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Emoticons are non-verbal symbols that are employed during online interactions, and they constitute an integral component of online interpersonal communication. The influence of emoticons on the online interpersonal interactions of young people was investigated through in-depth interviews with 25 young people who utilize emoticons to a moderate or significant extent. The study identified three key aspects through which the impact of emoticons on youth's online social interactions is manifested. Firstly, this is reflected in the level of emotion and meaning conveyed. The utilization of emoticons by young people has, to a certain extent, rectified the contextual limitation of "embodied absence" in online virtual social interaction. Secondly, this is reflected in young people's recognition of emoticons. The use of emoticons by young people in online social interactions has led to the formation of a distinct "emoticon community." This phenomenon not only facilitates the development of a more profound social identity among young people in online social interactions but also contributes to the expansion of the adolescent network, resulting in the emergence of a novel "social divide." Thirdly, the use of emoticons by young people can be seen to contribute to a sense of alienation. As young people become increasingly reliant on emoticons, their influence is gradually extending from the digital realm to the physical world, impacting the normal social interactions of young people in real life. Emoticons have gradually become a means of facilitating young people's online socialization, but they have also had the unintended consequence of limiting their normal social interaction. The deterioration of online interpersonal communication among young people is a key factor in the symbolic generalization and alienation of expression in the use of emoticons by this demographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern society, communication is conducted by a variety of different methods. Social networking platforms allow users to message each other. On communicating on these platforms, except for language, emoticons also play an important role in making potential meaning. This paper examines emoticons from the perspective of sociolinguistics. By examining the meaning of emoticons, this paper searches for the correlation between age and the potential meanings of emoticons. The paper examined two groups of 30 individuals who are using Facebook Messenger to chat in order to determine the potential meaning of emoticons on the Facebook platform. They included a group of 30 individuals in 16-23 years old and a group of 30 individuals in 24-40 years old. Survey results showed that, there were some differences in the meaning of emoticons in communication via Facebook Messenger. The paper concluded that age played an important role in determining the meaning of emoticons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional expressions are ubiquitous in electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) communication, but their effect on eWOM persuasiveness and the underlying mechanisms in the context of social networking services (SNS) have been underexplored. This research focuses on an extensively used nonverbal emotional cue in computermediated communication--the emoticon. Drawing on the emotion as social information model (EASI), we propose a conceptual framework to understand whether, how, and when emoticons influence the persuasiveness of eWOM on SNS. Results from a field experiment and a series of online experiments show that emoticons can increase eWOM persuasiveness through the mediating effects of enhanced recipient empathy and trust toward the sender and that these effects vary across situations. Specifically, the persuasive effect of emoticons occurs for both positive and negative eWOM when recipients and senders are close to each other. However, this effect occurs only for negative eWOM when recipients and senders have distant relationships. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings and identify several opportunities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political objects, like national flags, arouse emotions even when they are subliminal stimuli. Through two experiments that show subliminal stimuli to the subjects, this article analyzes if those emotions are positive or negative ones—that is to say, if they enhance an inclusive reaction or an excluding one. Besides, the article compares the intensity of the flag's emotional effect with that of the emoticons, which are figures intended to represent emotional reactions or states. Findings confirm that the Spanish flag, as a subliminal stimulus, influences the opinions of the participants. However, it has had a lower effect than that obtained in previous, similar experiments. Emoticons produce a much more intense type of response than flags. The experiments (n = 85; n = 126) enlarge the knowledge about the emotional effects of political objects of nonconscious perception. Besides, we present an original methodological contribution: the use of emoticons to alter political views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emoticons and facial emojis are ubiquitous in contemporary digital communication, where it has been proposed that they make up for the lack of social information from real faces. In this paper, I construe them as cultural artifacts that exploit the neurocognitive mechanisms for face perception. Building on a step-by-step comparison of psychological evidence on the perception of faces vis-à-vis the perception of emoticons/emojis, I assess to what extent they do effectively vicariate real faces with respect to the following four domains: (1) the expression of emotions, (2) the cultural norms for expressing emotions, (3) conveying non-affective social information, and (4) attention prioritization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emoticons are non-verbal symbols that are employed during online interactions, and they constitute an integral component of online interpersonal communication. The influence of emoticons on the online interpersonal interactions of young people was investigated through in-depth interviews with 25 young people who utilize emoticons to a moderate or significant extent. The study identified three key aspects through which the impact of emoticons on youth’s online social interactions is manifested. Firstly, this is reflected in the level of emotion and meaning conveyed. The utilization of emoticons by young people has, to a certain extent, rectified the contextual limitation of “embodied absence” in online virtual social interaction. Secondly, this is reflected in young people’s recognition of emoticons. The use of emoticons by young people in online social interactions has led to the formation of a distinct “emoticon community.” This phenomenon not only facilitates the development of a more profound social identity among young people in online social interactions but also contributes to the expansion of the adolescent network, resulting in the emergence of a novel “social divide.” Thirdly, the use of emoticons by young people can be seen to contribute to a sense of alienation. As young people become increasingly reliant on emoticons, their influence is gradually extending from the digital realm to the physical world, impacting the normal social interactions of young people in real life. Emoticons have gradually become a means of facilitating young people’s online socialization, but they have also had the unintended consequence of limiting their normal social interaction. The deterioration of online interpersonal communication among young people is a key factor in the symbolic generalization and alienation of expression in the use of emoticons by this demographic.

This study examined whether people use emoticons on Facebook in the same way they display emotions via facial expressions in face-to-face interaction. In an online experimental study (N = 124), participants completed the "Emoticon Display Rules on Facebook" (EDRF) scale adapted from the Display Rule Assessment Inventory (DRAI). People tend to use more positive emoticons in public settings, and more negative ones in private settings. They also use more and more intense emoticons with close friends and acquaintances than strangers. This study provides further support for the positivity bias on Facebook and shows that emoticons are simply used to express emotions in the same ways as in face-to-face interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to establish significance of graphic symbols - semiotic, cognitive and functional characteristics of emoticons and emoji as paralinguistic means of written communication in Spanish political Internet communication. The materials of the study are the publications of Spanish government bodies, political parties and politicians in the official Twitter accounts. The relevance of the study stems from the need to analyze the functional and impact potential of emoticons and emoji as an integral part of modern Spanish political discourse in the Internet and determine their characteristics from the standpoint of theoretical linguistics, discourse theory, semiotics and pragmalinguistics. The paper concludes that the semiotic characteristics of emoji and emoticons as iconic signs and symbols allow them to perform a number of important functions in the discursive Internet communication, for instance, nominative - identifying referents, due to the fact that they are associated with them by physical similarity; syntactic - structuring the punctuation and intonation contour of the message; cognitive - conveying additional conventional meanings implied by the interpretation of the represented objects; communicative - creating an intonation contour and emotional background of the message; influencing - setting the vector of pragmatic interpretation of the message and its empathic component. At the same time, the verbal and non-verbal components of polycode Internet messages are not opposed to each other, but mutually determine the integral perception, representation and interpretation of reality.

This study aims to thoroughly investigate the linguistic impact of emojis and emoticons in modern written communication. This work attempts to shed light on these digital symbols’ linguistic structure, social implications, and evolution through a multidisciplinary research method. A mixed-methods approach was used in the research, integrating interdisciplinary viewpoints with quantitative and qualitative analyses. A vast amount of data was gathered from various digital communication channels, such as email exchanges, messaging apps, and social media. A sizable collection of text messages with emojis and emoticons was assembled. Emotional cons and emojis were categorized using linguistic analysis, breaking down their structure into visual components and repeating patterns. Their grammatical and syntactic effects on written language were also evaluated in this investigation. The findings indicate that using emojis in writing positively correlates with emotional expressiveness. This implies that when people wish to express emotions and subtlety in their messages, they typically utilize more emoticons. They enhance digital etiquette, reduce misunderstandings, improve emotional connection, and foster cross-cultural understanding. Emoticons are a global visual language that helps people communicate, create empathy, and navigate digital communication.

Social media, which reaches the world, is believed to be an informal method in learning the English language. As 56.8% of the world's population is active on social media, which equals to approximately 4.47 billion persons, this could be a large and wide possibility to be an English language learning platform. The method chosen to conduct this research is qualitative using discourse analysis, where a group of fifteen seniors aged 40-60 years old, with high school education level residing in Manado, North Sulawesi, and surrounding areas were selected as participants. The participants were asked to fill out questionnaires and interviews regarding their use of Facebook and WhatsApp and their interest in the use of English while using social media. The findings of the study showed that participants used social media mainly for expressive types of speech acts such as greetings, apologies and congratulations. The participants also tended to use the features of the social media that allowed them to express emotions mostly in pictograms, with an English word of expression, pictures, and emoticons. In addition, the plurilingual practice was also observed in the use of mixed codes which served to enhance the mutual understanding and interactions among the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Juristische Blätter is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Graphical symbols such as smileys and other emoticons are prevalent in everyday life. Paralleling their increasing use in private text messaging and even in business communication, smileys and other emoticons also have been used more frequently in surveys. So far, only a few studies have tested the effects of smiley faces as rating scale labels on the response process in web surveys. This study compared smiley face scales with verbally labeled rating scales in three web survey experiments. We found no convincing evidence that using smiley face scales altered response behavior, with the exception that these scales increased response times, which indicates a higher response burden. Based on our findings, we would advise against using smiley face scales when the scales have not been sufficiently tested, and convincing reasons exist for using them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the widespread distribution of coronavirus and the existence of a massive quantity of data on social networking sites, particularly Twitter, there was an urgent need to develop a model that evaluates users' emotions and determines how they feel about the pandemic. However, the absence of resources to assist Sentiment Analysis (SA) in Arabic hampered the completion of this endeavor. This work presents the ArSentiCOVID lexicon, the first and largest Arabic SA lexicon for COVID-19 that handles negation and emojis. We design a lexicon-based sentiment analyzer tool that depends mainly on the ArSentiCOVID lexicon to perform a three-way classification. Furthermore, we employ the sentiment analyzer to automatically assemble 42K annotated Arabic tweets for COVID-19. We conduct two experiments. First, we test the effect of applying negation and emoji rules to the created lexicon. The results indicate that after applying the emoji, negation, and both rules, the F-score improved by 2.13%, 4.13%, and 6.13%, respectively. Second, we applied an ensemble method that combines four feature groups (n-grams, negation, polarity, and emojis) as input features for eight Machine Learning (ML) classifiers. The results reveal that Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers work best, and that the four feature groups combined are best for representing features produced the maximum accuracy of (92.21%), precision (92.23%), recall (92.21%), and F-score (92.23%) with 3.2% improvement over the base model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a dialogue between two sides of Christian Plantin’s works: the dialogical model of argumentation (2008) and his book “Les bonnes raisons des émotions” from 2011. In this text, we present some of the main concepts of the dialogical perspective (stasis, argumentative question, acting roles, the Third role) trying to show how this dialogical model has been employed critically in students’ works in Brazil, not like a cataloguing of elements from that dialogical model, but trying to show how these elements help students to understand argumentative interactions in different contexts. In a second moment, we propose a dialogue with the book published in 2011, trying to evidence how these two moments of Plantin’s works are naturally intertwined. We conclude that the dialogical model of argumentation and “les bonnes raisons des émotions” are two sides of the same coin, even if emotions are not being argued directly. To conclude, and based on examples from the legal field, we aim to show that these two sides of Plantin’s works are a productive way to study argumentation and emotions at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emojis are used in digital communication to express feelings and emotions and are commonly used on social media platforms. Research aiming to interpret the meaning of facial emojis is needed and should consider differences among several characteristics as the cultural aspects across different countries. This study aimed to assess the meaning of emojis by Brazilians and create two facial scales that can be used in later research with applications of emojis in consumer studies and sensory analysis of food and beverages. The associations between emotions and emojis were evaluated by 132 participants from Brazil using 39 descriptive terms and 33 facial emojis through a modified Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) questionnaire. The overall average of emoji associations for each CATA term varied from 1.1 to 4.3, demonstrating that the associations varied a lot, depending on the emotion. In this way, it was possible to obtain a group of emotions with a strong association with one emoji (n=15); a second group with a strong association with more than one emoji (n=8), and; a third group with weak associations (n=16). The emojis from the first and second groups were used to make a chart with 14 emojis to be used in consumer research with Brazilian consumers and also a 5-point facial scale of intensity to be used in sensory analysis with food and beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtually no research has examined the role of emoticons in commercial relationships, and research outside the marketing domain reports mixed findings. This article aims to resolve these mixed findings by considering that emoticon senders are often simultaneously evaluated on two fundamental dimensions, warmth and competence, and the accessibility of one dimension over the other is critically contingent on salient relationship norms (communal vs. exchange norms) in customers' minds due to individual and situational factors. Through laboratory and field experiments, the current research shows that customers perceive service employees who use emoticons as higher in warmth but lower in competence compared to those who do not (study 1). We further demonstrate that when a service employee uses emoticons, communal-oriented (exchange-oriented) customers are more likely to infer higher warmth (lower competence) and thus to be more (less) satisfied with the service (study 2). We also examine two practically important service situations that can make a certain type of relationship norm more salient: unsatisfactory services (study 3) and employees' extra-role services (study 4). We speculate on possible mechanisms underlying these effects and discuss theoretical and practical implications along with opportunities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of emotional responses from consumers toward beer products is an important digital tool to obtain novel information about the acceptability of beers and their optimal physicochemical composition. This research proposed the use of biometrics to assess emotional responses from Mexican beer consumers while tasting top- and bottom-fermented samples. Furthermore, a novel emotional validation assessment using proven evoking images for neutral, negative, and positive emotions was proposed. The results showed that emotional responses obtained from self-reported emoticons and biometrics are correlated to the specific emotions evoked by the visual, aroma, and taste aspects of beers. Consumers preferred bottom-fermentation beers and disliked the wheat-based and higher-bitterness samples. Chemical compounds and concentrations were in accordance to previously reported research for similar beer styles. However, the levels of hordenine were not high enough to evoke positive emotions in the biometric assessment, which opens additional research opportunities to assess higher concentrations of this alkaloid to increase the happiness perception of low or non-alcoholic beers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society, Education, Language / Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język is the property of Akademia Mazowiecka w Plocku and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CIRCULO de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to describe the pragmatic meanings contained in smileyemoticons in cyberpragmaticsresearch. Sources of data were social media, especially from Whattsup taken in a certain period around the time of this research. The source of substantive data was the excerpts of speech in which there were certain expressive meanings that were emotive in nature. The object of this research was the pragmatic meaning of emoticons in speech. The data of this research were emoticons in speech that describe a specific purpose. The data were collected by using the reading method and note taking technique. The data were followed up with a data classification step and a data typification step. Prior to analysis, the data were validated by applying expert triangulation and theory triangulation. The analytical method used was the extralingual equivalent analysis method. The steps used in the analysis of research data were described as follows: selection, classification, and interpretation. The results of the research were presented as follows: (1) Emoticons show the intention of satisfaction and happiness, (2) Emoticons show the intention to tease with praise, (3) Emoticons show the intention of being overly excited, (4) Emoticons show the intention of worrying, (5) Emoticons show the meaning of gratitude is full of joy, (6) Emoticons show the intention of gratitude with a smile and pride, (7) Emoticons show enthusiasm and a feeling of joyful joy.

In today’s digital world, Netspeak has become an exigent that educators and net-speakers cannot ignore. It is a way of speaking or writing on the Internet. It is recognized by acronyms, abbreviations, emoticons and textism as well. It is a language pattern used in Media and the global Internet users are called Net-speakers. The English language is the most preferred language on the Internet. We come across new words and terminologies by using different apps for different purposes in social media. Netspeak has many uses and abuses as well. It has contributed a lot to English vocabulary. Every now and then we get to know new words like selfie, techy, techno, yup, yo, bravo, fab, hip-hop, non-veg, and so on. Oxford dictionary adds around 500 new words in each quarter. This contribution comprises of the words used in Netspeak and other terms are formed lexicographically. Different slangs like lol (lots of laughter or laughing out land), brw (be right way), idk (I do not know), etc. are in vogue. These slangs are popular. However, everyone is not familiar with these expressions and ultimately leading to confusion and frustrations for some people. In addition to this, it has affected mainly language skills largely among children under 12 years of age. Their writing and speaking consists of Netspeak and they seem to consider it a part of their language. This piece of work has focused on the terms used in Netspeak and how these language patterns affect media positively as well as negatively.

Everyday five billion emojis are used on Facebook Messenger, one out of every five Twitter messages contains an emoji and half of all Instagram comments have an emoji (Emojipedia. org, 2022). The use of emojis in online text messages has become increasingly prevalent in not only informal online interactions between family and friends, but also in formal contexts such as WhatsApp messages used in online learning. Over the last decade the use of WhatsApp has evolved from being used for informal interactions to being used as a platform for online learning and teaching in schools and universities. As a learning platform it has proved effective for using text messages to exchange information and knowledge and discuss lesson content. In this article a group of undergraduate Afrikaans students' use of emojis in three different contexts (interactions with friends and family, peers, and tutors; and lecturers) is examined to ascertain how the differentiation in context influences their use of emojis, how the use of emojis influences their online communication and how social presence in online learning is influenced using emojis. To this end, a mixed-method approach in the form of a case study was used. Students' experiences of and attitudes towards the use of emojis were measured quantitatively and qualitatively using an electronic questionnaire that consisted of twenty-two questions. The questionnaire allowed for two sets of data to be gathered: quantitative data about the use of ten different emojis in three different contexts and qualitative data about student's motivations for their use. The findings are interpreted against the backdrop of existing research and within the framework of the Social Presence Theory (Short, Williams & Christie, 1976). In the modernday context this theory acknowledges that computer mediated communication (CMC) has a lower social presence than face-to-face communication due to the absence of non-verbal cues. Furthermore, it states that different types of CMC have different degrees of social presence because of their varying capacities to convey socio-emotional information. What follows is a summary of the most important findings. Students' use of emojis is influenced by context. More emojis are used in WhatsApp messages to friends and family, fewer in messages to peers and tutors and the least in messages to lecturers. There is also a differentiation in the type of emojis used in these interactions: face emojis tend to be used more in informal contexts whilst hand emojis are used more in formal learning contexts. Findings further indicate that because emojis save time and are fun to use they impact on student's online communication in different ways. The use of emojis not only enhances the correct interpretation of messages but also creates social presence. However, in cases where emojis are interpreted differently it may lead to misunderstandings therefore hampering successful communication. In communication between students, their peers and tutors the use of emojis results in the creation of a comfortable atmosphere and social presence conducive to learning. Fewer, if any, emojis are used in interactions between students and lecturers. When used it is mostly restricted to the use of the less emotive thumbs-up and praying hands emojis. Although students are not comfortable using emojis in their WhatsApp messages to lecturers (they regard online learning as a formal context and deem the use of emojis in this context as inappropriate) most respondents (41%) are undecided as to whether or not emojis have a role to play in enhancing online communication between students and lecturers during online learning. Students in favour of using emojis in this context, although in the minority, indicated that emojis might - just like in their interactions with peers and tutors - also help in this context to create a relaxed atmosphere and social presence conducive to learning. More research on this aspect of emoji use is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emoticons have become a common phenomenon in email correspondence between students and professors. Even though the use of emoticons in formal writing is considered inappropriate and unprofessional, more and more students are using these nonverbal communication tools to add context or emphasis to their email messages to professors. This paper examines the association between the use of emoticons and professors’ perceptions of higher education students’ email messages with and without emoticons in two countries, Serbia and Slovenia. The students’ emails were collected and assessed on several levels. The students’ messages were examined with particular attention to the appropriateness of the students’ writing style. In addition, the students’ level of digital literacy, their attitude toward a professor, and gender differences in the use of emoticons were examined. Furthermore, an online questionnaire was used to identify characteristic differences between students who use emoticons and students who do not. The results show that messages with emoticons are rated lower on several dimensions than messages without emoticons. In addition, students who use emoticons show lower digital literacy and perceive their professors as more understanding and helpful. Emoticon use is not related to gender. The results suggest that students should avoid using emoticons even if they have a positive attitude toward their professor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language is a live organism and as every other living being develops and is enriched with new words and terms, which enter the life of society together with the new tool, i.e. they enter in and mix with the order of Albanian words. Such a thing is inevitable and in some cases even useful, but every word that is lined up in the order of Albanian words must be well filtered. “The introduction of new words and exclusion of old ones is a natural process, and it happens in any language. This is what happened with the Greek borrowings in Latin, with the Arabic borrowings in Greek, with the Latin borrowings in many European languages, with the Persian borrowings in Turkish, with the Turkish borrowings in Albanian, etc.” - Prof. Hajri Shehu emphasizes in a scientific interview (Shehu, 2017). In recent decades, with the expansion of the Internet, many foreign words began to enter and be used in the Albanian language. English took up more space than expected; in addition to penetrating through various tool notions, it also replaced centuries-old native words of Albanian.

Background: The research investigated the personality traits and engagement factors that influence the use of paid stickers in personal communication. The study was driven by the increasing significance of stickers such as emoticons and emojis in online dialogues. The study was hinged on the Theory of the big five personality traits; neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. The study tested seven hypotheses to ascertain the effect of personality traits and engagement factors towards the utilization of paid stickers in personal communication. Methods: The research applied the quantitative survey research design, where primary data was collected from respondents that had experience in using emojis and emoticons in their communications. The data was collected from respondents in Bangkok, Thailand using a structured questionnaire between May 14, 2022, and May 31, 2022. Results: The results from 391 respondents indicated that conscientiousness, extraversion, openness, and neuroticism influence perceived enjoyment, while perceived enjoyment and perceived ease of use have a significant and positive influence on the intention to use paid stickers. Two elements of engagement, interactive engagement, and personal engagement were used to assess the influence of engagement parameters on the behavioral intention to use paid stickers. The intention to employ paid stickers in personal messages was found to be strongly and favorably influenced by these two engagement characteristics. Conclusions: The study recommends that the creators of stickers, emoticons, and emojis should consider user personality features, sticker engagement, sticker simplicity of use, and the personal delight of users in the creative and communication process. The study concludes that perceived enjoyment and perceived ease of use have a large and favorable impact on the use of paid stickers. The study's main limitation was that it focused on one area of social media. This must be taken into account when applying the findings.

This research intends to focus on the influence of emojis and emoticons in enhancing digital interpersonal communication of WhatsApp application users. The study is supported in the light of Media Richness Theory and survey method has also conducted as part of quantitative research design. A total of 200 students from different universities of Lahore have been selected to understand the impact of emojis and emoticons in their interpersonal communication on daily basis. The findings show that emojis and emoticons enhance digital interpersonal communication as it fulfills the criteria of conveying facial expressions, personal emotions and variety of sign languages. Findings of the survey illustrated that an emoji helps in supporting a message's meaning. Sometimes, emojis and emoticons seem more effective and easy to respond on a matter instead of writing long texts. The study also demonstrated that emojis and emoticons also help in understanding other person's mood and the level of interest during digital interpersonal communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging studies suggest that emojis can make important contributions to the emotional content and meaning of digital messages. Yet researchers currently lack adequate tools to incorporate emojis into their analyses. To address this gap, we used over 3 million Twitter posts from a period of 17 months and emotion ratings provided by 2,230 human raters to develop and validate the Multidimensional Lexicon of Emojis (MLE). This new lexicon consists of 359 common emojis rated on ten emotion and sentiment dimensions. The MLE is an open-access tool that holds promise for those interested in conducting a comprehensive analysis of the emotional content of digital communication that incorporates emojis and goes beyond the dimensions of negativity and positivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]