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This article provides an overview of the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in the workplace, with a specific focus on the United States. It explores the challenges policymakers face in promoting the benefits of AI while addressing potential harm and ensuring worker access. Concerns highlighted include the impact on workers' well-being, bias and discrimination, lack of transparency and data privacy, and job displacement. The Biden administration calls for clear governance systems, worker input in AI design and oversight, and protection of workers' rights. The article also examines how other countries approach workplace AI regulation. At the federal level, the US government aims to promote AI development while ensuring trustworthiness and equity, but faces limitations in including workers in decision-making processes. States and cities focus more on individual harms but struggle with capacity limitations and promoting collective rights. Unions can offer policy initiatives to complement traditional mechanisms. The challenge for regulators is to strike a balance between protecting workers and keeping up with AI technology advancements. [Extracted from the article]

Most minimum wage studies are identified on small, plentiful, mostly expected wage changes, spread out over time. A recent set of changes have instead been large, rapid, and unexpected, following the "Fight for $15" movement. Alberta is the first North American province, state, or territory to have this $15 minimum wage, with an unexpectedly large increase (47%) occurring over a short time horizon (3 years). The employment effects of this policy are estimated using a synthetic control approach on Labour Force Survey data. Similar to the existing literature, workers moved up the wage distribution, increment by increment, but with a higher distributional reach. Employment losses occurred at similar elasticities, but with large level changes, mostly among younger workers. Newer to the literature, regional employment losses were found in four of the five non-urban economic regions, but not in Alberta's two main cities, showing the significance and nuance of regional heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most job search intensity models assume uniform search effort across all potential wage offers. I depart from this conventional assumption by proposing that agents allocate wage-specific search intensity, strategically avoiding effort on low-paying, unacceptable jobs or high-paying, improbable ones. This alternative model generates wage distributions at acceptance that differ markedly from the truncated distributions typical of models with constant arrival rates for wage offers. I leverage these distinct empirical predictions to develop two new nonparametric tests, applied to NLSY97 data, both of which reject the hypothesis of constant search intensity across wages. Furthermore, I estimate the structural parameters identifiable in each model, revealing that wage-specific search leads to greater total search effort, faster transitions into the upper tail of the wage distribution, and ultimately higher accepted wages—more than a 25% increase following unemployment. For low wages, the classic random search model delivers a fair replication of the actual data, but for higher wages targeted search is better. Wage-specific search suggests that job seekers not only need to search more, but also search better. This insight has important implications for employment policy, particularly in promoting job search literacy among the unemployed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the German reunification in 1990, East Germany transitioned from a centrally planned economic system to a market economy. To tackle surging unemployment, upskilling through adult education was deemed essential at the time. Besides substantial mandatory training programs provided by active labor market policies, Volkshochschulen (VHS) were the most important providers of voluntary adult education. Based on newly digitized data, we estimate how VHS courses affected unemployment in a county-level analysis of East Germany between 1991 and 2002. Our identification strategy employs the decentralized expansion of courses, which led to substantial, quasi-random variation in their regional supply. We do not find any significant effects of VHS courses on subsequent unemployment. Lacking labor demand and low market dynamics may have restricted the realization of education effects. Regional disparities support this notion: In counties bordering West Germany, courses reduced unemployment. Our results hint towards multiple mechanisms at play, as both work-related and recreational courses were found to be effective in border counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Hidden workers include those who are unemployed or underemployed or discouraged workers. This study analyses the probabilities of becoming a hidden worker between males and females in three age groups (youth, young adults, and mid-life) and identifies the extent to which these factors explain the gender gap among hidden workers in Australia. (2) Using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition approach, this study aims to contribute to the discussion by highlighting the impact of gender on the hidden worker population, further illustrating how the explained and unexplained impacts on hidden workers differ between the gender groups. (3) Results: Age not only raises the likelihood of being a hidden worker in both gender groups but also contributes to the widening gender gap among hidden workers, especially those in the child-rearing stage of their life. Human capital, including education, health endowment, and social capital, is negatively associated with the likelihood of being a hidden worker and reduces the gender gap. Childcare responsibilities and other care duties are associated with a greater likelihood of being a hidden worker for females and are among the greatest contributors to the gender gap. Local resources are associated with the likelihood of being a hidden worker and widen the gender gap within the 45–64-year old group. (4) Conclusions: The gender gap among hidden workers is widened by care responsibilities and locally available socio-economic resources. On the other hand, it is narrowed by education, individual health endowment, and social capital. The findings of this study corroborate the fact that a wide extent of the gender gap among hidden workers in Australia is socially and politically produced and is thus potentially avoidable through public policy. Greater attention from researchers and policy makers regarding hidden workers should be devoted to reducing this gender gap to prevent further social implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the late 1990s, states have adopted policies to protect intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors in the workplace. State policymakers and some employers have acknowledged that IPV impacts work, but formal responses vary widely. The current study focuses on examining two state-level policies and their effect on reducing violence outcomes. We utilized two samples of mothers who experienced IPV; one that was employed (N = 1,893) and one mixed sample of employed/unemployed (N = 1,961) in the Future of Families and Wellbeing Study. About 300 survivors in the current study lived in a state with one of the selected protective workplace policies for IPV. Flexible workplace leave or the ability for survivors to take time off of work to address IPV (e.g. attend court hearings, access services, safety plan, etc.) did not have a significant effect on abuse. However, confidentiality, or the right of survivors to privacy upon disclosure of abuse, coupled with leave policies was associated with a significant reduction in IPV. Survivors may benefit especially from confidentiality as it reduces workplace gossip and give survivors the peace-of-mind that employers value their safety. Implications for state policymakers and future research are discussed. Findings indicate supportive workplace policies are effective in reducing violence, but future study of additional policies is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The individual placement and support (IPS) model is an evidence‐based practice proven effective in aiding individuals with mental disorders to achieve and maintain competitive employment. This study examines how policy and structural factors are perceived to influence the model's sustainment as routine practice after a national development project in Finland. We aim to identify critical dimensions related to decision‐making at the national, regional, and local organisational levels. We used a qualitative single‐case approach, analysing 21 stakeholder interviews and nine administrative documents. We conducted abductive thematic analyses. We report the results in compliance with the COREQ guideline. Our analysis identified three main external contextual influences affecting service sustainment: (1) System‐Level Planning—the coherence of formulation and execution of facilitative strategies across different administrative levels; (2) Political Decision Making—the recognition of inception points of policy change and the ability to set the IPS model on a broader policy agenda; and (3) Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration—the need for mutual goals and collaborative platforms. Strategic planning, governance decisions, and stakeholder involvement affect local‐level decisions on the IPS model's sustained implementation. This research introduces the concept of 'Decision‐Chain Integrity', highlighting the alignment of strategies and their implementation across different levels of administration as a pivotal factor in producing sustained change in the service system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of employment security forms the foundation of labor relations in the United States. The question is: what does the concept of employment security for workers entail, and how is it reflected in the United States? The strategies for ensuring employment security in America could serve as an ideal model for delineating job security for workers in Iran. Employment security and job security are two distinct but related concepts. Employment security means that a worker can easily find re-employment based on their abilities, regardless of the type of employment relationship. In contrast, job security relies on government support for the continuity of a worker's employment. Legal protections for workers in the United States are provided through the right to collective bargaining and individual employment protections. The nature of labor relations in the United States is based on the flexibility and freedom of the parties to terminate the employment contract. In this country, the issue of employment security is prioritized over job security. Employment policies, at will, as a complement to employment security, assume that labor relations in America are contractual, leading to greater flexibility and the mobility of workers across various economic sectors instead of job stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the concepts of temporal racism and racial capitalism, this article explores how time is racialized in Swedish unemployment projects, shaping a racialized and gendered division of labor. The article identifies three forms of temporal racism practices: temporal racism through the invisibilization of work, through waiting, and through wasting. I argue that these practices of temporal racism create diverse forms of labor and are therefore important factors in the production and reproduction of racial capitalism. Temporal racism deprives those defined as 'foreign-born unemployed women' of time for joy, pleasure, community, and family; instead, it ensures that their time is used to transform them into racialized workers, moving between precarious employment and surplus populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessments of the workforce impacts of net zero transitions have largely focussed on job losses, gains and net changes for a particular industry, sector or state. While improved projections of quantitative changes are important, understanding the impacts of these changes on the diversity of the future workforce is arguably even more crucial in ensuring employment policy delivers a just transition for all workers. Using the example of the UK we illustrate the risk that new job creation in the transition to net zero by 2030 will perpetuate and further magnify workforce inequalities. We then discuss how national and international initiatives are attempting to mitigate these risks, with particular reference to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change work programme on Just Transition Pathways and its potentially pivotal role in informing and supporting national workforce strategies for climate action that have equality, diversity and inclusion at their heart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the leading role of the State Employment Service of Ukraine as a key element of public administration that ensures the implementation of employment policy and labour market regulation. The main functions of the service are highlighted: employment promotion, support for vulnerable groups, vocational training and social support for the unemployed. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of equal opportunities programmes and international cooperation, which facilitates the integration of modern standards into its activi ties. The author emphasises the problems of functioning of the State Employment Service of Ukraine in the context of socio-economic transformations caused by globalisation, digitalisation and military conflicts. Changes in the labour market, in particular the growing demand for digital skills and new professions, require modern approaches to employment management. The article analyses the challenges for the State Employment Service, such as the need to support vulnerable groups (people with disabilities, veterans, Internally displaced persons) and the development of digital services to increase transparency and accessibility of services. It suggests the introduction of innovative technologies to automate processes and provide access to vacancies and consultations in real time. It also justifies the optimisation of regional employment policy to address the imbalance of labour resources and the adaptation of the service to new forms of employment, including support for freelancers and remote workers who require special social guarantees. The results emphasise the importance of the State Employment Service in stabilising the labour market and s ocio-economic recovery of Ukraine. It is concluded that the State Employment Service plays an important role in implementing employment policy and regulating the labour market in the system of public administration. Reforming and modernising the service is essential for economic development and social integration, especially in the current crisis. Innovative approaches will increase efficiency, ensure social stability and sustainable development of the labour market in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the programmatic evolution of social democratic parties in Italy, Portugal, and Spain, three countries in which the center-left has governed in the last decade. To do so, the article develops an analytical framework for mapping social and labor market policy reforms and assessing their liberalizing, regularizing, or recalibrating character. In explanatory terms, the article studies the coalitional politics behind social democratic reforms as being conditional upon the relationships between organized interests, electoral social blocs, and party system dynamics. The comparative analysis shows both commonalities and differences: the cases range from postindustrial recalibration (Italy) to inclusive egalitarianism (Spain), with Portugal taking a middling path, closer to that of Spain. Overall, in these countries a move away from both traditional "social protectionism" and crisis-era internal devaluation has taken place, but it has taken different forms depending on country-specific coalitional dynamics within the left and trade union camps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kafkas University, Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences Faculty / Kafkas Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of University of Kafkas, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the growing interest in the impact of economic crises on regional labour markets, innovation, and regional resilience, the relationship between these economic aspects remains under-researched in the context of these crises. This research aims to fill this gap by investigating how regional labour markets affect the innovation success of European Union countries. We focus on analysing the impact of female and youth unemployment, labour costs, and hours worked on the innovation success of 22 European Union countries over the period 2013–2021, with a special focus on countries identified as innovation leaders in the European Union. Using regression analysis, we find that higher female unemployment and lower hours worked have a positive effect on innovation success. Higher labour costs then have a negative impact on innovation success in the European Union but are not significant for the innovation leaders' success, providing new insights into the complex relationship between the labour market and innovation success. Through a Difference-in-Differences analysis, we additionally demonstrate that there is a causal effect, revealing a greater decline in innovation success among innovation leaders with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the remaining (control) 18 European states. The study further highlights the critical role of targeted social and employment policies in enhancing innovation performance, emphasising the need for tailored strategies to support vulnerable labour market groups, and provides directions for future research to explore these dynamics in greater depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural-to-urban resettlement is a widely used poverty alleviation strategy in China for fundamentally transforming poor farmers' livelihoods, with roughly 263,000 rural poor relocated to urban communities in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture between 2016 and 2020. This dramatic development intervention in urbanization has unexpectedly resulted in the separation of hukou locality and residence. Considering that the government equally provides follow-up employment support policies to guarantee the citizenship rights for resettlers whether or not their hukou locality has transferred to urban communities, then, does the local citizenship still matter for employment? If so, how does local citizenship make a difference? What role does employment policy play in terms of the impact of local citizenship on employment? The answers to these questions are not yet clear. Based on a survey of 735 relocated households in the Liangshan Yi Ethnic Area, the Heckman sample selection model was used to empirically estimate the effect of local citizenship (hukou locality) on employment from the perspective of welfare acquisition cost, paying particular attention to the moderating effect of follow-up employment support policies. Our results show that (1) local citizenship can significantly increase the employed persons of a household by 0.279 units, prolong the working months by 2.297 units, and increase per capita wage by 0.885%. (2) Mechanism analysis shows that local citizenship affects relocated households' employment by reducing welfare acquisition costs. (3) Moderating analysis shows that the follow-up employment support policies weakened the positive impact of local citizenship on employment, developing pro-poor jobs substitutes for the positive effect of local citizenship on the employed size; recommending job information substitutes for the positive effect of local citizenship on working months; and targeted labor exporting substitutes for the positive effect of local citizenship on per capita wage. This study provides new empirical evidence for understanding the relationship between hukou locality and employment consequences at a smaller scale and then provides theoretical reference and practical basis for the improvement of employment from the perspective of local citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the wave of the fourth industrial revolution, the development of new quality productive forces represented by intelligent technology will shape the form, structure and nature of new production relations, such as the reduction of the coordination status of human-human relations and the increasing importance of the coordination of human-machine relations. There will be a fundamental revolution in ownership relations, the form of enterprise organization, the way in which they are distributed and the structure of management. The assumptions, logic, and paradigms of economics that are compatible with the first three industrial revolutions will encounter great challenges. To this end, it is necessary to comprehensively deepen the reform of the actual economic system and promptly adjust the capital system, industrial policy, employment and distribution policy, market policy, education policy, science and technology policy, and talent policy that are not suitable for the development of new quality productive forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Center-left parties in Western Europe and Japan have experienced a persistent decline in voter turnout. This study examines the factors contributing to this weakening support. Using data from the 2016 European Social Survey across 13 countries and the 2017–2018 Japanese General Social Surveys, we tested three hypotheses: labor market dualization between insiders and outsiders; divergence in policy preferences between social investment and social compensation; and a cultural divide between liberalism and authoritarianism. Our findings provide little support for the labor market dualization and policy preference divergence hypotheses in both Western Europe and Japan. The third hypothesis, concerning a cultural divide in attitudes toward immigration, is supported only in Western Europe. Conversely, Japan is an anomaly because of the absence of a substantial left-liberal constituency. The scarcity of liberal values among Japan's sociocultural professionals suggests that center-left parties have underdeveloped core constituencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Educational Studies (1673-1298) is the property of Journal of Educational Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the evolving field of Human Resource Development (HRD) and its connection to public policy frameworks at national, state/provincial, and local levels. It highlights the importance of integrating public policy into HRD practices, emphasizing the need for HRD researchers and practitioners to develop strategies aligned with national priorities. The text also explores how public policies shape HRD frameworks, drive program design and implementation, and influence workforce sustainability in the technological era. Additionally, it underscores the role of HRD professionals in contributing to policy discussions and workforce development reforms, particularly in promoting social equity goals. [Extracted from the article]

We provide new evidence on the economic and health impacts of government- mandated non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Apart from labor force participation, unemployment, and hours worked, we provide novel results on work absence due to illness. We also examine the heterogeneity of these results by demographic and employment groups. We use recent innovations in the difference-in-differences methodology to capture the dynamic effects of these orders that were staggered in nature. Our findings show that states' social distancing measures increased unemployment and lowered labor market participation and hours worked. The adverse labor market effects were more pronounced for single parents and those working non-teleworkable jobs. We find some evidence that workers' health improved as absence from work due to illness significantly decreased, suggesting that NPIs protected many vulnerable workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measure discrimination in access to employment toward people with visual impairment in France and explore its relationship with two public policies designed to facilitate the integration of disabled people into the workforce: the obligation on the employer to adapt the workstation, and a quota policy intended to incentivize the hiring of people with disabilities. We use the correspondence test method in combination with a difference‐in‐differences strategy, to explore the effects of these different policies. We show that applicants with visual impairments face significant discrimination, and we suggest that the level of discrimination is influenced by both policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Mainland Tanzania has seen two decades of significant social policy reforms and transformations in its social and economic structures, whilst the country continues to grapple with persisting gender inequalities. This article examines Tanzania's social policy developments from a gender perspective. The authors analyse the level, reach and quality of social policy delivery to working-age women across the areas of health policy, social protection and employment policy during 2000–2021. Design/methodology/approach: The article draws on qualitative research deploying the scoping review method. The data consist of diverse secondary materials, including academic publications, government policy documents, relevant statistics and other types of "grey" literature. Findings: Tanzania has made significant advancements in the legal frameworks around welfare provision and has instituted increasingly gender-responsive government policy plans. The health and social protection sectors, in particular, have witnessed the introduction of large-scale measures expanding social policy implementation. However, social policy delivery remains two-tiered, with differences in provisions for women in the formal and informal sectors. Originality/value: Social policy delivery and implementation have increased and diversified in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) during the new millennium, with a growing integration of gender-specific policy objectives. However, limited social policy scholarship has focused on the gendered effects of broader social policy models in SSA. The article remedies the concomitant knowledge gaps by examining various social policies and their impacts on working-age women in Mainland Tanzania. The authors also engage with the theoretical welfare regime literature and present an analytical framework for gender-sensitive assessment of emerging social policy models in the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reassess the relationship between robotization and the growth in labor productivity with more recent data. We discover that the effect of robot density in the growth productivity substantially decreased in the post‐2008 period. In this period, the lower positive effect of robot density in the growth of labor productivity is less dependent on the increase in value added. The data analysis dismisses any positive effect of robotization on hours worked. Results are confirmed by several robustness checks, cross‐sectional (and panel‐data) Instrumental Variable and quantile regression analysis. By means of the quantile regression analysis, we learn that the effect of robots on labor productivity is stronger for low productivity sectors and that in the most recent period, the effect of robotization felt significantly throughout the distribution. This highlights one of the possible sources of stagnation in the era of robotization and have implication both for labor market and R&D policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: This study aims to reveal the intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of career development in emerging labor markets and to explore the impact of these drivers and barriers on career development. With the rapid transformation of global industrial structure, career development in emerging industries such as artificial intelligence, big data, new energy and e-commerce is gradually attracting attention. Methods: This study utilizes a mixed research method of questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The research team distributed a total of 700 questionnaires to practitioners in China, the United States, Japan, Germany and India, and collected interview data from 20 industry practitioners. These data were analyzed from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives to analyze the drivers and barriers to career development, and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationship between career motivation, barriers, social networks, and career satisfaction. Results: The results indicate that career development motivation significantly and positively influences career satisfaction, while individuals with high career satisfaction perceive fewer career barriers. In addition, career barriers significantly influenced individuals' perceptions of career discrimination. The study also found that social networks play an important supportive role in career development, and that extensive social networks increase career satisfaction. Individuals with high motivation were more resilient in the face of external barriers and were willing to retrain to improve their occupational skills. Discussion: To promote career development in emerging industries, labor market policies should optimize and create fair and inclusive work environments for emerging industries. By eliminating gender, age, and racial discrimination and providing employee support programs, career development satisfaction and opportunities can be effectively enhanced. Conclusion: Rapid technological updates, high work pressure, and cross-cultural barriers in emerging industries are the main challenges to career development today. This study suggests that governments and enterprises should jointly provide flexible vocational training and support policies to help practitioners adapt to the rapidly changing occupational environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European immigration policy is increasingly selective and stratified, favoring immigrants considered productive in the eyes of society. Using the case of Swedish family reunification, this article investigates how ideas of deservingness underlie this selection process and how it intersects with temporal bordering, impacting hierarchies of transnational mobility. Through qualitative interviews with individuals across a spectrum of legal statuses, the study finds that the increased connection between immigration policy and the housing and labor markets, combined with restrictions concerning visas, age, and legal status, induce and reproduce inequalities in waiting times and access to reunification. Within these restrictions, however, families find ways to circumvent the wait and get family time. The study contributes to the temporal turn in migration studies by exploring reunification among families with diverse backgrounds, complementing previous literature's focus on the experiences of forced migrants. By considering how deservingness and temporal bordering shape mobility, the article offers both conceptual and empirical contributions to mobility and migration studies. Ultimately, the study brings forward a nuanced analysis of the consequences of restrictive shifts in Swedish immigration policy, contributing to the broader understanding of the current, transnational, mobility regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various labor market policies have been implemented globally to create a more inclusive work environment for women. However, institutional and structural barriers rooted in the socioeconomic and cultural frameworks of countries often impede progress towards this goal, as outlined in Gender Equality Goal Five of the United Nations Development Goals. Gender inequality in employment is a multifaceted issue influenced by socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, which are affected by households, societies, institutions, and states. Consequently, even with a strong legal framework, desired outcomes may not be achieved if the social structure is not supportive. Therefore, institutional and structural factors often manifest as broader gender disparities within societies, leading to a parallel between gender inequality in society and in the workplace. In this context, this study, as far as is known, is the first to estimate the potential relationship between broader societal gender inequality, measured through a composite index including health, education, economic and political empowerment, and the gender unemployment gap. Additionally, in this context, it has been considered as a second model in the relationship between broader societal gender inequality and women's unemployment rate. Using data from 73 countries with varying sociocultural and economic development levels from 1990 to 2022, two models are estimated using the Panel Mean Group Estimator methodology. The findings indicate that as broader gender inequality increases, both female unemployment rates and the gender unemployment gap rise. Therefore, in addition to conventional policies, it is recommended to implement strategies that promote structural changes within society, enhance women's roles and status, and integrate gender equality principles through education. Article Highlights: For the first time, the impact of broader gender inequality (BGI) on the female unemployment (FUR) and gender unemployment gap (GUG) is estimated. According to various estimations (BGI), across health, education, economic and political dimensions, may be associated with the (GUG) and (FUR). Addressing the GUG requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond labor market policies to tackle socioeconomic dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materialist theories of disability link disability and labor, hypothesizing that under neoliberalism, disability stigma contributes to labor market precarity. These claims have not been evaluated empirically and the mediating role of the state remains underspecified. Ethnographic fieldwork in a job training program for people with psychiatric disabilities reveals two contradictions in the welfare state treatment of disability. First, disability benefits are set at low levels, yet means-testing limits earnings, channeling people with disabilities into low-wage jobs. Second, contradictory imperatives attached to state funding incentivize placement in temporary jobs. These welfare state contradictions produce disabled workers as a precarious labor force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though the growth of the gig economy has coincided with increased economic precarity in the new economy, we know less about the extent to which gig work (compared with other self-employment arrangements and non-gig work) may fuel economic insecurity among American households. We fill this gap in the literature by drawing on a sample of 4,756 workers from a unique national survey capturing economic hardships among non-standard workers like app- and platform-based gig and other self-employed workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results from generalized boosted regression modeling, utilizing machine learning to account for potential endogeneity, demonstrated that gig workers experienced significantly greater economic hardship than non-gig and other self-employed workers during the pandemic. For example, gig workers were more likely to experience food insecurity, miss bill payments, and suffer income loss compared with non-gig and other self-employed workers during the pandemic. While household liquid assets endowment prior to the pandemic reduced the effect of gig work on experiencing economic hardships, having dependent children in the household increased this effect. Thus, contrary to democratizing entrepreneurship opportunities, these findings suggest that the expansion of the gig economy may exacerbate labor market inequality, where wealth-endowed families are protected against adverse economic consequences of the gig economy. We discuss the implications of these findings for inequality-reducing labor market policies, including policies that account for the interconnectedness of family and the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes an original framework to show the plurality of matching dynamics, the processes by which firms and applicants meet and match in the labour market. It combines segmentation theory and economics of convention to characterise the powers of segmentation and valuation of firms when they recruit. Drawing on a national survey of French employers, the article identifies four matching dynamics. Thirty-five percent of the matches correspond to proximity-based matching dynamics, wherein firms do not control the candidates' profiles. Thirty-four percent of matches result from standard dynamics and 17% from professional-based dynamics. In both cases, firms know the outline of the offer, evaluated through personalised criteria. Partnership-based matching dynamics (14% of the matches) are relatively open for candidates placed by intermediaries, whose evaluation is standardised. The article argues that no matching dynamic is more effective than others, and that employment policies must adapt to the plurality of labour market functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Økonomi & Politik is the property of Djøf Forlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Visual Arts and Crafts are promoted in many developing countries as having the potential to create employment and contribute to GDP. However, results of recent cultural and creative industries (CCI) mapping study in South Africa showed that, while the Visual Arts and Crafts (VAC) domain does indeed account for a large portion of cultural occupations, its contribution to GDP is small. This paper uses national-level data to gain a better understanding of the VAC sector in terms of its actual potential for job creation in South Africa. Results show that the VAC domain does provide opportunities for the employment of women and youth, but it is more male dominated than other CCIs, and earnings are generally lower, especially for women. However, there is also some potential in more rural provinces if links to markets and tourists can be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between flexicurity policies and work–life balance, addressing the research question 'How do higher flexicurity efforts in a country relate to employee perceptions of work–life balance?' The European Commission adopted flexicurity in 2007 and proposed employment quality as an expected outcome. Work–life balance, a dimension monitored as part of employment quality, has so far been assumed as an implicit outcome of flexicurity, but no empirical research is dedicated to the topic per se. In this article the authors construct a composite indicator to proxy for national flexicurity efforts following the European Commission's guidelines. For work–life balance and other individual characteristics, the authors employ data on about 74,000 EU27 employees from the three latest waves of the European Working Conditions Survey. First, findings show that the between-country differences in work–life balance were narrower in 2015 compared to 2005. Second, the multilevel analysis suggests that the higher a country scores as regards its flexicurity policies, the likelier its citizens are to report having a work–life balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Various labor market policies have been implemented globally to create a more inclusive work environment for women. However, institutional and structural barriers rooted in the socioeconomic and cultural frameworks of countries often impede progress towards this goal, as outlined in Gender Equality Goal Five of the United Nations Development Goals. Gender inequality in employment is a multifaceted issue influenced by socioeconomic and sociocultural factors, which are affected by households, societies, institutions, and states. Consequently, even with a strong legal framework, desired outcomes may not be achieved if the social structure is not supportive. Therefore, institutional and structural factors often manifest as broader gender disparities within societies, leading to a parallel between gender inequality in society and in the workplace. In this context, this study, as far as is known, is the first to estimate the potential relationship between broader societal gender inequality, measured through a composite index including health, education, economic and political empowerment, and the gender unemployment gap. Additionally, in this context, it has been considered as a second model in the relationship between broader societal gender inequality and women's unemployment rate. Using data from 73 countries with varying sociocultural and economic development levels from 1990 to 2022, two models are estimated using the Panel Mean Group Estimator methodology. The findings indicate that as broader gender inequality increases, both female unemployment rates and the gender unemployment gap rise. Therefore, in addition to conventional policies, it is recommended to implement strategies that promote structural changes within society, enhance women's roles and status, and integrate gender equality principles through education.

Objective: to systematize and develop ideas about the improvement of the Russian state policy to promote youth employment. Methods: the work is based on the analysis of literature and normative-legal documents using general scientific methods of cognition. Results: the paper reveals the legal bases for the activities of Russian authorities in the field of promoting youth employment and developing labor market. It is shown that, despite the variety of measures, young people still face serious barriers to successful career starting and stable employment in general. The analysis summarizes the priority areas of action to overcome the most pressing problems, including: loose regulation of the status of a young specialist; limited statistics; low awareness of young people about the situation on the labor market; mismatch between the personnel produced and the current needs of the economy, etc. The conclusion emphasizes the importance to summarizing the accumulated experience and practical application of the most beneficial solutions, taking into account the specifics of the Russian labor market. Scientific novelty: the conducted research contributes to the development of theoretical and practical issues of promoting youth employment, including the deepening of ideas about the main barriers to stable employment and measures to overcome them. Practical significance: the study results can be used, first of all, in the practice of public administration at any level to improve the policy to promote youth employment.

Regional digital transformation has revitalized economic development and revolutionized the employment landscape of the labor force. The study employs a dynamic panel system GMM model to investigate the direct and indirect effects of regional digital transformation on the employment quality of China's labor force using panel data from 31 mainland provinces. The findings suggest that regional digital transformation initially has a negative impact on employment quality, but that it continues to improve continuously as it progresses, showing a "U-shaped" trend. A nonlinear mediation analysis across industry, sector, and skill levels of the labor force structure uncovers a complex, bridging effect on employment quality. This study provides valuable insights for improving employment policies and promoting full employment, highlighting the dynamic interplay between regional digitization and the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employment policies targeted at university graduates, which are exceedingly valuable to the national human resource, are closely related to the national economy and people's livelihood. The employment policies for college students are essential pathways for promoting high-quality job placement for graduates, making the review and evaluation of relevant policies exceedingly significant. This study analyzes the university-student employment policies issued between 1997 and 2023; the researchers utilize text mining and content analysis and refer to the policy indicators designed by existing scholars to develop an evaluation index for college student employment. A PMC index model was constructed to quantitatively evaluate 9 selected policy samples. The results indicate that P5, P6, and P7 have good consistency ratings; P8, P4, and P9 have acceptable consistency ratings; and P2, P3, and P1 have low consistency ratings. The average score for the 9 policy samples is 5.03, reflecting an overall satisfactory quality of China's college student employment policies. By constructing a PMC surface, the model visually reveals certain deficiencies in China's college-student employment policies in regard to policy design, policy tools, and policy content. This study provides countermeasures and proposals from aspects such as policy nature and policy measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The COVID‐19 pandemic presents a natural setting to study how labor market protection policies may influence welfare attitudes because while lockdowns and economic recession threatened millions of jobs, job retention schemes shielded many workers from unemployment. We investigate support for unemployment protection and the unemployed among people active in the labor force and participating in the Mannheim Corona Study in Germany, Coping with COVID‐19 in France, ResPOnsE in Italy, and the British Social Attitudes survey in Great Britain. Two‐way fixed effects analyses on the German data show that there was a general increase in respondents' support over the onset of the pandemic and that while job loss significantly boosted support, there was little attitudinal difference between those who experienced job retention and those who continued working. We confirm these patterns with cross‐sectional analyses in all four countries, providing comparative insight into attitudes across the largest European economies. Unemployment is materially similar to job retention, but because it is associated with higher support, we contend that nonmaterial factors such as risk perceptions may be consequential in influencing preference changes when individuals lose their jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Design Data Sources Methods Results Conclusions Implications for the Profession Impact Reporting Method Patient or Public Contribution To identify and describe evidence from original studies on the contextual factors, dimensions, and outcomes of decent and precarious work among nursing and care workers.This is a mixed‐methods systematic review.The Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and SocINDEX databases were searched on January 11, 2024.Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria, selected studies, and conducted quality appraisals. We employed data‐based convergent synthesis as the data synthesis method. The dimensions of decent and precarious work were analysed deductively using the Employment Quality Framework.Five studies on decent work and 13 studies on precarious work were included. Five contextual factors were common, though opposite, in both decent and precarious work studies: employment contract, position, financial situation, age, and work experience. Three outcomes were also common. Decent work increased, and precarious work decreased, physical and mental health and empowerment, whereas turnover was decreased by decent work and increased by precarious work.Challenges can be converted into positive outcomes for the future, moving towards meaningful work, fair jobs, sustainable employment policies, and attractive career prospects. To achieve this, more knowledge is needed about employment quality in nursing and care work.Young nurses and care workers should be provided opportunities to fully engage in their work and organisations. Training is also crucial for managers, as it decreases authoritarian and controlling management practices.This review is the first to synthesise research evidence on decent and precarious work in nursing and care work, confirming that they are opposite concepts of employment quality. The results benefit nurses and care workers, organisations, and decision‐makers.The study was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) checklist.No Patient or Public Contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the profound macroeconomic consequences of forced migration on Lebanon's economy, with a specific focus on labor market dynamics. Drawing from extensive research and analysis, the study examines the factors driving migration, its impacts on the labor market, and the resultant economic challenges. It delves into the wage disparities, employment rates, and the informal sector's expansion due to the influx of migrants. The article also evaluates existing public policies and proposes strategic interventions aimed at fostering migrant integration and promoting sustainable economic growth. By addressing these critical issues, the forced aims to provide comprehensive policy recommendations to mitigate the adverse effects of forced migration and enhance Lebanon's economic resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bicaval dual lumen cannula (DLC) is gaining popularity in veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) for having less recirculation and facilitating mobilization. It is usually inserted under fluoroscopic or transesophageal echocardiographic guidance to prevent potentially fatal complications. Thus, their utilization was limited during the COVID-19 outbreak due to stringent quarantine policy and manpower shortage, especially when emergency insertion was required. Purpose: To describe our experience on DLC insertion using transthoracic echocardiography alone during the pandemic, with a focus on safety considerations by using detail step-by-step procedural guide. Outcome: Four patients were performed V-V ECMO using the transthoracic echocardiographic-guided DLC cannulation technique during the fifth wave of the COVID-19 outbreak, with no cannulation-related complications. Conclusion: Transthoracic echocardiographic guidance for DLC insertion is feasible and probably safe with a detailed guide, which can be adopted as a supplementary tool during future endemic outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how, in the context of the contradiction between the dynamics and structure of economic growth, on the one hand, and the threat of climate change, on the other, to ensure the postwar development of the Ukrainian economy through the formation of a social foundation on the basis of economic socialization. As one of the key resources of social renewal, this should help reduce the stress state of society and ensure social solidarity, expanding opportunities for the inclusion of the population in public life and the economy, in particular effective employment. At the same time, employment is considered as a response to the challenge of the time, which is determined on the basis of an assessment of trends towards reassessment of values and the desire to start a «new life» among the broad masses of the population affected by the war. The possibility of providing employment is associated with the processes of constructing a new reality in the conditions of war and, especially, post-war period, in which the active solidarity of the population on the basis of economic socialization in accordance with new requirements and the development of relevant activities that will contribute to the further development of the economy are possible. At the same time, economic socialization is considered as a component of the state employment policy, which should create prerequisites for the individual's awareness, revision and change of their own economic behavior, especially in the labor market. In turn, this requires the creation of systemic prerequisites for adaptation, which will demotivate the search for illegal employment, as well as migration for employment reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities across the globe constantly urge their academics to engage in research activities. The government in Vietnam and the country's universities have recently encouraged academics to conduct of original research. However, the impact and effectiveness of the central government's policies on Vietnamese researchers has not been fully examined. Given the influence of research policies and employment conditions on researchers' productivity, this study investigated the way Vietnamese social science researchers positioned themselves in relation to these research policies and how they negotiated ways in which to conduct research within research institutes and universities. Using positioning concepts as an analytical tool, this study explored the discursive identities of ten Vietnamese scholars as revealed from semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate how, despite limited income, resources, and support from their institutions, mid- and early-career researchers negotiated to be productive in research while senior researchers found ways in which to make their research more influential and beneficial in relation to the policy-making processes. A better understanding of how Vietnamese scholars are positioned by policy demands and how they searched out scarce resources provides a useful perspective for governments and institutions from Vietnam, as well as other developing countries seeking to support their research scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation is crucial for beating unemployment for those with high thresholds for entering the labor market. The municipalities in Sweden have become an important factor in the activation. However, no formal argument or decisions were ever made to support the inclusion of municipalities in labor market policy. A government report was, however, compiled and sent to different stakeholders for comments. The present study is based on an analysis of the comments, here termed knowledge claims. The analysis shows that there is a low level of interest from different stakeholders except for the municipalities who are burdened with the cost of social assistance when the unemployed do not find work. The municipalities legitimize and reproduce a dual system for labor market policy. The Public Employment Service (PES) prioritizes unemployed persons who have unemployment insurance and a low threshold for entering the labor market, and the others are left to the municipalities to deal with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Ties that Bind: Immigration and the Global Political Economy" by David Leblang and Benjamin Helms challenges the widely held belief that migration for work or education is the main driver of people moving to other countries. The authors argue that political participation, such as voting and qualifying for citizenship, is the primary motivation for migration. They also discuss the role of co-ethnic networks and political institutions in facilitating investment in home countries. The book explores how governments can encourage migrants to contribute to their home communities and promote democratic ideals through remittances and dual citizenship. While the book primarily focuses on the American political environment, it offers valuable insights applicable to migration patterns globally. [Extracted from the article]

Worker cooperatives in Argentina experienced an important boom at the beginning of the 21st century in response to the economic and social crises that affected the country. This situation entailed a restructuring of social and employment policies that emphasized work as a means of social inclusion. The aim of this article is to describe and characterize the type of labor insertion that worker cooperatives propose to their members in terms of income, formalization, benefits, and labor guarantees and the ways in which they organize production and time. The findings are presented of a descriptive study, based on the application of surveys and semi-structured interviews with members of 27 worker cooperatives in the Greater Santa Fe agglomerate, located in the Argentine pampas. The study, carried out between 2019 and 2020, recognizes the possibility of labor insertion offered by cooperatives to many people who have been excluded from the formal labor market and even of becoming a space for support, meeting, and training for members and associates. However, it describes nearly generalized situations of labor precariousness among people working in cooperatives, shaped by the lack of social protections and adequate economic regulation for associative and self-managed organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of a global economic slowdown and structural shifts, comprehending labor market stability is crucial for devising effective macro-employment strategies. This research introduces an innovative framework to analyze employment resilience in the wake of China's smart city pilot policy. Utilizing data from 275 prefecture-level cities across China, spanning 2008 to 2020, the study delves into the beneficial effects of the smart city pilot policy on employment resilience. It employs a dual approach, integrating the Differences-in-Differences method (DID) with robustness analysis. Findings indicate that employment resilience in smart city pilot cities is approximately 0.58% higher compared to non-pilot cities. Factors such as location, size, and city type exhibit varying influences on this outcome. The research further reveals that entrepreneurial activities significantly mediate the link between smart city policies and employment resilience. Additionally, the concentration of manufacturing and productive services, along with their interplay, demonstrates notable moderating effects. This investigation broadens the economic research scope regarding smart cities and offers fresh empirical insights into the labor market impacts of smart city pilot policies, serving as a valuable guide for policymakers in managing employment markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]