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This study investigates the empirical validity of the material deprivation indices (MDIs) using a partial criterion variable, namely UHCNIR (unmet health care need due to inadequate resources). This alternative approach helps to assess absolute validity (Type I and II errors) and sources of error in the measurement of poverty for a specific aspect of poverty (in this case inability to receive adequate health care due to affordability problems). A simple mismatch analysis identifies a sizable group, around 1% of the adult EU population, missed by MDIs despite being in UHCNIR. A majority of this 1% experiences not only UHCNIR but also multiple other deprivations, commonly reports having some difficulties making ends meet, and prevalently has a disability or a chronic health problem. The analysis reveals that MDIs miss specifically those “unhealthy poor” since these measures do not include a relevant item, and thus cannot adjust for different needs and costs in health care and account for the distinct poverty experiences of these people. Therefore, the main methodological assumption of MDIs, identifying the people in poverty with only a limited set of key deprivation indicators is not supported by this empirical analysis.

Organizational ambidexterity originates from operational managers that follow together exploitative and exploratory activities. In a way from side to side which mechanisms, HR performances in Pakistan might really ease operational manager ambidexterity and further result in organizational ambidexterity is still an open question? For this, we applied (Mom, Chang, Cholakova, & Jansen, 2019) model to different sized firms of Pakistan. We hypothesize that ability and motivation enhancing HR practices effects operations manager ambidexterity through enhancing role breath and basic motivational orientation. Manager ambidexterity would further induce Organizational Ambidexterity. Moreover, Opportunity enhancing HR practices plays a complementary role in producing influencing of manager ambidexterity on Organizational Ambidexterity. A survey was directed by using a close-ended questionnaire which recognized the empirical validity. A multi-source and multilevel data were collected from 210 employees of the HR department belonging to 70 different sized firms and it was examined by means of confirmatory factor analysis and also organized equation modeling. For this, we gave 3 questionnaires to each firm. The result suggested that Ability Increasing these Practices directly and positively affect Operational Manager Ambidexterity along with the mediatory factor of Role Breadth Self-Efficacy. Operational Manager Ambidexterity in turn has a positive influence on Organization Ambidexterity. Manager and organizational Ambidexterity is also directly and positively affected by Role Breadth Self-Efficacy, Motivation Enhancing Practices, and Ability Enhancing Practices. Organizational Ambidexterity is also influenced by Opportunity Enhancing Practices. Lastly, Motivation Enhancing Practices have a positive and significant result of the mediatory factor of Intrinsic Motivation Orientation. We, however, didn’t find any significant evidence of complementarities between managers’ Ambidexterity and Opportunity enhancing HR practices in explaining Organizational Ambidexterity. The result suggests that the relationship among organizational ambidexterity along with the operational manager is liable on a firm that enhances HR practices. Along with that, our study that we scrutinized provides us important and new multilevel insights into the efficiency of strategic HR systems and in support of an individual and organizational ambidexterity.

This study aims to produce an instrument for assessing high-order thinking skills about cell division material for students in class XII that are logically valid and empirically, practical and reliable. This study uses a 4D models development model consisting of the stages of defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. The dissemination stage was not carried out due to time and cost limitations. The subjects of this study were three validators consisting of two lecturers at the Department of Biology, Padang State University, and one teacher at Senior High School 2 Painan. Practicality was carried out by two biology teachers and 34 students of class XII of Senior High School 2 Painan. The data collection instruments were validation sheets and practicality tests. Data were analyzed using ANATES 4.09 application. The instrument for assessing high-order thinking skills about cell division material for class XII students who get an average logical validity value of 89.02% with valid criteria, the practical average value is 91.70% with very practical criteria. The empirical validity data analysis results obtained 37 questions out of 50 questions with a value of 74%, reliability of 0.89 with very high criteria. It can be concluded that an instrument for assessing the ability to think at a higher level about cell purchasing material is logically valid and empirically valid, practical, and reliable

Depuis 2003, plusieurs publications américaines ont paru sur les "échelles Cliniques Restructurées RC". Ces échelles ont été construites en contradiction avec la stratégie psychométrique empirique adoptée d'emblée pour le MMPI (1943) et le MMPI-2 (1989). Les échelles RC sont plutôt basées sur une stratégie théorique-factorielle, que les experts de longue date des MMPI/MMPI-2 désavouent parce qu'elle ne remplit pas sa promesse de validité. En 2003, les échelles RC (Tellegen et coll., 2003) ont d'abord été ajoutées arbitrairement à l'ensemble des échelles empiriques du MMPI-2. Puis, en 2008 (voir Tellegen et Ben-Porath), elles ont plutôt été intégrées comme un atout à un tout nouvel instrument basé sur l'analyse factorielle, appelé MMPI-2-RF sur la seule base de l'emprunt de 338 des 567 items du MMPI-2. Le présent article a donc comme toile de fond la compromission possible du plus important test de personnalité utilisé en expertise psycholégale et en contexte clinique. Le but est de faire le point à la fois sur les fondements psychométriques du MMPI-2, ainsi que sur la valeur de ces échelles RC (Tellegen et coll., 2003) en affrontement maintenant ouvert avec le MMPI-2. \\ Since 2003, several American publications have appeared on the "Restructured Clinical Scales RC". These scales were constructed in contradiction with the empirical psychometric strategy adopted from the outset for the MMPI (1943) and MMPI-2 (1989). Rather, RC scales are based on a theoretical-factorial strategy, which longtime MMPI / MMPI-2 experts disavow because they do not fulfill their promise of validity. In 2003, these RC scales (Tellegen et al., 2003) were first arbitrarily grafted to the set of empirical MMPI-2 scales. Then, in 2008 (see Tellegen and Ben-Porath), they were instead integrated as an asset to a brand new instrument based on factor analysis, called MMPI-2-RF on the sole basis of the borrowing of 338 of the 567 items of the MMPI-2. The background to this article is therefore the possible compromise of the most important personality test used in forensic expertise and in a clinical context. The goal is to review both the psychometric foundations of MMPI-2, as well as the value of these RC scales (Tellegen et al., 2003) in the now open confrontation with MMPI-2.

Research and development of the HOTS test instruments was carried out to measure students’ learning outcomes in the HOTS learning process on Metabolism topic at senior high school level. This study used the research and development method of the Dick & Carey systems approach model which consists of nine stages, namely: 1) assess needs to help identify learning goals; 2) conduct instructional analysis and analyze learners and contexts; 3) write performance objectives; 4) develop assessment instruments; 5) develop instructional strategies; 6) develop and select instructional materials; 7) design and conduct formative evaluation; 8) revise instruction based on the formative evaluation; and 9) design and conduct summative evaluation. The data of the students’ mastery on Metabolism topic was collected through a HOTS-based multiple-choice test related to Metabolism topic. A total of 610 research subjects were involved in this study. Content validity analysis were conducted using Aiken’s V formula and empirical validity analysis were carried out using product moment Pearson correlation. The results reveal that based on content validation, 83 out of 100 test items are valid, proven by the Aiken’s V value on the three indicators which is greater than 0.677. Based on empirical validation, in cycle I there are 60 valid test items as rcount > rtable (0.12) and sig. 2 tailed value < α 0.05. In cycle II, there are 55 valid test items as rcount > rtable (0.11) and sig. 2 tailed value < α 0.05. The 55 test items are in good quality category, thus they are ready to be implemented.

Generally, the application of geographic profiling (also known as geoprofiling) is under-researched and its scientific and theoretical foundations, as well as the existing research evidence of its effectiveness, claimed to be inadequate and questionable. Notwithstanding, the present study explored the role of geographic profiling, in the context of the South African serial rapist, by scrutinising, amongst others, the locations of their crime sites. The basic theoretical assumptions underlying geographic profiling, their empirical validity, methods of constructing geographic profiles, and geographic profiling’s accuracy were also probed. Findings presented pioneering criminological insights on how serial rapists navigated to and from their crime sites, which could potentially assist national and international crime investigators with the prediction of subsequent offence locales.

We test the empirical validity of the three-factor model of Fama and French in the Egyptian Stock Exchange (EGX) using monthly excess stock returns of 50 stocks listed on the EGX from January 2014 to December 2018. Our findings do not support Fama and French three-factor model, where the coefficient of the beta was insignificant. The “SBM” coefficient and the “HML” coefficient were equal to zero and insignificant, which confirms the absence of the small firm effect and book-to-market ratio effect in the market. We conclude that there is no relation between expected return and Fama-French risk factors.

We examine the spillovers from changes in public sector wages and employment on private sector wages. Using a panel VAR model, we show that changes in public sector wages have a greater effect on private sector wages than changes in public sector employment. We motivate our analysis using the Economic Adjustment Program for Greece, and a simple theoretical model. The empirical validity of these effects is verified through a series of robustness tests. These results have important implications on the evaluation of the recent EU Economic Adjustment Programs and the future design of Internal Devaluation strategies.

The paper evaluates the performance of open-end mutual funds in the Republic of Serbia in the period 2011-2015, using various modelling approaches based on different models. The aim of this paper is to examine the theoretical, methodological and empirical validity of active portfolio management of mutual funds and to assess the presence of selection and timing abilities of Serbian portfolio managers. The results of the empirical research show that the active portfolio management of mutual funds in the Republic of Serbia has not been successful in terms of outperforming the market. Portfolio managers of most Serbian mutual funds lack the ability to choose profitable securities and do not have market timing ability.

In 1931, Harold Hotelling introduced the Hotelling rule—the fundamental theoretical principle of non-renewable resource economics. However, almost ninety years later, economists are still unable to establish a generalized, empirical validity for the rule. As concerns mineral resources, recent developments suggest that geological constraints may play a larger role in explaining why they would not follow the rule, than the traditional understanding. This paper reviews the evolving role geological constraints have played in the literature on non-renewable resource economics. It explores their evolution from the early days, where the focus was on the exhaustibility constraint as the main determinant of the evolution of price and output, to more recent years, with the realization that geological constraints can be a promising route to explain empirically accepted stylized facts. En 1931, Harold Hotelling a introduit la règle d’Hotelling, le principe théorique fondamental de l’économie des ressources non-renouvelables. Cependant, près de quatre-vingt-dix ans plus tard, les économistes ne sont toujours pas en mesure d’établir une validité empirique généralisée pour cette règle. En ce qui concerne les ressources minérales, les développements récents suggèrent que les contraintes géologiques joueraient un plus grand rôle dans l’explication de leur non-suivi de cette règle, par rapport à la compréhension traditionnelle. Cet article analyse l’évolution du rôle joué par les contraintes géologiques dans la littérature sur l’économie des ressources non-renouvelables. Il explore leur évolution depuis sa première proposition, où l'accent était mis sur la contrainte d’épuisement en tant que principal déterminant de l’évolution des prix et de la production, jusqu’aux années plus récentes, avec la prise de conscience que les contraintes géologiques peuvent être un nouvel axe de recherche pour expliquer empiriquement les faits stylisés.

Deterrence by denial is gaining attention as a counter-terrorism strategy. Yet there are formidable obstacles to testing its empirical validity. We argue that experimental and quasi-experimental ev...

We test the empirical validity of the PPP proposition under temporary structural breaks and dynamic nonlinear adjustments. Although several testing procedures have recently been proposed in the exi...

espanolLa reciente proliferacion de los casos de radicalizacion alrededor del mundo ha colocado esta tematica en la agenda de las naciones. La radicalizacion, entendida como un proceso por el que se alcanza un compromiso cada vez mayor con una ideologia politica o religiosa extremista, constituye, a dia de hoy, un desafio con el que debemos lidiar de cara a mejorar nuestras sociedades en materia de seguridad. Ahora bien, muchos de los procedimientos academicos usados para comprender mejor este fenomeno carecen de validez empirica que nos permita confiar en los conocimientos que aportan. Esta practica ha llevado a que exista una gran cantidad de material relacionado con la radicalizacion, sobre todo despues del 11-S, pero no a la consolidacion y validacion del conocimiento que poseemos. A causa de ello, en esta revision nos proponemos hacer explicitos tres modelos teoricos que se centran en la radicalizacion violenta. Los tres modelos parten, mayoritariamente, de la psicologia social y cuentan con bagaje empirico que sustenta su validez. Estos son: el modelo de las 3N (tambien conocido como la teoria de la busqueda de significado), el modelo de los actores devotos y el enfoque de las dos piramides. Estos tres modelos se centran, respectivamente, en las teorias de la motivacion, en la identidad y los valores, y en la diferencia entre las cogniciones y las acciones. Asimismo, cada uno propone diferentes factores explicativos y desencadenantes, asi como distintas variables dependientes que explican dichos factores desde comportamientos violentos hasta el sacrificio. En ellos encontramos diferencias y similitudes que validan y complementan algunos de los procesos que proponen. Por tanto, conocerlos y entenderlos va a aportarnos un conocimiento mas profundo a la hora de comprender la radicalizacion, estudiarla y tomar decisiones de cara a su prevencion y/o reduccion. EnglishThe recent proliferation of cases of radicalization around the world has placed this issue on the agenda of the nations. Nowadays, the radicalization, understood as a process by which a growing commitment to an extremist political or religious ideology is reached, represents a challenge that we must deal with in order to improve our societies in terms of security. However, much of the academic procedures used to understand this phenomenon lack the empirical validity that allows us to rely on the knowledge they provide. This practice has led to the existence of a large amount of material related to radicalization, especially after 9/11, but not to the consolidation and validation of the knowledge we possess. Because of this, in this review we propose to explain three of the theoretical models that focus on violent radicalization. These three models mostly come from social psychology and have empirical baggage that supports its validity. These are: the 3N model (also known as the significant quest theory), the devoted actors model and the approach of the two pyramids. These three models focus, respectively, on the theories of motivation, on identity and values, and on the difference between cognitions and actions. Likewise, each one proposes different explanatory and triggering factors, as well as different dependent variables that explain these factors from violent behavior to sacrifice. In them we find differences and similarities that validate and complement some of the processes they propose. Therefore, knowing and understanding them will provide us with a deeper knowledge when it comes to understanding radicalization, studying it and making decisions for its prevention and/or reduction.

International audience; Machines powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) are now influencing the behavior of humans in ways that are both like and unlike the ways humans influence each other. In light of recent research showing that other humans can exert a strong corrupting influence on people’s ethical behavior, worry emerges about the corrupting power of AI agents. To estimate the empirical validity of these fears, we review the available evidence from behavioral science, human-computer interaction, and AI research. We propose that the main social roles through which both humans and machines can influence ethical behavior are (a) role model, (b) advisor, (c) partner, and (d) delegate. When AI agents become influencers (role models or advisors), their corrupting power may not exceed (yet) the corrupting power of humans. However, AI agents acting as enablers of unethical behavior (partners or delegates) have many characteristics that may let people reap unethical benefits while feeling good about themselves, indicating good reasons for worry. Based on these insights, we outline a research agenda that aims at providing more behavioral insights for better AI oversight.

Fifteen distractor two-level multiple choice items were developed as diagnostic instruments to evaluate the level of conceptual understanding and structure of students' misconceptions in explaining redox reactions. Questions at the first tier (Q1) assess the level of knowledge, and questions at the second tier (Q2) assess the level of reasoning of students. This instrument was given to 1150 participants. The participants were 11th grade students, from eight senior high schools, in the Eastern part of Indonesia. The collected data was analyzed using the Rasch model approach. The results of this study provide diagnostic and summative information on the progressiveness of student learning outcomes, as well as evidence of empirical validity and reliability of measurement. In addition, by comparing the size of items Q1 with Q2, it was found that the level of student knowledge is not always proportional to the level of reasoning, even in some cases, the level of knowledge is lower than the level of reasoning, and vice versa. The results of the investigation using the option probability curve; it was revealed that there were students’ misconceptions and inconsistencies about the concepts of reduction, oxidation and oxidation numbers. This result confirms why students have difficulty interpreting and converting redox reaction equations. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.9.12

International audience; Background: Within-subject biospecimens pooling can theoretically reduce bias in dose-response functions from biomarker-based studies when exposure assessment suffers from classical-type error. However, collecting many urine voids each day is cumbersome. We evaluated the empirical validity of a within-subject pooling approach and compared several options to avoid sampling each void.Methods: In 16 pregnant women who collected a spot of each urine void over several nonconsecutive weeks, we compared concentrations of 10 phenols in daily, weekly, and pregnancy within-subject pools. We pooled either three or all daily samples. In a simulation study using these data, we quantified bias in dose-response functions when using one to 20 urine samples per subject to assess methylparaben (a compound with moderate within-subject variability) and bisphenol A (high variability) exposures.Results: Correlations between exposure estimates from pools of all and of only three voids per day were above 0.80 for all time windows and compounds, except for benzophenone-3 and triclosan in the daily time window (correlations, 0.57-0.68). With one spot sample to assess pregnancy exposure, correlations were all below 0.74. Using only one biospecimen led to attenuation bias in the dose-response functions of 29% (methylparaben) and 69% (bisphenol A); four samples for methylparaben and 18 for bisphenol A decreased bias to 10%.Conclusions: For nonpersistent chemicals, collecting and pooling three samples per day instead of all daily samples efficiently estimates exposures over a week or more. Collecting around 20 biospecimens can strongly limit attenuation bias for nonpersistent chemicals such as bisphenol A.

There are a number of scales intended to measure workplace attitudes toward people with disabilities. However, there is limited demonstration of validity evidence, especially theoretical validity. This article reports on the development of the Co-Worker Acceptance of Disabled Employees (CADE) Scale, including an examination of theoretical and empirical validity evidences. Theoretical validity is supported by screening each scale item through the difference model of disability. Empirical validity evidence is generated through a content validity study and an initial validity study. Exploratory factor analysis reveals that workplace attitudes toward employees with disabilities are based on perceived differences between those with disabilities and others. The CADE Scale will support workplace training and provide evidence of attitude change subsequent to workplace disability-related interventions.

Even from the cursory observation, the Eurasian Economic Union appears to be a good example of what is frequently referred to in the comparative regionalism research as diffusion of theEU model - many specific institutional solutions and, more generally, the fundamental agenda and the design of the EAEU are inspired by the EU experience. This article asks two questions: first, how can we explain the diffusion of the EU model in case of Eurasia, and second, which consequences does the diffusion have for the relations between the EAEU and the EU, as well as the EAEU and the Asian integration projects (like the Belt and Road Initiative). Our conclusions are paradoxical: we show that the standard arguments of the diffusion literature show limited empirical validity in the Eurasian case; and that the institutional similarity between the EU and the EAEU makes the interaction of these two organizations more, and not less difficult.

The article assesses the empirical validity of Okun's law on the relationship between a country's unemployment and its output with a focus upon the Visegrad Group economies and upon the post-transi...

This study aims to explore the empirical validity of the real interest rate parity (RIP) hypothesis for East Asian countries using Japan as the base country. To this end, we employ the recently pro...

This paper highlights the process of the development of the four-tier device in the topic of acid-base properties of salt solution (FTI-AB). The procedure for developing the instrument adopted the one proposed by Habiddin & Page (1). This study involved 172 secondary school students as respondents. One hundred three students participated in the preliminary survey (testing and interview) and 69 students in the pilot study (validating the four-tier instrument). Twenty- three items/questions of the prototype four-tier instrument were produced. The quality of the instrument in light of validity, reliability, difficulty level, discriminatory index, and distractor effectiveness are discussed. In considering the result of empirical validity (reliability, difficulty level, discriminatory index, distractor effectiveness, and validity), 23 questions are produced in the final FTI-AB. This study demonstrated that building a valid and reliable four-tier instrument is challenging and requires cautious procedures. This paper also highlights the survey regarding the instrument/tool applied in investigating students’ unscientific understanding in the area of chemistry education. The result of this survey emphasizes the dominant of multi-tier instrument utilization in the area. However, those instruments are mostly developed without applying a proper procedure.

Purpose: This study analyses the relation of intellectual capital (IC) with future operating performance under the prism of different strategic orientations or explanations for the relation of IC with the future operating performance. Design/methodology/approach: Our final data sample consists of 11,085 firm years observations of US listed firms for the period 2000-2019. We emphasize on organizational capital and R&D capital as measures of a firm’s IC intensity. We adopted the methodology proposed by Bentley et al. (2013) for strategy classification. Findings: Strategy affects the likelihood a firm to be classified as a low or high IC intensive. Organizational capital improves future operating performance across firms with the same (i.e., prospectors or defenders) or with different (i.e., unrestricted data sample) strategic orientation. R&D capital affects mostly prospectors’ future operating performance. Depending on the measure of IC intensity or operating performance, both the investing and the signalling hypothesis for the positive relation of IC with future operating performance seem to hold. Strategic repositioning has no significant effect on the relation of IC with future operating performance. Originality: The contribution of this study is that examines if a firms’ strategic orientation or repositioning affects the relation of IC with future operating performance as well as the empirical validity of different explanations for this relation. Research limitations/implications: We relied on quantitative research instruments for our research design. A combination of qualitative with quantitative data might provide further insights on the relation of strategy, IC, and future operating performance.

We evaluate the empirical validity of the compound option framework. In a model where corporate securities are options on a firm's assets, option contracts on these can be viewed as options on options, or compound options. We estimate a model with priced asset variance risk and find that it jointly explains the level and time variation of both equity index (SPX) and credit index (CDX) option prices well out-of-sample. This suggests that the two options markets are priced consistently, contrary to recent findings. We show that variance risk is important for establishing pricing consistency between equity, credit, and related derivatives.

Scholars have used mathematical models to estimate the missing length of deteriorated scrolls from ancient Egypt, Qumran, Herculaneum, and elsewhere. Based on such estimations, the content of ancient literature as well as the process of its composition is deduced. Though theoretically reasonable, many practical problems interfere with the method. In the current study, the empirical validity of these mathematical models is examined, showing that highly significant errors are quite frequent. When applied to comparatively intact scrolls, the largest contribution to errors is the subjectivity inherent in measuring patterns of damaged areas. In less well preserved scrolls, deterioration and deformation are more central causes of errors. Another factor is the quality of imaging. Hence, even after maximal reduction of interfering factors, one should only use these estimation methods in conjunction with other supporting considerations. Accordingly, past uses of this approach should be reevaluated, which may have substantial implications for the study of antiquity.

Difficulties in coparenting performance reverberate in externalizing problems in adolescents. However, understanding on the mechanisms mediating this relationship is scarce. Emotion regulation is a possible link between these constructs. This study aims to test a structural model in which emotional dysregulation mediates coparenting and externalizing problems in adolescents. This is a quantitative, cross-sectional, and explanatory study. The sample consisted of 229 adolescents aged between 11 and 18, living in inland cities of Rio Grande do Sul. Structural equation modeling was used to test the empirical validity of the proposed theoretical model. Results provided evidence for the advance of the study on family relationships and explanatory mechanisms in the development of externalizing problems. Some domains of emotion deregulation mediate the association between coparenting negative dimensions and externalizing problems. Direct and indirect relationships between the model variables are analyzed and discussed. Resumo Dificuldades no exercício da coparentalidade reverberam em problemas externalizantes em adolescentes. Entretanto, há escassez no entendimento sobre mecanismos que medeiam essa relação. A regulação emocional apresenta-se como possível ligação entre esses construtos. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar um modelo estrutural no qual a desregulação emocional é mediadora entre coparentalidade e problemas externalizantes em adolescentes. Trata-se de estudo com delineamento quantitativo, transversal, explicativo. Contou com uma amostra de 229 adolescentes entre 11 a 18 anos, residentes no interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi utilizada modelagem de equações estruturais para testar a validade empírica do modelo teórico proposto. Os resultados forneceram evidências para o avanço do estudo das relações familiares e mecanismos explicativos no desenvolvimento de problemas externalizantes. Alguns domínios de desregulação emocional são mediadores da associação entre dimensões negativas de coparentalidade e problemas externalizantes. As relações diretas e indiretas entre as variáveis do modelo são analisadas e discutidas. Resumen Las dificultades en la coparentalidad reverberan en problemas de externalización en adolescentes. Sin embargo, existe una falta de comprensión sobre los mecanismos que median esta relación. La regulación emocional es un posible vínculo entre estos constructos. El objetivo de este estudio fue probar un modelo estructural en el que la desregulación emocional es mediadora entre la coparentalidad y los problemas de externalización en adolescentes. Este es un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y explicativo. Cuenta con una muestra de 229 adolescentes entre 11 y 18 años que viven en el interior de Rio Grande do Sul. Se utilizó el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para probar la validez empírica del modelo teórico propuesto. Los resultados proporcionaron evidencia para el avance del estudio de las relaciones familiares y los mecanismos explicativos en el desarrollo de problemas de externalización. Algunos dominios de desregulación emocional median la asociación entre las dimensiones negativas de los problemas de coparentalidad y problemas de externalización. Se analizan y discuten las relaciones directas e indirectas entre las variables del modelo.

This paper examines spillover effects among international tourism growth, economic growth and a group of major macroeconomic and financial variables in the US. The empirical results show significant interactions among tourism growth, economic growth and the selected macro-finance factors, which have notably increased following the intensification of the global financial crisis in the fall of 2008. Furthermore, international tourism growth in the US appears as the main net receiver of spillovers from macroeconomic factors, thus providing evidence contrary to the empirical validity of the tourism-led growth hypothesis for the US. However, real GDP growth is identified as a net transmitter of spillovers to the tourism growth, which supports, at least partly, the economic-driven tourism growth hypothesis for the US. Novel to the literature, global economic policy uncertainty is the most important transmitter of shocks to US tourism growth, suggesting that heightened uncertainty about economic policy may have especially harmful effects on international tourism flows. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Resumen Introducción: La exclusión social es un fenómeno multifactorial que expone a las personas a desventajas económicas, institucionales y sociales. Frecuentemente los jóvenes padecen exclusión social que les genera amplias consecuencias negativas. Objetivo: Desarrollar y validar un instrumento para evaluar la percepción de exclusión social en jóvenes mexicanos. Método: Estudio centrado en la psicometría. En una primera fase se creó una versión preliminar del instrumento a partir de reactivos derivados de la literatura. La calidad de los reactivos fue evaluada por expertos y por un grupo de jóvenes de la población objetivo. En una segunda fase se incluyeron 415 jóvenes y se obtuvo la confiabilidad, validez y normas del instrumento. Resultados: La primera versión del instrumento contempló 60 reactivos evaluados en la segunda fase. La versión final del instrumento incluyó 35 reactivos agrupados en nueve factores que explicaron el 62,30 % de la varianza total. Esta estructura factorial mostró una consistencia interna alta (α= ,863). El análisis factorial confirmatorio indicó un adecuado ajuste (x2= 1,71; CFI= ,926; RMSEA= ,042) que brinda evidencia sobre la validez empírica del instrumento. Conclusión: El instrumento tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar la percepción de exclusión social en jóvenes mexicanos, el cual puede ser empleado en la investigación psicosocial. El estudio de la exclusión social se lleva a cabo desde las ciencias políticas, la economía y la sociología; pero hasta el conocimiento de los autores, este estudio representa una de las primeras propuestas de su abordaje desde la psicología social considerando central la visión de los individuos y sus interacciones sociales con otros grupos. Abstract Introduction: Social exclusion is a multifactorial phenomenon that involves economic, institutional and social disadvantages for diverse groups of people. Frequently, young people face social exclusion that causes them negative consequences. Objective: To develop and validate an instrument to evaluate social exclusion perception in young people from Mexico. Method: This is an article research result, which is based on psychometric principles. During the first phase, a preliminary instrument version was developed on the base of a literature review. Experts and a group of young Mexican people evaluate items’ quality. During the second phase, 415 participants were enrolled and the instrument psychometric properties (reliability, validity, and interpretation) were estimated. Results: The first version instrument included 60 items which were evaluated in the second phase. The final version of the instrument has 35 items grouped in nine factors that explained 62,30 % of the total variance. This instrument's factorial structure showed high internal consistency (α=.863). The confirmatory factorial analysis indicated an acceptable fit (x2=1.71; CFI=.926; RMSEA=.042) which gave evidence of the instrument empirical validity. Conclusion: Instrument has good psychometric properties to evaluate social exclusion perception; therefore it can be used in the psychosocial investigation. Social exclusion phenomenon has been studied on base the politics, economic and sociology sciences; however until author knowledge, this is a pioneer proposal to study social exclusion based on the social psychology. This science is focused in the subject vision and their group social interactions.

Volume-based liquidity ratios suffer from potential measurement bias due to share restriction and may misrepresent actual liquidity. In this paper, we develop a modified metric, the free-float liquidity ratio. We argue that this measure is better suited to estimate liquidity in the presence of trading constraints as can be found in family-owned businesses or closely-held entities. Empirical testing indicates that the free-float liquidity ratio compares favorably with other volume-based methods. Furthermore, we use family firms as a of restricted share setting to demonstrate the empirical validity of the free-float liquidity ratio. The proposed metric provides potential informational gain for family leaders to aid in their strategic financing decisions and for non-family outsiders to guide their investment choice.

Open-domain dialogue generation has gained increasing attention in Natural Language Processing. Its evaluation requires a holistic means. Human ratings are deemed as the gold standard. As human evaluation is inefficient and costly, an automated substitute is highly desirable. In this paper, we propose holistic evaluation metrics that capture different aspects of open-domain dialogues. Our metrics consist of (1) GPT-2 based context coherence between sentences in a dialogue, (2) GPT-2 based fluency in phrasing, (3) n-gram based diversity in responses to augmented queries, and (4) textual-entailment-inference based logical self-consistency. The empirical validity of our metrics is demonstrated by strong correlations with human judgments. We open source the code and relevant materials.

International audience; Harold Hotelling’s 1931 contribution is known for providing a basic principle – the Hotelling rule – to the economics of non-renewable resources. Nearly ninety years later, empirical tests conclude the rule lacks empirical validity, requiring strong amendments to describe the long-term, aggregate behavior of its target object. On the basis of Hotelling’s unpublished archival material, this paper revisits the place given to the Hotelling rule in non-renewable resource economics. Our reconstruction shows that Hotelling’s 1931 paper has been misinterpreted: from the outset, the Hotelling rule was not valid for mineral resources. In contrast, the consideration of two inherent geological constraints, alongside exhaustibility, offered the opportunity for an alternative basic framework, capable to generate bell-shaped and U-shaped equilibrium trajectories for supplies and prices, respectively. Inspired by this unknown aspect of Hotelling’s work brought to light by our archival investigation, we sketch this alternative basic model, enabling non-renewable resource economics to circumvent the empirical shortfalls of the Hotelling rule.

The aims of this research were to study the correlation between NOS Understanding and Conceptual Understanding and between NOS Understanding and Science Process Skills. This study also serves as an empirical validity test of the NOS understanding questionnaire that researchers have developed. This correlational research was carried out at the Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education of IKIP Mataram. Ex post facto method was employed in this study. The study involved 75 students taking General Chemistry course for the academic year of 2018-2019. The participants were selected by using the saturated sampling method. Data were collected using a NOS understanding questionnaire, concept understanding test, and observation sheet of science process skills. The data are presented descriptively. The correlation test was carried out by using product moment test. The results uncovered a strong and significant correlation between NOS Understanding and Conceptual Understanding and between NOS Understanding and Science Process Skills. The results of this study indicate that the NOS understanding questionnaire has been compiled can be used to measure the level of students’ understanding of NOS and predict students’ performance of science process skills and conceptual understanding in chemistry learning.

HIGHLIGHTS • Popular measures of videogame player experience typically have not been empirically validated • We provide factor-analytic validation of two of the most commonly used player experience scales • The theorised structure of the GEQ is partially supported; a revised five factor structure is proposed • The theorised structure of the PENS is largely supported, but we suggest combining two subscales ABSTRACT Accurate measurement of the player experience in videogames is key to understanding the impacts of videogame play, designing and developing engaging videogames, and effectively applying game design principles in other fields. A large number of player experience questionnaires are available, but in most cases empirical validation of the scales is limited or absent. Two of the most commonly used scales are the Player Experience of Need Satisfaction (PENS) and the Game Experience Questionnaire (GEQ). Both scales were developed using a rational-theoretical approach, but neither scale has had formal factor-analytic studies published, limiting our capacity to judge the empirical validity of the scales. We present detailed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of both scales based on responses from a sample (n=571) of videogame players. The GEQ is partially supported (using a revised factor structure); the PENS is largely supported (with a more minor revision of the factor structure). We provide suggestions for the most effective use of both scales in future research.

The literature dealing with the impact of Big Data on the competitive advantage that companies can develop is based largely on the Resource-Based View as a theoretical basis for the analysis of this phenomenon. This study is based on the following observation: Resource-Based View defines the necessary conditions for resources and skills to provide a sustainable competitive advantage. Our study proposes a conceptual model based on the VRIN model (Value, Rarity, Imitability, Non-Substitution) developed by Barney in 1991, to investigate the contribution of Big Data resources and competencies to the creation of sustainable competitive advantage for firms. A future article will focus on an application of this model, through a survey whose results will shed light on its empirical validity, and thus help to better understand the paths through which Big Data could impact the competitive advantage of companies.

Aim: The total consumption model (TCM) originates from studies of the distribution of alcohol consumption and posits that there is a strong association between the total consumption and the prevalence of excessive/harmful consumption in a population. The policy implication of the TCM is that policy measures which effectively lead to a reduction of the total consumption, will most likely also reduce the extent of harmful consumption and related harms. Problem gambling constitutes a public health issue and more insight into problem gambling at the societal level and a better understanding of how public policies may impact on the harm level, are strongly needed. The aim of this study was to review the literature pertaining to empirical validity of the TCM with regard to gambling behaviour and problem gambling and, on the basis of the literature review, to discuss the policy implications of the TCM. Methods: The study is based on a literature mapping through systematic searches in literature databases, and forward and backward reference searches. Results: The literature searches identified a total of 12 empirical studies that examined the total consumption model or provided relevant data. All but one of these studies found empirical support for the TCM; that is, a positive association between population gambling mean and prevalence of excessive or problem gambling. Such associations were found both with cross-sectional data and with longitudinal data. Conclusion: There is a small but fairly consistent literature lending empirical support to the total consumption model. An important policy implication is that interventions which are successful in reducing overall gambling are likely also to reduce problem gambling incidence.

This article describes the development of a model for assessing levels of risk in trauma-focused research, with evidence for the empirical validity of the model being provided by findings from a study of 438 undergraduate students who participated in a survey regarding past-year exposure to intimate partner violence. A minor increase in risk over minimal risk was found to constitute the modal risk category, with evidence for the empirical validity of the model being provided by the fact that levels of risk assessed by the model were associated with anticipated decreases in the proportion of positive cost–benefit ratios, with different levels of risk being predicted by a unique constellation of risk factors. These findings are discussed with respect to their implications for further research and in relation to the way in which the impact of trauma-focused research is conceptualised.