paddy fields: shift of paradigm from IPM toward IBM. Integrated Pest Management Rev. 5: 175-183.","KIRITANI K. & K. NABA (1994): Development and implementation of rice IPM in Japan. - In: HEINRICHS E.A. (ed.), Biology and management of rice insects. New Delhi (India): Wiley Eastern Limited, p. 713-731.","KOBAYASHI T. (1961): The effect of insecticidal applications to the rice stem borer on the leafhopper populations. - Special report on the forecasting of agricultural pests and diseases no. 6. 126 p. (In Japanese with English abstract.)","KURIHARA Y. (1989): Ecology of some rice fields in Japan as exemplified by some benthic fauna, with notes on management. - Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 74(5): 507-548.","LACEY L.A. & C.M. LACEY (1990): The medical importance of riceland mosquitoes and their control using alternatives to chemical insecticides. - Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 6 (Suppl. 2): 1-93.","LANE J.S. & M. FUJIOKO (1998): The impact of changing irrigation practices on the distribution of foraging egrets and herons (Ardeidae) in the rice fields of Central Japan. - Biological Conservation 83: 221-230.","LIM R.P. (1992): Effects of pesticides on the aquatic invertebrate community in rice fields. - In: YAP. 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Empusa fasciata Brulle, 1832 Distribution: Algeria, Asia Minor, Crete, Croatia, Cyprus, East-Europe, Egypt, Greece, India, Iran, Jordan, Slovenia, Palestine, Rumania and Turkey. Material examined: (115) specimens: Abu Alanda 23.X. 87 (1 N); Al Abdaleyyah 30.III.05 (1 N); Al Ameer Hamza Forest 11.IX05 (1 N); Al Arab Dam 8.XI.05 (2 N); Al Barrah 5.IX.05 (3)N; Al Bassah 5.VII.05 (1 N); Al Azraq 19.IV. 95 (1 M); Al Faysaliah 29.IV. 98 (1 M); Al Jubayhah 27.II. 90 (1 N), 3.III. 90 (1 N), 7.III. 81 (1 N), 8.III. 89 (1 N), 8.III. 91 (1 N), 3.III. 96 (1 N), 12.III. 77 (1 N), 20.III. 84 (1 N), 2.IV.? (1 N), 2.X. 85 (1 N), 3.X. 85 (1 N), 17.X. 78 (1 N), 24.X. 78 (1 N), 29.X. 77 (2 N), 16.XI. 86 (1 N), 21.XI. 89 (1 N); Amman 25.III.? (1 N), 30.IV. 96 (1 F) 17.V. 83 (1 M), 25.XI. 78 (1); Anjarah 27.IX (1 N), 15.VIII.05 (1 N), 11.IX05 (1 N); Ar Rumman 18.III.04 (1 N), 27.VII.04 (1 N), 14.IX.04 (1 N); Ar Rummanah Camp 4.IX.05 (2 N); As Salt 2.V. 98 (1 M); Assarow As Salt 11.II.05 (1 N), 4.IV.03 (1)M, 8.IV.03 (1 M), 23.IV.03 (1 F, 1 M), 25.IV.03 (1 F), 27.IV.04 (1 F), 3.V.04 (1) ootheca, (16 Nymphs emerged on 26.VI.04) 7.V.03 (1 M), 6.VIII.05 (1 N); At Tayyibah 15.IV. 95 (1 M); Ayn Musa 19.VII.05 (1 N); Az Zarqa��� 30.I. 96 (1 N); Bate Yafa 27.VII.04 (1 N); Berqish 7.X.04 (1 N); Dabuq 30.IV.? (1 M); Dayr Alla 24.XII. 94 (1 N); Dibbin 1.V. 93 (1 M); Ghawr as Safi 2.XI. 86 (1 N); Ghawr Kabid 20.III. 93 (1 M), 4.IV. 96 (1 M), 14.IV. 94 (1 N), 8.V. 79 (1 M), 10.V. 92 (1 F), 3.VII. 95 (1 M); Hummrit As Sahin 8.VIII.05 (2 N), 6.IX.04 (2 N); Iraq Al Ameer 5.VII.05 (1 N); Irbid 4.IV.? (1 M), 23.X. 96 (2 N), 23.X. 97 (6 N), 26.XII. 77 (1); Jarash 12.II. 92 (1 M), 13.IV.04 (1 F), 4.V. 91 (1 N), 20.IV.03 (1 F, 1 M); Jawa 2.I. 93 (1 N); Jordan Valley 30.III. 93 (1 M), 2.XI.04 (1 M), 30.XI. 94 (1 N); Kufr Jayiz 30.III.04 (3 N); Kufr Khal 19.IV.03 (1 F), 11.IX.05 (3 N); Kurayyimah 20.IX. 94 (1 F); Ma���in 28.II.05 (1 N); Mlahe-Madaba 28.II.05 (1 N); Nahlah 2.IV. 77 (1 N); Nepo 19.VII.05 (1 N); Suwaylih 25.IV. 88 (1 N); Turkey Forest 3.IV.05 (1 N); Umm Al Basateen 3.V.04 (1 F) (JPUC); Umm Al Madares 5.VII.05 (2 M); Umm Qays 17.V. 98 (1 N); Wadi Al Je���ah 11.IV.05 (1 F), 15.IV.05 (1) ootheca, 16.IV (2) small ootheca, (12 Nymphs emerged on 8.VI.05); Wadi As Sir 2.IX. 86 (1 N); Wadi Shu���ayb 20.IV.? (1 M), 7.V. 84 (1 M), 27.VI.05 (1 N), 19.IX.05 (1 N); Yarqa 6.IV.04 (1 F, 1 M); Yajuz 5.IV. 88 (1 N); Zubea 7.X.04 (1 N). Remarks: Adults of Empusa fasciata were seen catching and feeding on crane flies (Tipulidae).Even though both sexes are winged they are not particularly good fliers and many specimens were collected by hand. This species was collected on Ononis spinosa, Ononis natrix, Sarcopoterium spinosum, Varthemia iphionoid, Balluta undulata and Fumaria densiflora. The nymphs have striking mimicry to the pink flowers of Fumaria densiflora, which bloom between March and April. The species overwinters as nymphs. Adults usually appear from between March and May. It was easy to rear and individuals can stay alive without food about 30���40 days. The ootheca is usually layed between April and May. In our study, one female produced 3 oothecae; the first one was the largest and included 16 eggs., Published as part of Abu-Dannoun, Omar & Katbeh-Bader, Ahmad, 2007, Mantodea of Jordan, pp. 43-56 in Zootaxa 1617 on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179121, {"references":["Brulle, A. (1832) Expedition Sci. de Moree. Zoologie - Orthoptera - Mantodea. Levrault, F. G., 3 (2), 83 - 84, Taf. 29, Abb. 4 - 5."]}

Blepharopsis mendica mendica (Fabricius, 1775) Distribution: Afganistan, Algeria, Canary Islands, Chad, Cyprus, Egypt, Ethopia, India, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, North Africa, Pakistan, Palestine, Somalia, Sudan, Tashad, Tunisia and Turkey. Material examined: (31) specimens: Al Arida 26.II.02 (1 N); Al Azraq 19.V. 95 (1 N); Al Karamah 12.III. 93 (1 M), 7.IV.04 (1 F); Al Kashef 18.IV.01 (1 F) (JPUC); Al Mesherfah 30.III.03 (1 N); Al Muwaqqar 20.X. 95 (2 N); Ar Rumanah Camp 4.IX.05 (1 N); Ash Shawmary Reserve 30.VIII.05 (1 M); Az Zarqa��� 1.IV. 91 (1 N), 12.XI. 91 (1 N); Ghawr Hadethah 19.IX.05 (1 N); Ghawr Kabid 15.III. 98 (1 N), 25.III. 98 (1 N) (YUC), 17.IV. 86 (1 N), 18.IV. 93 (1 N), 4.V. 98 (1 M); Hummrit As Sahin 8.VIII.05 (1 N), 17.X.05 (3 N); Kufr Jayiz 23.II.05 (3 N), 21.III.05 (3 N) reared 28.IV.05 (1)F, 8.V (1).05 (1 M), 30.III.04 (1 M); Madaba 2.IV. 98 (1 F, 1 M); Sad Wadi Al Arab 8.XI.05 (1 N). Remarks: Blepharopsis mendica mendica is similar to B. mendica nuda, which was described as a new species by Giglio-Tos (1917), but the mid and hind legs are covered with hairs. B. mendica nuda lives only in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Yemen and Palestine. B. mendica was observed to be attracted to artificial lights in March to April and August. Both sexes are winged but are not good fliers. The mottled tegmina provide a good example of disruptive patterning (Brackenbury, 1999). Usually they are found on spiny bushes, or dry bushes such as Sarcopoterium spinosum and Varthemia iphionoid. The nymphs of B. mendica raise and bend their lobed abdomens upward to decrease their body size and to mimic the leaves of Sarcopoterium spinosum. The adults usually appear from March to April. The species overwinters as nymphs. Adults remained alive in captivity without food for 15���20 days., Published as part of Abu-Dannoun, Omar & Katbeh-Bader, Ahmad, 2007, Mantodea of Jordan, pp. 43-56 in Zootaxa 1617 on page 48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179121, {"references":["Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema Entomologiae. Mantodea & Phasmodea. Korte, Flensburgi et Lipsiae, Flensburg & Leipzig. 30 + 832 (268 - 279) pp.","Giglio-Tos, E. (1917) Mantidi esotici. Generi e specie nuove. [Blepharopsis mendica nuda sp. n.]. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Italy, Firenze, 48, 43 - 108 [70 - 71].","Brackenbury, J. (1999) Flight and Wing Kinematics. In: Prete, F. R., Wells, H., Wells, P. H. & Hurd, L. E. (Eds) The Praying Mantids. The Johns Hopkins, University press Baltimore and London. pp. 183 - 193."]}

Empusa pennata (Thunberg, 1815) Distribution: Algeria, Canary Islands, Libya, Morocco, Sardinia, Sicilian, Spain, Tunis and Western Mediterranean area. Material examined: (6) Specimens: Al Ghawr 1.IV.02 (1 F), 18.III.04 (1 F); Al Mujeb Reserve���Al Ghawr 22.VII.05 (1 N); Ghawr Al Mazra���ah 8.X.05 (1 N); Ghawr Hadethah 19.IX.05 (1 N); Marka 10.V.03 (1 F). Remarks: Empusa pennata is recorded from Jordan for the first time. It appears to be rare in Jordan. Most specimens were collected from the southern Jordan Valley. This species was recorded near Jericho (Palestine) by Kneucker (1909). Additionally, Chopard (1921) recorded this species from Amara (Iraq). It was observed that this species as well as Empusa fasciata are capable of maneuvering well enough to escape capture. It was observed living on Halocremum strobilaceum and other dry grasses., Published as part of Abu-Dannoun, Omar & Katbeh-Bader, Ahmad, 2007, Mantodea of Jordan, pp. 43-56 in Zootaxa 1617 on page 49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179121, {"references":["Thunberg, C. P. (1815) Hemipterorum maxillosorum genera illustrata. Orthoptera- Mantodea. Memoir of Academy of Science of St. Petersburg, 5, 211 - 301.","Chopard, L. (1921) Report on the Orthoptera of Mesopotamia and Persia. Journal of the Bombay Nature Society, 27, 47 - 59."]}

The Mantodea of Egypt were studied by examining and identifying specimens from four main Egyptian collections and some of those preserved in international museums, collecting specimens from various parts of the country between July 2007 and April 2010, and previous Egyptian records. We found 60 species belonging to 21 genera and 4 families. Eremiaphilidae included 31 species in 2 genera with one new record from Egypt, Eremiaphila gigas; Empusidae, 7 species in 4 genera; Mantidae, 18 species in 13 genera with one new species, Elaea solimani; and Tarachodidae, 3 species in 2 genera. We provide identification keys for Egyptian taxa, data on the material examined, the world distribution, synonyms and a description of the new species.