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The perception of being treated fairly during decision-making processes is an important topic in the research literature on law and society. Many studies have indeed found that perceived procedural justice affects people’s reactions, for instance, by increasing their trust in legal authorities and lowering their intentions to protest against these authorities’ decisions. Here, we reveal support for this fair process effect and point to some of its potential boundary conditions. In our experimental study, 239 participants imagined being the defendant during a single-judge criminal court hearing that used either a fair or an unfair procedure. Following the experience of a fair as opposed to an unfair procedure, participants showed more trust in judges and were less inclined to protest against the judicial ruling. Interestingly, the effect of the procedure manipulation on trust in judges was moderated by the extent to which participants attributed their case outcomes to external causes. We found a fair process effect among participants with relatively low external attribution ratings, while this effect attenuated and was not statistically significant among participants whose external attribution ratings were relatively high. These findings point to the possibility that attributional processes can moderate people’s responses to procedural justice in legally relevant contexts.

The current paper aims to provide insight into judges’ perceptions of how fairly they treat litigants and how important case outcomes are to litigants, and whether these perceptions relate to litigants' perceptions of procedural justice and outcome importance. Respondents were litigants involved in bankruptcy, landlord-tenant, and administrative law cases and judges handling these cases at the district court of the Mid-Netherlands. Both litigants and judges indicated outcome importance and procedural justice. Litigants also indicated their trust in judges. Multilevel analyses using hierarchical regression showed a positive association between judicial and litigant perceptions of outcome importance and no significant association between judges' and litigants’ perceptions of procedural justice. This indicates that whereas judges and litigants largely agreed on how important case outcomes were, their views about how fairly judges handled cases diverged. These insights enhance our understanding of linkages and discrepancies between judges' and litigants' views on important aspects of the legal system.

De stelling in deze aflevering van TvCR luidt: ‘In de zaak Gündoğan/Volt wreekte zich het ontbreken van een fatsoenlijke wettelijke regeling over het functioneren van Kamerfracties.’ Max Vetzo pleit tegen deze stelling. Volgens hem schuilt het probleem niet in het ontbreken van objectieve wettelijke normen, maar in institutionele onduidelijkheid over de vraag welke rol de rechter in geschillen over het fractielidmaatschap van Kamerleden toekomt.

Tijdens het grensoverschrijdende opsporingsonderzoek naar (gebruikers van) cryptoaanbieders worden opsporingsautoriteiten voor complexe juridische vraagstukken gesteld wanneer zij rechtsmacht willen uitoefenen buiten de eigen landsgrenzen. Immers, autoriteiten zijn bij het uitoefenen van executieve jurisdictie gebonden aan hun eigen territorium, terwijl het onderzoek naar (gebruikers van) cryptoaanbieders een internationaal karakter kent. In de EU zijn verschillende mogelijkheden ontwikkeld om grensoverschrijdend op te sporen. In deze bijdrage worden twee van deze mogelijkheden: een rechtshulpverzoek en het oprichten van een Joint Investigation Team geanalyseerd. Bij beide mogelijkheden stuiten opsporingsautoriteiten op bezwaren. De auteurs concluderen dat het grensoverschrijdend opsporingsonderzoek noopt tot een efficiëntere Europeesrechtelijke onderzoeksaanpak.

Organizations play a key role in maintaining employee wellbeing. Some research suggests that one way to protect employee wellbeing is to treat them fairly (procedural justice), especially when fair job outcomes (distributive justice) cannot be ensured. Yet, previous studies have not consistently found this interaction effect between distributive and procedural justice. This study investigates job autonomy as a boundary condition to the Distributive Justice × Procedural Justice effect on wellbeing outcomes. To test our hypothesized three-way interaction between distributive justice, procedural justice, and job autonomy, we collected cross-sectional data among Dutch employees in two studies. We used validated self-report measures of our core constructs to test our hypothesis on two employee wellbeing indicators: job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion. Results show a significant three-way interaction effect on both job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion in Study 1 (N = 411), and a significant three-way interaction effect on emotional exhaustion in Study 2 (N = 1117). Simple slopes analyses of the significant three-way interactions showed that distributive justice and procedural justice interact to predict wellbeing outcomes among employees with low job autonomy. Among employees with high job autonomy, distributive justice and procedural justice do not interact to predict wellbeing. The results contribute to the employee wellbeing literature by showing that job autonomy is a boundary condition to the Distributive Justice × Procedural Justice effect on wellbeing outcomes. We discuss other implications of our findings for the workplace and the ramifications for employees with low and high job autonomy.

What was the added value of the Ruiz Zambrano judgment of the Court of Justice of the EU for the development of EU citizenship? And how does that affect the national level? In this contribution the case of Ruiz Zambrano and the subsequent case law of the Court of Justice and the Dutch courts is assessed to reveal its impact on EU citizenship and the protection of fundamental rights. The contribution shows that Ruiz Zambrano could be called a revolution, in the sense that irrespective of the exercise of free movement, nationals of the Member States can invoke their status of being an EU citizen. That has consequences for family reunification, and the right to reside as a family in the EU. However, the line of case law is still very limited and can be restricted on grounds of public policy and security (and public health; so far there is no case law on restriction on public health and Article 20 TFEU, but in the context of Covid-19 that might be different in the near future). Moreover, the fundamental rights narrative in the cases on Article 20 TFEU became more prominent. However, the implementation of this line of case law lies at the national level and the Dutch case law on Article 20 TFEU is therefore analysed as an example.

Met Operation Trojan Shield hebben de (Nederlandse) autoriteiten de populariteit van cryptophones perfect uitgebuit. In deze bijdrage wordt onderzocht welke wettelijke grondslag gebruikt zou kunnen zijn bij (1) de ontwikkeling van de hardware en de daarop geïnstalleerde software; (2) de verspreiding van de toestellen; (3) het verkrijgen van vertrouwelijke communicatie doordat de toestellen zijn gebruikt; en (4) de analyse van de inhoud van de verstuurde en ontvangen communicatie. De inzet van deze handelingen wordt ten slotte beoordeeld in het licht van het legaliteitsbeginsel zoals dat volgt uit artikel 8 lid 2 EVRM.

Following a corporate disaster such as bankruptcy, people in general and damaged parties, in particular, want to know what happened and whether the company's directors are to blame. The accurate assessment of directors’ liability can be jeopardized by having to judge in hindsight with full knowledge of the adverse outcome. The present study investigates whether professional legal investigators such as judges and lawyers are affected by hindsight bias and outcome bias when evaluating directors’ conduct in a bankruptcy case. Additionally, to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these biases, we also examine whether free will beliefs can predict susceptibility to hindsight bias and outcome bias in this context. In two studies (total N = 1,729), we demonstrate that legal professionals tend to judge a director's actions more negatively and perceive bankruptcy as more foreseeable in hindsight than in foresight and that these effects are significantly stronger for those who endorse the notion that humans have free will. This contribution is particularly timely considering the many companies that are currently going bankrupt or are facing bankruptcy amidst the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Qualitative interviews with one hundred defendants in Dutch criminal cases examine whether perceived procedural justice is a relevant concern for defendants, and, if so, which procedural justice components they refer to. The study provides a point of epistemological departure from the quantitative studies dominating the field, as it assessed which components of procedural justice (if any) respondents put forward themselves rather than asking about predetermined procedural justice components. The large majority of respondents mentioned procedural justice issues themselves, and six components were at the core of their procedural justice perceptions: (1) information on which decisions are based, (2) interpersonal treatment, (3) due consideration, (4) neutrality, (5) voice, and (6) accuracy. Although these procedural justice components largely correspond with the literature, respondents thus mentioned some components more often, and others less often, than the literature would suggest. In particular, neutrality plays an important role in the Dutch legal context examined here.

This study aims to put perceived procedural justice to a critical test in the context of Dutch criminal court hearings. To that end, we surveyed 198 criminal defendants to examine whether their perceptions of procedural fairness were significantly associated with trust in judges and intentions to protest against judicial rulings, among other variables. We also examine the possibility that sometimes unfair procedures may have nice aspects, because they offer opportunities to attribute negative outcomes to external causes. Previous studies conducted in different settings support this line of reasoning by showing that associations between perceived procedural justice and other variables are sometimes attenuated or even reversed, particularly when people feel strongly evaluated. The current study takes these insights into the novel context of Dutch criminal court hearings by focusing on defendants with a non-Western ethnic-cultural background. Some of these defendants may feel negatively evaluated by society, which can manifest as a high level of perceived discrimination. Thus, we examine whether the associations between perceived procedural justice and important other variables may be attenuated or reversed depending on respondents’ perceptions of everyday discrimination and their outcome judgments. Our results revealed significant associations between perceived procedural justice on the one hand and trust in judges and protest intentions on the other hand, which remained intact regardless of perceptions of everyday discrimination and outcome judgments. Hence, even in this real-life courtroom context, procedural justice was a relevant concern. Taken together, our findings support the importance of perceived procedural justice, even when it is put to a critical test.

Most research on the development of personality traits like the Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) focuses on local effects like parenting style or attachment, but people live in a larger society that may set the stage for any local effects. Here we paired nation-level data on the traits from 49 nations with several milieu indicators (e.g., life expectancy, homicide rates) from three timepoints (and change among them) where the average participant (≈ 22yo) would have been a child (≈ 6yo), a pre-teen (≈ 11yo), and a teenager (≈ 16yo). Congruent with previous research, variance in narcissism was far more sensitive to variance in milieu conditions in general and across all three time points than variance in Machiavellianism or psychopathy. The milieu conditions differentiated the traits somewhat with income and education revealing negative correlations with narcissism, positive correlations with Machiavellianism, and null correlations with psychopathy. Sex differences in Machiavellianism and narcissism were correlated with homicide rates across the three timepoints. The evidence that changes in milieu conditions in ones' past predicts the traits was erratic, but larger sex differences in the traits were associated with decreased life expectancies and homicide rates between childhood and pre-teens. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Net als de najaarsbijeenkomst van de VASR in 2021 gaat deze bijdrage over de afwikkeling van de aardbevingsschade in Groningen, en dan met name over de spanningen die kunnen optreden bij de keuze tussen individuele en collectieve schadeafwikkeling. Bij de vraag naar de keuze tussen het een of het ander, of de zoektocht naar een vorm van afdoening waarbij er een optimale mix tussen die vormen van schadeafwikkeling kan worden gevonden, zullen wij vooral de psychologische kant van deze kwestie bekijken. Meer specifiek zullen wij het perspectief van ervaren procedurele rechtvaardigheid in het debat over (de keuze tussen) individuele of collectieve schadeafwikkeling betrekken.

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a transdiagnostic vulnerability factor for emotional disorders. Inspired by Construal Level Theory, the present research investigated the possibility that future time perspective (FTP) might be linked to lower levels of IU. After all, future-oriented construals can lead people to place more weight on long-term goals, leading to a better tolerance of current uncertainties. Results indeed revealed that higher FTP was associated with lower IU. Moreover, long-term goals generally involve more self-control than immediate gratification. In accordance with this line of reasoning, we explored whether self-control could both mediate and moderate the relationship between FTP and IU. Mediation analysis confirmed that higher FTP was associated with greater self-control, which in turn was linked to less IU. However, the moderation effect was not observed. The discussion explains how the current findings expand our knowledge of the nature of IU, suggesting theoretical and clinical implications for dealing with it.

This article explains the Dutch theory of partial liability and why the application of this theory benefited the plaintiffs in the case of Mothers of Srebrenica from a tort law perspective. Partial liability is a theory under Dutch law to redeem causal uncertainties, and therefore functions as an exception to the main rule of sufficient degree of proof of a condicio sine qua non (CSQN) between the wrong and the damage, justified by legal justice and reasonableness. Loss of a chance is one variation of partial liability and was applied in the case Mothers of Srebrenica. The theory of lost chance essentially makes it possible to establish liability to a proportion, notwithstanding the causal uncertainty between the wrong and the original damage which would have resulted in a denial of the claim under tort law.

In deze bijdrage demonstreren wij dat bij de afdoening van bepaalde spreekrechtwaardige delicten via de strafbeschikkingsprocedure het spreekrecht van artikel 51e Sv niet wettelijk wordt gewaarborgd. Wij betogen aan de hand van inzichten uit de victimologie, de door de Nederlandse wetgever genoemde doelen van het spreekrecht en (de ratio van) het hoorrecht van de Europese richtlijn slachtofferrechten dat slachtoffers de gelegenheid zouden moeten krijgen om hun spreekrecht uit te oefenen in de strafbeschikkingsprocedure wanneer zij dat wensen. Wij reiken daartoe twee mogelijke oplossingen aan.

Acting on one’s moral principles is not always easy. Upholding one’s moral beliefs may run counter to one’s social environment or situational demands. It may often cause people to remain silent on their convictions, while at the same time some may show the moral courage to speak out. How do people evaluate those who do stand up, and how does it affect their self-evaluations? In two experimental studies (Ns = 207 and 204), we investigated both types of evaluations. The studies demonstrate that people who failed to uphold their moral beliefs still had positive evaluations of others who showed moral courage. More specifically, pro-gay participants who went along with writing an anti-gay essay denouncing equal rights for sexual minorities had positive evaluations of another person who spoke up and refused this task. The failure to display moral courage had negative consequences for participants’ self-concepts. In Experiment 1, we show that pro-gay participants’ positive self-concepts were lowered after writing an anti-gay essay (vs. a pro-gay essay). In Experiment 2, we reveal that participants' positive self-concepts were lowered only when they were confronted with morally courageous behavior and their own failure to uphold their moral beliefs was visible to the experimenter.

In this manuscript, we introduce a theoretical model of climate radicalization that integrates social psychological theories of perceived unfairness with historical insights on radicalization to contribute to the knowledge of individuals’ processes of radicalization and non-radicalization in relation to climate change. We define climate radicalization as a process of growing willingness to pursue and/or support radical changes in society that are in conflict with or could pose a threat to the status quo or democratic legal order to reach climate goals. We describe how perceptions of unfairness can play a pivotal role in processes of climate change related radicalization. Without taking any position or judgment regarding climate concerns and associated actions, we suggest that although these behaviors drive many people to participate in peaceful climate protest, they may also lead others to radicalize into breaking the law to achieve their climate goals, possibly in violent ways. This process of climate radicalization, we argue, can be driven by people perceiving certain situations to be blatantly unfair. Specifically, we discuss how radical attitudes and behaviors can be products of perceived unfairness stemming from the past, the future, the immediate social environments of perceivers, as well as those that are spatially distant from them. We further argue that because radicalization processes are shaped by an interaction between individuals and movements, on the one hand, and societal actors and developments, on the other, they tend to develop in non-linear and dynamic ways. We therefore propose that climate radicalization is a (1) dynamic, contingent, and non-linear process, often of an escalating (and sometimes de-escalating) kind, (2) that develops over time, (3) through various interactions between individuals and their contexts, and (4) in which people and groups move back and forth from peaceful protest, through disobedient and unlawful methods, to violent actions. Implications, strengths, and limitations of our model are discussed.

Online businesses collect a wealth of data on customers, often without properly informing them. Increasingly, these data can be used for behavioral price discrimination. In this two-study article, we explore how consumers would respond if businesses were compelled to disclose their use of discriminatory behavioral pricing techniques. Using different disclosure frames, we examine the effects of disclosure on purchase intention and purchase probability. The findings indicate that specific disclosure frames affect purchase intentions. Furthermore, we find that a disclosure frame that is more in line with a consumer’s self-interest increases purchase intention. Specifically, the frame indirectly influences intention to purchase through its effect on the perception that the use of behavioral pricing information serves self-interest. In this way, our study draws attention to a potentially unanticipated effect of regulatory intervention. Implications for future research and legal policy are discussed, focused on the need to design and empirically test the effectiveness of disclosures online.

We study to what extent the “constraints-led approach” (CLA) in physical education can also be applied to skills teaching for law students. In the CLA athletes are challenged to finding their own movement solutions in a dynamic setting rather than responding to verbal cues in a fixed environment. Similarly, we experimented with the implicit acquisition of policy analysis skills in law students in preparation for pro bono client work in so-called law clinics. Although the project was cut short due to Covid-19 circumstances, preliminary outcomes suggest students feel better equipped to working with clients. We provisionally conclude that CLA skills teaching has the potential to improve skill acquisition in clinical legal education.

For entrepreneurs in financial distress, it is of vital importance that investors and bankers accurately assess the viability of their business, free of unwanted biases that bear no relevance to the assessment of the chance of survival. Despite the prevalence of entrepreneurs facing financial distress, little research has yet investigated the role of cognitive biases in funding decisions in this important context. The current research attends to this issue and investigated whether entrepreneurs who are perceived by a banker as more similar are more likely to receive capital to save their business from bankruptcy than entrepreneurs who are perceived as less similar to the banker. Additionally, we investigated whether similarity bias affected bankers' attributions of what caused the financial distress as well as their perceptions of entrepreneurs' trustworthiness. Using an experimental research design, we found a similarity bias in bankers' causal attributions and trustworthiness judgments, but not in their credit decisions. We contrast our findings with similarity bias research among equity investors and discuss the implications for theory and practice.

‘Het moet radicaal anders, want zo gaat het niet goed!’ Wie heeft dat niet eens gedacht? Het kan inderdaad goed zijn om soms het roer radicaal om te gooien. Maar waar ligt hierbij de grens? Die grens ligt voor een belangrijk deel bij de democratische rechtsstaat. Opkomen voor en versterken van die rechtsstaat vormt daarom een belangrijke opdracht.

Veel lidstaten profiteren al van de investeringen van de Europese herstel- en veerkrachtfaciliteit. Nederland heeft als een van de weinige landen nog geen nationaal plan voor hervorming en veerkracht ingediend. Dat lijkt logisch, vanwege de demissionaire status van het kabinet. Immers, om in aanmerking te komen voor de 6 miljard aan leningen en subsidies, moet Nederland een groot aantal hervormingen doorvoeren. De arbeidsmarkt en woningmarkt moeten verbeterd, het innovatiebeleid serieuzer, en brievenbusbedrijven en witwaspraktijken moeten verdwijnen.

Deze bijdrage beschouwt het oordeel van de Haagse voorzieningenrechter over de onrechtmatigheid van de avondklok in februari 2021 als een illustratie van een bredere categorie aan (coronagerelateerde) rechtszaken. Die zaken hebben mogelijke partijoverstijgende effecten, een politieke lading en een constitutionele dimensie. Enkele kwesties die in dergelijke procedures centraal staan, worden aangestipt. Het avondklokoordeel dient daarbij als leidend voorbeeld. Het gaat om de toegang tot de rechter voor belangengroeperingen (artikel 3:305a BW), de intensiteit van rechterlijke toetsing en de remedie die de rechter biedt wanneer hij constateert dat overheidsambten onrechtmatig hebben gehandeld.

The Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism) has garnered intense attention over the past 15 years. We examined the structure of these traits' measure-the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDD)-in a sample of 11,488 participants from three W.E.I.R.D. (i.e., North America, Oceania, Western Europe) and five non-W.E.I.R.D. (i.e., Asia, Middle East, non-Western Europe, South America, sub-Saharan Africa) world regions. The results confirmed the measurement invariance of the DTDD across participants' sex in all world regions, with men scoring higher than women on all traits (except for psychopathy in Asia, where the difference was not significant). We found evidence for metric (and partial scalar) measurement invariance within and between W.E.I.R.D. and non-W.E.I.R.D. world regions. The results generally support the structure of the DTDD. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Social network sites (SNSs) allow young people to experiment with and present different aspects of themselves during important periods of self-concept development. Interestingly, whether SNSs have negative or positive effects on self-concept clarity (SCC) is inconclusive. We propose that SNS use may simultaneously produce negative and positive effects on SCC, depending on how people use it and the social connection quality created on-line. Specifically, the suppressing mediation model reveals that the direct effect of SNS use intensity on SCC is negative, whereas the indirect effects via perceived social support and self-esteem are positive, suggesting these variables may suppress the negative effect of SNS use on SCC. Our framework helps to explain how SNS contexts influence identity development in young people.

Er is sprake van een tendens in Nederland waarin ZBO’s zoals het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, Staatsbosbeheer en de Kamer van Koophandel eigen inkomsten genereren uit commerciële initiatieven. De Wet Markt en Overheid (WM&O) heeft als doel een gelijk speelveld te bewaken wanneer publieke en private organisaties concurreren. Nu blijkt echter dat wanneer bedrijven handhavingsverzoeken indienen bij de Autoriteit Consument & Markt (ACM) vanwege vermeende marktverstoring door ZBO’s, zowel de ACM als de rechter in beroep de WM&O niet van toepassing verklaren op de activiteiten van de ZBO. Hierbij baseren ACM en rechter zich op jurisprudentie in het EU-mededingingsrecht. Dit artikel onderzoekt hoe deze situatie is ontstaan, wat de gevolgen hiervan zijn en in hoeverre maatregelen noodzakelijk zijn.

On the premise that individuals are inclined to self-enhance, in temporal self-appraisal (TSA) theory it is suggested that people can motivationally reconstruct subjective distances from their past self to serve that goal. However, given the mixed evidence found in an East Asian cultural context (i.e., Japan), it is important to test the cultural applicability of TSA in a different East Asian culture. Thus we tested the TSA of a Chinese sample, focusing on past-self distance reconstruction. The results supported the prediction suggested in TSA theory, in that participants tended to feel farther away from negative (vs. positive) past experiences. Further, this effect was greater when people were primed with a self-threat (i.e., self-uncertainty salience). These patterns were found independently of whether the past experience was recent (3 months ago) or in the distant past (3 years ago). Implications for crosscultural applicability of TSA theory are discussed.

This article reviews the relationship between people's perceptions of unfairness and their tendencies to think, feel, and act in radicalizing ways. Various theories of radicalization processes are reviewed that examine key aspects of the psychology of perceived unfairness. The review shows that experienced group deprivation and perceived immorality are among the core judgments that can drive Muslim radicalization, right-wing radicalization, and left-wing radicalization. Symbols of injustice, the legitimization of revolutionary thought, and the experience of unfair treatment can also increase radicalization. The review also examines core moderators (e.g., uncertainty and insufficient self-correction) and mediators (e.g., externally oriented emotions) of the linkage between perceived unfairness and core components of radicalization (e.g., rigidity of thoughts, hot-cognitive defense of cultural worldviews, and violent rejection of democratic principles and the rule of law). The review discusses how the study of unfairness and radicalization contributes to a robust and meaningful science of psychology.

In veel bestaande analyses zijn de kwetsbaarste werknemers onzichtbaar. Zij verdwijnen in berekeningen die uitgaan van de gemiddelde arbeidsmarkt. Om meer zicht te krijgen op de onzekerste vormen van werk ontwikkelen wij het concept van de gefragmenteerde arbeidsmarkt. We leggen allereerst uit wat wij met de gefragmenteerde arbeidsmarkt bedoelen en beargumenteren vervolgens de meerwaarde van het concept. Daarna gebruiken wij het concept om de stapeling van onzekerheden in sommige beroepsgroepen in Nederland en Duitsland aan te tonen.

In deze bijdrage worden de regelingen met betrekking tot de ontgrendelplicht van Nederland, België en Duitsland vergeleken. Het verplicht meewerken aan het ontgrendelen is ten minste prima facie problematisch in het licht van het zwijgrecht en het nemo-teneturbeginsel. De noodzaak om in het Nederlandse recht een algemene ontgrendelplicht voor elektronische gegevensdragers te introduceren onderzoeken de auteurs in het tweede deel van hun bijdrage.

In deze bijdrage staan de geologische onzekerheden van de regio Noordoost Groningen centraal, waarbij een koppeling wordt gemaakt met het civiele schadevergoedingsrecht: hoe wordt omgegaan met wetenschappelijke onzekerheid bij de vaststelling en begroting van de bodembewegingsschade?

Deze bijdrage gaat uitgebreid in op het leerstuk van medeplegen in de rechtspraak van de Hoge Raad. Verlangt ons hoogste rechtscollege voor de bewezenverklaring van medeplegen nog steeds een 'intellectuele en/of materiële bijdrage van voldoende gewicht'?

Er is al veel bekend over toezicht, verantwoording en beoordeling in de publieke sector enerzijds en over menselijk oordeelsvermogen, biases en beoordelingsfouten anderzijds. Maar die kennis is nog maar in zeer beperkte mate onderling verbonden. In dit artikel wordt verslag gedaan van drie verkennende experimenten naar de kwaliteit van beoordelingen door professionele beoordelaars in de publieke sector. De inzet daarvan is om te leren van de gedragswetenschappen in onderzoek naar kwaliteit en effectiviteit van professioneel oordelen. In het onderzoek is een klassiek sociaalpsychologisch experiment over verantwoording, biases en oordeelsvermogen (Tetlock, 1983) vertaald naar de publieke sector en uitgevoerd met achtereenvolgens toezichthouders, studenten en rechters en gerechtssecretarissen.

This chapter focuses on how injustice judgments contribute to radicalization into violent extremism. Building on an earlier review I discuss how Muslim radicalization, right-wing radicalization, and left-wing radicalization can be influenced by perceived injustice. In discussing important challenges that modern social psychology of justice is confronted with I suggest that what we learn methodologically from the study of radicalization may contribute to what is needed for the future of justice studies and basic social psychology.

Zorgpersoneel loopt een verhoogd risico op besmetting met COVID-19 wanneer het intensief werkt met besmette patiënten en kan daardoor blijvende gezondheidsschade en/of financiële schade ondervinden. De kans is aanzienlijk dat zorgpersoneel in het klassieke systeem van aansprakelijkheidsstelling met schade kan achterblijven, aangezien die mogelijk niet volledig op het ziekenhuis als werkgever verhaald kan worden. Een alternatief compensatiesysteem biedt de mogelijkheid voor benadeelden om door middel van een kortere procedure een tegemoetkoming te ontvangen, waarbij niet de vereisten van zorgplichtschending en causaliteit gelden. Het is wel van belang om goed na te denken over de vormgeving van een dergelijke compensatieregeling.

Discursieve motivering is in de mode. In (delen van) de rechtspraak en rechtswetenschap leeft de gedachte dat discursieve motivering de acceptatie van rechterlijke uitspraken in de maatschappij ten goede komt. In dit onderzoek hebben we onderzocht of, en zo ja, in hoeverre, de gehanteerde motiveringsstijl de maatschappelijke aanvaarding van rechterlijke uitspraken beïnvloedt. Uit onze studie blijkt dat men de invloed van een discursieve motiveringsstijl op de acceptatie van rechtspraak niet dient te overschatten. Dat is een belangrijke nuance in het debat over de wenselijkheid van bepaalde motiveringsstijlen. Vanuit het oogpunt van aanvaardbaarheid van rechtspraak voor de justitiabele is discursieve motivering niet per se noodzakelijk.

Dit artikel geeft een overzicht van enkele recent uitgevoerde kwalitatieve en kwantitatieve empirische studies waarin het belang van ervaren procedurele rechtvaardigheid op een kritische manier wordt getoetst. Dit gebeurt onder meer door na te gaan of ervaren procedurele rechtvaardigheid ertoe doet bij politierechterzittingen, waarin voor verdachten veel op het spel kan staan. Daartoe zijn drie empirisch-juridische deelstudies uitgevoerd: (1) kwalitatieve interviews met 100 verdachten in politierechterzaken, (2) een vragenlijstonderzoek onder 198 verdachten in politierechterzaken en (3) een experiment onder 239 burgers die zich inleefden in de positie van de verdachte tijdens een politierechterzitting. In dit artikel gaan we nader in op de achtergronden van deze studies, beschrijven we de manier waarop de studies zijn opgezet en uitgevoerd, en bespreken we de bevindingen op hoofdlijnen. Door de verschillende deelstudies met elk hun eigen methode in onderlinge samenhang te bespreken, en door te reflecteren op de vraag hoe de empirische onderzoeksbevindingen zich verhouden tot het normatieve domein van het recht, beoogt dit artikel een bijdrage te leveren aan de ontwikkeling en maatschappelijke impact van empirisch-juridisch onderzoek in zowel de Nederlandse strafrechtcontext als daarbuiten.